$ % &
[
{'4-0,)#!B %
{& " 0;=0/05" *()7F0;=0, %
' & ( ) $ % &
+ , 70,05A0D7//
@4>" O)U %
+ , 0;=7" 70, G70,
)#!B
%&''()*
S0,7#;<0;=B@4@)(0'*^%+ J
7Y7 *ZC *3*D7'()!" *
3D*" ^%%%
s7 0;=PJ.050Z;=
%s7 0;=0/!-" /0(TW``0[``" " 70;=0)
uDA3" /pP" %
N ZC 730;=B05'@K %!
" /0IZC 73*;<$E$@)Z)
$/%
L D0;=B050lh/%
%&''+,
+ , )#!B0;=BH.@4@)(79
R
77Z%i ?7G@z;<0, )#!
B7" Y
!"#$%&'()
+ , )#!B" HD7)D
+ ," HDk+ ,O)#k+ ,)D%
W%L k[%n ^k%FkV%C D%
& ;h#'@K/Hh$A!;9I
?@O)U %mz0,7#MF
G@)(0H %L19P*0,)HJ" 7#0;=B
$4050DA" 7I#)7Z0DI%
b U]%W70," HDB05^H4" ZI$$%b U
]%W70,J5O)#A)O)p005 HZ0H%
!0,7#*C ^H0;=/P" ^[%+ 5FG@)(
0H ;<B0, )DU]%W%
L oZ;0,$)D*(4!0,7#
40;=/" H0)0/%
+ , )DJ70,Z070,0H
R`
+ , Z 0 0;= 0/ - * 0, 0H 0;= 0/ ! G
)#%N ^7*;<0;0,0H^
G)#05?-)#!$*@)0J0/0,7#!G)#
05)#59D%
$*+, '()/
mz0,7#;<$F$4" (<A0
DDAI0Z;= U_0.0;=0!0,0I@Zh
?1%L 0,7#B05Y7**M* /*5)
3%%%+ F#70,105?0HO)U %
b U]%[70, )|)%+ ,7#*0H0,F" Ir
DI)|)0;=04" 470;=0!Z
C 0.0;=0)uDA%
0+ , )|)%
* + , - $ % &
+ , ()," 1'()@)Y
{L 0%
{L /%
{L '()7^0,%
RW
$-(-
L 0K0, o7" G;K0,
$70,5" %;<='@K1/U!
" /0,0;<6" H9@)05AF#@%
.'
L '()/0, o;'?;0,
$%} !)1)I'()/7$F#7$7" ^
" /I0Z;= %+ 54" </;<;<B
'()/PDM*7" 0,9,%
n H0)1;)X7$0;=/?0Z;= P
T*Kh#Z;= J4G~" T%+ Z9;<
=?^*Z(7/PF$%
N '()/4?7?1%8;'
A0?o;'?90,$*y7447
FP?7" $" 3%
L 19P-@ZFPD?90, JN
D?90,$%
+ Z90, -@Z7•
%
V
%
]
%
f
%$D
W
%
[
%
K0F#Y
•W*]-@Z70Z9(4" 6;<=%
V
-@ZD00Hr0I?P#
V
•W**'D
7?0H
V
•W*
]
-@ZD0" 0H)h=/0,P#
)h=
]
•W*$)h=
]
•W*[*
f
-@ZD0" $" 37" A#)-D" /0Z
;= 70,0^U
f
•W*:)-DA_9
f
•W*]%
;<=-DA_9U0H($" /0Z;=
@g!DA_?" Hc)!0$D9F" O)#
R[
I0Z;= %
'
L '()7'()O)#*'()F0H*Z0*
10>#7'()%L$7()I'()K0,
o;'?;K0,$%L1_XP0Z9'()A)
O)P" *DZ;)IO)#40O)6F" I1
O)#70Z;= !0J%
. / $ 0 1 1 $ % 2
7-)01)050,," Y
s4g Hh/@4>"
+ )-q)h0Z;=
€ )#U @'0, kU?)#!$ k@'0,0k*
%
m4;=7G" %
0,0;= 01)T@'0,0/*D;9*@Z;=7D
;'O)I'()0%t 0@Z*05" 0/I?*6'
()/%t 0'()c;9*'()7^0,%+ HDA
)H7;' /#^*0HDAI
*;'0 70HDAI0,%+ HDA
(J500;=0;= 9)$J3K%
;<=7#*0,$4;K00HDA0F" I
U]%%;<= Z0*;=)#5
;9D9(IP3K;9D9(%N 0J
)B'()c;9U$J54" 0;=;=)#59
@Z^(U]%%N $J0F" *1_X@
)> B9)>0;<U]%%
R
m'0,A00HDA %
+ F" PZk+ F" PZ$k
L )> B9)>0kL )> $B)>0
0F# W7[J" /)> 7" /p0e7
" /I%;<=B)>;h#*0HDA
7(%N D;9 t u#0r0," :%
b U]% 7;<=)> $ B 9)>0 ;<%
;<=7#D;9t J@@Z7@@Z0J)H7@@Z
D;9
W
7
[
%
N Hh@4>" J@Z;=9*0HDA
ID;9 0;=A0!'@K4)ED;9%
;< = 4 )E D ;9 3 ;' ? 0 ? 5) ;'
c77)@ID;9t 0;=A0;@)U
]%]Y
δ
W
•δ•
=
δ
n
1i
i
K0F#Yδ)@ID;90,S%
RV
=
δ
n
1i
i
r)@D;9
W
*
[
*%%%
I %
C Uh#*J5A0)@δID;90,Yδ•δ
A
=
n
1i
δ
N 4)ED;93;' c77*)@δ
A
0;=
A0;@)Yδ
A
•
22
nn
2
22
2
11
t δλ+δλ+δλ+δλ
K0F#Y-@ZA01G" ‚ >" 3D;9A•
m?)HI‚ >" 7-@Z?@)Y
W [
‚ >" [ V*] `*[d
λ
W
*λ
[
*ƒ %λ
-@Z)H7U0;<FZD;9I
%;<=0;<)>Yλ•
9
1
k0;<A
@)(0)7$A0Yλ•
3
1
k0;<U" Yλ•
6
1
J5A0)@ID;90, Y
δλ−−δλ−δλ−
δ
λ
=δ
[
[
[[
[
WW
[
[
%%%%%%
W
m'0,D)ED;9I0, %
j 4)ED;9P;'?0*?5)%
j 4)ED;97„7s%
R]
b U]%]70,7„7s%L E70;=5-PM0h" %
N 70,)J*Uh#05D00H.KI0,;<
4D03K
∆
0,%;<=$J
∆
/
∆
O)^*@g%j
∆
0;=A03$
@)Y
(
)
[
]
α
−
α
+
α
=
∆
LLLt
BBAA
%%
K0F#Y7-0HkS
„
*S
s
7D;9" " k
α
7-@ZG-I0,kS7D;9I0,k
α
„
k
α
s
7-@ZG-I%
& )S
„
%
α
„
•S
s
α
s
…S%
α
U3K
∆
G%
+ Z 9 J U U-A0
∆
0;= A
0P;'?-" %
i )@ID;9S
`
N D-)7
0
δ
0;=A03;'
c77Y
0
δ
•
A
δ
•
B
δ
•
∆
•
δ
T0JJ)@D;9S0;=A0;@)Y
δ
•
0
δ
B
δ
∆
A
δ
3;' c$77J5A0
0
δ
Y
22
2
2
10
λδδλδλδ
++=
BA
t
•
∆
T0JJY
( )
−−
∆−
=
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
B
A
t
δλδλ
δ
λ
δ
& )Hh ," U$!J@)Y
( )
−−−−
∆−
=
n
nB
A
t
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
δλδλδλ
δ
λ
δ
λ
•
1
λ
•
2
λ
•
3
λ
•%%%•
n
λ
•
9
1
€ )#)hFZ0)7•JY
( )
n
2
2
2
2
1
2
0
δδδδδ
−−−−∆−=
Rf
+ 5F0HDA P;'7*U
1J()*<*/.050;9%
L 6h-)0, J" HXyO)60Z90H
70HDAI0,%b -@Z.KIh-)0Z;= 4
^'-@Z.KIh-)0,%;<=7#J54"
3K-0H0,7@4>" 0Z;= 7J50
0;=0HDA ');<=J50`%`[]÷
`%`]" " %C h-)7" 0,4)0;=-*4J0H70HZ
%
N ()I0,40'4*)h-*-5" 0HD
AI_15" J5B;'5" ?*
B;'%
xxxxx
! " #
W%770, G*0, )#!B†
[%b .#!)'()I0, †T0J!)4;KIT'()
0J0Z(;= %
%b .#!)7FD0/05" 0, %