Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡng và Môi trường đất phần 2 pdf

Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất
NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007.
Tr 15 – 24.


Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục
đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân. Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục
vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả.


Mục lục

Unit 2 RESOURCES 2
A. READING 2
B. WRITING 5
C. FURTHER PRACTICE 7
D. TRANSLATION 9
E. VOCABULARY 10









Unit 2. RESOURCES

Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt


Unit 2
RESOURCES
A. READING
*WARM-UP ACTIVITIES
- HOW MANY KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES ARE THERE?
- WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT TO OUR LIFE?

Types of resources:
A resource is anything we get from the living or nonliving environment to meet our needs
and wants. We usually define resources in terms of humans, but resources are needed by all
forms of life for their survival and good health. Some resources, such as solar energy, fresh
air, fresh surface water, fertile soil and wild edible plants, are directly available for use. Most
human resources, such as petroleum (oil), iron, groundwater (water occurring underground),
and modern crops, aren't directly available, and their supplies are limited. They become
resources only with some effort and technological ingenuity.
Petroleum, for example, was a mysterious fluid we learned how to find it, extract it, and
refine it into gasoline, heating oil, and other products at affordable prices. On our short human
time scale we classify resources as renewable, potentially renewable, and nonrenewable.
Non-renewable resources: nonrenewable, or exhaustible, resources exist in fixed
quantities in the earth's crust. They include energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium,
geothermal, energy), metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum), and nonmetallic
mineral resources (salt, gypsum, clay, sand, phosphates, water and soil). We know how to
find and extract more than 100 non-renewable minerals from the earth's crust. We convert
these raw materials into many everyday items we use and then discard, reuse, or recycle them.
We never completely run out of any non-renewable mineral. But a mineral becomes
economically depleted when finding, extracting, transporting, and processing the remaining
deposits cost more than the results are worth. At that point we have five choices recycle or

reuse existing supplies, waste less, use less, find a substitute, or do without and wait millions
of years for more to be produced.
Some non-renewable material resources, such as copper and aluminum, can be recycled
or reused to extend supplies. Recycling involves collecting and reprocessing a resource into
new products. For example, aluminum cans can be collected, melted and made into new
beverage cans or other aluminum products. And glass bottles can be crushed and melted to
make new bottles or other glass items. Reuse involves using a resource or over and over in
the same form. Example, glass bottles can be collected, washed, and refilled many times.
Other non-renewable fuel resources - such as coal, oil, and natural gas- can't be recycled
or reused. Once burned, the useful energy in their fossil fuels is gone, leaving behind only
waste heat and polluting exhaust gases. Most of the economic growth per person has been
fueled by nonrenewable oil, which is expected to be economically depleted within 40 to 80
years.
Renewable resources: Solar energy is called a renewable resource because on a human
time scale it is essentially inexhaustible. It is expected to last at least 4 billion years while the
sun completes its life cycle.
A potentially renewable resource can be renewed fairly rapidly through natural
processes. Examples of such resources include forest trees, grassland grasses, wild animals,
fresh lake and stream water, groundwater, fresh air, and fertile soil. One important potentially
renewable resource for us and other species is biological diversity, or biodiversity. It consists
of all of Earth's living organisms, classified into groups of organisms called species, which
resemble one another in appearance, behavior, and chemical and genetic makeup.
But potentially renewable resources can be depleted. The highest rate at which a
potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply is called its
sustainable yield. If this natural replacement rate is exceeded, the available supply begins to
shrink-a process known as environmental degradation.
(Taken from "Sustaining the Earth" by Tyler Miller, G)
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. What kinds of resources are available for use?

2. How are resources divided into?


3. What are the differences between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources?


4. What are nonrenewable resources composed of?


5. What can we do with nonrenewable minerals extracted from the Earth's crust?


6. What are nonrenewable fuel resources? Why can not they be recycled or reused?


7. Why do people regard solar energy as a renewable resource?


8. What do people think about solar energy?


9. Give two examples of recycling in the text or you have known?


10. What do you think about the natural resources in the future?


TRUE - FALSE SENTENCES

Decide whether the following statements are true "T", false "F" or there’s no information
given "N" according to the text. Correct the false statements
There are three kinds of resources. They are non-renewable resources,
renewable resources and potentially renewable resources.
Solar energy, fresh air, fresh surface water are infinite.
Waste heat and polluting exhaust gases are caused when burning coal,
oil and natural gas.
Recycling and reusing existing supplies are two ways to reduce
any non-renewable mineral in quantity.
It is possible to change renewable resources into non-renewable
resources if we cultivate land without proper soil management.
Air, water and soil are usable when they are polluted.
Iron, copper and aluminum are all energy resources.
INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY
Which words or phrases in the text have the same meaning as:
1. meet our demands
2. consist of
3. come to an end
4. used again
5. get rid of
6. take out
7. change to liquid by the action of heat
8. can be renewed
9. can be made new again
10. to be supposed
B. WRITING
SENTENCE - TRANSFORMING
FINISH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT
MEANS THE SAME AS THE SENTENCE PRINTED BEFORE IT.
1. There are three types of resources: renewable, potentially renewable and nonrenewable

resources.
Resources consist


2. Nonrenewable fuel resources cannot be recycled or reused.
People


3. We call solar energy a renewable resource.
We consider


4. They recycle copper and aluminium to extend supplies.
In order


5. One of causes of environmental degradation is the overuse of common-property
resources owned by none and available to all.
One of causes which


6. Solar supplies all the energy used to grow plants, to evaporate water for rain and to
maintain the temperature of the planet, all necessary for human life.
Solar supplies all the energy which


7. Solar energy includes the production of electricity and heat directly from solar
radiation for many applications.
Solar energy consists

SENTENCE - BUILDING
Make necessary change and additions to complete the following sentences from the
prompts given bellow.
1. Natural resources / be / materials / that / we / need / maintain / society.


2. They / from / rocks / oceans / tissues of animals / plants / that / live / Earth / us.


3. These materials / be / use / directly / or / process / into / household products / clothes
/ machinery / building.


4. Resources / exist / fixed quantity / earth's crust / be / call / non-renewable resources.


5. Most of non-renewable resources / be / minerals / that / be / use / industry.


6. Whereas / renewable resources / be/ not / fixed / quantity.


7. With proper management / such resources / will / available / man's use / indefinitely.



CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
USING THE ITEMS FROM THE BOX BELOW TO COMPLETE THE
FLOWCHART TO CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING AFTER READING THE

WHOLE TEXT.
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
NON-RENEWABLE
POTENTIALLY RENEWABLE
DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY
NON-METALLIC MINERALS (CLAY, SAND, PHOSPHATES) FRESH AIR
METALLIC MINERALS (IRON, COPPER, ALUMINUM) FERTILE SOIL
FIGURE 1: MAJOR TYPES OF MATERIAL RESOURCES. THIS SCHEME ISN'T
FIXED: POTENTIALLY RENEWABLE RESOURCES CAN BECOME NON-
RENEWABLE RESOURCES IF USED FOR A PROLONGED TIME AT A FASTER RATE
THAN THEY ARE RENEWED BY NATURAL PROCESSES.
C. FURTHER PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Gap-filling
Choose one of the words or phrases bellow to fill in the gap in the following passage.
Each word or phrase is used once only.
energy discovered owing to pulled
capable generate power tamed
RESOURCES
PERPETUAL (1)
(2)
WINDS,
TIDES,
FLOWIN
G
W
ATER
FOSSIL
FUELS
(3) (4)
(5)

FRESH
WATER
(7) (8) (6)
carry invented primitive throughout
extent invention protect era
(1) history, man has developed sources of energy to do his work. (2)
man had only the strength of his arms and the use of fire. He later (3)
how to use the energy of the wind to move his sailing vessels. He used the energy
of water to turn his mills. He (4) animals as new sources of energy. They (5)
plows and wagons. A new stage in the development of the use of energy came
with the invention of the steam engine. Steam could be used to develop the energy used to run
machines. The discovery of electricity created an even important way of using energy. So did
the invention of the gasoline engine. Man entered into a new (6) of the use of
energy, with the application of nuclear energy.
Man finds many ways to release energy to do work. For example, he changes the energy
in a waterfall into electrical energy. He can turn this electrical current into radio waves that
can (7) his ideas for thousands of miles. He can release the energy into gasoline
by burning it and using it to (8) automobiles. He can use coal to turn water into
steam and, in turn, use the steam to (9) electrical energy. The nucleus of certain
atoms can produce millions of times more (10) per pound of material than can be
made available by chemical means.
(Taken from "Longman Tests in Context" by Heaton, J.B)
Exercise 2: Gap-filling
Find the missing words to fill in the gaps in the sentences from the given words below:
shower storm frost breeze
lightning cliffs shade temperature
climate thunder valleys coast
1. During the night (1) will fall below freezing and there will be a (2)

2. During the (3) many trees were blown down.

3. Although it was really boiling in the sun, there was a light (4) from the
sea, which made it feel quite pleasant in the (5)
4. Although the storm passed us by, we could hear the (6) and see the (7)
in the distance.
5. It is not going to rain all day, it's just quite a (8) We'll soon be able to go
out.
6. The scenery in the north of the country is spectacular with (9) and high
snow-capped peaks, but the (10) tends to be cool and wet.
7. The west (11) of the country has high (12) as well as sandy
beaches.
(Taken from "Progress to first Certificate" by Leo Jones)
D. TRANSLATION
TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE
1. ALTHOUGH NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES EVENTUALLY RETURN TO
THE EARTH AFTER WE HAVE USED THEM, THEY DO SO IN DIFFERENT FORMS
AND ARE DISPERSED AND SO IT IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO GATHER THEM TO
USE AGAIN. MERCURY IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCOMMON METAL THAT IS
USED IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, AND IN AGRICULTURE TO KILL FUNGI.
AFTER USE, IT ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS. UNFORTUNATELY IT
IS NOW SO WIDELY SCATTERED THAT THERE IS NO WAY GETTING IT BACK.
ONCE USED THEN NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES FREQUENTLY CANNOT BE
USED AGAIN. WHEN WE RUN OUT OF THE EASILY AVAILABLE SUPPLIES THERE
WILL BE NO MORE.
2. RECYCLING IS A CHALLENGE BECAUSE IT REQUIRES A BASIC CHANGE
IN EVERYDAY LIFE. FOR RECYCLING TO BE SUCCESSFUL, ORDINARY PEOPLE
MUST BE AWARE OF WHAT THEY BUY. THEY MUST ALSO SORT THEIR TRASH
AND GARBAGE INTO CATEGORIES: ORGANIC GARBAGE, NEWSPAPERS, STEEL
CANS, GLASS CONTAINERS (SOMETIMES SORTED BY COLOUR) AND PLASTIC.
THE WASTE DISPOSAL TRUCKS HAVE SEPARATE COMPARTMENTS FOR EACH
CATEGORY. THE TRUCKS DELIVER THE WASTE TO A RECYCLING CENTER

WHERE THERE IS MORE STORING. WASTE MATERIALS OF THE SAME KIND ARE
COMPACTED (CRUSHED INTO BLOCKS). A MANUFACTURER BUYS THE
SORTED, COMPACTED BLOCKS OF MATERIAL TO MAKE INTO SOMETHING
NEW. ONCE A CUSTOMER BUYS AND USES THE PRODUCT, THE SAME
MATERIALS FOLLOW THE SAME CYCLE – BEING STORED, COLLECTED AND
USED AGAIN. IN THE END, THE REAL MEANING OF RECYCLING IS PROTECTING
PLANET EARTH, KEEPING IT SAFE AND CLEAN FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. IT
IS ONE WAY FOR EVERYONE TO CONTRIBUTE TO A BETTER WORLD.
(Taken from "Between the Liness" by Faust, Susan S. Johnston & Clark S. Atkinson)
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH
1. Ngày nay, nhu cầu sử dụng năng lượng có thể tái tạo rất lớn. Nhiên liệu hoá thạch
cung cấp phần lớn nhu cầu năng lượng ở gia đình của chúng ta là nguồn tài nguyên
hạn chế. Cuối cùng chúng cũng sẽ cạn kiệt và là vật ô nhiễm đáng kể. Chẳng hạn
như việc đốt than đá và khí đốt thiên nhiên để sản sinh ra điện ở Australia đã gây ra
khoảng một nửa lượng cacbon điôxit (CO
2
) thải ra hàng năm.



2. Chúng ta có thể sử dụng mặt trời như một nguồn năng lượng. Năng lượng mặt trời
có một số ưu điểm hơn các nguồn năng lượng khác. Trước hết, nó là nguồn năng
lượng vô tận và luôn sẵn có. Thứ hai, năng lượng mặt trời là nguồn năng lượng sạch
nhất và an toàn nhất trong số tất cả các nhuồn năng lượng. Đặc biệt (không giống
như nguồn năng lượng hạt nhân và năng lương hoá thạch) năng lượng mặt trời
không gây ra sự ô nhiễm không khí hoặc ô nhiễm nước. Ưu điểm thứ ba của năng
lượng mặt trời là nó có thể được sử dụng để tạo khí hyđrô thay thế cho dầu, khí đốt
tự nhiên và xăng.

Tuy nhiên cũng có một số nhược điểm khi chúng ta sử dụng nguồn năng lượng này.
Thứ nhất, năng lượng mặt trời khi đến trái đất thì bị phân tán rộng. Hơn nữa năng
lượng mặt trời không có sẵn vào ban đêm, lúc mà nhu cầu về điện của chúng ta là
cao nhất. Ngoài ra nguồn năng lượng này thay đổi theo lượng mây và thay đổi theo
mùa trong năm. Do có sự thay đổi này, chúng ta phải đưa ra một biện pháp để tích
trữ năng lượng mặt trời nhận được từ những ngày nắng cho việc sử dụng vào ban
đêm, trong thời gian thời tiết âm u và vào mùa đông.




E. VOCABULARY
asphalt (n) : hắc ín
clay (n) : đất sét
convert (v) : chuyển đổi, thay đổi
crust (n) : lớp vỏ cứng
decimate (v) : phá huỷ, tiêu hao
define (v) : định nghĩa, xác định rõ
deplete (v) : tháo hết, xả hết
discard (v) : loại bỏ
diversity (n) : sự đa dạng
edible (adj) : có thể ăn được
eliminate (v) : loại bỏ, gạt ra
exhaust (v) : dùng hết, cạn kiệt
extract (v) : khai thác, rút ra
fertile (adj) : màu mỡ, phì nhiêu
fluid (n) : chất lỏng
groundwater (n) : nước ngầm
gypsum (n) : thạch cao

ingenuity (n) : óc sáng tạo, sự thông minh
limited (adj) : hạn chế, giới hạn
mysterious (adj) : đầy bí ẩn
perpetual (adj) : vĩnh viễn, bất diệt
phosphate (n) : phốt phát
potential (adj) : (thuộc) tiềm năng
raw (adj) : thô (chưa qua xử lý, chưa qua chế biến)
recycle (v) : tái chế, tái sinh, phục hồi
refine(v) : (tinh) lọc
renew (v) : làm mới trở lại
resemble (v) : giống
reuse (v) : sử dụng lại
saline (adj) : mặn, có muối
scale (n) : phạm vi, quy mô
scheme (n) : kế hoạch
substitute (n) : người, vật thay thế
waterlog (v) : ngập nước
wondrous (adj) : tuyệt vời