Writing Skills For GRE-GMAT Episode 1 Part 5 potx

Bmphic
trcnd
rcilccls ths narional rrcnd.1'ct. thc mcrr trcr
thrt
onr
h:lir
sxloD hrs nrovcd
downrown
h:|rdll srrfficcs
to
infcr an!
such trcnd in
pron:
H:rir-Dooz miFht ows irs
succrss rl
its n€\\' locntion ro facrors unrclulcd
io
Aproo s
demogr:rphics. Vithour befter evidencc
of
. dcmognphic
shifl
towrrd doNnrown
Apron,
il
js
iusr
:ls lihelt thxr there is no
such trcnd in Apton- For thrt mrttcr. the rrend might bc in
dlc oppositc dir€ction, in
which

cvcnr ftc nrnna8cr's
recommcndrUon
would
xmounr
ro especi:rll)'
poor
advic€.
Even if Apron s demogFrphics do rcllccr thc nrrional rrcrd,
ir
is
unfair
to:rssume t})at
UC
rvill
xnlid morc cusromcrs simpl)
by relocainS downtown. lt is corirel]'
possiblc
rh4t the
q?cs
of
people who prcfer
living in downrcwn areas rend not to
pxtronize
upsc: e salons. lt is also
possible
thar Hair.Dooz
will
contrnus
ro
jmpedc

upon
UC s business,
just
as 1r might havc
orrh€-r,U.@
UC might not bcnclit from thc demog?phic trcnd, the
malragcr cxnnot convince me lhrt UC
would aft-ract morc
customcrs, ler alone incrcase its
profiIs,
by
moving downtown,
Nor cxn the managcr
justlf,v
the recornmcndcd course of
acrion on *le basis of the Bmimrd sxlon's succcss,
Pcrhaps
hair salons
geneml)'
fa.e beuer in downrcwn Brainard tian
downrown Apron.
due
ro demosmptDc
dijIerence< bc$r'ccn
rbe two rreas. Or
p.rhips
thc s: on thiives onlv bccausc il;s
long-csrablshed ir downrown Bninxrd-an
advani.agc thar
UC

clexrb, would not havc in its ne\v location. ln shoft, the
manaScr@
thc basis of whar miglll be a falsc analogl' b€rween rwo
hair
Finally. cv€n
assumrng
thar
the
proposed
relocation
would
att:lct
morc customers,
an increase in dre flunrber of
patrons
would
not nccessaril-\' resul! in
improvcd
profits.
449!3!,
pi6lir
is a tuncrion of expenses xs
q,cll
as revenue.
Thus, an
incrcase in UC's cxpcnses-due
pcrhaps
ro hjgrcr r€n.s
doMrown thln at the mall-might
v€rs weu offset incresin8

rcvcnucs,
thcrcby lrustnting UC s effons
ro improvc irs
Drofitabilis'.
'lutu
peIcno,L'.cotl
Petdso;t s
,
WrltinS Sh L,
for.t'.
GR E/GMAT Tcttt
tuLD trot.t.4 ,r,1t,r
-
:n{i/f
,_tta!
Jvt!9/ittt
acu
&J s1n],rys.
Supt!,tt
r.
s,uosratail
'-r-)urnbrs
firFot
lsour
rreql ur rDddr
,i)qt os srld Jt:Jrd :rfur,IlE r
'
utr ]^nq no/i
Jl
qduSltxd

q:rr;)
Jo
ef,uctuts rsJU eqr
or uortu)lru
r[ln]!und
8u!,{!d
'irssc
mol
-fo
,dou,qr
IJ)qJ
^!ss, Jnoi
]ro^\.1
pur
!n^.l
o)
.l.nrl
raf,s3r
01 rlns ag
'uorlrJol
.l 'u lql
t[
JnJu
tq8lu'I
)Il
sJsurdxr 3ul])sJlo
'FuolllppD
1eq^\
pui
'llrul

ot1t
lr
srlord 3ur33rs
s.fn ot
punquluor.^Eq
tr{€Jtu
uopEol
urqr Jfqro sJo:JrJ
trq,{
'ssatrJns
s.uoFs
pjlr4rJg
3q1
ol
pernqrnuo).^rq
srol)q l!q^r'pertroltrr
zoog-r.rg,tq,u i6f
ii
IruoFIppI
sfqt
qtt,ltr
rro^A
'uofrs
Jrlq alrf,sdn uc
JoJ orern ss.r)ns
putlod
srlqdErsoorp asoq:
ii!t-5E5it5;;F
Fs?-
y5n

u^aor
-u^\op
rln
pis^\ol
uordv ut
rJlqs
rqd
tciurcp r
yo
55i5f,r,ro
.rru:q-
Jplioid
plnoqs
:rsr:wu .rrp
ii5 ifii-fr-5liEi5lli-j
.s:su:dxa
rrnlrg
s.ln
prrr
'suol[s
rf,rlro
o^r1
]rll
lo
ssaJJns atp rol suosiar
)q)
'sr1qdr:3oroip
s.p.lutr.rr:g
pw
s.sordv

rnoqr-;t6Faiffi;;;i;dd;n-
JO
Sluas r UO Srllrj
tYlF
AUO SnOIqnp x Sr
tU aql
'runs
ul
:(,{rss:
lurllln8ry ,{re .!rru
Jo
qds8
-x.lld
lruu
)qr u
esn
ppor
no,{
rrqr srsaJqd
pur
spro,n
plI'rIJ psn
r^.D
.nbltgr
Jo
stulod ^rau ,{ur !f,nporrn
rou saop
qds8lrrd
sFn
lrql aJDoN

'onleddn
€(n^lo^ut
rueumiry
'rll rot rtdtl8cIld
FlnJ
,{u, s.Dri
',r.oN
(srf,u.tu:s
e-Z)
.luewnfuV
ilIl
SuFenF^e
q
Fgdlsii
aq
pFond,
soncqlJoj:(4
TruoDrDpr
lcq,{. atcJlpr4
to/puo
p.uarlt8vtlls
tq
urJ
to.I'ungrv
crTl,t'oq
etvJJpsJ
.Z
(sa)u,lurs
Z-I)
suor:dumssr ur^oJdun

Jo
rf,p.s
x
''3
c-Rx?lqord s.lucun8.ry :qr 3rslntldl')ru
I
:s{sE
o^!r
SuIAonoJ aqr
qsqduof,J!
or .{n
'pt5lsul '5nb!rgr
Jo
srqod
r[.u
lrrD .f,npo,nn] or oJqd oqt
,or.
s!
qdg.ISijrd
Jlin-I
Jnol
',{rssr
Jno,{
"dn
sdLr.1a. .{JJEJIJ
rEr{t
qdr$€Jud
|Ysg
r JoJ almr f,{?ril
or

JJns oq os :5ll,It uo
qslrU
r,upp no,{
nqr
rqSIU
Dpnr er{]
'pnr
Jr5lr r srq
,{!ssr rnol sf)Iun
r)N\nvg oNv
r)NrdrHo]
tdnsNl
oi.
Avssl uno^ lsl^lu oNv /r\]Alu
'l
Hdw9vdvd 9NtonDNo)
v
lsodwo)
.g
AVSS3
lNtrin9UV 9NIUO3S-H5|H
V
SItd^A
Ol
MOH
B. Pnoornrao
roR
StGNtFtcANT MrcHnNrclr
PnoslrMs
}dN

,\RGUMENT
S IJNE
.*a",^;*."
I ou. Ar,rumcnr
cssxr. lik( your
)sslrc cs$a!. nccd
nor bc
n:rslcss in
order
ro
cxm x rop scorc.
Thc
rcxdcrs Noo
r dccrcxsc
four
scorc Io,
rtrc
occasional ,wkeard
senrcDcc
and
minor crror in puncruilion.
spcllin8,
gmmnrxr.
or diction
(word
choicc rnd
usa8c).
tisr
wh:rrevcr
rime rcmrins

rc lL\
tl)c nrosl
Flxring
n)cchnnicxl
problcnis.
Corrccr spcllio8
cfi.ors
ont).
rvlren
drc\.rc
likct!
ro inrcrfe.c Nirh
the rc,rder's
undcrsranding
of rhe
point:u
hrnd.
Donl spcnd
rn).rim(
corr€cring puncruarion
or minor
spcllinE
€rrors.
oRcANtztNG
youR
TDEAS
(YOUR
ESSAY'S
STRUCTUREI
Just

as for
the
lssue essi),
the
tesaing
servicc mrj<es
clcar
tljat there
is no
coo'€ct srrucrurer?r
Je for rn
Argument
essat,.
Ncvenheless,
you
should
adhere
to cenain guidelines
or risk tosirS vour
trnin of rhouShr
on rhc
Nuraesn or
Wonos
Don t
worry
abour
rbe
wo.d
lcngth
of

your
essa).
As long :ls you
incorpo
rxtc
into
),ou.
essry ill
rhe elcmcnrs
rhlt
l sugtlcsr
herc in
pan
3,
your
css:iy s
word
lcng$
'will
be appropriare.
' -NOTE:
ilhe,saGple
-{rgumcnt
cssays
in
pan5
6 a.r|d
I of,thirlbook
i:
:

ral]8c from
425_ro
625
s,ords
in lenFh.
Bu( for a
rop
.scor€ .of.(,
5/oui.
NuMgrn
or
Plnncmpss
Thcre is no
'correct'
or
'besr"
number
of
pamgraths
for an
Argumenr
cssa),. Howevcr,
any
GRE
or clvlAT A,rSumcnt
ess:!),shoutd
conrain ar
lcasl
l,lrrec body
pamgrrphs,

because
cvert,
official Argumcnr
contains ar
leasr
threc sjgnilicxnt,
and disrincr,
rcrsooing probtcnls_
tn addirion, your
cssay
should includc a
flnil
"rec.p"
paragmph
arid,
if
you
have rime,
an inro-
ducrory p.ratraph.
oF RrAsoNrNG
AND YouR
Essay's
Srnuou'ne
The sructure
of
your
cssry shouid
lenecr the
Argumcn. s tinc

of rc.asoning
as much as
possiblc.
You! poinrs
of c.iriquc sbould lcad
ttre readcr,
itcm
b)'irem. from rhe
ArFum€nfs evidcnce
and rssumprions
ro
rhe Argllmcnt,s
inr€rmediare conclusion
(iI
an'r,
tben ro irs final conclusion.
Herc.s
an
Iwnng
Sk k
lo7
th.
GRE/G,|IAT
Tesat
GR/
utul\aoer,nlt",t
s,sal
JVt!2mE!
aqt roJ stltls
nuttFtt

a
s{osrat4
'qrl^i
ur5rq
or
rurLUnBJ\,
Il
r^o f,qr ss)rppr
or
p.ru
no,{.rot.q prperlr
rq
lt.^\
?Lr^
tqn^tur uDlqord
ploqsrJqt
tqr dn
Suucf,lr
asnrJ)q-qdIJirJxd
,ipoq
, r!/rno,i ur sr
lorldunssx
lo
ed,ir
siqt s$lppn
ol rrrld
lrJ€ol
rso(rl
itLL
(u!)l

pauqepun
Jo snonSrquJr
'an8r^
r
Jo
furuxrlrl
aql
tnoqi
"3.)
uopdurnssr
"ploqs)rqt-
to
uos
.uros
uo ,iler
srurun3l,
?iuxl{ .
orur
Ind nor sr:
furur
ur <J::1
o:
qurnql
Jo
srrru " :'.T5.t"t:::,:'"tt';":
FUU
sr! ot
gSnorr{l
(,{ux
I)

uorsnpno)
erelpruurrr4
slr ot suoltdrDnssa
pue
J)uJpr
r srr tllo{
Suruos[al
Jo
Jul] s.)urun8lv
rql
rJEJt
ot :Jurls
aqr
aq
nFoqs
rururnSJv ftrx loj
q)tolddE
JEnu)(s:
lno.(
rn0
.sur:DEd
o,ru
asrql
.to
.uo otrt
4rs.oardru
rou op sru.um8rv
I\'t,I3
pr,,E
lXC

tsorll
,.srnoJ
JO
'uorsnlluor
s,luaulnSryrqr
4Ttrn,
ol
p.prou
JIIIS
sr uopdlrJnssslo(ru
(FlrU pirc)
Zlr./J
r
tcrln
rjr
suondunssx
3rfio3aloJ
rql
Jo nx
.JI
urn!
.,
'uorsllJUot
s,lusul
-nfrv
5rp
4r1snl
ol
papa)u
ITps

sr
(aruf,pr^e
Jo
uJat!
I'E
hoqt)
uonduns$
rolrul
pr(rrrs
r
'.ru]
sr uorldunssr ptorfsurtt
)rtt
JI
.€
'uolsnlJuoJ
s,lu
un8rv
aqr llrsnl
01
prpreu
mts
sr
(aJurpr^a
Jo
utltt
ux
lnoqt) uoDdurnssx
lo{lru
Jsry'r

.anjt
sl uoldurnssr ploqsarqt
oqt
JI
.Z
.3quosea.r
Jo
arll u_EuJ
s.ru5urn3Jv
.ql
3rnssarppc :ro.Jaq
p2p2)n
st uoqdtltnsf].t ploqsaJq,
agj-
.l
.anbrFr
ro
srsrod
r,*"
Ji:;1"#k";
:(uorsnpuot
rtllpsrulolu]
uD ulutuoJ
1ou sJop,uo
slql)
"JsapuaJo
,sn
pnr
SuruosEJJo
lt'll

pcn6,cg
$r
3urn9,r!J
.a:rurnIs
lt
o: u,top
peddprs
'tnr3r-turumS.wJo.dA
qqrgo
aldurrxe
ur
s,ar)H
.ural,{.1rJo
uo!1ru
-llap
trrrua)
r
'aldurrxs
.'oj-ssondcmssE plorlsarp
uo
.{lar sruaum8.rv,uros
.solsnlJuot
/rr.y'.qr
ljpm!
ar
Erp35u
TI-lrS
sl uoDduJnss!
Jof|:tll
p4./t

r
,en4
s,r uolsnlJuoa
3rzJpeulltr4
5r{r
JI
,€
|
'uolsnpuotr
el4pruIl5lq
erlt
A.nsnJ
ol
p.pr)u
oslv st
(aturpr
e
Jo
ui3ll ur
rnoqc) uorldunsst
to[ztrt
puojas
V
.Z
.uo,rsnlrrroJ
errtparll.torw
In
Ansnl
or
popDu

s!
(oruspr^)
Jo
lllrtt ur
rnoqr) uotldurnssr
Joltw,sJfly
.l
qdE
fsreil rtd .rrg
'enbDrj)
Jo
stwod
lcupqo earqt-1 oJdug,cl
i
:trurpt^a
Jo
rm
pu!
Strluoscrr
-Jo
rul
p)^rru
sll
Srnlla^rJ
'rrnnnjrs
s)r or uaop
p3dduls
:u.runarv
tlrldlr
!

ro
aldllJDo
.
VSSI
lN3nn9UV
eNtdO3S-H9tH
V
lltdM
oI
MOH
PART
3
o
Man!
Ar8urncn6
rel),on
rhc assumprion
rhx(
rhe rccommended
cours( of acrioo
is eirhcr
,ecc.r.san,
of srlr.ricic,1t
\or
bo.th)
rc
rcl)icrc
:r srrrcd
obiccrivc
or

ourconrc.
Usur \.
rtrc mos(
tosicil
plxcr
ro
discurs
rhrsc:rssunrplions
is
jn
voury',ral
bo(t),prr;r.
Fmph-durinS
\v[ich
you
Fmnl
lll1
orhcr xssumpljons (for
thc
sik(
of nr8unr€n0.
.
Some
Out
nol
minv)
tugumenrs
suIIc.
from problcms
wirtr

rhci,
ntlcrnal
loti.
(c.N_,
conlmdicroq,
r(commendarions
or
objscrivcs,
or
crcurar
rca-roning).
Usurlty,
rhe
mosr lo8icd
plxcc
ro iddress
rhcsc problems
is ir voury',z/
bodl p:rmgrJph_du.ing
whicb you
Smnr
all
ofte.
rssumprions (for
tI€
s^ke
of argumcnr).
.j |'!;'
+!
,. ii,

u4r.pctaaoE.&m
Opnotar- Eumrms
AND
YouR
Essny,s
Srnucruar
Thc forcgoing
Suidclines
for
paragmph
numbcr
aod
lo8icd
sequcncc
should
dicute your
Argumenr
essay
s srrucrure,
for
tic mosr pafL
Hos,.
cvcr, you
do hrvc
a f€rv personal
choiccs whcn
ir comcs
ro eithcr
ofth€
follovir8

oprional
elcmenls:
.
Suggesdons
i-s
ro hos/
the
Ar.Sumcnr
car)
be srenFhened
.
Addirional
informadon
need€d
ro
cvaluare
rhe Argumcnr
lf
you
have rime
to add
cirhe.
elemenr
ro vou.
cn!,quc, you
have
rwo
re:rtisUc
cboiccs:
l.

Lisr rhe
suggcsrions
(or
addirionat
irformarion
ncedcd)
in.your
lrnt
para$|aph.
2. lncorporale
rhe ljs!
of
sugSesrions
(or
addirional
inJormation
nceded)
into
vour
bodl
paTaqrapbs
as
yolu
compose
cach one
in
rufn.
For .x.ampi€,
indicate
additionat

cvidcncc
necdcd
ro
suDst
nlate i panicutar
assumption
(i.c.,
!o shos,
thar rhe
rssumprion
is rue)
$
you poinr
our thar assumprion.
Regardlcss
of $'hjch
stocrurc yorl
usc,
consjdcr 2dding
rh€se
opdond
dcmenLs
orny after you
ve
complelcd your
cdrique
of
rhe
Arguocnr.
'Othcru'isc,

you
risk.nnning
out
of timc for
addressins.rl
of the
AIFU_
mcnt s majof problems.
,**onj
,
wrlhn!
SkrLt
lol
tbe
GRE/GMAT
.Ietu
tuor'lltoeatrd
nldm
rql
Jo
ssr)rns .qt
r.rp;qar
:uru.r:]ep
o:
j:p:riui
,ilruqro:q,
.p.rr
slsal
!w2m
)tlt

rul
flt?ls
Jutlual
a tuotlt,
-ulE{l
u^\oru^rop
ur
p)rlsrlqus}Huol
sl
)r
:snr)rq
^luo
sr^uqt
uolrs
prrtncrB
rqt
iArrtriEjrxr*
roj
.)n
o)
,ilddr:
I.uop
tnql
srolJrj
Jtlnrruid
ot anp rq
rq,.jrlu ss.r)ns
srl
.uoll:s
prrun!fl

)rll JoI
W
'suoDnJol
o^\t :)qt
rot
srs,ilrur
lUeuaq
p)ru plno^r
I
p:sodod:q
rplx
)r3r ptnor
i-rojacl
:]JoFr.r|I
.ltxlx
aqt
L rrxrtt
u^\oru^\op.tqctLrord
's9f,1
lrr^e
sdrqDd
Jo
.aJorll
ou oq
lr{8Jrx
)r )s[] qJtq?r,\
rn
.u^tol
-u/tlop
r:q€lq

aq
rqSttlj| s)surdx.
s.Jn
./blllqxluord
s.fn
a^o.ldor
,,(llJ!ssa)au
tou
plno^\
suoJrxd
Jo
J)qrxnu
,ql
ul .sxarJur
ui
.uoldv
u^roru^{op
ul o)r{jrs
s.tn
roJ
puflurp
q3rq
r
aq
p1no,s
a:aqr;1 i5il
uao)uaop
pu'rrrcp
rur,r,gn.
"

go
3.6Ia i515-I1a-nn*ffiffi
___{:Tq f,
.u^rolu^\op
sloruolsnf,
erou
r:xjrr"
plno^:rn
ii6
ia;t rntSoJag
.frlur
rql
t e^?q
lqsnr,
r, ."
,rnr
,jn
*oi3 i"^"
srar!orsnr
1rnurtod
,ler:p
)q8ru
zooq.rEH
.FFEji
s:rgd
pw:lAs
5llrsdn
s.ln
Lr-r
prts:rctq

rou art
srurplsol
rlaotu^lop
Jr
XllxlJods)
'Jn
Joj
sreurotsnr
.lour
ul
tlnseJ
lou
tq8lr! uaoruaop
Bu,rrrrolcr
'sturplsrr
.ror!
iulJx.rllr
sl uoldy
u^roru,uop
rr.rji:GEiiral
-lsor
r^u
Ed!uo)
r rtnur:xa
or
p-55i-iEii-
:rp
rcatr.l
:o
rdarcr -!iJ5!]i651-ffi

uordv
u,,16.oru,{oD
ol
Slrrot:l
r)EJ
r,n arx rldoed
rrorl:
rlj,r:qr;o-u1
or
p:)u-ln6;
ffiqf
'uoDlaip
a:6oddo
aqt rr
s!
puaJl
eqr sdrqJacl
ro
.pual
gJns
ou
s1 ::arp
uoldy
u
.E6u:ffi
nilog
,ftrr3pf,ds
uordv
or
srJlddr puorl

JEUOTIIU
aqr
tuql ,r\orls
o)
sf,Jgjms
,{Jpjlg
u,$ouaop
pa^orl
sBq
uolrs
'FsodoJd
s ra3!urru
stql
.rlrq
3uo
txqt lrxJ )rerx
etll
.pua.r1
JJqdcr8ouep petl)
,rlt
slJOUar
uo)ov
)[q) sl uorlclrxnssl qtrn(
5uO
.uoldy
u/dolu^f,op
o) a)!JoraJ
nrnoqs
(f
n)

s:n
j,::ddo
rcv: uqG.i5Eo-5]:r-Jiiuu:Fii-l$
qrlq^l
suo
uJ^ojdun
Jo
se!)s
r uo
srllsJ
l
tueurnSry
lu"
lsorr,I" u" esn
plnoJ
nol
lrqt srserld
pu"
.oro^
or-ffi
.
5^.I
ulxS?)
rapl5j
trVr{O
Jo
O
lu!
qrra
9

r .rors plnona
ll
,ssrlrrFro^.N
'5slf,uoJ
rjotu
:lg
x
sr sls,(Irrlt
9!
pur
.qdEr€EEd
ljoDnpojtr4
,rcjBdcs q
spnl)ul
lou scop rssodsrr
slql
.qds8E
?d
FuU
.r{r
orln
ucrlr
l.qrEl
sqdLl3
-sDd
lpoq
s,,{rssa
ri{l
orq dpra4p-iu.rlrl,
Fuondo

o,bt
rqr
Jo
,r.o
,{po
soluodrorq
rJiq^r
.(spro,ra
O9O
:suodr.,
,r;rpq
, r.g
.^oi,
:
.tluJlJ
eury trtnrmrJ_o€
x
qrr,,a
::rfcr
ts:t ,{w
:ol
asuodsar
monlquft
nD-,(xss)
proa{rE
c sra
)tnsrr
pur
oql
.qdrjgErsd

lEur-l
st!
olq stnaurel,
JBuorrdo
qloq parrrodJotrur
rl
pux
.rJduAxJEd
llorlnponut
J1nl
E
p.r4uuor
ftssa
JnnJ:qI
.s]nSJrddn
Aul^io^r4
rurunSrv
oqt
or
esuodsaj
! SursoduJoJ
vr
dJls
rpl,
q3norqr
nol pr{1
r
I
.,
u[d ul ronJql

rNtwncdv
ndwvs
v
o1
sf,.rdtf,Nlld
tvdnnxrs
cNt^ld
AVSS:
lNthtn9uv
9NtdOCS-H9tH
V
lllu/1
Ol
MOH
lo sunr. thc x.,rumcnr
rclics on
\vh:I
nrithr rnxr

tl, nvo
poot
aoalo8ics
bcnvcen
UC
and.!vo
odrcr
srlons. as
q'cll
xs i swrcproF
gen€ralizrtion

xboul demotrnphic rnjtrds.
vhich
rnin
or
n1:rl
nor
rppl!
to Apron. .As x rcsulr.
\,irhour
rhc
lddirionxl inibrmrtion
indicared abov€.
I find rhe ,ug|ment
unconvincinl
.r
best.
N,ECOGNIZING
AND HANDLING FLAWS
IN GRE AND
E,uAT
ARGUMENTs
The test maker inrentionall) inco.porares
ioro slch Argunlcnr num€rous
rcasoninS fl:rws thjrr rcndcr
lfic ArEumenr
\llnerible
ro
cnticism.
ln t
typicxt

^r8umcnt,
you
can find riuee or four distircl
arc.l for addque.
(Clancc
drough ihc cssa\'s in Parts 6 and
8,
and
you'l
nolicc
thrt
mosr of
t}|cm conBin tlree o. four bodJ'
pxngraphs-one
for each distinct
rcasoning Ilnw buil( inro drc ,^rgumen!.)
ln rhis scction,
you'll
explore the rcasonin8 flnws rhar arc mosr
.
corrnon in GRE and
GMAT Argumenrs. I
ve
prcscnred
rhem bere in
order-from more f.equent ro lcss
f.cqucnL.
Fo.
cach rype of flaq',
you'Il

flnd
at lcrit
onc simulated lrgumenr rh:rt illusrircs rl)e p.oblem, along
wilb at
least one iff€crivc rcspons€. The simulatcd
Ar8lrments
and
respooses
r.n
tris s€ction
arc
cach dcsjgred to focus
on one
partjcular
rcasoning flas. Thel :lre nor inrended :rs
complcrc rgumcnls or ess:rvs,
NOTE::l:ve
irleffionallv avoided rhc usc
of:rhe tcchlliral
: "::
tcrminolosy of form;l logic to idcnlib
q
pcs
of loEical fallacrcs hcre.
You don:t'need to
kno\r'
thesc tcnDs,
,nd
you
don't nced aq'.formal

coulse;ork
h
losic.
in order
ro
recogflizc a-od Iundlc reasonirs
probiedsjn
GRE
and
CMAT
ArSumeflts.
PAR]
3
ljninrrd
s:tlon
poncnds
succcss for llC in
(k)\\'nt()\'o
Al)Ion.
I
would
nced ro kros.why
rh( formcr srlon is succcssfirl in rhe firsr
plxcc.
1. -A si8nincanr
corcld.io, bcrween rhe
occurrcncc
of r\1o
phenomcnx
Oorh

phcnomenr
ScncrrUt
occur toSethcr),
or
?. ^
tcnlporal
rclatiotuirt
bcNeen
rhc rwo
(onc
event occurrcd
Corurusrnc
A -CausE-/*{D-EFFEo
ReL,qTroNsHrp wrTH
A MSRE ConneurroN on
hr,rponqt-
.SrourNce
Man)' GRE
and
GMAT Arguments rc\'on the cirim thar
cetuin
€vents
causc
olh€r c.ft:rin
cvcnF A. cause-ind-cffcct
claim miAht bc bascd on
\t/rtting
Sh
ts
Iot

tb.
GRE/GLUT Test!
u'w.petnorc on
;RF/I
Exr
'lurulnHJ\,.qr
)lrnlr^:,itr.dord
ol
p.p u
uoltrror{}tur
lruoDrppt:
lsrl ot
sI
ll.^1
sx
'ituruosrer
lo
urxqr rqr
u!
Irnl
Jlrlp)rllrJlur
ur:
ssnJsrp
put
ADUrpl
ot J)LJuru
saos
0
asuodsal ul)lqojd asnr}-:rs^lr1l slrlt sstJppt:
ol

prp.tru
slurural: :!Jqr )qr
lo
q)co
surltuoJ
t[q]
srs,ilturr
qdLlSnJxd-)uo
allxrbapr:
:nq
Jtpq
x
s)pl^ord
v
osuodssll
(
esnlr ,slr] uo 3ulsnro] rx.l ,Dtl
rnq'll.a
sr surrlqord 3(4uosnr
r.qto urol
rsrns
lq8rur turuJnS\']tll)
'uorrrlarroJ
lj)llr
qt!.r
uoltlsnrJ
asr!'uoJ lqsrtu lrql
luournSjv
ur; s.arrH
(uolr"Iarof

aral
tr
qll^\ pasnJruo)
paJJ1-puu
-asnu])
'Lu,sroenttd,tr'trt
ttstl
Jyt(9/:tx
aq !o.[
Etllts;iutt]l^t r-
t,uosJata
3IdquE
'rrrq
rlq
r
(uortdslnss!
uo
lryorltal.f[lns.q!)
aW
Io
Jd,0 sTrll .qnsrlo.n.noI'rrDor)no:'r{l
roJJlrsrI,{q
rurpgjrnstn
s-r
rnq
("ri:J|:,)
ruroriho
rnEi 6i_)nqlnuof, uon
-lpuor
u.rEDf, €'sproA :aqlo

rtJtr,}sir,@
Siinquruot
aDrlJ
.4*.*,.r;rir*gooJ"q"iorr'roilit
iaif ,w
:ruoiii
'srs[x),{JIEmtn
dlqsuonqrJ
1Ja!}prn:-rsnxa
p)runsst
.ql
r
pf,qa
rllrurrrrp or
p)peru
(fJrury
lqr roj suotJelord
'sas,{tEux
U(]u:rqtso)
'tlEp
JErDsRas
'3'))
uorrsr'lojrrn
Jo
s"d?ir
TxuoF,Tppr
rsn
.
rolpsE
'dlqsuorwlrr

DeJ]lprn snEa
r
!^ord dlrq
plno,\l
(rrDp
rtrllsrJE)s
'
3 o) uonrulloJl4
fruoDrppB
Jo
)dA
rrq^!
slErlpul .
:Lurlqord
Jsnr>lslrJ T ssnJsrp
or
aEm
rlrxt
p
!q no,(
JI
'slsrr
rarqt
Jp
paqsldruocrr
a,r,no,i rcu6
')trnl
)xql smrqp or-qdxrSurd
lxuolllppD
ux sdBrlrrd

pux-srruf,luas
Fsolnppr
paeu
.{lqrqold
n,no,(
'(op
srusum8rv
Slnaolloj .qr
Jo
rFoq sr) ul!q)
DeJJlpur-3sn') oql
q
.tuII"
arxlp:rllr5rul ux s:^lo^nl
tu:ujTr8:rv lrlr
I
(dals
qf,ra
JoJ alilaru)s
auo)
sdrls sejqt
TIr
qslldruoJJr
ot sr)uatu)s
taJrlt
r$?l tr
paau
llqrqojd
n,no^
'JUairmSJy

Jqr ses.rulrJpun uDlqoJd
asnx)-rslEj aq1 ,aoq u[g[dr.T
E
-
sf,snr) alqrssod
r:I{to
Jo
srlduirxa o, ,t ro lso
rs[al ]x Supr ord ,{q ar?prrnlg
Z
'(srjonolxnssE
IsIJruJ
s.lurun8rv eql
Jo
euo sr
'3
f,) ualqord rsnlJ-rsJ[J 3rlr
4[luepJ
I
leJsrr 3l4r'AonoJ rqr
Jo
e.rill
lp
qsldulot)r
o:
paru
no,{
'urf,lqoJd
asnr}aslEJ ?
puosJepun

nod r:p!:r ern ,roqs oJ
.rllsrJ!luJ
or elqsrutrl^ sl
rurunSrv
aql
'(l.uoa
rl
',{r,t
aqr dq)
"tFs.r"
prums!.rd
atlt
Jo
sDrnx5 alqrsncld Jtr[ro
JI!
s.]rqru4la
pul
goplsuoi,
osp tutalln3jv
rqt ss)lun dl{suoltDloj r
qJns
a^oJd ol saf,rJFs
Jlrstl
rn JarD!3u
'Jf^J.{oH
'uraqr
uaf,ataq drqsuorlrlal
lJrl[]plrr,-osn!)
c
Jo

uollcJlpu!
5uo s!
ruJ
-urou:qd
o^\: u)raDq dlqsuolrrleJ
TEJodlrlal
! ro uolrllrlJol lu!'IJTu3ts
V
AVSSI
lNlnn9UV
9NTUOJS-H9rH
V:lrd^
Ot MOH
Thc lbllos'irrr
xppca.cd
in r
n)cmo fronl
a rctcvision
nctsoik
s
protnmrrinF
dircctor:
'Parcnrs
of
]'oun8
chitdrcn
arc bccominA
incrcxsingh.
€onccrrcd
abour

ho\\'
depicrions
of viotcncc
o,r rclcvision
mighr inJtuencc
i
chikls trrl)ivior
xnd rrritlrdes.
Drrrjng lhe
pnsr
vexr,
rlte.rtin8s
for Rcal
Crirrtc. one o[
oLr ncrwork
s n]ost
popular
primc.timc
sho!\,s.
hrvc sreidih.
declincd.
Thcrcforc. in
ofdc, ro boosr
our
pnmel1imc
mrinss, \ec
should
rcpjacc
Rc.rt
CriDrc

\,irh
tl
siruxrion
comCdt
shos "
Response
A
The at8ument
rclies
on an unproven
cxuse.nnd-effcc
relaiionship
bcrw€en
cefiain parcnnl
conccms
and rhe
shoq,'s ntings proble,
.
The
direcror
h:rs nor
rulcd our
orher
possibte
ciuscs lor thc
show,s
r^tings decline-for
examplc,
! chanSc
in rhe

show's
specific timc
slot.
lf it rums
our rhrt rhe
show
s dcings
problem
hxs
nothing ro
do
wjth
it's
dcpictions
ofviotencc.
r.hcn
simptv rept:rclng
the
show.(vlth
one thar
contains no violcnce
wil probiblt
nor
solve rhc
problcm_
Response
B
To begin wid),
rhe
meoro indicires

ncirhcr
ttut
yo!ng
children are
inrcr€sred
in warching
Rcat
Cnnc nor thar th€
show actu.Iy
depicrs
violence.
Ycr borb
coridirions.re
neccssan,
in ordcr
for the
show ro
carq'
t}Ie kind
of delcrerious
irJluence
on
young
chitdren wjth
which
parcnts
seem concemcd.
Thus.
ur ess
both condirjons

are mct,
the
orrector
cannor convince
me rhi!
anv changc
involvjng
th€ show will
addrcss
rese
parenhl
concems,
ler alonc
boost rlrc
sbow's.mtings,
Even il
Real Cntne does ponrav
viot€nce
and does
have a
porenri.ltl.
undcsirablc
impac! on
yolrng
chjldren
as a resut,
the diiector
has nor
shovh rhar
th€ show's waning poputarity

is amiburable
ro rhis
impact.
Perhaps
the show
owcd
i$
popularity
!o some
oilcr featurc,
such
ai n
certain celebrity
narmror,
thar the
shos, now
lacks. Or
p€rhaps
a
new compering
sho$',
onc rhti
is ar lcasr as
violcnt
as,Redl
Cnnc,
has drawn vicwers
^war tsiotn
ReaI
Crirr?. h shon,

untit ibc
dircctor rules
our_all-orhcr possible
reasons for thc
rerinS's dectine,
I
will rernain
unconvinced
thrr
rhe
shov's violent porlmFls,
if an),, are
rcsponsible
for
rhe tlend ind
tlcrcforc
rhar inl chrn8c s.outd
scrvc
ln
order
ro
c\.aluatc rheargumenr properj).
ar rhc
very
leasr,I woutd
nced
ro
know \t/hcrhcr
!h€ conreni
of,Reat C-rn e is

cxuse
for
parcnrrt
concem and what percenrage
of
rirc
show's
viewers
are yo\rng
chil-
drcn.
lt would
also be uscful
to kno$ rhe re.lsons
for
rJ]c show
s reta-
tivc
populariff
in t}lc prs!
and whv formerJ??a/
Czi,Dc vievers,
cspc-
cially those wnh
voung
child.en.
no
longer wxtch
ltrc shos
rvri.'tg

Skxlt
fo.
tlie
CIWGI\UT
Tcsts
;w
I4 01 sI ou.,t,,4rrntn
lrjr.joj prtuno:))r
lou sxrJ
Joqtnt:
s,lnu0 pr
lu.
.ss.tLrr^n):)t1:)
s)r
s)UluU:t:p
trq)
.)uiurltru)
sjl]ou
^.t ,,
,1,,^,ru,",dLU,,,')
Io
lJ,rrl
eql
sr
tr lrqt
))rJ erll
sloop)^o
tu)u;;ni3:l:
)ql
.r)^ol;ol4

.spurdap
uoDrpu)ruurojfl
s,lrgollpJ
rllt
rljrrla
uodn (suodar
ur
aurl)rp
rllt pur:
^rrl aru
rqr urr^u)q)
dlqsuo[rrrr
tJsJtr
put rsnEt
t:
qcrlqrts:
t(ruuur
rol{lnx \.lruotrpl
.)ql
.rsJqr
sc
u)n\
sou'ru.)Js
)no Sullnl
tnoll
A\
qJrl|lrqtssoJ
aJr
l:
)snl

tqll o,_a.,"rr,,u,
On
s.X
)luc
SuouJr
rlru
jlrlruoul
ArnsrrrJur
u"
ro
.*r"
pr,"u
-lurxluoJ
urort
lx,{rr qlqs
rqdusouJep
r
.suroldur{s
$r
loJ
lulwl8Jll
^iJtr
Jo
Cjl
JoJ
rrnJ
r :prrlsr4
lur^e Jaqro
:r!os
riro:J pelFs::

E^Ert
plnor
ltnlJrp
v
;)uo
Jgltl JrIt
plgnr)
lu5urdole^rp
J"JFD
rqt
1!ql
a^ord
()1
rJUIrs
lou
saop
jlrsll
nJ
,slur^a
asarll
Jo
a:luenbos
trF
,rr^l
-aoH
-arll)ap
arp roj
?lqrsuodsr
sl
:u)rrDru,

s.axl
cq']
rzql sraJrl
rrTE)ds
re
.arrJ
etp;o
e8zssrd
aqr :rurs
sruordru,{s
1q1)
oscasg
s.urrJll
Jo
rJurpl)ul
erF
q
lullJap
p)uodar
s.X
lrns
uo
prs!0
g
assodsel
s.rou',nr
f,q!
,,' r^D).ra
rrrrrrurs.q
Dlno^\

^\xr r!n,,.s
!,"*
,.*:i"J
fBuolrlpp!
*l:
Jo JJuareJu
,rll
Jeqlla
Alrml
torJt !J
Jorlln!
aql
'rsrrn
st
qjns
suopsurJdx!
!^D?ulatF
Bqtlunull,
tnoqtlr!
.sruorduds
(ll1
JoJ
luerulxeJl
alu
.to
aJnJ
co
r1ltu
r
,alduJEr:.

JoJ-lurlJsp
arF
Jo
sasnyJ
llqlssod
Jrqto
sllou8l
lorpnr
s,lruotlp!
)r[t
,Jf,^l,toH
'sruo)dur,{s
(Cl)
ssr.slO
s.uprrn
Jo
oJurp}Jut
eqt u!
arlll).p
lu rddE
591 loJ
alqlsuo(ls.r q
^r?l ^\au,
s.x ,trts
lrqr sr{ul
l?lrollpa
lql
Y
asuoosau
"./drl

Jll]lr.'rs
r
tdopx
pFoqs
f,trrs
slrfl
,qlfElrl
lllqnd
Jo
l$l:)rn aqr
rn
.rslesfD
egt
Supuo^ajd
14
alntaJJa
,{lrtrJ)
sl ,,l!rl
.ql ,ru-rs
rrr.(
loud
,{uE
ur
ulr{l
.sr:sJc
s,u_rrrn
Jo
srrlotduls palodrJ
nulptsfj
X

olpts
J!^\aJ
.J!al
rsq
.suEumq
ur
asc:slc
s,IJl]lJn
JsnxJ
ot uaoqs
uelq
a,\rq
sDnpoJd.{q
,saql
lrrll slslq.
)qt uo
'slf,npojd,tq
uoqjrJorru
ulxue)
Jo
ssolssrura
lcluru.ruon^u5
Sqrlqllord
^t!l
E
pf,Dxu)
X
5!rts
.otl]
sr[!d

o^\1"
rrdrdsaru
x
Jo,uoptr)s
Fuollpe
.qt
u!
parrsddc
3ur.to11o1
cq1
r
tucEnSJIl
'ruaurnSJv
arrl urt!8u5ns
ot ,^roq
tsat8ns
ol sr
Tlg,tl
sr
.3uruosE3J
Jo
u!r-'ljJ
3qr
rn
'1l_rl
olelperlrjJlul
uE
sossn)slp
puE
Afrsapl

ol
.Jrqutg
sro8
g
,suodscu
-urtlqojd
"sne}'aslrr_J
s1p ss:rppr
o1
p:p:av
sru:ruoJo
)5rql
IF
Jo
q.r:)
sqrrsor
lerF
qs,{lsuE
qdrJ8ErEd uo
:lrnbapr
lnq
Jruq
! srpt^ord
V
asuodscn (.asnE3
rstEJ uo
Eqsn)oJ
ur,l al5q
rnq
:fp,s.

sr
surJlqoJd
SuruosrJj
larpo
uro{ lrjlns
tqSJu tuJum8Jv
grll)
.5)usnbas
rfJodrrlJt
rllu q
A uoDrsfixr
esruruoJ
rqinu 1!qt
luorljnfuy tJE
s.cjtH
s,JaJ
]Wrn
nqt )ot sltt:ts
dh,lJAt
a
s,uott
(aruanbas
p.rodue;
Wr^r
pasnJxroJ
lJeJM-prre-as-nq))
eJdurs4
AVSSS
TN:AN9UV
9NIUOOS.HgIH

V
]IIUM
Ol
MOH
Possibilin
thil d€sPitc
rlrc nc\\'
hs
thc cmissions
hivc
continued
trnxDxrco
lf
tln\ i5 thc crsc.
thcrr
thc chirn
(hit
d)c
ix$' h:t$
bceo
cff'jc(ivc
trr
Pr(\cnrinA
Urknr's
Discxsc
io
Strtc
X
would
hck an)'

cd(
wh:rtsoclcr-:rs
Nould thc
llhiDrr(
clxim
dr:rl I similar
lrt\\'
would
bc
cffccli\'s
in tlris sLrtc-
'fo
strcngtlrcn
the
ar8umcnl tlrt
ednorj:rl
s ruthor
must
suPpl)'evidencc
u)rt smcc the
lrw
was cnacted
rlvo
yerrs a8o
(l)
SBte X
residenb
arc
just
rs likch to repon

UD
q'mP(omti xs bcfo'c
(2)
cmjssions
thi! viola(e
tlre
liiv h:rvc
ibated. and
(l)
allorhcr
trrctors
in tlrc
incidcncc
ofUD
svmf,"
loms
have remain
essentialll
unchmged
False-Cause
Problems
in
the
Official
Arguncnts
(Parts
6 and
8)
As
you

studl' my
essays
in Parl 6
("Essays
for
20 Offjcial
Gn_E
Ar8\rmen6")'
look
for m)'
an,l.vsis
of fxlse-cause
problcms in the
following
paragdphs:
t
t I
CRI
ArSum€nt
No.
I
(founh
€ssiJ'
paflar:ph)
GRE
ArSumctt
No 20 (secotd
md thjrd
essi)'
pa'rSciphs)

GRI
ArSument
No. {2
(third
essa.Y
pan8mPh)
GRE Argumenr
N;. 46
(founh
essal
paflAnph)
GRE
Argumcnt
No-
59
(thi.d
cssay
pan8rtrplr)
GRE Ar8umcnt
No 68
(s€co8d
essay
pll-ngmph)
GRI Argumcni
No. a8
(drird
ess4'
pit-rgrrph)
GRE
Ar8ument

No.
91
(tlrird
essay
paragmpnJ
GRL4.rgument
No.
96
(frfth
essay
PanSnPh)
Gn-E
Argumcnt
No.
105
(second
arjd
rhird
essay
p
aSflphs)
GRE
ArSument
No.
122
(second
cssay
pamglaph)
As
you srudy my

cssi\'s
ifl Pan
8
('Essays
for
20 Official
GlvlAT
Argu'
.
mcnrs-).
toot
foiinr;
anrlysis of
falsc'causc
problems
in the
followinS
Parrgfaphs:
I t
I I GMAT ,\rgumcnr
No. 23
(third
essav
paragnph)
GMAT
AJgument
No
28
(second
and i,'fth

cssay
paragmPhs)
GMAT
Argum€nl
No.
37
(sccond €ssal
paragraph)
GMAT
Argumcnt
No.
42
(fourth
essay
paragiaplr)
GMAT
At8ument
No-
48
(third
€ssxy
Par'8mPh)
GIIAT
Argumcnt
No 74
(tnird
essay
parngcaph)
GtvlAT
ArBrment

No.
a4
(second
cssqr
pangraph)
GMAT
Argumcnt
No.
89
(ftird
and founh
cssal'
PimSriphs)
GI'IAT
At8rrmcnt
No.
93
(sccond
cssay
paragnph)
GMAT
A8umcnt
No. 105
(second.nd thfd
essfy
paragtaphs)
GMAT
A,r$rmcn!
No.
r24

(founh
essay
paraaraph)
uult-pttarsoas-con
GRElGMA
rtot
srogarn4
amtn
'p.urqrffurrs
aq urJ ru.unsrr
.qr
^\oq
3ur
-)Drrplr
sr
ltr^
sr
'$(,ilDln:
t)lrcrrp
erolu r s)pt^urJ
0
:su(ids)tl uI:tqorcl
(rqr
<s:Jppr
or
prp))u
nu)rllrl,)
)erqr Jql.to
ll)t::
(utrruo)

trql
<r(,iltur
udrJtlJcd-auo
r]xnb.pn
rnq
J:uq
r s?pr^ord
Y
rsuodsa}I (
^,9oltut
.ql
uo
tursnloJ ur,l
rrrq
rnq
lt5^r
sx surelqord
Suuosxrr Fqx) tuoI
rf,JFs
lE€lur
lururn8jy
,rll)
,{Sopux elqruopstnb r
sutctuor llqr
rutllln8jv
ur s,!l!ll
rrlq
llq
r
rm{

'.{larEitd?s
uordlrl-rnss;c uotttpuol-lrrt
!,trtrt
61Ir
rururrxt
n,nol
_g
rr )JnsJr Jrlurs it:Js
olvJolat
fns.flr
xJo
arruErJ u.rruiJ
.uo:sn! SuF
FrJ
,ErTl
srEns!'! ;{JfEJId{r.(g
puE
V)
s8qrn orrl
u:raDq lSoTrEE
rfrg.1d ?:ro:s.Jl.J :zqr)lltttDnSrv
rw
:!lON ,l
'uolgnlf,uol
s.luaumSrr
tq) s|utlJr,s. tEqt-auo
JrrJ r sI ^Solruc cql
rrqr)qa
rurLmelsp o) aoLq
ol

pacu plno,$
nol
tsl: rcrlrd
urf,lpq
.
'lSoTEuE
arF rno!rl,{. :uoumirD
Sll]rIJ.r
uor t Jlrtu ot
'Jood
,{JtclJcds:r
s! lSolrur
f,qr
lI
'ro
lSoJtut
.!r u.qr€u3ns JtqrD ol ,{Jddns
plnoJ
Joqtnr s,luerunfu[
5qt eJUJpl^a
fruo9rppx ]o
uos lBq,s
sltJlpui .
:9)utrxsla
IEuoFdo
or'at rgarll
Jo
auo
ppt
'rllalqord

aqr ssnJqp
01 eull rJlxs t,{rq
no,{
J!
'slsn
erjqt
fie
peqqldurorrt
t^.no,( truo
(dals
qJr.
JoJ af,ualuas euo)
sdars
ar.rqr
Tfr
qslldurof,)!
ol stf,uelurs taJIIr 1sa5l rt
p:3u,{lqtqoJd
n.nol
'uolgnl)uoJ
s,luJtr.InAJv ttp Jurulleprm
'xDra
lSolrsc.qr
Dpu.i
q)Iqa
{s!)ttr.I.!:!p
5soq1^\oq rrlqdr?
'€
'J.JJtp
1q3EU

sSqql o^! arp
q)II{a
ut sll^l ]rJlrlE
8ts o,lAr ro auo rsell 11
3t4pt^ord lq alEpI'JnE
z
'(suonduJnssl
rDlirutr
s.ru.urnSrv
eqr
Jo
rso sE
'3_.)
lSolxux
:IIl
4TruePI
'l
:qscr
8l4,!.ouoJ sIIl
Jo
.xlr
IIr
qslduoraD or
pr.u
nol
'ulflqojd
lgolEuE-{ra,t
3q']
pucrsDpm
no^ Jepxaj.atp

^ oqs oJ,
t
'tuq)Jrqi
or
alqdar{n sl
rsaslnSrv
3I{r
'(l.uolll
l!
'{c,b
cqr
,{q)
uor,ldurnssE sr-(p
erlpuosqns ot !)uaPl^a rusltllrls
sepl^old ls3En8rv
,rtr ssflun
prur:Juor
n lueungJv aITl
st rEJ sc
:scc1 ic
'ncrds:r
1p
q
J!nu|'Js atE l:rF
'srttdsfj
ulruoa
ul relIDJs JrE
sSu.rql o,{l
ar{r f,snl)aq
rrrlr

3urnsst rq3lur )ueum8rY
agl
'os
3r4op ur
'J.^f,aolJ
€ulrlr JEIIutls
"
lnoq!
uo,Drrrrsqo
ux
Jo
sJsrq arF
uo
(duxdutof, ro
'looq)s
'llF
x
sdclFsd)
Surur.uo
lnoqr
uotsnlruor
r acrp rqStur
)uarunirY
fvl^lD
ro
31lC Y
srsal
JvwDm
aqi rel s
!4s

Sttltlrat
t
s'ttotJ4
aldunr
scNlHI
o/y[
N]l/y\llg
l'go
lvNV )v3./V\ V CNli$l
^vssr .LNr^nedv
gNrdoss'H5rH
v
lruM
ol
MoH
j
I
'fhr
following
\':rs prfl
of:r spcccir midc bt thc
principai
of
Vxllct
Iiigh sch(xt:
_[v14
)ci
Dunsron tligb
School
wins tlrc school distiicfs

sl|ldenr
i\4:lth Supc.Eos,l comperirion.
The iverage snlan'of
rcxchc.s:rr
Duns{o. is
Frcircr
ihrn
xr arl,orh€r school in thc
dislrjct. ]lcncc in order tor
vrl-lc)'Hiah
sludcnls ro improvc
thcir
scorcs
on
ilre state's snndrrdizcd achievemcnr exams, Valiev
should bc8in rs'arding bonuses to
1,:
lc]'teachers
wh€ncvcr
Valley
dcf(:tts Dunslon in drc
Mitl) S!perDovl."
The
principal's
recommendation
relies
on
what
might be
a

poor
a.nnlo8)' berween Dunston
and Vallcy.
vallev
lcachers might
bc less
responsive
tllan
Dunslon
teachers
when
it comes to monetar)'
ircentives, or
Vdley
srudents mjeht be lcss
Sjfred
than DrrlNton
srudcnrs
wheD
i( com€s !o marh. ln
shor.!,
whar milFr havc hclpcd
Dunnon
perform-wcll
at the
llrti SupeaDowl
would
not
nccessiril)'
trelp

VaIq' perfom
bettcr €ithcr at the SupcrBowl or on the sttte
Rcsponsc B
Even
assujr1ing
Dunsron
s sreurr
perfomancc
at cl)e SuperBowl is
anriburrble to ns high r€lcher salaries, a differenr monctlr.9 inccntive
Oonuscs)
for
r dificrenr
Sroup
of reachcrs and studenB
O?llcy's)
will
not ncccssaril)' cah
a similar rcsulr. Thc mcr€
prospect
of a bonus
mighr not
provide xs
Frex!
io inccntivc as a
salar]'mise,
For tha(
mrftcr, xnl form of monenry rcward midlr
provide
far

less motiva-
tion for Vallq"s rcich€rs than for Dunsron's, As for thc siuderlrs,
Dunsron s fiight be
cxceptional].
giftcd
in math and
rvodd win thc
SupcrBowl cvery
vear, regardlcss of cffo(s at other schools.
ln shor.,
without
accouflring for impotunt
possiblc differcnces berwccn
Velley
and Dunsron, the
princip
crnnor
rcaionabl-y rel.y on Dunston's
sxlaries
ro
prove
thht the
proposed
bonuscs
will hcip
vallcy
defeal
Dunston, ler alone score high on t}Ic state s cxams.
To
streEgth€n

the
;8umcnt, inslcad of r€lyir8 on
a dubious analoSl
bctwcen Dunsron
and
valq,
rhe
plincipal
should
supply cvidcncc,
perh?ps
by !/ay oI
a
reicher survq'or
pilor program at vallcy,
that
dre
proposed
bonuses
q,ould
providc
sufficicnl
incennvc
for Valicy s
rclchers ro help thcir srudenE
pcrform
bcRcr
in
frgtb
compctiUons

and oo flath resls. The
cvidencE should also
show ihat Vall€fs
r€rcbers,!re
capable of improvrng thcir cffecti\'cness
ai math lcachcrs
and
rhrt their srudents are crpabie of improvrng
their perfonn nce.
Pctarsoh
s
.r .lyritin!
Skl
s
for
tbe
GRE/GLUT
Tests

ruoltltuetarl
ano,
E
tttar
Jvrca
aqt
rol t1
4s
nunya
.
t,uos4

v
No cNr^q
.(suoDduJnssx
lrr]ru)
s.tu.(un
\,_rqr
J()
ru()
sr
.
,tl.r)
urtqord
.qr
lJ:rtuipl
.r
:$tsrl
tlnaollol
,qr
Jo
::rqt
[r:
(lsl]dLuotrrrr
or
p:ru n{),\
'r!)lqord
lD)rl<t)Dt\
srql
furjcrJpun
no.i lrlr:,D
)qr ^roqs

ol
'flurpr^.
aql
Jo
^r!lrqurar
rlll
uolls5nb
o)u!
Ilrr
ot noi
Alnlr^r4 sr orl^r
.rrlrEru
tsrl
eqt
lo
uSJsrp
,(q
q
rnllxJ
srql
'asJnor
JO
.sruruDjlnbar
o^! ,sar{t
Jo
rarlt!)
qslqsrs,
ot
fq
uarjo

sllod
pnr:
.siasns
.stlprus
uro!
s)itsllcrs
eltJ
tujt
sturunsjv
.s)psrJot)urqtr
tw^apJ
Jo
surlll
rn
uonrpdod
W.^o
eql
lo
anllrluzsardrr
aq
tsnu,' ,ldtl'rs
aql
,Z
'uoDrlndod
IIeD^o

II
Jo
uoruod
x sr

(r)qunu)
azrs
t]t
,llrrllt
s :'q
tsntU .ldsrzs
aql
.l
:slu.Bgmbal
o,ldt
Dar!
lmur rlduJxs
.:qr
'uonrJn.iod
l58rEI
E
JJaUTJ llo)rmJtrE
ol ,ldufts
IsJnsr![ls
! JoJ Jf,DJo
rn
:n0 sluesard
,{lprsoddng
rldur?s
et'Il
trql
uoFttndod
ro
dno.r8
ra8rrr

r
rnoqr uotsripuor
t mcrp
u)qr
.dnor3
"e;durEs_
r Suralo,rur
1od:o
,la,tms
-^prus
r tuo{
rruept^,
EjJtsrr!')s
rtrr
rq8lur
tlisurnirv
tr},1,,(C
lo
gllC
\l
slldl{vs
t\Dusuvls
l^uvlNtstrdtxNn
lnv[N]rod
(qdcr8r,rEd
,(ess5
prlln)
,ZI
.oN
rururnSrv

Jvl^lo
(qdcJ€Ersd
Lesss
rllnoj)
ZZI
.oN
lu.um8rv
J]/t,lI9
(qdcrSErud
,{rsse
pnql)
/lI
.oN
turujn€Jy
Jl,Ill9
(gdrJSErEd
,{$se
qunoj)
Sot
.oN
luesrnSrv
l},}^to
(qdErsrrEd
lBss)
plTr{lt
56
.op
:u:um8ry
111r,;g
(qduf$Ed

,{rss,
p4r{r)
€6
.oN
lu5un8ry
,LvK9
(qdEr3urd
.ftss.
qlnoJ)
,8
.oN
luatun8rv
JVI{C
(qdf,rtErd
lzsss
prrn)
61
.oN
rurujn3rV
Jry.I4g
(qdr.d$rd
,{zss.
puorrs)
11
.oN
tiro(un8ry
lyt^l9
(gdlJSxrd
lzss.
puorrs)

t€
-oN
ru.uJn8rv
l]lWC
tt I
I
:sqdEJSf,red
Sur,ronoJ rqr
q
srlioJEus
Jo
srs,(ltul
Xur
roJ )joot
.(.sluau,
-natg
J}'t4c
IEIrglo oz
JoJ
s,GseJ")
I
uEd
rt
s,(Esa
,{tU
lDrus no,{
sv
(qdErScrcd
,{Es.sa
rlrhoJ)

gol
.oN
luaumgJy
g!9
|
(qdEr8rlld
ftss.
pq{r)
16
,oN
:s.utn3Jv
gU9
(qdsrgr.rd
.t?ssr
q!U)
gB
.oN
rurEnSrv
lIo
(qdEr8ljEd
r(Ess.
puorrs)
69
.oN
1ucum34,
gu5
(qdurgded
,tuss5
rtgg)
Zg

.oN
ru.rur€rv
gllC
(gdrJSLrEd
lessr
puorrs)
9,
.oN
ruourn€rv
gIO
(qdErgcrEd
.ftssr
p4rlr)
I
.oN
rsaun8.rv
AUC
t t t
:sqderSErld
grn,t.onoJ
.q1
q
s.l8oJwr
Jo
s!s,{pux
lur roj
iool
'("srurtun8ry
g)19
p!f,UJO

OZ
roJ
slxssJ")
9
ued
ul s,(rssa
drll,{pnrs
no,{
sv
.
(8 prrp
9
s}Jcd)
sruaun8ry
pltggg
aqr
AVSSS
lNSr\ln5dv
9Ntuo3s-H9tH
v
lltut
01
r
oH
q
saFoID
rarnple
2.
Dlucialrtc
by

providing
1I lexsr ont
or ts'o tcsP.cts
in
which ket
ch:rncrc.istics
of simple
group
mjghl
diffcr from drose of
th€
ItrScr
populxtion.
l.
Irphin
hoN lhosc
dilfcrcnccs
Nould undcrnlin( the,^r8tr-
mcnt s conclusron.
)'o'r'll
probihh
nccd ar
leasl ftrcc senrcnccs lo
accomPlish
xll threc slePs
(onc
scnrcncc for crch s!ep).
Oncc
you
vc xccomplished xll

thr(c t]lsks, if
]'ou
havc
cxtn tknc ro discuss
the
p.oblem, add one of thcse
rwo optjontl
elcmcntsr
.
lndrc.rre
l)ow rhe
Argument's
ruthor
crn
prove
tirrr
rhc srmp)e
group
is rcprcs€nttrrivc,
or in the allcmativc, makc
a convincing
argum€nt
without thc sBtistic.
.
lndicate
whal
else
you would
nccd
io know to derermine

\ehelher
rhc sample
group
is r€prescnmtivc
of th€ hr8er
populatjon.
Hcre's an A4pment
thxt
rclics on auro
Potcntirll)
unrePrcsentarive
samplc
Broups:
(f)
ncw
Braduates
ftom
a cer(ah stxte's undcrgmduate
prognms
and
(2)
Dcw
gmduates
from
thc slate s
Snduate'lcvcl
progl-ims.
(Thc
Arl|urDcnt niSht
suffcr from

other rcasonj$8
problcms
a5
wcll,
but
hcrc
I'm focusurg
on this slrt'sticat
probiem.)
Rcsponse
A
Provides
a bri€f bul
adcquare one-paraSmpb
analysis thlt conBins
cach of tlrc
dfee elcmcnts
ncrdcd to
addrcss this
problem.
Rcsponse B
provides
a morc
de.ailcd
ulysis
with
morc eximples,
as
wcll
as indicating

(in
a fmd
pan8r'aph)
what
ad.htioml
inlomralion
is needed to tulh' cvxluate
.bc Argument.
A.rSumenr
The following
was
pan
of an nrticle apPerring
in r nadonal
magazrne:
"Olr
Dition's
ncw
college
Smduetes
will have bener
succcss oblain_
ing
jobs
if lh€y do
not
Pursue
advanccd
degtces after
Sraduation.

Aficr all. morc
$an
90
pcrccn(
ofStatcX s
underGnduatc
studcnB
,rc
employcd
full-ime
within
onc
yc.rr
2fter thcy
Lraduitc,
whilc
lcss *lan
ha.lf of Sate X's
lraduetclcvel
students
find
emplqrneni
withjn
one
yel'
ajier
rccciving thcir
grrduate
de8tees."
The

*Bument f:jls
ro considcr ahar Stite
X s ncs'
graaluates
might
nol
bc
rcprcscnBdvc ofthe
nation's
?s a whol€,
esPccblly
if thc formcr
group
'corEdrutcs
only
a small
pcrccntaSc
of
tbc
laftcr
8rouP.
If lt
turrns
out, for
cxamplc, thrt Stalc
x's undcrgmdualetstudcflB
,r€ lcss
-moti\?icd
thrn
the nacion's

averagc collcgc
saudcnt
lo
pursuc
SEduatc'lcvcl
srudy,
then
thc argumcnt s
r€comn€ndarion
for
all
undc4lradurtc
srudcnas
lvould be un*arnnlcd.
Pete6oh
s
|
\t'/lting Ststlslor
rbe
CRI'/GMAT
Testt
utoI
tuo'l?t,rd.n1aInl
stsaJJWDA
nqt
/.tt s7lt4s dut,uar
.
t.uora
r.!9l
(rldtr,.lrJrd

,iEss) qunoj)
86
.oN
ru)lr|nir.r\.
J_u{D
(qdrun-Lrcd
^xssr puoJ.s)
.,
on
,**"r,ru
l_oia,]
(rtcju8rusd
ftssr prlr1t)
I
oN
,u.*n:ry
jy|1,l
1r r
1
'^\ol,oi
)ql
ur
sruelqord
eldur:s.pru.,r"r.
:o
.,.it"u"
;.u
,oltlff'.[|lr:|.]
-nfry
lvHO

lrrrllo
0a
roj
s,irssj")_
u
uld ut
slxssa
llu
lpus
noi
s1,
(qdrrsurr:d
ft:s<:
puoJrs)
g6.oN
)ueurnSry
3)lc
(qdErSurd
ftsse
puo)rs)
t6
.oN
lururn8rv
gU;
(qdrJ8cjxd
drss. qlxs;
gg
.otJ
ruerun8rv
3X,

(qdur8uryd
,itss,
puo*s)
Z,
.ol
r,r._nArv
gUC
(qdErSr.rsd
ftssr
puorrs)
zz
.or.:
t*u_ary
31O
(qdErSErrd
lrss. qunoj)
6
.oN
lu:)run8ry
31C
(rJdEr€crxd
,{rsse puo)rs)
I
.oN
lsrurn8rv
gIa
I t f

sTaorroJ
r.a

q
sur.lqord
eldrursJrru.u",.
,"
,,.^o*ltl1fi."ol
'("slulurn3rv
3u9
t[r)Ulo
oz
roJ
sftss{")
9
ur4
rn slvssr
lu
lpnrs
nj
sy
(8
prlr
9
srJpd)
sruol[nsrv
It If,IFO
atrJ
r4
srllolqord
aIduzS_Ie)I]sDE,
{!qr
Jo

anqr !q1
rJrJrB
rqs,''r
rlqr
srrrsrr.rrun
;I':Hr::;"jff
JO
Serrutq
Jaqlo
lnogc
uol1rllloln4
!JOr!
SE
llJ^l
s,
.s]uf,prus
s.x
llxts
Jo
Jrql[cJ
!^]rEr!duro)
rql
jd.oll)l
ol
p)ru
osJ!
plno^\
I
.!o!l!u
l4lur

Jql
JoJ
sJJqrrrnu
aqt
01
slrlot
assql
arrdrloa
pur
X
atrls
ul
slurprus
5rxnpEJS
pue
ottnpEJ3jtpun
Jo
Jrqr.[nu
pro]
Jqr
^rorDl
01
prau
pJno^l
I
lrlnu4ulll'
r
lv ruruloldub
alBparsurr pug
nurprus

lrEnp?.I3 pur
)xnpE€J)pun
sll liJlq^t qlr^\
esr!
aq.t.Jo
sturrl
r'
.,{llr.J!uJ8
9uf,prus
Jirllo)
s.uo,rleu
oql
.to
'^rrrJursajd:r
,-
ru5rx!
rqr
ruo,.rJrrsp
or
paau
pJno ^
I,r:rTn?J],li:t*'r:tJfj;
,rets
rrrpo
14
s)llnp",€
!3oJlo)
^\au
JoJ
))tnp"

,ood
o,
,._o,ri
rrJglur
uoFspsarluroral
s.JBlorlpJ
,gl
.ruc^tr
raqir.
uJ
.rood
lll?
-nsnsn
arE
slrf,dsold- qgl
gf,tq^l
rol
s.qldh,srp
uo
snroJ prnj
rf,qurnu
rr
^r{,{Jf,^Irxl.r
D
surd8ord
Fn.3I-orvnp[J8
T
rtrts
q
sdrqred

rO
saStlof,
pur
sllltsJe^run
ts:fuq
s.X
arrrs
Buorur
spjcpuxts
uorssrurpr
qBJq
,{lr^rrr:zduo)
ot
rnp
lmrruaperr
Ar4pwrono
,,(FpfnrFEd
"rE dno.d
t sr
oucpnrs
atmpz:B:.p,j.,
,X,r"rs
_
rd"gr.a
, ,loqa
E sr
slsapn$
s,uonlu.rno
Jo
a^Dxxu:se:da:

:ou
erc
s:seDn;
s.l" lrns
rErI )lqtssod
ll
jus
s!
tJ
ruorrru
Eqt
ul
sruapms,B)llo:)
pur
srSclloJ
Jo
Jaqrunu
fuol
rqr uo
impuadoo
.:rlr's
euo
laro
rrrorl
sJDsDErs
uo p!s[q
uon[u
J(Il rn
s]SrIloJ
fr

Jo
srr"np"rs
areu
rnoq"
suolmpuoJ
lu[
,$.EJp
ol 3lqxuosxajrln
s,
tJ
.s,lxnpl,€
^I3U
s.X
elzts
lnoqu
sJDsrlris pe)r)
)qr
sr^lo^ur
rurtrln8rn
a.p
,p,^
*r1qoi,l,rup
tr
osuoossu
AVSS]
1N3WO9UV
ENJUO3S.H9JH
V
:IIIJM
01

MOH
kryrr'tc
oH
E:ceople
IATMIED
lusurrs
FRoM
A SuRVEy
oR
Pou-
A{
}ou
iusr
lermed, :r
GRE or
GI,IAT ArAunrcnr nrrAhr
dms, somc conchF
sion involvin8 x
Froup
bxsc(t on
sririsrical drur ^tjo\tr
N insulficie, ol
l.nroprcscntatiDa
safiplc. Howcvcr,
rlis is nor
ahc onlv
potcntirl problcm
with
sritsrjcal det2.
The proccss

of
coltccrinS rh€ datf
(i.c
rb€ methodo,-
ogy)
rnighl be nawcd
in :r
v:rl.
rhar c:rls
irro
qucsrion
rhc qua
D,
ol rhc
(hta,
rcndcrirg
rhe
dal2
'tainted"
and
rhercfore
unrcliable
for
rhe
purposc
of drrwirg
any conclusions.
ln
ordcr for
surveY or

rroll
rcsults to be
rdiable
in
quxliq:
.
The suffct
or
poll
responscs
mus!
bc credflr/"
Gruthful
2JId
eccunrc).
U respondents
have rcason
ro
provide
incomplcrc or
false responses,
t}Ic
results are
taintcd ard
unrcliable.
.
Thc method
of collecdng
the da!3
mu5t be lrbra.red.

lf respoflses
at€ not
rDancl"tory or
if thc survcy.s
fodn
predispos€s
subjects to
lcspond in
cenaj,
ways,
rhcn
the rcsufts
arc rainred
and unreliable.
To shov,/ the rcader
that
you
rccognizc ard
undcrsrrid rhis
statisticd
probicm, you
nccd to accomplish
ajl rbrcc
of thc following
tasks:
t. Idenrlfy
r})c
problem (c.8_,
16
onc of r}Ic

Ar8umcflt's cruciat
!5sumprions).

2. Elucidate
by
providing
a! lcasr
one or rwo reasons,
bascd on rhe
.
Argum€nfs irformadon,
why
rhc sratisrical
dara mjght
be
taimcd
2nd
lln.eliable.
3.
Expb.in how r}|c porcnliallt
.r.inred dari
mighr undcrminc
rhe
A4trment's
conclusion.
You'U
probably
flecd at
leiit tliree
sintcnccs to accompljsh

all three
slcps
(onc
s€ntcoce
for each
srep). Once vou.vc
accomplishcd
alt r}lree tasks,
iI
you
havc
cxtra rimc ro
discuss rhe
problem,
add one
of thcse rsro optionaj
.
lndicare
how thc argumcnCs propoocn!
cfir csrablish t}rit thc
satistical
cvidcncc is
rcLiable
(nor
taintcd).
.'lndiiate
whar
clse
yoo
would

need ro
knos. ro delermine whcilrer
thc statisricd
evidence is
rcliable
(not
raimcd)_
Thc followin8
Arguncnt rclics on
suflcy rlut
poscs
1
potcnrial,lrtas
as
w.ll
^s ^ credibiliDt
probiem.
CIhe
Afglglcnt mighr
sulfcr
ftom
orhcr
rcasoning
probletr)r
a5 wcll,
bur here
I'm focusing
on rii|rcd{ata prob-
lcms.) Thc
icsponse

con.zirs
aI rhree etemcnB requir€d ro
addrcss cach
problcm, in a
siode
parrgrnph.
Pate6oa's
.
Wrlttn|
Sk
kfor.tbc
GRE/GI{AT Test!
nE/(
T.
(r
- ^
(rldrJSrJtd
?irss)
pu(r).s)
azl
.oN
tururn8ry
JWtg
(sqdrl€Drrd
lussr pr[ll
pur
puor:s)
i]6
.oN
:ururn8rv

JVI,{5
(qdcrSurd
;xssr
qunol)
8
.oN
rurtun8+,
J!,t,{9
| I t I
.e_ur_Er!p
J'lrs.us
prl'r'r
lrlxrru.rod
Jo
s'.,,"r"';5fiTj,t:;:13
-ndw
JVI^I9
plrujo
oz
JoJ
sltss-J")
I
urd u]
s,irssa
,{ur
lprus
nol
w
(qdsiErBd
llss.

<,,rd*s*"d
r",.,
;;;;;#T:]
3:
.il
l:il1fl
ffi
(qd! rtr.ryd
,{Essr
(sqd.,ss.nd
,i?ssr
,*;,#::3ff
.:il
fiffi
#;
,,,

aq,".onol
.$
ur
Elxp
rDnsDD,.
per.'-i
,*"".,.0
r"
rn*
;tl1ffri
'(,srunmSrv
gllc
tEr)g;o

oz
JoJ
sl!sq-)
9
uEa
,!
.l**
i*
tp
",.i
;
$ua*nsrv
r'rrsJo
aqr
u]
"_.r0.#;[
?ffil
.orqrl(
lt
llblrnpord
ffcra^o
r^oldu4
ot,$.oq
lnoqx
cuoE
1ol
,strurajrd
?lloldrur
oJqJ
\

tnoqt
suotsnlJuoJ
lu!
gu
-,{Erp_Jo
esodrnd
rq)
roJ
rlqEnorun
5q
plnoa
nl"srr
l ";.;.;;;
grsuodsar
eqr
Jrqtaq^t
yo
ssapn3ji
3o:aord.
-ox
pFo,a.
sro!.dns
lr.qr pr^lllrq
,{rql
tEqt srsuoasu
prpr.nora
a,.tl
-tq3-r!
qsepDodsaj
uerTr

,tou
arr^l,{aqr
JI
.JsllurpljxJoJ
s!^a
Jo
snoE
.
-^uow:lf,r
sJsuodsr
,{r.uns
Jaql!q,{
p3uuoJ14
los 3Jr
ea
,,(JpuoJaS
,;:T:.:I.I l:,
.l'^ord
rou
rf,,oq)
olnprqrs.rro^l
EDJ
d
nr,!,
a)^
J,lotu
uq6
'sru)puoosr
)rI
Jo

s:Ju)rrJold
arrl
uorstp
)q€rur
srlns,l
jqr
urqr
'plp
rl
jl_.s.^Dvruatl"
uc)no.rq
oJu,r,r:Jcrd
lrr^_n
;',r;
.r;;;.
-
stu:puodsf,l
lxql
pajrnb:r
lea:ns
oql:aqraqa
peulojx.t
lou
aLft
oa
')s4j
'$Jdsrr
o,,!r1
ln
Jnr6.lqord

.q
rqgrur
jrolopo,frr*
,f.n
.r".u,
utor't
otDtadnlntol
*r
r,t
r,,r,
U'urr^""!
t\g&
cssodsau
".r13!.r
lroja
jrp-c^g
Jo
lEpjnoj
r r!r{rl.
J:psjcr{
ro
Jl)sur1l
roJ
osooqr
ol a.loldurr
qr!,
ndollr
ol sr.orqal(
ll
lli^IrJnpojd

IIIrJ^o
r
ojdrl'l
ot
,fta
a^rrrrga
tsoru
JrIl
tErlt
^loq;
jl]'_:lL,^ms
csoqJ
.tr:a
rJoa
,{sprnoJ
ru)rjrD
rno
qrr^
^oorq
rrE_.{rln
rEql
palEJlpr4
JTEII
lnoqf,
.^r^ms
luJr:r
lsour.
s,tsaluuedJp
mo
u-r

BuFrdpErEd
s5.loldr!.
otrq5t(
Suourv_
"" mH
Jo
J ol))4c,rp
*"rr
.*r*,.',
o.r;:11'$ffiil::j
:ur6nE
V
AVSSI
1N3hin9dv
9Ntuocs,H3lH
V
lltut
oI
MOH
UMING
THAT A
TAIN
OUTCOME
CrnratN
CoxontoN
ls Necrssanv
AND/oR
SuFtlclENT
FoR
A

6llE
or GM
T
Ar|unrcol
Dli8hl rccomnrcnd
r ccnain
corrrsc
ot
xction'
b;rscd
on ooc
or
bod) of tht
followinF
clrrors:
l.
Thc
cours( ol
rclion
is tc.c.rsa.'t()
xchicvc
i clcsircd
t€suh
2.
Thc cou$€
of
ictiott
is

sulficictt
ro
^clieve
ibe dcsired
result'
Borh
claims
often
occur in
the samc
^r8um€nL
and both
xre
Porentidl]'
\arlneirble
to criticism
\Vjtl)
rcsPecl
Io claim l.
(hc

rgumenr
musr
providc evidence
tha! no othcr
msrns of
achicving
t)rc
s3me
res'rlt

are
availab)c
O-Y
the
wal, it
von'O
wilh resPect
to cliim
2, 1ne
-/\'rgument
-
must
provjde Strong
cvidencc
tha!
thc
Ptoposed
course
of sction
b)'ltsell
would bc
suflicicnt
lo bdng
rboul
thc desired
result
(by
the
w3)
'

it
won\), bcking
this son
of cvidcnce,
the Atgumcnt
cannot
tely
on tnesc
claims
to suPPon
ils rc.ommendrtron
An
AJgrlmcnl
that rclics
on
one of
these
two
2ssumPtions
doei
no(
necisserily
rely
on tle
other
a5
wcu. Read
the Aigumcnt
v€ry carcfutly-
becxuse

1 fcw
wotds can
mlkc
ill
lhc diffcrencc
For insrance'
consider
thc followitg
altemativc
recommendations
for
rcversing
a
profit dcclinc
at
X1z'
ComPany
(thc
il-?liciz€d
words
are the
key):
Utlc$
XYZ Company
hres
th€ former
markctinB
dircctor
of ABC
c,omP^n\',

)|fZ
rti
nor tevcrse
i6 current
profit
decLinc'
IThis
conclusion
tclies
on
the neces$ry-condidon
assumPtion
ody
l
BJ,
hinlg
the
former
markednB
drccror
of
AIIC Compan)
'
XYz
ComPanY
uiJl
boosl
,!s
Prohts
J'Ilns

conclusion
rdics on
the
sufficient-condition
nssumPdon
only.l
Jt
order
to boos!
its
Prolits,
Xl'Z
Company
sbottld
hjre
rhe fo'mct
marketjng
dircctor
of
ABC Company
lThis
conclusion
relies
on both
assumptions
Th€ lrnguage
imPttcs
thar
the recommended
course

of
acrion
is
necdcd
to'
and
in fact
will, brin8
about
the s6ted
obicctivc
l
To show
t}lc
rcadcr
you
u$dcrstard
.rlcccssary{ondition-ffld
su{icicnl'
condi$on
Problems,
.tou
necd
to
accompljsh
all
ti'rc€
ot
ulc Iouoq'rns
].

ldentify
thc
Problcm
(€.8.,
as one
of
the Lrgrjment
s crucial
Petclson s

rvlrnnA ShtllsforJbe
GRI/GMAT
Tent
p
uloiruon
'rdonnr
slsal
Jwrt2E,
rqt
ral
qt'4s
dtut,P^t
ia
t,uoua
Jol-s)^aEtrrr]ll
J
I]o
atcururrl:
prn:
l)ptsuor

oslr
tmur
JqS
.sutrliold
r:qro
tno alru
pux
eqnuxx.
rsml lx
rsnru:u:pu:tuutdns
rqr
.r:ae,nog
'r^'tr.:lqo
prtr)s.)qt
r^.rq.rj
or ;tr:trt
sr:
sr
rrr:rriord-
l]qx,
ou
tlxtr
atruapr^:)
)LUO\
Ot StunOUlr: (trlB)
sJtsxtl
ot
l)r:B
to
pJoJrl

Jouedns
)tn
',ilprxrurpv
!uarx)
p:rrsrp
)lll
or
sJFrJs
:i$prjl
.s)urplus
trlt
3u^orchul
Jo
srJ[:lu
alqrssod
l)q]o
JoJ
tuno)rr
or sfr,l
turpuatqu)dns
lql
asuodsrlJ

s:r^rr.r!.rll
tnoq8nollt
pr:u
Itr^r,irql
sllr)ls
Surprfr
eqr

dolr^rp
Ilr,ad
urrprrj)
rt)qr
rrqt
prrnssr
aq
pfno^r
sluspus
Sunol
rno
Jo
lua:rd aqr
.s)lsrfl
ot )ilrg
Sqtdopt
lg rDr,d.uoatu
s.retsfunol
3uowr
sflDis 3uprar
€uhoJdun
roj
pro)rr
rou.dns
D srq
u.r3oJd
Blrlpler
srqt
.li,lalv
.ur6€ord

SulpE:J
.s5!stg
ot
lrn8"
rqt
rdopr
pinoqs
a^i
,o8!rr^t
reuoDru
r(n
nu)s:ldaJ
tsrrl lr lxqr
lr^:l
l: 01
,lurprus
IooqJs
Anu)rx)l:
s,lJlrlslp
Jno
SuorrD
qrts
BtIIpxrJ
Jo lr^Jl
ar{l
esEr
ol l5pjo
rrl"
)tF
Jo

rurpsrtqu.dns
oqt
,/,,,"!' nl)
r,iv,
:rJqtsJp
looqJs
^:ljnol
JtdJlIJ
tuo4
oureur
I ur
paJioddr
Sln.4lolloJ
ftLI
tueEnAJV
ruarlmfrv oq:
01 essods:r
,{{u
ul s!
uo
LlJra
or
qdl:J8[Jsd
3lElldf,s
!
lto^ap pfnoqs
nol
.ru41
5^rri
nol

J,r
.qduSErd
sltlns
x
u: suon
-dunssE
rFoq
ssrppr
or llqr
aq
tq8ru, no,{ qgnoq:lv
(.suralqord
o.
].s!ul
uo Srrsn:roJ
u.l elaq
1nq
,na,{
sr suroJqord
Suruosrrl
ttqlo
!uo{
lrJJnc
lqSn
ru3uJnSrv
rql) suoDdunssr
gtoq
uo
sellrl
trqt

ruatun8rv
ur
s.!rH
.
loltno
oq) JoJ
lulrJlqns/lrssr:)Ju
sl uoplpuo)
Jrp
rJrlaqr'd
cqmlalJp
or ,$olrrl
01
prJt,
pFo,{.
nol
Jsl,
txq,.d, alrJlpt
l
.
.)rl',o)]|.ro
f,tp
roj
luarJrJns lolpw
furgsalau
$ uoplrruo)
.rjt
r.qr
lJsar.Jul
rrlt

urqrSurns
or 5pl^old plnoJ
rorpnx
s.ru5urn8JE

It
uolrErrlroll puollppsJo
uos
r!qr!. arEJlpgl
.
lruordo
orar osrql
Jo
.uo
ppr
.u'lqord
,r
s ro
", ,"*
"ro,
lli*"T
J!
's{scr
rxlr
IJE
paqsqduotJ!
e^.no,(
aJUO
.(dJ]s
rlJD

loJ
,Jurlu3s
5uo)
sd.rs
r:Jql
JJE
qsnduof,Ju
ol sJJualurs.aJt{t
rsral
rr
paau,{Jqzqord
1.nol
s.lue.un-,ry
.qr
serr.ur:pun
,0",o
.* "utffutii
.,
'ou,of,lno
arn JoJ
AessaJru
eq
osF
lq3lr,
)xqt suoD
-tpuo)
r)rpo
1sr38ns
.urrlqord
uontpuollu:rrUFs

r roJ .
')^)rrJlqo
prlEts
)ql
St'l^anlr[
Jo
suc:r!
rlqrssod
rJrFo
)sr38ns
.r!)lqold
uonrf\uo>furs()J!u
f, roJ .
'saldurxxe
o,{.]
Jo ruo
r$.1
rc Bulpl^oJcl
lq5'rsppnJl
.Z
lvssl.tNlnn9dv
oNldoas,HgtH
V
31tul
.01MoH
s'uondrfnssv
qlog eldtrrBx