Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡng và Môi trường đất phần 5 pdf

Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất
NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007.
Tr 44 – 54.


Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích
học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân. Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các
mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả.


Mục lục

Unit 5 AIR POLLUTION 2
A. READING 2
I. Comprehension questions 4
II. True - False sentences 5
III. Increasing your vocabulary 6
B. WRITING 7
I. Sentence-building 7
II. Sentence-transforming 8
C. FURTHER PRACTICE 9
Exercise 2: Gap-filling. 10
D. TRANSLATION 10
I. Translate into Vietnamese 10
II. Translate into English 10
E. VOCABULARY 11


Unit 5. AIR POLLUTION

Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt
Unit 5
AIR POLLUTION
A. READING
a. Warm-up Activities
- Name some causes of air pollution that you know.
- How can we reduce air pollution in big cities?

Many pollutants
What is air pollution? It is the presence of substances that are not normally part of the
atmosphere's composition. There are many kinds of air pollutants: smoke, dust, ash, pollen,
various gases, and other substances. Many of these come from sources other than man and his
activities. They have always been present in the atmosphere. They come from the ground, from
activities of plants and animals, and even from outer space (meteoritic dust). These pollutants are
seldom harmful. Indeed, they are often beneficial. Without atmospheric dust, for example, rain
and snow would never fall.
Nature easily handles her own forms of air pollution. Heavier pollutants soon settle out of
the air. Rain, one of the nature's most effective "antipollution devices," washes dust and other
pollutants from the atmosphere. Finer particles and gases may remain airborne indefinitely,
becoming spread far and wide through the atmosphere.
Our activities threaten this natural system of checks and balances. Chimneys, incinerators,
factories, airplanes, and automobiles are discharging pollutants into the air at an ever-increasing
rate. Many scientists fear that the cycles of the earth and the atmosphere may not be able to cope
with this increased pollution.
Air pollution caused by human activities is reaching dangerous concentrations in many parts
of the world. It already presents a very serious threat to our well-being and the survival of other
life on earth.
Sources of air pollution
One of the major sources of air pollution is the internal-combustion engine. This engine,

used in most motor vehicles, does not burn all its fuel. Thus, in addition to emitting water, carbon
dioxide, and various oxides of nitrogen, it gives off a number of incompletely burned wasted
products. These include soot (carbon), carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Auto
engines may also emit particles of lead, derived from the antiknock ingredients in many
gasolines.
In the United States the catalytic converter and other emission-control devices on
automobiles constructed since 1975 have reduced the carbon monoxide emissions. The
mandatory use of lead-free gasoline in vehicles thus equipped has also reduced the emission of
lead particles into the atmosphere.
In the presence of sunlight the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons often combine to produce
irritating, smog-forming compounds. Los Angeles is particularly well known for the automotive
smogs that have plagued it since the 1940s. But other cities around the world are suffering
similar, or worse, problems as a result of human dependence on the automobile.
Chemical pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbon CFC

-12 (commonly known as Freon), often
used in air conditioners, also pose a serious environmental threat. When these pollutants reach
the stratosphere, they destroy the natural ozone layer that acts as an umbrella to shield the
earth from ultraviolet radiation. Higher levels of ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancers,
smog, and change in the earth' climatic patterns. The loss of stratospheric ozone also directly
increases the production in the atmosphere of hydrogen peroxide, a leading cause of acid rain.
Jet aircraft also release large amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere. You probably have
seen the long trail of black smoke left behind by a climbing jetliner. Many aircraft pollutants are
the same as those emitted by automobiles and trucks. Some experts are particularly alarmed by
the large quantities of water and carbon dioxide being added to the atmosphere at high altitudes.
Exhausts from railroad trains and ships also pollute the atmosphere. But transportation is not
the only source of serious air pollution. Industry and electric-power-generating plants are major
contributors. So is the burning, or incineration of solid wastes. Agricultural burning, coal-waste
fires, and forest fires also befoul the atmosphere.
(Taken from "Environmental Sciences" Wilson, R)

I. Comprehension questions
Answer the following questions
1. What is air pollution? How many kinds of air pollutants are there?


2. Where do they mainly come from? What does "these" in " many of these" refer to?


3. What is the significance of atmospheric dust?


4. What is the role of rain in the atmosphere?


5. What do the scientists fear?


6. What do chimneys, incinerators, factories, airplanes, and automobiles release into the air?


7. Which engine does not burn all its fuel? What kind of vehicles is used this engine?


8. What does the internal-combustion engine send out?


9. What do incompletely burned wasted products consist of?


10. How important are the catalytic converter and emission control devices? Where and when are

they built?


11. What are the advantages of mandatory use of lead-free gasoline in vehicles?


12. What are produced when the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons combine?


13. What is the consequence of human dependence on the automobile?


14. What happens when chemical pollutant such as chlorofluorocarbon reach the stratosphere?


15. What is the importance of ozone layer?


16. What is the leading cause of acid rain? What are sources of serious air pollution?


II. True - False sentences
Decide whether the following statements are true "T" or false "F" or there’s no
information given "N" according to the text. Correct the false statements.
1. Air pollutants are mainly from man and his activities.
2. Rain and snow would never come down without atmospheric dust.
3. Rain is said to be one of the nature's most effective "anti-pollution devices"
because it can wash dust and other pollutants from the atmosphere.
4. Some countries in the world are seriously polluted because of heavy pollutant
from factories.

5. Human activities make the air polluted and threaten the natural system of
checks and balances.
6. The number of air pollutants are steadily increasing as man develops and uses
new chemicals.
7. The internal-combustion engine burns all its fuel and emits completely burned
wasted products.
8. The carbon monoxide emissions have been increased since we built the
catalytic converter and other emission-control devices in Los Angeles.
9. Many cities in the world as well as Los Angeles are suffering automotive
smogs because people depend on the automobile.
10. Pollutants from aircraft and those from automobiles and trucks are quite
different.

III. Increasing your vocabulary
Synonyms: Look at the text again and find words or phrases which have the same meaning
as:
1. substances which pollute the air
2. gases enveloping the earth, any other planet
3. deal with
4. petrol without added lead compounds
5. devices which can control emission
6. system for regulating the humidity and temperature in a
building

7. smogs that emit from automobiles
8. have a similarity to
9. discharge or send out heat
10. advantageous
B. WRITING
I. Sentence-building

Make necessary changes and additions to complete the following paragraph from the
prompts given below:
17. Human beings / be / not / only / living things / that / harm / by / air pollution.


18. Many plants / be / also / damaged.


19. Carbon monoxide, hydrocacbons, sulfur compounds, metals, acids and ozone / be / serious
threats / most vegetation.


20. Plants / absorb / pollutants / their leaves.


21. These leaves / may / develop / holes, / become / discolored / or wilt.


22. Eventually, / they / may / die.


23. This / may / lead / death / entire plant.


II. Sentence-transforming
Finish each of the following sentences in such the same way that it means the same as
the sentence printed before it.
1. Many of air pollutants come from sources other than man and his activities.
Many of air pollutants

2. Without atmospheric dust, rain and snow would never fall.
If there


3. Rain washes dust and other pollutants from the atmosphere.
Dust


4. Air pollution caused by human activities is reaching dangerous concentration in many parts
of the world.
Air pollution that


5. Transportation is one of the major source of serious air pollution and so is industry.
Both


6. Many aircraft pollutants are the same as those emitted by automobiles and trucks.
Many aircraft pollutants are





7. Higher levels of ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancers, smog, and change in the earth'
climatic patterns.
Skin cancers

C. FURTHER PRACTICE
Exercise 1:
Read the paragraphs below and summary which follow. Complete the summary by writing the
correct word in each blank. Write one word only.
Air pollution is a cause of ill-health in human. In a lot of countries there are laws limiting the
amount of smoke which factories can produce. Although there isn't enough information on the
effects of smoke in the atmosphere, doctors have proved that air pollution causes lung diseases.
The gases from the exhausts of cars have also increased air pollution in most countries. The lead
in petrol produces a poisonous gas which often collects in busy streets surrounded by high
buildings. Children who live in areas where there is a lot of lead in the atmosphere can not think
as quickly as other children and are clumsy when they use their hands.
There are other long-term effects of pollution. If the gases in the atmosphere continue to increase,
the Earth's climate may become warmer. A lot of the ice near the Poles may melt and may cause
serious floods.
Air (1) can make people (2) . Consequently, some countries
pass (3) to control the quantity of (4) in the air.
(5) causes particular damage to the body by harming the (6) .
(7) should not be used in petrol because it is bad for children's
(8) and make them clumsy in using their hands. Poisonous gas from
(9) collects in these parts of cities where there are tall buildings. Pollution can
also have an influence on the Earth's (10) . The ice may melt near the South and
the North Poles, resulting in very bad (11) .
(Taken from "Longman Texts in context" by Heaton, J.B)
Exercise 2: Gap-filling.
Find the missing words to fill in these sentences from the given words below:
harvest misty crops intervals
pollution forecast picked agriculture
fog hunting poisons mountains
1. Less than 2% of the British labor force is employed on farms in (1)
2. In the autumn, at (2) time, the (3) in fields have to be

gathered in and the fruit in the orchards has to be (4)
3. In the Alps, cows are kept indoors in winter and spend the summer in the (5)
4. The sport that involves chasing shooting animals is called (6)
5. (7) is caused when waste products or (8) contaminate the
environment.
6. According to the weather (9) , there will be sunny (10) this
morning.
7. In the early morning there may be thick (11) and motorists should drive
slowly.
8. We couldn't see very far from the top of the hill because it was slightly (12)
D. TRANSLATION
I. Translate into Vietnamese
Air pollution is a cause of ill-health in human. In a lot of countries there are laws limiting the
amount of smoke which factories can produce. Although there isn't enough information on the
effects of smoke in the atmosphere, doctors have proved that air pollution causes lung diseases.
The gases from the exhausts of cars have also increased air pollution in most countries. The lead
in petrol produces a poisonous gas which often collects in busy streets surrounded by high
buildings. Children who live in areas where there is a lot of lead in the atmosphere cannot think
as quickly as other children and are clumsy when they use their hands.
(Taken from "Longman Texts in context" by Heaton, J.B)
II. Translate into English
1. Các nhà khoa học đã thiết lập mối quan hệ giữa sự ô nhiễm không khí và thời tiết. Chúng có
thể tác động lẫn nhau theo nhiều cách khác nhau.


2. Hằng ngày, các thành phố lớn, các ngành công nghiệp và các loại xe gắn máy đã thải một số
chất không thể nhìn thấy bằng mắt thường vào trong không khí. Những chất này có thể không
có ngay tác hại nhưng qua thời gian một vài năm thở trong không khí này có thể làm cho
chúng ta bị ốm nặng và thậm chí có thể gây tử vong.

3. Như chúng ta đã biết, ô nhiễm môi trường có thể làm kích thích đến mắt, họng và phổi, gây
viêm họng, ho v.v Trẻ em sống ở những khu vực có mức độ ô nhiễm cao sẽ có tỉ lệ mắc
bệnh hen xuyễn, chàm và các bệnh ngoài da khác cao hơn trẻ em sống ở vùng ít bị ô nhiễm.




4. Môi trường nông thôn ở nước ta đang bị ô nhiễm do các điều kiện vệ sinh môi trường và cơ
sở hạ tầng yếu kém. Việc sử dụng không hợp lý các loại hoá chất nông nghiệp cũng đã và
đang làm cho môi trường nông thôn ô nhiễm và suy thoái.



E. VOCABULARY
1.
airborne (adj) : lơ lửng trong không khí
2.
antiknock (n) : chất kích nổ
3.
arid (adj) : khô hanh
4.
ash (n) : tro
5.
automotive (adj) : thuộc về ô tô
6.
catalytic (adj) : gây ra sự xúc tác
7.

clay (n) : đất sét
8.
composition (n) : sự kết hợp, cấu tạo
9.
derive from (v) : bắt nguồn từ, phát sinh từ
10.
discharge (v) : thải ra
11.
emit (v) : bốc ra, thoát ra
12.
finer (adj) : nhỏ hơn, mảnh hơn
13.
humid (adj) : ẩm ướt
14.
incinerate (v) : đốt, thiêu
15.
incinerator (n) : lò đốt, lò thiêu
16.
indefinitely (adv) : không xác định
17.
irritate (v) : kích thích
18.
lead-free (n) : không có chì
19.
mandatory (adj) : có tính bắt buộc
20.
meteoritic (adj) : thuộc về thiên thạch
21.
outer space (n) : vũ trụ
22.

particle (n) : phân tử, hạt
23.
plague (n) : điều tệ hại, tai hại
24.
pollen (n) : phấn hoa
25.
pose (v) : gây ra
26.
poisonous (adj) : độc hại
27.
resemble (v) : giống
28.
soot (n) : muội, bồ hóng
29.
spread (v) : lan tràn, trải rộng
30.
well-being (n) : sức khoẻ