writing skills gre gmat phần 6 pdf

5.
WorLforcc
Sysrems, I
consulrin8
nrm spccializing in workplacc
producriviq
lnd etficienq.,
rcpons riar
ncarl\'70
pcrccnt
of MDi-
acch s
cmplor'ces
who
cnrolled
in
WorMorce
Sysrcms
one-wcck
scminar
lasl
lcir
chin] to
bc
morc
conrcnr
with
rhcir
curcnl
iobs
than prior

to cnrollin8 in
drc seminir.
Br,rcqui.ing managcrs a! aI
large corpo.arions
ro cnroll in thc
kinds of seminars
rhat
Workforcc
System
offers,
productivin
in our econom)'s
privarc
s€cror is
ccrl-lrin
to improve.
A s'gnijlcarr pcrccnrr8e
of dlis counr)'s
rcsidcnrs
sho
reccive
unemplovmcnt
benefiG from rie
state repon
that thcy
would prefct
to work
bur
have
difficulcy findrn8 work

for which rhey are
qua.lificd.
In ordcr ro.educc rhc
st.ain ofl
our counr),s
Srate Employmcnt
Dcvclopment
ofiice, which
is currenily uodcrstaffed,
the countl'
should
eslablish ?n adulr
joStrainins
progr]m.
ln cach
of thc ncxr rwo cxcrciscs,
jdenti4'and
discuss the r?cessaDr
cond{tlon
or sulficicrrt{ozdllton lssumprion.
Also nore othcr
posslblc
problcms you
would
anriciprre
discussing in r hjtl-tcngth
Argrrmcnt
cssay.
7- Thc
juvenile

,usricc
dcp3r n€nr of
onc of rbe nadon's lar8csr
cirics
reccntly
lcponed rhar chnd.cn who
cngage
jn
rnv of thc ciry's
or8rniz€d spons progJams
arc iess
lik€b' ihan othcr
childrcn to
bc
'
convic.cd
of
a
felony crimc larc.
ir life. Th€reforc,
rhc fcdcirl
SovcrfDcnt
can
reducc tic national
crimc rarc by mand*ing
daily
physicel-cducation
clxsses ar cvcry
high schoot in
$c nation.

L
RivenowD's
hisloric Hill
disrrict used to
be onc of r})e ciq"s 6ain
tourist aftnctions.
Sircc thc consrrucrion
ot a ne!{'shopping
ccntcr iI,I
thc distficr,
the disricr's
quaint
oldcr shops and
rcstaufantl have had
.
diLrculry anracring
parons.
ln oldcr ro
prcscrve
thc hisro.ic valuc of
lbc Hill disrricr's
oldcr buildings ard ro
prcvcnt
furthcr ioss of
rcvcnuc
from touris6, t}le ci(y lnusr
imposc a mot"rorium on t}le
conshrction of any ncw
srrucrurcs in the Hill disric('
In cich ofthc Dcxt rwo

cyercises,
idcntify
and discuss thc
potcntial
groutmember problez.
Also
note
othcr
possiblc problcrni
you
would
oticipatc
discuisioS
in e full-lcnSl}r Argument cssil
9.
r,rt ciaDt
Industries. our state's largesr
privatc
lusirlss, the avcragc
produclion
worker is now 42
years
old. Rcccntly,
Giant's
rcvenu€
from thc salc of textil€s and
paper,
,whic}|
together
account

fot thc
d.eiority of Gialrfs rn nufacruring business,
has
dedincd
si&ntficrntly.
Sincc
an increasing
perccn6Sc
of ncs'
8raduares
from
our sratc's
Exrncrses
7-8
ixgncrsrs
9-l 0
Pctdson's
.
Wtlttflg
SEIttlor.tbe
GRE/G]IUT TesE
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SNIUOSS-HetH V
SI|UM
OI n
OH
2.
ANA.ysrs
encc.
Sincc rhc xrgumcnr
fuils ro
prove
rhxr rlrc policcjorcc
reducrion

is
thc acrualcausc
ofthe rcriil
busrness slump, or
cven conFiburcd ro
it.
lh€ xrgumenr's
proponcnr
cannor
jusrifixbl!
irfe. !lr:rr :r
policc.forcc
Incrc:isc voold
scn'c
ro revcrs(
lh.t sl('ntp. lcr rlonc tl)rr ir
,rvoutd
rc!;
nlize thc
ciqrs cconom!
in
fcncrxl.
In a tull-lcngrh
(JGminurc)
cis;n, \'ou
mighl nlso rddrcss rbc foljoq,ing
qu€stions
abour rh€ Argunlcnr's
rcasonin(:
.

A th,zsbol.l proble
: Does rhc
cin hxvs xn economic problem
to
bcSin
with?
Os
it flir ro issumc
dr:lr
rbc ciqJs cconomy is
suflcring
mcrcly bccause rer:.il
revcnues in
onc
paniculnr
disrricr hrvc
declincd?)
.
Wouid
the
propos€d
course
of acrion rq.lcc
to attln t}}e stated
obiecr'vc?
(Pcrhaps
addilionxl
me?surcs,
such as renovating rhc
disuict

or
parrollinS
it xr
nigbr,
would
also
be nceded.)
.
Is t])e
proposed
course ofaction
ecas.rary ro atrrin
the stated
objecrivc?
(A
ciq'
mjthr reviLatize
it5 economy itrrough othcr
msrns
instcad.)
This Argument
might conhee cause ind
effecr
wir}l
mcre correlation,
.Hcre's
a rcsponsc that
handl€s rhc
problcm:
Th€ argumcnt unJairb,

assumes chat
Xcnon's
workcr producriviry
is
simpl)' I
function of
whar
:r vorkcr
ca.s for lunch.
Altlough rhis
miSht bc thc case, r merc
correlaion
bcrwecn lunch dier rnd
productjviry
does flor
sufficc to esBblish a
causc-and,c$-ec!-relatiog:
ship. Thc arSumenas aurlor
musr also
consider xnd €limina(c ill
olhcr rcasonable
cxplanations for r})c
diJfcrcnce irl
produciiviry
lcvcls
bctwccn the rwo
Smups
ofworkers, P€rhaps thc
mosr
plausible

sftcmxrivc
cxplanrrjon
is thar
vo.kcrs
who
bring rhcir own lunch arc
morc
producdve
bccausc thcy spend
lcss timc cating lurch and
Dorc
timc
irorkinS.
ln shon, lacking
bcncr cvidcncc thrr ar Xenon
producrivjty
dep€nds
primarilv
on luncb dier, ,rsscning that
dranging
-
thc cafcrcria's
lw)ch mcnu will
improvc
a,rorker producrivity
anounts
ro lnlc morc than
conjccrure_
:In
a trnl-lcn8th

(lcminurc)
6say,
you
migh. atso
addrcss rhc
followtr8
,qucsdons 3bour rhc
Arglmenr's reasoning:
.
A tbr.shold problcm:
Arc ca.fercria lunchcs acrually
much diffcrcor
from
lurches rhat workcN
brinS from homc?
(If
nor,
rh€n thc
enrire
arSumcnr is
poindcss,)
.
Wolld
t})c
proposcd
cou.sc of acrion .r//ce to
arrain rbc scatcd
objectivc?
(€.8.,
workers

who prefcr catctcrir
dining
mjghr cboosc
Pal.tso't s
t
wtltint
SkIk
lor
tba
AR-E/G UT Tests
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AVSSI
lNt^n9alv 9N|I]OCS-Ho|H V
Jlid^
o.t l
oH
- -
-sts^]vNv
.c
4. ANarysrs
t.
This
Af8Umcnr rclies
on a
qucsrionablc
anaroAl
ocrwccn re/o
ro$,ns
as
vcll
rs bccvecn
nvo rrish
comptnies.
Herc's i
concise,csDonsc
tl.nr
.hrndlcs
borh :rnalogics
roSelh€r
ir
ooc

p:rmgripbi
Thc argumcnt
s infercnce
d)a! Trashco
s scfficc
js
morc
coslh, rh.ln
IUd.
co's d€pends
on rhc
unproven
assumpdon
rhar
the rwo
rcfuse
compa,
nics
providc
$c samc
degree rnd
,rmounr
olservicc
!o bo(h
rowns.
pcr.
hrps
Tlnshco
s scrviccs ro
plattsbu.g

is
providcd
less
frcquenrty
or ro
fcwerhouscbolds
drr, Ridco's
sen,ices
ro lliilsvillc,
for whareverrcason.
Eirhersccnrrio e/outd
cxplain
plarBburlt's
lowcr
totll cost,
q,hich
in
rum
would
undermine
rhc
rrgumcnt's
con!€nrion
that Hillsville e,,ould
savc.
moncy
b)'swhching
from
Rjdco io
Tr-ishco.

Thus, ro
bcner deluatc
rhe
ff8umenq
I vrould
need ro
krow how
much
Tnshco would
char8c
Hills
ville,
noi
Plir6bul-9,
for t})e
samc servicc
th!
Rjdco lrow
chargcs.
In a
full-lcnSrh
(3ominure)
cssay,
you
mighr alsb
addrcss
thc followjJl!
questions
abour
rhc

Argumcnt's
rcasoning:
.
rwhat
does
tle argumcni
assume
aboutjfrrtre
con.tltiorc
in
Hillsville?
Of
the
town's
residcflis
incrcasc
the
voiumc
of
rcfuse o,
rccyclablcs
or bcgin
iisisting
on morc
frcqucm
pickups.
Hiltsvllle
mj8hr regrcr
irs dccision
to

swirch ro Trashco.)
.
Is rhc
proposcd
swirch
ro Trajhco
zccasraal
for
drc ciry ro
acli€vc
.
irs srarcd
objccrive?
(perhaps
rhe
ciry h15
orher me3ns
ro leducc
irs
cosrs, or
mcans ro enhancc
irs
icvcnuc,
for thc
Durgosc
of affor(|
ing the
ncs'
siarion,)
.

Miglr
Hilsvilic incur
countertaiting
erpcnser
b.v consrrucing
rhc
-
ncw
Fansfcr
sradofl?
@crhaps
refuse would
nccd to
bc
r.alcn
frorb
t})e
ccnrcr
to a morc
remorc locatior,
ar
additionil
exDensc.)
This Ar8umcna
rclics
on a
porentia.lly
unrcprescntalivc
sratisiical
semplc

to
drew a
g€ncral
infcrcncc.
Hcre's
a responsc
that lundlcs
thc
problcm:
The ar[iumenr
assu.mcs
tha!
Maxcch
cmployccs wbo
rcponcd
thcse
rcsuhs irc
rypical
of
priyarc-sccror
work€rs
in
geocarl,
in rcrrDs
of
ilow thq'.arc
likelt to .espond
lo rhis
tlTc
of scmif,ir. Howcvcr.

this
isn'r nccGsarily
thc czlc.
lr is.efllircly possibtc,
for cxa$plc,
rhar
luaxcch
cmployccs wcrc
unusuilly
rcccptivc
or
rcsponsive
to
r,X/orkforcc
s
pafiicular
6etrods, for
wharcvcr rcasolr.
ID 2ny
cvcrr,
Mrftcch's
scminar
panicipents
mjght consriturc an insufficicntly
sm.3l
smple for thc purposc
of rnakinS
rccommcndations
for the
!,rivarc,

sccro|workforce
in
gcncrnl.
Sincc
thc argumcnr frils
to
show that
Mrjl:rech's
cxpcriencc is
r'?icai,
I simply carlnor acccpr
t}rc a !!lt-
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would

rcducrn8
th( nLrnrh(r ol rcsidcnrs
who
recc,ve unemplo)'
mcnr
bcncfits r4/icc ro
atuin $c sLlled objcctivc?
(Perhrps
drc
officc
crn ersill ecconrmodnrc
the curten! number oI
r€sid€nls
applrin8
for xnd rec<jving unemplormcnt
bcncfits.
and the sourcc
of rbc
str;rio lies elsewhcrc.)
Docs
rhc argumcat suggcst a coursc of
aciion finI
would actual\'
underrni e
tba
stated objcctiue?
(fo
stz$ thc
ncs'
jolltraininS

progmm, iI might be n€cessaq' to rcduce
sBff ciscwhere
in the
ofiice,
which mighr cxacerbale the su-ain.)
i"l
This ,4.r8umcnt
relies on'a sufficienl-coodilion
rssumption. llerc's
a
respons€ that
handles thc
problcm:
Thc ,lBumenr
assumes thai the
proposed
mrndaie
in irseli
will
sufficc
ro lowcr
ttre nrtional crimc .ate
yet
fails to
account for othcr conditions
thar
might aiso be nec€ssaD'for
thrt outcomc. Pcrhxps
to
bc

cffcctlvc
ir tlli.s respccr,
physic"l€ducatjon
clrsscs musr so be
accompalricd b)
3flcr-scbool
activiry
progiims;
or
perhps
thc claJses must begin
carlicr
in a
youngsrcr's
rc?demic Mc to hive any
apprcciablc impact on dclin'
qucnt
bchavior.
Vithour
considerinli-thcse
lnd a myrird ofoihcr
condi'
rions
thrr
firghi
be nccded to €nsure
tirrr a
young
Person
grows lrp to

.
become lae-abiding,
r.t)€ ar8ument's
author cannot
justi$'the
mandatc.
ln
a
fulllcngt}l
(3Gminute)
cssay,
you
might also
address the folloq,inS
qucstions
about
thc
l\rliumcnfs
rcnsoning:
-
.
A llresboa
probleDd:
Ate
"physical{ducation
classes"
sufficiently
similar to
'organized
spons

prosl?ms'
thal their impxct
on
long-term
behavior
would
be
similar?
(If
noq then
thc entfe
argument c-]n be
dismissed out of hmd-)
.
Mi8illi
the arlumcnt misl^kc
nere correlalioi
-berwceo
organrzcd-
sports
participation and
adulr
crimioal
bchavior-fot
1 cause'and'
ejflcct rclationshiP?
(We
mjght nccd
to knos'
\r'hxt

Percentagc
ot
younSstcrs participale to beAin
e,ith
and
vhe$er those
youngstcrs
arc lc5s iDclined
in any evcnr toward delinqucnt
b.havior.)
.
Is
.tne
samplc
group
(children
in one
lar8c
ciry) rcpresetuanuc of
2I
childrcn
througlout the naton?
(Perhrps
Pmicipation
in
thesc
progxans
is morc
cffective in large citics
tlran in

stn
llcr
cities
and
rural
a.rcas.)
u,u'uQetasorLt.cod
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I0.
Anusrs
uut.Pet^ot '.cod
inlomlrtion to subsLlntirte citlrcr assumplion. Pcrhrps
non-manufac-
turin8 businesses
th:rt rcquirc
a collegcdegrced
sorMorcc
no\\'
account for
in
jncrcNint
mxjorin oftbc srric's
jobs.
Cfhc
arFumenl s
inforn)ation suAgcsrs
(bis
miShr
bc thc
c:rsc.) lf so, rhcn thc mcrc f:rct
!h:r onc
emplovsr. dbclr
r]rc strrc s |rr8cs busincss,
is losin8
busincss
whilc
Is
q'orkforcc

nears rerircmcnt
,rge
proves
almost
nothing
about thc
prospecE
for rhc stxte's
ovcrall econom)',
ln a tull-lcngtb
(SGminutc)
essr), vou nnght also addrcss the followjnS
gucst'ons
about tlrc Argument s rcasonins:
.
Does thc tcrm
"larSes!
privarc
business" neccssarilv mean
that
Giant €mplo,vs morc
workers
rhan any orhcr busincss in
thc
statc?
CThe
srnalier the
vorldorcc
it
ciant,

thc
less
likcl)'that Giant is
reprcscntative of th€ stxt€'s employers 3s a
group.)
.
Docsn't
thc
prcdicdon
s
accuracJ'
rcquirc
th^r
otfler
future
condi-
tlors
rem?in unchanged?
(L.8.,
thc argumcrt
ignorcs a
possiblc
iJl0ux of
worke.s
f;om othc! srares.)
.
Would a rcduccd
workJorce
oeceisarily resulr in business fallu(c?
(Pcrhaps

busincsses will be more
profiBble
by td-rnmjrg rhcir
workforcc.)
-
\vhlt
is thc dqftritor of
'qudity
of life"?
CIhc
ar8umcnt s ultimatc
prcdjcion
dcp€nG on thjs mjssinS dcfinition.)
This Argument driws
an
i.nJcrencc about
a
single
confnuniq
(Clxybrook)
bercd on char'acrcrisrics of a
8rcup
(the
nation s cornmuritics
as a wholc).
Herc's a response that hindles t}lc infcr€nce:
The argument dependi
panly
on thc assurnptioD that future
employ-

ment ficnds
jn
Claybrook's
job
market
will
rcflect nations,ide
trends.
'
However.
rhe a4:rimcnt
fails
ro
considcr
rhat
Chybrook
rnght bc
atypical. Pcrhaps Claybrook's,ob 62rkct
w
l buck
the trcod
(for
one
reason or anothcr), and *rc dcD.and fo! lcgal
?6sistana5 from CCC's
leg2l-zssistanr
progiaE vill
remain
5Eon8
compared

ro dcmand
for
nurscs from thc school's
nursiog
progJ"nr.
lf so,
rhcn
the
citcd
-
sEtistjcJ
would ponerd nothiiS
about
the fururc cmplo)'Ecnt
prospcct
for
SFaduatc
of ci&cr
profram
at CCC or
about wbcthcr
dc
propos€d
course of
acuon would
bc
prudcnt.
h a n
-lcn8th
(3o-minutc)

cssat,
yolr
miSrt
also xddre'ss the folloE ng
qu€sLions abou.
thc Arglsent's riasoning:
''
.
Do srarisrics from only onc
ycar
constiirte
s
lficient
d4ta fot
proving
a clcar Lrcnd?
(Pcrh"ps
l.r5r
ycar
was rn
exccption
to a
contrarv trend, or
pcrhaps
rhefc
is no trend 31 31.)
Pctasons
s
v,ntinq
Shllh

lottbe
GRE/GLUT Test'
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tiils
r() xccounr Ior possibtr
fururc
dcvclof)'
mcnls
rhat
mighr
prove

rhis
assumption crroneous,
For examplc,
thc
count] mjghr expcrjcncc
rn
ialfllx ofrclv residenrs,
or
irs residents,
Niliiflgness
to
rcclcle mighr Nxnc.
In cilhcr crsc,
thc
volunlc
ot
refirse is likel)
ro incrclsc.
nnd
tbc
p.oposcd
cou.sc
of:rction mi8ht
rcsulr in a shorl-rgc
of rcsources
for h:rndlinF
rcflse.
To bolstcr rhe
rccornmencli(ion,
thc argumcnas

proponenr
sboutd provide
berler
evidcncc, perhaps
in thc
form
of
popuiarion projections
and
counq"
rcsidcnt surwcys.
rh,rr rhc volume
of refuse
in Blackbum
cousq wil
not increase in
the foreseexble
futurc.
Irr a fuU-lenAth
(SGminure)
essn),
vou mjghr also address
rhc foltow-
ing
questions
aboul rle
rgumrni
s rcrsorunt
.
A tbrcslrolA

iss.ue-_ Is rherc
a rccycling problcm
to
bcgin
wirh
rhat
rhc
county nceds
to address?
Cfbe
irgumeni proyidcs
no evidcncc
tlutt
cufienr m€rns
arc less
dran adequxte
for current
as
well
as
.
,1re$c
proposed
subsidies
nece$a!,
!o ensure tlat
rhe couflry
can
'handlc
a

conrinued
incrci.sc in rhc volumc
of recyctabtEs?
(pcrhaps
businesses r?ould
nor requjre
subsidies
to
provide
nc€ded service,
or
pcrhips
the county
irsef conld provide
rhe
scricc.)
w,lttn!
SktUs
tor
tbe
GRE/GMAT
Tesls
GP,T.
Yl
unr'tu!
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t
t,rnd
4.

Use
phn:cs
such
a.s thes€ .o ar€rre
for a soludon
public
polic.v
or some
other normalive
baJis
vhcn
ir comcl ro
)'our
mrjn
Points,
a vcn dircct,
even forccful
voicc
is
pcrfcctl) 3cccpl-]ble.
But don\ overdo
it;
whcn it comcs
ro rhc demils,
us<
r nrore disPassionatc
aPptoach
Don\
tl ro nr:rkc
I'our

point
with
_cutcs)-'
or
humorous
rem:uks. Avoid
puns, double-mcanings,
pb)s
on
wor.ls, 3nd
other fornrs of
humor. Not lha! CRE
and GI{AT
readers
don't
hxvc .r seosc
of hunrori
it
5
just
tbxl
drel leave it
:rl Lhc door
when rhe_\-go !o
work for EfS.
Cfhrr
senlcnce exhibits
just
thc
son of'hun)or'

-vou
should
:rvoid in
]'our
essa)'s.)
Srrcrsm
rs cntrrclr
inrplropri.lc
for vour GRE or G^IAT
cssa)5
Besides, lhe reader
miShr not rcalizc
thar
you're bcing sarcasljc'
in
which cxse
your
remrrk
will
onll servc
ro contuse
t})c rcadcr'
DEVELOPING
Runonrur
Wonos
A
PERSUASIVE
VIRITING
STYLE
ln

Pans 2 and
3,
you
leimcd how
to develop
Persursive
ideas
as $'cll 451
sEucrurc
and scqucnce for
your
Paiagraphs
lhar scrve to
enhancc thcir
pcrsuriveness. To ensure
n high ,^ndFical
writing
scorc,
you
should
also
dcvelop
a
pcrsu?5ive sryl€, \rsing
rhetoricel devices
effcctivcly
AND
PHRAsE5-BY
Fuucloual
CmrconY

llcre's a rcfcrcnce
lisl of rhetorical
vords
and
phrascs,
categor?ed
by
tuncrion. Some
lis! itcms
you
encounlcred
as underlined
words
and
phrrscs rn th< c)iamtlcs
throuFhout
Prrls 2
xnd
I
OLhcts.rc
new hct€.
1o lcrm
hos
vou
n)rElrr
incorPorite thesc
xn.i oLhcr thetoncrl
phnscs
inlo
-vour

sentcnces, read
m.r cssa)'s
jn
Pans
5-8,
his,hlit$ting
rhetoricrl
phiases
as
you cncounter tlrem.
Revie$/ them,
thcn lq
lo incorponte_
them into
your pmctice
essays
Io enhancc
)'our Power
of
Pelsuaslon
Use
phrases
such
as thesc to subordinate
an ,dea:
.
ilthouah it miSht
appcar
that, at fits!
Slance

it
would seem/appear
thar, adflittcdly
Use
phrascs
such
as these
to argu€ for a
position,
thesis,
or
vic$?oint:
.
pr-omotes,
faciliutes,
providcs
a suong
impetus,
serves
lo, dircctly,
furtnc$.
accomolshes,
achievcs. dcmonslmies,
sugScsts, indicatcs
or
direcnon bascd on
.
a"''
?
i:'7"

.;.,:
!ruu.petetior&@n
.
uldrnate
goal,/objecdv€/pu.posc,
ovcrridtnS,
t
imiry conccm
subordin"te,subsumcd
-
fi;1"'
't'
'"
'
wttt'rg Sh
Ls
fol
GF,E/G,UAT
U
GRI
,to1 st.ert,rtl
nt nt., r
lu.tltrtf,ls
!n9sl
5lll
iiLnronb
)r.nol
lou ro
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Ustt'to PuNcrualoN
FoR RHFToRtcAL
EMpHAsrs
Usc
puncrujr!ion
for
rhcrorjc:ll
cmph:lsis rcn,sprnnglr. hecdjnF
thc
'
follo$'in8 points

ot rdvicc:
Us(
cnr dxshcs
(l\'o
h)phcns
or onc hvphcr prrccdcd
rnd
follow€d b! x spxcc)
jn
the middle
of
,
scnrcnce-insrcad
of
conrm:rs
or
pircnthcses-t()
scr off
p:rfticuhrh.
impor.rnl
paren-
dretical materiil
(jusr
like in rhjs
scntcncc). You
can
a.lso
us€ an cm
dash insr€ad of x corlma
before i

concludin8
phmsc-ro
hclp
ser
off and cmphxsize what
follos,s
(jusr
like in rhis senrence).
Bu!
don't overuse tlre drsb-or
i(
will
losc irs
punch
(as
in rhis
pair-
8mPnr.
Usc
exclamarjon poinrs
for emphasis ve!)
sp:rrirgl\ As in this
pafagiaph,
one
per
essa)' is
ptenq'!
Usc the
quesrion
mark ,ct

spiringl)
(once
or
rwrce pcr
essa) is
€nough) and
or
J'for
posing
rhcroricd
quesrions.
Clou'Il
rerum ro
thjs ropic a
bit larcr.)
.NOTE:,lvoid
using.UPPERCASE
lartcE,.'rstcrtsks.,
siglro4ffi

dcviccs to 1li8
sords
"ou
a empt'asizc.iii
r6c t";oSa&cii.f,o';;
::gct
your
poin(
across,
rcliJn3lcad

'oD
youl
jchoice
sf.vdrd5_'{.l,r
'
and phrrres
as
well
as your
s&tmic,coosrrucridi
Aso;;.ii."
ooted in
P]n I, tl1e tesijnB
sysrc;'s
w"ra ptoc.sso
r,
a<ics
nibj;;
.
pcrmir
fte use of arEibures
such.as
bold, uodcrlining. and
"i
i
iulics-so rlosc
devices 3rc
nor.avrilable for cmpfr-asisiir''
T'
.''.''.r '.':

xn} evcnt
,
.+,
€ONNECTING
YOUR
IDEAS TOGETHER
You. essays wi.ll
not eafn top
scores unt€rs
your
ideas now nrrunlly
from
on€ to the nex!,
so the reader
can cajily follos'
vour
rmin
of
thought,
To
conrlecr
your
ide?5 rogerher,
dcvclop
J,ou.r
os.n arscnal
of
rnnsition
devices-vrords and
phlas€s

tltar scrve as
bridges berwecn idcas ejld help
ro conveY
your
}ne of reasoniig ro
the r€adcr.
Elch tnnsirion
d€vice should
hclp thc radcr mak€ c€r.jn conncc-
tions or assumpions
abour rhe rwo ar€rs
t}ler
you
arc connccring to-
gether.
For examptc.
somc lead
your
readcr forR?rd
rnd
imply the
building ofan idc:
or
rhouttt, while
othc.s
prompt rhc readcr
to compan
idcas or draw
conclusions from rhc prcccdin8
thoughG. h the examplcs

thtoughout Pafis 2 aod
3,
vou
cncounrcr€d dcvic€s such as undcrlincd
$ords 3nd pbnses.
Now hcre's a rcferenc€ lls!
th
includes
many of
those underlined
vords
ind phmses,
dong
wirh
softc additional ones-b)
tunctional categon.
unDut2c,mor.com
GRX/GMAT
GRE/l
r
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k&)
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,ost!
,soDrDpu
ur
,,tnru.nlr)p"
ro._rqri
.
JaqtoaoJ
arrpl
Dalll
o)
oI
f,Joru
s.trqa
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lxru
.oot
,Jou
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lllsnbo
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,u:qr
pw
.[rpg,
;pu,
_
_.
uoFlppv

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JEdIS
oI
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n^_ls
gNtllriM
REFERENCEs
ARGU't/tENT
TO YOURSEIF
AND
TO
THE STATEMENT
OR
Occrsiooallt
in vour
cssays. \,ou
lt nccd ro
,€icr ro
lh€ lssuc srxrcm€nr
(or
Argumcno
as w€li
t(J irs
h)podrcUcrl
sourcc.
whcrhcr
i

r,crson
or enti$
'\'ou
ntpht also
wrsh
ro
rcfcr ro
vourscu
trom rimc
to rmc
Here are
some
Buidelincs
lor hindlinE
rhfrc
rctcrcnces
Srlr-ngrrnrNcts
Se[-refc ces_sirSul:rr
as wet
as
pluml_are
pcdecrt).
acc€plaore,
rhough
.oprional.
Jusr
be consisrcnrl
.
I
disagrecwith

In
my
vjeq',
. . .
rvitlour
tddirionrl
cvidencc,
we
carnor :rssume
iha.
, , ,
RrrrnrNcrs
ro
THE STATEMEM
oR ARGUMEM
ln
your
Issue essay,
refer
to a stalemcor
or srircmen!
rs
.tl
s statemcot"
or an
altcmativc
such
as
"rhis
clrim,

or
.thij
,sscrtion,"
ln
your
A4uftcrrt
cssay, trJ.
usin8
.argurcnr"
ro reler
to ihc
passagc,s
Linc
of rcesoning as
a wholc
or
.rccomrncndarion"
or
.claim"
to refer
to thc
spccifc
conclusions,
RrrrnrNcrs
To
rHE SouRcE
oF
THE STATEMEM
oR,ARGUMEM
Bc

surc
your
rcfcrcnces
ro a
sErcmenr
or A4iurncnris
sourc€
arc appropn-
atc, ln
yorr
Issuc
cssa),,
yorl
can
simply refcr
to rhe
surcmcnt,s
sourcc
as
rhc
"spcake!."
tn
your
Argurllent
cssay,
the Iiisr
rimc
you
refcr to rhc
sor.rce;

be spccfic
and cofiec:_e.8.,
"this
€dirori2l,"
"rhe
ad."
.rhe
vicc
presidenr,'
or
"ACME
Sbocs.'
If Do
specific
source is provided,
r.r_v usin8
'eulior'
or
"arsumem."
The spelr<cr
argres. .
. . I1r
Line
of rcajoning
is
. .
.
;
but rre
Thc mana8cr

circs
. . . in
suppori
of rrr rgumcnt
. .
. l# rhcn
recorDrncnd!.
To strcngrhen
IrJ
concluiion,
the
board mus( _ .
, .
_lt must.also
PaonouH
RrrrmNcrs
To AN
ARGUMEM/s
PRopoNEM
ln
your
Argumenr essay,
it's
okay ro
saye kcysuokcs
by usjng an
occrsionel
prono'.lJ],
Just
bc sure rhar

your
pronouns
are appropriare
end
consisrcnt
(rnale,
Iemal€, or nei6cr)i
uu)u.pet*sotLt.cam
(
Y,
5el
urol
srosDta4
atatln
E
"rt ".t
r,,'qs
srr*^"t'":JYllfi;
l(nod
rEq)
llEpr)nlj'
trrit
struslu:s
r.r,ruol
rtu!
ro
arot.q
rttlrr)
!urod
llr)tuJ

r
rol
:JU))urs
uoqs
)dtuqc
u!
Sulsn
At
.srssr{dru:
fEJUoraqJ
loJ
,il:ss!
)^rsDnsr)d
nur
StrItsrJJJUt
aJou
r roJ
)rjEu, qt8utl
ur,iJt:^
trrit
\)Ju)ru:S
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euos.rr
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8",uo,s!p
ro
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rreqr

A^uoJ
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rrr
rlqr s5ru5]uf,s
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snrrra
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4
palnl.ruls
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w'u'l
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prp
uo
gejols
dot
arnsut
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ol

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ro
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SCINVHJ]/!
ONV
TI
IS
gNI]JUM
I.
4.
5.
senrcnces
thir use
$c
same
essenarl
siruclurc
can help
convq'
vour linc of rcxsoning
to th€ rc:ldcr.
Tn trsinA
lhc same struclurc
Ior

x list of rcxsons or
()ixnrplcs.
Scntcnccs lllrt
csscnti]ll] r{jPrxr
(vcrbrtint
nrror'8lro'rt
)our
cssal suggesr:rn
inlllrxlurc.
unsophistidtcd
NdlinF stvlc. T4
to
avoid usinS so.c
lcd
'iemPLa(e"
sentcnces over
and over-
esp€cjalh for the
first
(or
lasl) senlencc
of erch
bod]
Pa.agraph
Therc's
nothing
wronS wjth copling
and
PastinS
cenain scn'

tences to speed up
the \i'riting
proccss:
jrtsl
bc surc
to
'lwcak"
them so c?cb one
ts drsrinct.
Scntenccs
that
posc
qucstions
can be
3 us€fuI rh€lorical
devicc;
Likc sbon, $rupt
senteDccs,
rhetorical
questions cxn help
pcr-
suadc
rhe rcadet-or
at least help to
make
your poinl
Tlcy
can bc
quire
effcctivc, €spccial\'in

tssuc cssxvs.
Thcl'also
add intcrcst
and
varictl
. Ye( how
man) tcst !d'(ers
think ro incoqloratc
t})cm
inlo thcir essr],s?
Not mrn)
.
@t
the
wa)',
I
jusr
poscd
a rhciorical
qucsrion.)Just
be sure
to
providc an rnsecrto
your question.,|Jld
don\ overdo
'r;one rhetoncrl
qu€suon per es5ry is
plenq
For edditionxl
varictt', use

x
semicolon
to tnnsforrn
two
sen'
tcnccs
involving the same
t.ai. of
thought inlo one;
and use lhc
word
'and"
(o
conncca
)our
two independenl
clauscs
(iust as in
I)T\RT OT
A STMUCT
OUT OF
BAIANCE wlTH
ANOIHER
PART
An
cffectivc sentcnc€
gct.s its
point
across bl'
Plncing

apProPriatc
cm
oII
irs differcnt
pafts.
!e surc lhat
the main idea
reccivcs
Sreat€r
cm
(a5
a main clause)
thln subordinate
ideas
Equal
Emphasis
(Confusin8)
Trcating bodily
disorders by
noninvaiive
mcLhods
is
gencl"ll)'
pair
€ss, and tbese
methocls are less
likely thln
those of
conventi
'Westcm

m€dicine
to resrilt in
persuncnt
hcalins
Ee.Dllasis on Secofld
Clause
(Better)
r'J$ough
rrcating bodily
disorders by noninvasive
medrods is-Ben€r'
illy
pair
ess,
tbese mcrhods uc less
likely dran
-tho_se
of convcntio
Wcsrcm medicin€ !o rcsdt in
pcrmancflt hcalinS
Awrwmo
Usr oF
THE.PAsstvE
AND
AcflvE
"Votcrs"
ln a
sentcncc exp.essed
using the
acrive

woice, the subiect
"acts
uPon"
obj€cr.
ConvcEcl).
jn
a scntcnce €xpressed
in t}le
Passive
vojce, thc
subjcct
"is
actcd upon" by
?n
objec!
You
can
Scnenlly
use cithct
voicc
voru
GIIE or GMAT
csszvs.
Howevc., one
mal
be clearer and lcss
awks'ard
than thc otlrer.
dcrrcnding
on

tlre
p:rnicular
scnlcnce
ln
a{l)'
uurael6oi|an
GR.E./GNUf
GR.E/<
,r )1 tt
ot/rDtl ,rotot
-u:d)p'r
suruo)tunq
rra.,
Buunp
srrr./:r
.qr
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rrrsol
ot
p:ru:q)
p)zruf]o}r
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BuoLUrj
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pur:
u()srprtf
JE'J:)
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or

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auo
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unouord
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or
tou
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prE'!:)ua:uas
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sl)Nsultu
NnoNoxd
lngvn !o
9NtsnlNo)
s3tNVH3ll
0NV ltA.!S 9Nt11alA
Another

wfi'to
corrcct ;r
pronoun-reltrence
crror is ro replrce tlle
pronoun
with its anteccdenr.
ConfusiJ}S
E-mail xccounts
administcrcd
bt crnployc.s bclonq ro tl)eDr,.ro.J tbc)'
can be seized ind uscd
i\ evidcnc( aFainsr !hc
cmplorcc.
Clear
E-mail accounls admidslcred
b! an employer
belongto
th? enplo),cr,
r/,/ro
c:rn seize
and
use the accounrs
as evidence against the cmploy€e.
1.,'.rpnoprn PL,qcrraet.tr
oF MoDtFtERs
A
no.l{icr
is a
wo
or

phnsc
lhar dcscribes, resrdcrs,
or
qu:rli-0cs
another $/ord
or
phnse.
ModiryiDg
phl"ses
are q?icrlly
scr off
with
commas.
Try to
placc
ftodners er
closc
as
possible
ro rhc
word(s)
rhey
moditt
oth€rwise,
you
could end
up
with
an ambiauous and confusiog
A,Ebiguous

E\elcasinS
frequentlJ,
contibutcs ro nor
or(ly a sense of
well
bein8
but also to longevjD.
Ctear
FrcAucn, cxercise
cont,-tDrztcs nor
onl)'ro
a
scns€ of
wcl
bcing bur
also ro
longcviq.
Ambiguous
'Ihrough
careful exmifition,
comp€tcnr diagnosis, and
successful
rrer(menr,
paliotrs gros
ro
u-usr rhcir
phvs,cnns.
Cl€at
Throlgh careflrl examjnation,
compercnr

diagnosis.
and
successful
ve rmenr.
pllysictans
help their
parienls
Erow
ro rrusr rhcm.
h,lpnoprn
.SpumNo
or A GRAMMATTcAT UNrt
Split
Splitting
apan
clauses or
pbflses
(by
insening a
wotd
or clause bctwccn
thcm)
ollcn rcsulti in an awkward and
conJusinq senlcnce.
The value
of the dollzr ,r rot, relativc to
other
currencies, r.rsirg
mivcrsilly.
B€ttei

Thc \uluc
of tlre dollar rffor rnirg univeNilly rciarive to
other
Pet^ons
a
wdnng
ShIIs
lor
tbe
GRE/GltUT T.stt
u,w.peteno^t.con1
n
)'
r.oJsuos!2'd n'n1,t1
,1^4J.t
lttlt
aqt rnl sltls
n^utu^r
.
s,tlosJt
|-_
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pur
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lra
sn rotor
ur
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suortu)rpel-Il
l!.ro
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prD^r.{^!.\'
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1S SNtltuM
PART
{
Usn'ro Too
Frw
(on
Too Maruv)
Com,ra,rs
,{drou8h
puncrurrion
is rhc
tcrsl inrponrnr
xsprcr
of
\t,u.
ct{E
or cMiT
essi!.
too fcs'or roo
nrany
conrmrs m;Fbr
intcrfcr( \vith
thc rcadcr,!i
undcrshnding
of x
scnrencc,
nr
s,hich
point
thr puncru:lrion

bccomcs
imponan!,
Too fcs
comm
mjght coAllse
th€ rexdcr. whil(
r(x) nrinr.
can undut],inrerrupt
rhc senrcnce's
flos,.
Hcr€.s rhe
Fujdclinc:
Usc
thc
minimum
number
of commxs
needed for
a rcxdcr ro
unclcrstand thc
inrcnded
mcanin8
of thc scnience.
Too Few
Commas
Enzyme
carxtysis rakes place
in living
q,stcms
and as

ir is nor:r
laboiatory
procedufc
is lhereforc
subjccr ro
celluier conrrols.
Better
Enzyme
caElysis Ltkes place
in
living
s}srems, and as
ir is no! a
labol?ror), procedurc
is therefore
subjecr ro
ccllular conuots.
Also
Acceptablc
Enzyme cai-rllsis
rakes placc
in living
sysrems, and,
as ir is not ?
laboraroq
procedure,
is lher€fore
subjecr
ro ccltulnr
conarols.

Worruy
aruo Awrwano Pnnasrs
.
l7ith
unlimired
amounr
of
words,
anyone
can makc rhe poir.;
bur ir
rcquires
skill and effon
ro make
your
point
wirh
corclse
phrrses.
If
your
scntcnccs
seem roo long,
ch€ck
for
word]',
awkwird phrascs
rhat
can bc
replaccd wirh

morc clcar and
concise
ores. Hcrc arc rlrce
cxamples
(rcplacc
itxlicized phrares
wilh
the
oncs in
parcn*rescs)t
_ _
Djscipline
is crucial to
the anai'ment
oI
onc,.r objectives.
(anaio)
To
indicate
tbe
fact
tboi tlrq,
oro ;r, o)ro"irron
to a biu, lcgstarors
somctimes
cngi8c
in nlibusrcrs.
CIo
show tlcir)
ln Norse pocrry,

rlc
stories rafcl.\,
staDd as
substiores or svmbols
for
an
.rhtne
othel tl)afl tbe
stones
bensclues.
(clse)
lrok for the
opponuniq
ro change prepositional
phrrres
inro
one-word
The employec
Luitl) a,lbirion
Thc crr?,ilro16
cmplo\'ee
You cm oftcn
rewo.k
clauses
wirh
rclative
pro.ouns
1il:ar.
ubo, rthicb,
etc.), omittinS dle

pronoun:
The system
trat ts mosr
emcicnr and accuratc . . .
fie
mosr
€fficient lod
accumic
s-vsrem
. . .
Petc.soi
s
tt
wrldng
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fol
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