SAT II History Episode 2 Part 5 doc

colonists, on the other hand, believed in direct or actual representa-
tion. Although choice (A) was true—and with good reason—it was
not the basic issue. Choices (C) and (D) were results of the conflict,
but neither was a cause. George III issued the Proclamation of
Rebellion, choice (E) to rally his loyal supporters in the colonies; it
was not a proclamation issued by the colonists as you may think
from the title.
5. The correct answer is (C). Choice (A) was a writer and farmer
who wrote Letters from an American Farmer, which described
rural life in the late eighteenth century. Jefferson, choice (B),
believed that the nation should be one of yeoman farmers. Calhoun,
choice (D), championed policies that would aid the agrarian South.
Choice (E) is incorrect.
6. The correct answer is (D). The United States bought Alaska in
1867 from Russia for $7.2 million. Choice (A) agreed to the mutual
disarmament of the Great Lakes by the United States and Canada.
Choice (C) refers to the Treaty of 1846, and choice (E), to the
settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick
Province.
7. The correct answer is (E). It was not until 1862 that African
Americans were allowed to enlist, choice (B). Lincoln had been
against black enlistment, fearing that it would drive the border states
into the Confederacy, and many whites considered it a “white man’s
war.” Even when they joined, African Americans had to protest to
be allowed to fight, choices (A) and (C), and to be paid the same as
white soldiers. Only 75 to 100 African Americans became officers,
choice (D).
8. The correct answer is (D). Clues are the phrases working class
and employing class and the aggressive tone of the quotation.
Choice (A) was made up largely of farmers, so it can be eliminated.
Choice (B) was a conservative labor union that believed in the use

of arbitration rather than strikes, so it can be eliminated. Choice (C)
was a cooperative farm organization and not a labor union. Choice
(E) can be eliminated because the CIO was not organized until
1935, and this question fits between the 1860s and 1919. The Indus-
trial Workers of the World (IWW) was organized by socialist radicals
in 1905 and championed revolution rather than reform. Its slogan
was “Workers of the World, Unite!”
9. The correct answer is (B). Item III was part of Woodrow Wilson’s
foreign policy, not Theodore Roosevelt’s. Any answer choice with
item III as a part is incorrect, so choices (A) and (C) can be elimi-
nated. Both items I and II were part of Roosevelt’s foreign policy, so
choices (D) and (E) are only partially correct and, thus, incorrect.
10. The correct answer is (B). Choices (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E) are
all true about the Harlem Renaissance, but choice (B) incorporates
all the elements of the other four. It includes the music—jazz,
choice (A); the “New Negro,” choice (B); the subject matter of
poets and novelists, choice (D); and the interest in the arts, choice
Test-Taking Strategy
Eliminating choices can lead
you to an educated guess.
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
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Success: U.S. History www.petersons.com
(E). In addition, it mentions the audience for the works of the
Harlem Renaissance.
11. The correct answer is (D). The programs of the first “Hundred
Days” were dedicated to relief and recovery by getting people back
to work and stimulating the economy. Reform programs like Social
Security, choice (D), came later.

12. The correct answer is (E). Nixon initiated and pursued a “two
China” policy, People’s Republic of China and Taiwan, choice (A),
whereas his predecessors had not recognized the People’s Republic
of China. Nixon also took advantage of the Soviet Union’s interest in
relaxing tensions with the United States to pursue détente and trea-
ties on nuclear weapons, choices (B) and (D). One of his campaign
promises—“peace with honor”—had been to end the war in Viet-
nam, choice (C). Choice (E) was part of Truman’s foreign policy.
13. The correct answer is (E). The Albany Plan of Union, proposed by
Benjamin Franklin, called for choices (A), (B), (C), and (D), but the
Crown would appoint the governor-general, so choice (E) is the
correct answer. If the question had asked for the significance of the
Albany Plan of Union, then choice (D) would have been correct.
14. The correct answer is (D). Hamilton’s policies included choices
(A), (B), (C), and (E), but not choice (D). Choice (A) was never
acted upon by Congress because most members did not see the
need for it. Choice (B) became law as the First Bank of the United
States. An excise tax was passed on whiskey, choice (C), and
resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion. The Assumption Bill accom-
plished choice (E), thus reassuring the new nation’s creditors and
potential creditors of its creditworthiness.
15. The correct answer is (D). Besides the map, logic would tell you
that, as Westerners, Clay and Jackson would probably have carried
the frontier states.
16. The correct answer is (C). Again, logic will tell you that as a New
Englander, Adams would have won New England.
17. The correct answer is (E). After passage of the bill to begin con-
struction of the National Road, later appropriations were defeated
because of the issue of states’ rights. Choice (C) aided industrial
development by making possible large supplies of raw cotton to

feed the growing capacity of textile mills. Choice (D) raised the cost
of imported goods, thus making U.S made goods cheaper and more
attractive to U.S. consumers.
18. The correct answer is (C). Clay wanted California to be admitted
as a free state, and New Mexico and Utah to decide for themselves
whether to allow slavery, so choice (C) is incorrect. Don’t be fooled
by choice (B). For much of his political life, Lincoln did not advo-
cate the end of slavery; he held to the Republican Party line against
extending slavery into the new territories. Stephen Douglas’s policy,
choice (A), was known as popular sovereignty. John C. Calhoun
articulated the position of those who believed in states’ rights,
Test-Taking Strategy
For not/except questions, ask
yourself if the answer is true.
If it is, cross it off and go on
to the next answer.
Test-Taking Strategy
Be sure all parts of an
answer are correct. A
partially correct answer is a
partially incorrect answer—
and a quarter-point deduc-
tion.
PRACTICE TEST 1
256
Peterson’s n SAT II
Success: U.S. Historywww.petersons.com
choice (D). David Wilmot gave his name to the Wilmot Proviso,
choice (E).
19. The correct answer is (B). Choice (A) is true, but the Fourteenth

Amendment was not drafted and ratified until after the Civil Rights
Act was passed over Johnson’s veto. Because others shared
Johnson’s concern that the act was unconstitutional, Congress
drafted the amendment. Choices (C), (D), and (E) are incorrect.
20. The correct answer is (D). The problem was overproduction, not
underproduction, choice (D), combined with underconsumption,
choice (C). Early in the 1920s, people had used installment credit,
choice (B), to purchase big-ticket items, and by the end of the
decade, the demand was decreasing but not the supply. Factories
were turning out more than Americans could buy, and the high tar-
iffs (Fordney-McCumber) along with the U.S.’s insistence on collect-
ing its war debts, choice (E), decreased foreign markets. The
amount of loans made to cover stocks bought on margin, choice
(A), caused professional speculators to begin to sell their stocks, and
the downward economic spiral began.
21. The correct answer is (A). Choice (D) was the goal of the Alliance
for Progress, but the underlying purpose for the program and, thus,
the best description for what it hoped to accomplish is choice (A).
Choice (B) relates to the Iran-Contra affair under Ronald Reagan.
Choice (C) relates to efforts under Richard Nixon to keep Salvador
Allende from becoming president of Chile in 1970. While the United
States did turn over control of the Panama Canal to Panama, it was
not part of the Alliance for Progress and it occurred in 1999, not
between the 1930s and late 1960s, based on the time frame of the
question.
22. The correct answer is (A). Choice (A) had a political rather than
economic purpose: to enforce the voting rights of African Ameri-
cans. Choice (D) was part of the “war on poverty” because it gave
federal aid to public and parochial schools to improve educational
opportunities for all children, including the poorest and African

Americans.
23. The correct answer is (E). Carter became the first Southerner,
choice (A), elected president since Zachary Taylor. Choice (E) is the
correct answer because in a time of high inflation, Carter cam-
paigned on a promise not to decrease inflation by allowing unem-
ployment to increase. Typically, increasing employment tends to
make inflation rise rather than decline.
24. The correct answer is (C). The clue is first colony in the North-
ern parts of Virginia. Of the five choices, only the Pilgrims set out
to establish a colony, Plymouth, choice (C), in northern Virginia.
This quotation is from their Mayflower Compact. Another way to
eliminate three choices is to consider that choices (B), (D), and (E)
all had proprietors and, therefore, the colonists would not be draw-
ing up an agreement about governing themselves. Choice (A) might
Test-Taking Strategy
For not/except questions, ask
yourself if the answer is true.
If it is, cross it off and go on
to the next answer.
Test-Taking Strategy
The jump back in time is
your clue that question 24
begins a new set of ques-
tions.
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
257
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Success: U.S. History www.petersons.com
be true, but the clue and the fact that Plymouth was the first colony
to establish self-government would rule out choice (A).

25. The correct answer is (E). Bacon’s Rebellion helped convince
Virginia planters that Africans enslaved for life would be less trouble
than indentured servants, who might not be able to make a living
after they were free. Both choices (A) and (B) were rebellions of
enslaved blacks. The Stono Uprising, choice (A), occurred in 1739
near Charleston, South Carolina, and resulted in the deaths of
twenty or thirty whites and most of the twenty slaves involved. In
1831, Nat Turner, choice (B), led some sixty slaves in rebellion in
Virginia, and they killed some sixty whites before they were cap-
tured. The Whiskey Rebellion, choice (C), occurred on the Pennsyl-
vania frontier in response to the excise tax on whiskey levied as part
of Alexander Hamilton’s fiscal program for the new nation. Shays’s
Rebellion, choice (D), occurred in Massachusetts during the Confed-
eration period in response to high taxes and the practice of foreclos-
ing and imprisoning debtors.
26. The correct answer is (C). Choice (A) refers to the Proclamation
of Rebellion issued by George III. Choice (B) relates to Lee’s Resolu-
tion, which was introduced into the Second Continental Congress
and debated while the Declaration of Independence was being writ-
ten. Choice (D) relates to the Circular Letter, and choice (E) to the
Declaration of Rights and Grievances.
27. The correct answer is (D). Marbury v. Madison established the
principle of judicial review, choice (A). The Constitution established
choice (B). The first Congress created the office of Attorney Gen-
eral, but the Justice Department was not created until 1870, choice
(C). Choice (E) is incorrect; Jackson ignored the Supreme Court’s
ruling in that case.
28. The correct answer is (B). For the time period, choice (A) is
incorrect. Choice (C) relates to the Roosevelt Corollary issued by
Theodore Roosevelt. Choice (D) refers to the Good Neighbor Policy

of Franklin Roosevelt. Choice (E) is incorrect; Great Britain was
interested in issuing a joint declaration with the United States, but
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams convinced President James
Monroe to issue the statement in the name of the United States
alone.
29. The correct answer is (B). Slaves were not allowed to learn to
read and write. The female children of plantation owners were
taught at home, as were young male children. Older sons were sent
away to boarding schools. Choices (A), (C), (D), and (E) are all use-
ful tools for recreating the life of a Southern plantation.
30. The correct answer is (B). Plessy v. Ferguson is the post-Civil War
(1896) landmark case establishing “separate but equal” facilities for
African Americans. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, choice (A), by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, was an antislavery novel that provoked the South
with its portrayals of the odious Simon Legree and the faithful Uncle
PRACTICE TEST 1
258
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Success: U.S. Historywww.petersons.com
Tom. Choice (C) refers to John Brown’s raid on the arsenal at Harp-
er’s Ferry and his plan to arm a slave insurrection in Virginia. Choice
(D) set off the fiercest debate in Congress yet over the admission of
slave and free states and resulted in the Compromise of 1850.
Choice (E) was a continual source of ill feeling and occasional
violence.
31. The correct answer is (D). Theodore Roosevelt is known as the
“trust buster.” McKinley, choice (B), running on a platform of high
tariffs and the gold standard, was elected through the efforts of
Republican party boss Mark Hanna and big business interests.
Harding’s policies of normalcy, choice (E), meant little government

regulation of business, high tariffs, and strikebreaking, so choice
(E) is illogical. Hoover, choice (A), was a traditional pro-business
Republican. Franklin Roosevelt, choice (C), courted business in the
first New Deal, but he abandoned it in the second phase to build a
coalition of traditional opponents of big business for the
Democratic Party.
32. The correct answer is (B). Silver, choice (C), as a political issue
died out with the election of 1896. Choice (D) was the philosophy
of big business philanthropists, so it is illogical as the tool of the
president. Choice (E), a belief in the inevitability of social inequali-
ties, would seem to contradict trust-busting. Choice (A) is irrelevant.
33. The correct answer is (E). Through Lend-Lease, Roosevelt was
able to lend, sell, lease, and transfer to the Allies more than $50 bil-
lion in food, machinery, and supplies. The program continued
through the war. Choice (A) was a Roosevelt policy of the 1930s to
improve relations with Latin America; among other things, he
agreed to a resolution that “no state has the right to intervene in the
internal affairs of another.” Choice (C) was one of several laws that
banned the sale or transfer of arms to belligerents. Choice (D) was
Theodore Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine, which said
that the United States could intervene to punish nations that were
chronic wrongdoers in the Western Hemisphere.
34. The correct answer is (C). Item II is incorrect, so any answer that
contains II is incorrect. That eliminates choices (A), (B), and (D).
Medicaid is funded by both the federal government and the state
governments, so choice (E) is incorrect. It pays for medical assis-
tance for the poor—those under 65 and eligible for welfare as well
as poor children, pregnant women, and the elderly who are not eli-
gible for welfare.
35. The correct answer is (B). Not all presidencies are categorized by

programs or calls to action. However, John F. Kennedy’s administra-
tion, choice (A), was known as the New Frontier.
36. The correct answer is (B). Several of these responses are impor-
tant and correct, but they do not relate to Connecticut. Choice (A)
relates to Virginia, choice (C) to Rhode Island, and choice (D) to
Massachusetts. Choice (E) is incorrect.
Test-Taking Strategy
Put your visual skills to
work. The figures in this
cartoon have mustaches and
haircuts of the late nine-
teenth century rather than
the 1920s or 1930s.
Test-Taking Strategy
The chronological shift
indicates a new set of
questions.
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
259
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Success: U.S. History www.petersons.com
37. The correct answer is (C). The key words are best be described.
There is some truth to both choices (B) and (D), but the most inclu-
sive answer is choice (C). Choice (A) restates the argument that
Jefferson made to Washington at the beginning of the French Revo-
lution and with which Washington did not agree. Choice (E) is
incorrect.
38. The correct answer is (C). Choice (E) is true but of less
importance in the larger context than choice (C). In the
beginning, native-born women workers lived in supervised

boardinghouses, were served healthful meals, and had
opportunities in the evening and on Sundays for recreation and to
improve themselves. Wages were adequate for the time, and
children were not employed. Choice (A) became true of factory
owners in general in the late 1830s and 1840s, and choice (B) was
also true of that period. Lowell workers organized unions in the
1840s, choice (D), but they were not successful.
39. The correct answer is (E). One clue word is Massachusetts.
Horace Mann was the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of
Education from 1837 to 1848 and campaigned for universal educa-
tion. Although Dorothea Dix, choice (D), was also a reformer of the
period, her work was in the area of mental health. Choices (A) and
(B) can be eliminated because Franklin lived in the 1700s, and Wil-
son was the president of Princeton University in the 1900s before
becoming president of the United States. While Douglass, choice
(C), championed education, he would have no reason to single out
Massachusetts.
40. The correct answer is (C). A newspaper editor coined the term in
1845, and it came to stand for a policy of expansionism. Choice (A),
championed by Stephen Douglas, allowed residents of the new
Western territories to decide for themselves whether to allow sla-
very. Social Darwinism, choice (B), applied Darwin’s theories from
the biological world to social institutions and explained social
inequalities as the result of the survival of the fittest. Choice (D) is a
partial explanation of the principle of popular sovereignty, choice
(A). Choice (E) is incorrect.
41. The correct answer is (D). Although choice (E) was a contribut-
ing factor, the deal reached to make Hayes president, choice (D),
was the direct cause of the end of Reconstruction. Choice (A)
occurred once the military had moved out of Florida, South Caro-

lina, and Louisiana. States that did not have reconstructed govern-
ments by 1870 had to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment as well as the
Fourteenth, but choice (B) had no bearing on the end of Recon-
struction, nor did choice (C).
42. The correct answer is (E). The British and German blockade of
Venezuela, choice (A), in an attempt to collect debts for their
citizens, was one cause of the Roosevelt Corollary. Choice (C)
occurred under Coolidge; the troops had been sent originally
under Taft to install a pro-U.S. government and force the
Test-Taking Strategy
The key phrase is best
describes.
Test-Taking Strategy
The key word is direct.
Test-Taking Strategy
The key word is first.
PRACTICE TEST 1
260
Peterson’s n SAT II
Success: U.S. Historywww.petersons.com
Nicaraguans to accept a loan from New York bankers. Choices (B)
and (D) are both incorrect.
43. The correct answer is (D). The movie by D.W. Griffith played on
all the stereotypes and myths of Reconstruction and was picketed
by the NAACP for its pro-Ku Klux Klan message. Choice (A) was the
first talkie and showed Al Jolson in blackface as a minstrel, but nei-
ther it nor choice (B), with its stereotypes of happy enslaved African
Americans, was rabidly racist. Choice (C) is a later film about the
Scopes trial and the teaching of evolution, and choice (E) is the title
of a book by Jack Kerouac of the 1950s Beat Generation.

44. The correct answer is (A). One in five Americans moved from
one part of the country to another during World War II, usually for
better job opportunities.
45. The correct answer is (E). Item II is a reference to the foreign
policy of William Howard Taft and is, therefore, incorrect. Any
answer choice with item II is incorrect, so choices (B), (C), and (D)
can be eliminated. Choice (A) is incorrect because it is only partially
correct.
46. The correct answer is (D). Choice (A) did not occur until after
the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed. Choice (B) is the real rea-
son the North Vietnamese fired on one or possibly two U.S. destroy-
ers. Choice (C) is the opposite of the true situation; the strongest
support for the North Vietnamese was in the countryside. The
Unites States used napalm, so choice (E) is incorrect.
47. The correct answer is (C). Rhode Island and Connecticut were
the only two self-governing colonies. Unlike Maryland, choice (A);
Pennsylvania, choice (B); Georgia, choice (D); and, for a time, New
York, choice (E), the two were not governed by proprietors. Rhode
Island and Connecticut had been founded by dissenters from Massa-
chusetts Bay, and each colony elected its own governor and repre-
sentatives to the upper and lower legislative houses.
48. The correct answer is (E). The power of the purse was the only
hold that the colonies had over the royal governors’ actions. The
purpose of choice (A) was to give the East India Company a
monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies. The significance of
choice (B) was that it placed a tax on goods made and sold in the
colonies, and, therefore, was not part of traditional mercantilist poli-
cies. The significance of choice (C) was in Great Britain’s announce-
ment that it would be strictly enforced; it meant that Great Britain
was abandoning its policy of salutary neglect. Choice (D) tightened

Great Britain’s financial hold on the colonies by requiring that all
taxes be paid in gold or silver and by forbidding the colonies to
print their own money.
49. The correct answer is (E). The Second Continental Congress man-
aged the government of the states during the early days of the war
and oversaw the establishment of a new government under the
Articles of Confederation, which took effect in 1781. Choice (B)
Test-Taking Strategy
Be sure all parts of an
answer are correct. A
partially correct answer is a
partially incorrect answer—
and a quarter-point deduc-
tion.
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
261
Peterson’s n SAT II
Success: U.S. History www.petersons.com
occurred because the delegates to the Continental Congress were
afraid that any references to the slave trade would diminish South-
erners’ support.
50. The correct answer is (D). According to the Great or Connecticut
Compromise, there would be two legislative houses. In the lower
house, each state would have representation based on population,
whereas in the upper house each state would have two representa-
tives. Choice (A) refers to the compromise about counting slaves as
part of the population, and choice (B), to a plan for allotting the
same number of representatives for each state. Choice (E) was a
plan to base representation on state population.
51. The correct answer is (B). Like Hamilton’s financial program, Clay

and Calhoun’s American System favored choices (A), (D), and (E).
The two Congressmen hoped that choice (C) would be an outcome
of their program. Choice (B) is the correct answer because the first
immigration law was not passed until 1875.
52. The correct answer is (C). The clues are savages and 12,000,000.
Choice (A) can be eliminated because Confederate secession does
not have anything to do with Native Americans, whom the writer
calls savages. If you did not know the population of the United
States at any given time, you could still eliminate choices (D) and (E)
because both came after 1850, the time frame for the next question.
Time frame will also eliminate choice (A). The question prompt asks
you to identify the answer that the quotation supported. Choice (B)
ruled against the Cherokees’ standing to bring a case to the Supreme
Court but upheld their right to their lands, so choice (B) is incorrect
because the writer of the quotation opposed the right of Native
Americans to the land. Choice (C), then, is correct; the quotation
was written by Andrew Jackson seeking support for the Indian
Removal Act.
53. The correct answer is (A). By ruling in Scott v. Sanford that Con-
gress had no power to forbid slavery in U.S. territories, the Supreme
Court nullified both the Missouri Compromise by which Congress
had determined which states would be free and which slave, and
the principle of popular sovereignty. Choice (B), the Emancipation
Proclamation issued by Abraham Lincoln, decreed that slaves in ter-
ritories still held by Confederates on January 1, 1863, would be con-
sidered free. The Wilmot Proviso, choice (C), offered by
Representative David Wilmot but not approved by Congress, sought
to outlaw slavery in the new territories acquired from Mexico.
Choice (D) completed the acquisition of territory from Mexico.
Choice (E) is incorrect.

54. The correct answer is (E). According to the Congressional Recon-
struction plan and the Fourteenth Amendment, former Confederate
officials could not participate in the state constitutional conventions
or vote. Any state that had not organized a new government by
1870 also had to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment to be readmitted.
Test-Taking Strategy
For not/except questions, ask
yourself if the answer is true.
If it is, cross it off and go on
to the next answer.
PRACTICE TEST 1
262
Peterson’s n SAT II
Success: U.S. Historywww.petersons.com
55. The correct answer is (D). All five choices describe actual scan-
dals of the post-Civil War period, but only choice (D) describes
Crédit Mobilier. Choice (A) was known as the “salary grab.”
Belknap, choice (B), wanted to award the lucrative Indian trading
rights at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, to a friend, but the current trader
offered a bribe to both Belknap and the friend to keep his trading
rights. “Boss” Tweed, choice (C), and his Tammany Hall machine
were responsible for much of the graft and corruption in New York
City government, including ballot stuffing, kickbacks for city jobs,
and bribery. The “whiskey ring,” choice (E), operated to blackmail
distillers who found it cheaper to pay blackmail than to pay federal
taxes on whiskey.
56. The correct answer is (D).
57. The correct answer is (B). The Open Door Policy recognized the
rights of all nations to trade in China. Choice (A) related to the West-
ern Hemisphere and reserved to the United States the right to police

chronic malefactor nations. Trade with Asia may have resulted in
choice (E), but choice (E) would have been an effect, not a cause.
Choices (C) and (D) are unrelated.
58. The correct answer is (E). It was not until Lyndon Johnson’s
presidency that a national medical care program—for the elderly,
the disabled, and the poor—was signed into law as Medicare and
Medicaid. Choices (A), (B), (C), and (D) were part of Truman’s Fair
Deal program and were passed by Congress.
59. The correct answer is (A). The war was at a stalemate when
Eisenhower took over the presidency from Truman. Eisenhower put
pressure on the North Koreans to resume negotiations, and a truce
was reached by mid-1953. Choice (B) was known as the Eisenhower
Doctrine and stated that the United States would intervene if any
Middle Eastern nation came under attack by Communist forces.
60. The correct answer is (C). Although the facts in choices (A) and
(B) are true, neither is the main reason that England became a major
power. The defeat of the Spanish Armada greatly hindered Spain’s
ability to keep English ships off the seas. Knowing that the trans-
Atlantic triangular trade did not begin until the 1600s will help you
eliminate choice (E). Choice (D) is irrelevant.
61. The correct answer is (C). Choices (A), (B), (C), and (D) are true,
but choice (D) does not relate to the delegated powers, so it can be
eliminated. Of the other three choices, choices (A) and (B) are very
specific. Choice (C) is a general view of delegated powers and, thus,
a better answer. Choice (E) is the opposite of what the Tenth
Amendment says. All powers not specifically delegated to the fed-
eral government reside with the states.
62. The correct answer is (E). Choice (A) was the stated purpose of
these acts, but choice (E) was the Federalists’ underlying goal. The
acts were aimed at French immigrants, most of whom joined the

Democratic-Republican Party that favored U.S. intervention in the
Test-Taking Strategy
Knowing the time frame will
help you eliminate choice
(E).
Test-Taking Strategy
The key words are major
significance.
Test-Taking Strategy
The key word is unstated.
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
263
Peterson’s n SAT II
Success: U.S. History www.petersons.com
European wars on the side of France. Federalists may have used
choice (C) as a rationalization, but the Sedition Act interfered with
both the freedom of the press and freedom of speech. Both choices
(B) and (D) are incorrect.
63. The correct answer is (D). As the Depression worsened, Hoover
followed his theory of “rugged individualism” and “decentralized
local responsibility.” Franklin Roosevelt, choice (A), on the other
hand, with the advice of Keynes, choice (B), believed in “priming
the pump”—putting government money into the economy to pro-
vide relief and jobs. Theodore Roosevelt, choice (C), as a progres-
sive, also believed that government should help people. As the
Panic of 1893 worsened, Cleveland, choice (E), accepted the offer
of J.P. Morgan and a group of bankers to lend the federal govern-
ment money to shore up the sagging dollar.
64. The correct answer is (C). First, you need to know that Cleveland
opposed “free and unlimited silver,” which choice (A) supported.

Choice (B) is only partially correct. The groups in choice (C) feared
unlimited silver coinage as a Western threat to stability and sup-
ported Cleveland. Choices (D) and (E) supported the Populist pro-
gram of silver and cheap money.
65. The correct answer is (A). While choices (A), (B), (D), and (E) are
true of the period, choice (A) is the most inclusive choice. It con-
tains the elements of the other three answers. Widespread transpor-
tation and communications networks, the growth of industries and
markets for industrial goods, and large-scale urban development that
provided workers—all transferred the center of power, influence,
and wealth from farms to cities. Choice (C) is arguably true of the
period but irrelevant to the question. Americans shifted from a
belief in manifest destiny on the U.S. continent to a philosophy of
imperialism, or worldwide colonialism.
66. The correct answer is (C). Puerto Ricans had been made U.S. citi-
zens in 1917 under the Jones Act. Puerto Ricans served in World
War I and another 65,000 served in World War II. Although choice
(A) is true, Latinos often served in units that originated in states with
high concentrations of Latinos, such as New Mexico.
67. The correct answer is (D). The United States committed nuclear
weapons as well as conventional weapons, troops, and money,
choice (C). But the nuclear missiles were under the sole authority of
Eisenhower, who served as the first commander of NATO,
choice (B).
68. The correct answer is (D). Remember that the time frame for this
question is the second half of the twentieth century, so that elimi-
nates choices (A) and (C). Choice (B), Bill Clinton, always main-
tained he would not resign. While it is true that Johnson decided
not to run for a second term, this statement does not fit with some-
one announcing his decision not to run for office. Johnson would

still have been a full-time president for the remainder of his term.
The reference to full-time president and full-time Congress is to the
Test-Taking Strategy
In choosing an answer with
multiple elements, be sure all
the elements are correct.
Test-Taking Strategy
The key words are best
describes.
Test-Taking Strategy
Be sure to read the quota-
tions carefully. Underline or
circle key words.
PRACTICE TEST 1
264
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Success: U.S. Historywww.petersons.com
amount of time and resources that the Watergate investigation was
taking; this is from the resignation speech of Richard Nixon,
choice (D).
69. The correct answer is (C). Raising rates normally lowers inflation,
but for much of the 1970s, the action of the Fed caused stagflation.
Inflation continued, and economic growth declined. Choice (A)
means putting government money into circulation through loans
and federal programs to get the economy moving. Only Congress
can levy taxes, so choice (D) is incorrect. Choice (E) was an out-
come of choice (C); rising interest rates discourages people from
borrowing because of the amount of money they would have to pay
back. Choice (B) is incorrect.
70. The correct answer is (D). All five choices are correct, but choice

(D) is the most important in terms of the larger context of
U.S. history. Spain had to cede the Louisiana Territory back to
France at the end of the American Revolution, choice (A), so there is
little long-term importance to this. Choice (B) was important to
France, but not particularly to the British colonies or to the later
United States, which dealt with Great Britain rather than France.
Choice (C) was important to settlers on the frontier, but during the
American Revolution and for a time afterwards, the British armed
the Native Americans, so the long-term importance of choice (C)
was minimal. Choice (E) was a contributing factor to the develop-
ment of colonial resistance to Great Britain but not as lasting as the
ability of colonists to work together.
71. The correct answer is (D). One of the reasons that the British
imposed extra taxes on the colonies and began to enforce the Navi-
gation Acts after the French and Indian War was to force the colo-
nies to pay for the war. The British empire stretched around the
globe, and the British government was faced with subduing and gov-
erning large parts of the world that did not wish to be governed as
colonies. Its resources were overextended.
72. The correct answer is (B). The information in choices (A) and (C)
are correct, but they do not relate to the information on the table.
Choice (D) is incorrect. There were fewer blacks in New England
than in the Middle Colonies because the climate and terrain of New
England were unsuited to large-scale cash-crop agriculture. Time
frame eliminates choice (E); the data on the table is for 1770, before
the invention of the cotton gin.
73. The correct answer is (D). Choices (A), (D), and (E) are correct,
but the most important reason why Great Britain agreed to a com-
promise was because it did not want to fight the United States.
Choice (B) is a reason why the United States on the brink of the

Mexican War did not want to fight Great Britain, but is irrelevant as
a factor in Great Britain’s decision. Choice (C) is incorrect.
74. The correct answer is (D). What began as a debate about limiting
the sale of Western land in order to keep factory workers in the
Test-Taking Strategy
The key words are most
significant.
Test-Taking Strategy
Read the answer choices
carefully. On a quick
reading, choice (B) might
make sense until you realize
that the question is asking
about Great Britain, not the
United States.
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
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Northeast turned into a full-scale discussion of states’ rights and nul-
lification, with Webster upholding the Union. Choice (C) is partially
correct in that the debate shifted to tariffs but then shifted again to
states’ rights, and that was the greater significance of the debate.
Choices (A) and (B) are incorrect. The Force Bill, choice (E), did not
represent a compromise and relates to a later tariff and secession
attempt by South Carolina.
75. The correct answer is (A). The same name, “black codes,” choice
(B), was given to laws passed before and after the Civil War in the
South to regulate the rights of blacks. After the Civil War, the laws
were one cause of the imposition of Congressional or Radical

Reconstruction. Choice (D) is the name given to the reconstructed
South. Choice (E) is segregation that exists not by law but by cus-
tom and economic conditions; de jure segregation is segregation
by law.
76. The correct answer is (D). Isolationism was strong in the United
States in the 1930s, and the conflicts in Europe fed those fears,
choice (B). Roosevelt adopted the Good Neighbor Policy in an
attempt to better relations with other nations in the Western Hemi-
sphere should war be declared, choice (D). His actions, however,
were not a direct consequence of the Nye Report; they were a con-
sequence of the policy of intervention that the United States had
adopted earlier in the century.
77. The correct answer is (C). The question is placed between one
about the 1930s and one about the 1980s, so choices (A), (B), and
(D) can be eliminated because they deal with events in 1916, 1898,
and 1900. Choice (E) can be eliminated because the quotation talks
about an invasion, the American people, and “defend ourselves.”
78. The correct answer is (A). The Persian Gulf War occurred during
the term of Reagan’s successor, George Bush. Supply-side econom-
ics, choice (B), and the Tax Reform Act of 1986, choice (D), are sig-
nature elements of Reagan’s domestic policies.
79. The correct answer is (E). Established religion, in this sense,
means the religion that is supported by the state. Pennsylvania,
choice (A), was set up as a haven for Quakers, and there was no
established religion. Maryland, choice (B), practiced religious toler-
ance. Congregationalism was the state-supported religion in Massa-
chusetts Bay, while Connecticut had no established religion.
Georgia was chartered by George II and became a royal colony. The
Church of England is Anglican.
80. The correct answer is (D). Although choices (A) and (C) may

seem reasonable, Washington was less concerned about trade than
about the future of the nation. Choice (B) might be a possibility,
except that in the late 1700s, slavery was not a very divisive issue.
Choice (E) is illogical because the United States was an independent
nation, not a colony.
Test-Taking Strategy
Knowing time frame would
help you to eliminate choices
(A), (B), and (D).
PRACTICE TEST 1
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81. The correct answer is (C). If choice (A) were correct, the Spanish
would still be in possession of the center portion of what would
become the United States. If choice (B) were the correct answer,
the French would now claim the central portion of the continent in
place of the Spanish who ceded the area to French in 1800. Choices
(D) and (E) would both show Texas as a state.
82. The correct answer is (A). Other generals and war heroes who
became president are George Washington, Andrew Jackson,
Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight Eisenhower. Jimmy
Carter, choice (B), was a Navy officer before going into private busi-
ness and serving as governor of Georgia. Choices (C), (D), and (E)
were career government officials and politicians. Tyler succeeded
Taylor as president when the latter died shortly after taking office.
83. The correct answer is (D). Choices (A), (B), and (E) are incorrect,
and the opposite of what occurred. Some African Americans did
find jobs as laborers or street cleaners, menial jobs that white men
did not want. In some areas blacks were not allowed to work in fac-

tories. Blacks could not move off their tenant farms until they had
paid off their debts. This was the time of lynch law and Jim Crow.
The migration North began toward the end of 1800s, choice (C),
but it was only a trickle compared to what occurred after 1910.
84. The correct answer is (B). As a result of the growth of the spoils
system (begun by Andrew Jackson), the rampant corruption in the
Grant administration, and the assassination of President Garfield by a
disappointed office seeker, Congress passed the Pendleton Act,
which authorized the Civil Service Commission and the reform of
the system.
85. The correct answer is (B). The time frame for question 84 is the
late 1800s, so the canal industry, choice (A), cannot be the correct
response since the usefulness of canals was eclipsed by railroads in
the 1850s. Logic says that choice (D) is incorrect because the farm-
ers in the late 1800s were the victims of industry, not the perpetra-
tors of abuses. A rebate was a refund to a favored shipper of part of
the advertised rate that the shipper paid. Pooling was the practice
whereby railroads in an area agreed to maintain high prices for ship-
ping goods. Some pools even divided the profits among members’
railroads. Choices (C) and (E) are incorrect.
86. The correct answer is (C). The Dawes Act was meant to end the
extermination policy of the military, so choice (D) is incorrect.
Some Indian agents turned the provisions of the act into choices (A)
and (E), but that was not the intent of the law. Choices (B) and (C)
are both true, but choice (C) is the more inclusive answer of the
two and reflects the concerns of the reformers who pushed for
the law.
87. The correct answer is (D). All five responses are correct, but
choices (A), (B), (C), and (E) would not have been widespread with-
out the building of state university systems, such as the University of

California and Michigan State.
Test-Taking Strategy
Note the words generally
true. The question is looking
for a generalization.
Test-Taking Strategy
Knowing the time frame will
help you eliminate one
choice .
Test-Taking Strategy
The key words are best be
described.
Test-Taking Strategy
The key words are most
significant.
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
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Success: U.S. History www.petersons.com
88. The correct answer is (D). The title is from a work about two
members of the Lost Generation, Sara and Gerald Murphy, rich
Americans whose only claim to fame was knowing and entertaining
authors like Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Romanticism,
choice (A), is a literary and artistic style of the mid-nineteenth cen-
tury that focused on emotion, intuition, imagination, and individual-
ism. The “Beats,” choice (B), were writers of the 1950s who
protested what they saw as smug, self-satisfied, middle-class Ameri-
can life. Realism, choice (C), is a style of the late nineteenth century
that described people in realistic detail. Nationalism, choice (E),
inspired the cultural developments of the new nation in the early

nineteenth century.
89. The correct answer is (C). The Bakke decision had a limited
application and was not applied to all affirmative action programs,
so choice (A) is incorrect. Choice (B) is incorrect; the decision did
not overrule Johnson’s executive order. Choice (D) is incorrect and
does not relate to affirmative action. Choice (E) is incorrect; the con-
stitutionality of the law was not questioned.
90. The correct answer is (E). Choice (A) made Bush popular, so
choice (A) is incorrect, as is choice (B). Choices (C) and (D) are
both true, but Bush was not the only president to have difficulty
solving these problems. It was the rapidly building deficit, slowing
economic growth, and Bush’s reneging on his promise of “no new
taxes” that cost him supporters.
Test-Taking Strategy
Knowing the time frame will
help you eliminate four
choices.
Test-Taking Strategy
The key word is major.
PRACTICE TEST 1
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PRACTICE TEST 2
While you have taken many standardized tests and know to completely blacken the ovals on the
answer sheets and to completely erase any errors, you will need to indicate on the answer key which
test you are taking. The instructions on the answer sheet will tell you to fill out the top portion of the
answer sheet exactly as shown.
1. Print U.S. HISTORY on the line to the right under the words Subject Test (print).
2. In the shaded box labeled Test Code, fill in four ovals: —Fill in oval 2 in the row

labeled V.
—Fill in oval 5 in the row labeled W.
—Fill in oval 5 in the row labeled X.
—Fill in oval C in the row labeled Y.
—Leave the ovals in row Q blank.
Test Code
V
ÞO
1
Þ ÞO
3
ÞO
4
ÞO
5
ÞO
6
ÞO
7
ÞO
8
ÞO
9
W ÞO
1
ÞO
2
ÞO
3
ÞO

4
Þ ÞO
6
ÞO
7
ÞO
8
ÞO
9
X ÞO
1
ÞO
2
ÞO
3
ÞO
4
Þ Y ÞO
A
ÞO
B
Þ ÞO
D
ÞO
E
Q ÞO
1
ÞO
2
ÞO

3
ÞO
4
ÞO
5
ÞO
6
ÞO
7
ÞO
8
ÞO
9
Subject Test (print)
U.S. HISTORY
There are two additional questions that you will be asked to answer: How many semesters of
U.S. history have you taken? Have you taken courses in government, economics, geography, psychol-
ogy, sociology, and/or anthropology? The College Board is collecting statistical information. If you
choose to answer, you will use the key that is provided and blacken the appropriate ovals in row Q.
You may also choose not to answer, and that will not affect your grade.
When everyone has completed filling in this portion of the answer sheet, the supervisor will tell you
to turn the page and begin. The answer sheet has 100 numbered ovals on the sheet, but there are
only 90 (or 95) multiple-choice questions in the test, so be sure to use only ovals 1 to 90 (or 95) to
record your answers.
➡
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Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below has five suggested answers or

completions. Choose the response that is best and then fill in the corresponding oval on the
answer sheet.
1. Pueblo people adapted to the environment of
the
(A) Northeast Woodlands
(B) Great Plains
(C) Southeast
(D) Southwest
(E) Pacific Northwest
2. In writing an essay about the establishment
of Massachusetts Bay Colony, all of the
following points should be included EXCEPT
(A) the colony began as a joint-stock
company
(B) Separatists were a major portion of the
colony’s population
(C) the General Court was a representative
body that governed the colony
(D) the right to vote and to hold public
office was limited to church members
(E) the General Court passed the first set of
laws in the English colonies
3. The Proclamation of 1763 contributed to
growing tensions between the colonies and
Great Britain primarily because the
Proclamation
(A) forbade settlers from moving into the
land west of the Appalachians until
treaties could be signed with the Native
Americans

(B) set the boundary between Canada and
Maine, Vermont, and New York
(C) outlawed land speculation in the
trans-Appalachians but not the purchase
of land by settlers
(D) declared martial law on the Western
frontier of the thirteen colonies
(E) established the presence of a standing
British army in the colonies
4. The views of which of the following men
influenced the writing of the Declaration of
Independence?
(A) Thomas Paine
(B) John Locke
(C) John Milton
(D) Alexis de Tocqueville
(E) Edmund Burke
5. The structure and duties of which of the
following is NOT described in detail in the
Constitution?
(A) House of Representatives
(B) Senate
(C) Supreme Court
(D) federal court system
(E) the presidency
SAT II SUCCESS: U.S. HISTORY
PRACTICE TEST 2—Continued
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6. Hamilton’s financial program and the
American System had all of the following in
common EXCEPT
(A) money for internal improvements
(B) a protective tariff
(C) programs for each of the sections of the
country in order to draw them together
(D) regulation of labor unions
(E) a national bank
7. Which of the following events contributed to
the increase in westward migration primarily
in the 1830s and 1840s?
(A) building of the transcontinental railroad
(B) the Gadsden Purchase
(C) completion of the Erie Canal
(D) completion of the Panama Canal
(E) the invention of interchangeable parts
8. Which of the following authors is correctly
paired with a literary work?
(A) Henry David Thoreau: Walden
(B) James Fenimore Cooper: The Scarlet
Letter
(C) Upton Sinclair: Nature
(D) Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Jungle
(E) Nathaniel Hawthorne: Leather-Stocking
Tales
Question 9 refers to the following photo-
graph.
9. All of the following are most likely true
about the people in the picture EXCEPT that

the workers
(A) illustrate the truth of the doctrine of
Social Darwinism
(B) are recent immigrants
(C) are doing piecework
(D) are nonunion
(E) are working in a sweatshop
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PRACTICE TEST 2
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271
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10. The cause of U.S. isolationism after World
War I was primarily because of
(A) the belief that Great Britain was strong
enough to check any war advances by
Germany and Japan
(B) disillusionment with the results of World
War I
(C) a belief that World War I had been “the
war to end all wars”
(D) the desire to collect U.S. war debts and,
therefore, an unwillingness to see the
reality of the situation in Europe
and Asia
(E) the belief that neutrality would protect
the nation
11. Which of the following was a direct conse-

quence of U.S. involvement in Vietnam?
(A) The United States ended diplomatic
relations with China.
(B) Nixon authorized an action that ended as
the “Saturday Night Massacre.”
(C) Nixon authorized the Iran-Contra
activities.
(D) Congress passed the War Powers Act of
1973 over Nixon’s veto.
(E) The Cold War ended.
12. It is generally true that Native American
cultures
(A) combined hunting with some settled
agriculture
(B) had little or no trading network
(C) did not make clay pots or other items
that were breakable
(D) were mainly nomadic hunters
(E) had a variety of ways of providing food
13. The most significant effect of the Navigation
Acts was
(A) that they increased the price of goods
coming into the colonies
(B) that they ensured a supply of goods for
England
(C) that they shut out Dutch merchant ships
(D) that they provided a monopoly for
colonial tobacco growers
(E) that they signaled an end to Britain’s
policy of salutary neglect

14. Which of the following statements is TRUE
about Pinckney’s Treaty?
(A) Canada and the United States agreed to a
mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes.
(B) The United States received the right of
deposit at New Orleans.
(C) Native Americans were banished from
the Upper Midwest.
(D) It set a boundary between Maine and
New Brunswick, Canada.
(E) The British agreed to leave their forts in
the Old Northwest.
15. Congress passed gag rules in 1836 to prevent
(A) free blacks from testifying in court
(B) publication of Frederick Douglass’
North Star
(C) the organization of suffragist groups
(D) debate on antislavery petitions
(E) filibusters
SAT II SUCCESS: U.S. HISTORY
PRACTICE TEST 2—Continued
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16. Which of the following best describes the
principle of popular sovereignty used to deal
with slavery?
(A) No state admitted after 1850 would be
allowed to legalize slavery.
(B) Settlers within a territory had the right

to determine for themselves whether the
territory would be slave or free.
(C) A slave taken from a slave state to a free
state was free.
(D) Congress as the representative of the
people would decide whether a state
would be free or slave.
(E) A territorial legislature could refuse to
pass slave codes and, thus, keep slave
owners out.
17. Which of the following writers used a style
known as “local color” or “regional”?
(A) Stephen Crane
(B) Theodore Dreiser
(C) Mark Twain
(D) Joseph Pulitzer
(E) Thomas Eakins
18. The primary issue in Reconstruction about
which Lincoln and Congress disagreed was
(A) Lincoln’s veto of the Wade-Davis Bill
(B) Congress’s division of the South into five
military districts
(C) Congress’s refusal to honor Lincoln’s
promise of “forty acres and a mule”
(D) Lincoln’s recognition of state govern-
ments without Congressional approval
(E) Lincoln’s assertion that Reconstruction
was part of the war effort and, therefore,
his responsibility as commander in chief
19. The principle of separate but equal was

established by
(A) Brown v. Board of Education
(B) Wesbery v. Sanders
(C) Plessy v. Ferguson
(D) Regents of University of California v.
Bakke
(E) Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
20. Which of the following was the direct cause
of the Progressives’ abandoning their support
of President Taft?
(A) Taft’s support of Speaker of the House
“Uncle Joe” Cannon
(B) the annexation of Hawaii
(C) Taft’s signing of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
(D) Taft’s selection of Richard Ballinger as
head of the Department of the Interior
(E) the Taft administration’s record in
prosecuting antitrust suits against big
business
21. Voter 1: He doesn’t seem to care much for
the little guy. Look at what he did to those
veterans.
Voter 2: He talks about acting decisively if
he’s elected, but he’s pretty vague about
what he’ll do.
Voter 3: I don’t know if I believe that the
problem is the American economy. It might
be the aftermath of the war.
The above discussion most likely would have
occurred during which presidential election?

(A) 1920
(B) 1928
(C) 1932
(D) 1948
(E) 1952
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PRACTICE TEST 2
PRACTICE TEST 2—Continued
273
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22. Which of the following was a victory for
organized labor?
(A) Taft-Hartley Act
(B) AFL strike against US Steel in 1919
(C) Wagner Act
(D) Sherman Antitrust Act
(E) Bonus Army
23. In the 1950s, all of the following resulted in
long-term social change EXCEPT
(A) the development of rock and roll
(B) the development of suburbia
(C) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
(D) shift from permissiveness to more
traditional practices of child-rearing
(E) the baby boom
24. Which of the following resulted in peace
between Israel and Egypt?
(A) perestroika

(B) recognition of Palestine’s right to exist
(C) Camp David Accords
(D) assassination of Anwar Sadat
(E) invasion of Kuwait
25. The introduction of tobacco as a cash crop
probably saved which colony from
collapsing?
(A) Massachusetts Bay
(B) Pennsylvania
(C) North Carolina
(D) Virginia
(E) Kentucky
Question 26 refers to the following chart.
26. Which two states ratified the Constitution
with the narrowest vote?
(A) New York and Pennsylvania
(B) Rhode Island and New Hampshire
(C) Virginia and New Hampshire
(D) New York and Rhode Island
(E) New Hampshire and New York
State
1. Delaware
2. Pennsylvania
3. New Jersey
4. Georgia
5. Connecticut
6. Massachusetts
7. Maryland
8. South Carolina
9. Rhode Island

10. New Hampshire
11. Virginia
12 New York
13. North Carolina
30
46
38
26
128
187
63
149
34
57
89
30
194
0
23
0
0
40
168
11
73
32
47
79
27
77

Voting For Voting Against
SAT II SUCCESS: U.S. HISTORY
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