Giáo trình ma sát học - Chương 2 pot

'." "·CHUONG 2~·
CHAT~UONG at M!T vA 'WA~Ar
"''''
.1.KhafI11.rri'vi'~'~~it,hic1nu hi m,., c;ac~r tinh. cd
bcinva ~n'g tIlai cli~chung:
lire;

' ~,,~a~ n'~fTh,gh~(,'fijS1lJ~~i~cMv. n,h~g ~hOng
56 ~ hinh hQc,
V~ tfnh chAt CO 1Yb6a cUa 1¢Jp bA m~t
mong cGng t1hLtU'ng sutft dLt trong Idp ~ m~t Ay. Khi
. ,~~ ,-~ , , ', "
ngh~i1 ,~.,d~nghQc cua sLJthay d6i chitt ILt<;'ng~ m~t
c1Ji\~t' may" ci1,nP,~~~
.J[~trfmg m~i,bcm,,~~, va ~ng
thai Iamv~c (~c~!nhW, nbQnQlt4~~
~'hSlt ~ng khi
ma sat)' H , ' , " '
1.1".1r'4nUtb.ii hinh 'h~ khj m~a4t~.'
;l. ~_,- .,
'r'- ,-; - ._~.;-·.Jt ~~·.:q-nj ~;r !-:.•: !
, SL[ sai ~hclR,,eu~~,Jrl~t tl:U/C,~ ·.vdi. b4, m~t Iy
. iU6rtQcO th~. cOd~n9, vr mO, vi,mO va ~i6u vi mO. ,
.>~•• J _ ,,_, ~ ,. ~
"
'" ","J~ilh~u "h,inh.hQc
VI mO"la nhql?Q,sai khc:ieeua M
"m~t' tr~n to,iln b¢ ,~i ~~ dQI8 nhung sai s6,~i quan,
.dltc;Soquan sat tr~ m~t kich ~lldc Idn nhlt d¢ sOng, d¢
Ovan ; "Hinh hQc vi mO" Iad~c tfnh
cUa hinh1da,ng va

k{ch thltOc cae nhAp.nhO b~ rn~t dlt<;JCq"'~,n sat tr~n m¢t
'd~n
tfCtl hlnh vuOng nho cO ~nh 'vai milimet; "Hinh hQe
si~u vi mO"~~q !tlIt!gyho.mQt da,ng nhtfp nhO d~e b~t
ma sL! xuAt h~n cO I~n quan vOi cfIu truc ~n trong kim
5
C',
Io~i va $I.!khOngAil~::thitFli@la chung. BiAnd~ng siAu
vi mOdLtc;JCnghiAn CUu tr~n cae do~n M m~t dai tu m~t
.6_~w1i _.tM6i 1rUdng.Bm~c tro,ng-v",~ ~txli~ cO
anh hLtbngIdn va cO th~ tresthanh quy6t~nh-d~.>phap
nhOeua b~n d~ng s~u vi mO.
,. ; '
~i~g."', IDOt,~Og oh~p ohO~~e bl4i,(I,p ta
~p hQPnllilng4iJ)h;(chOcW)va chAn (<;116 10m}, ~p di Jc1Ip
jO ~
liJicP.chu kYdo- JaJat hi6,ndao d¢ng cUamay, chi ~t va
dyng ~ k\;li-g~ @g .
• ;0 ,
•. ~~i;_. ;:'!:; ,.
• ~, f)~thi bitn ~ cUe ~rrn[ltgia cOng khi mai
Ei'; ~l t\•.r.
''C ,.·Pl'~~J\tQ.ng ~ m~t do cOng ngt)tl gia cOFlQ,Q4y6t
c1lnh·ccfarlllllll<JJg.sau ~e dtind~ !<klnSlr .d.",ngtitip
sau <Jo~Trang: qua,trmti lam .y~e, ,.b4 nw~40, (~c mc)t
. '," , ", r •- ("," ' ,'.•• '0 : <
cOngngh~) sa m~t di nhanh chong, hinh d~ng mdi cUa
~ m~t hinh thanh va khae vdi ~ m~t ban dim.
51.!hinh thanh b~n d~ng lam v~e khi ma sat cO
I~n quan vdi sl.! titin Wn qua trinh ~o dai eua cae th~

Uch
M mc)t kim Ioqi dLtditae dl:lng cUa Ltngsuat phap,
6
\fngil~Aetjpvc¥ qua trinh pha ho~leae IdpM> m~t
m6ngr;;b 'i- c, ,,'(
1~2eaG'tmh cm\t cd=lyb&ivi'tn,fts"tmti ft'ng'auit
cua cacto"
bi m4f: :::
Ngoai d~c Unh hinh hqc, chAt IltQllg ~ m~t chi
~r" • ; _;0:,.: ,'. '; ".:_ ,,-< r , t _.,' '_ r ,'_ . -; •
.t~t may,~h~LI~quyAt d"'h 'bcJitfnh chAt-'~'ly hoa.cua
"lOp b3rt1~frriOrrgvatrcfhg thciilfng'sU!fcUa ehurlg,cQic
l(;'p'rlAy ~drbtl~u ldily varefi~b Angstron d!nvai phim
tram hay phAn mltdi milimet dlt~d~'C
tntngbdi cliutruc
va cae tlnh chAt khae h~n so vdi kim I~i g6e cUa chi
tkit. vtiu t6 chlnh gffy nAn sL!thay d6i Unh chAt eua cac
Idp ~ m~t mong khi
sa dl:lng Ia bkin d~ng deo. Trong
qua trinh do xucit h~nSL! ~ trung reit Idn va khOng
dOngd~u nhung chOkhuytit va cae nguyAn
ta bj bkin vj,
gffy nAnsL!h~t hoa cae th~ Uch ~ ~t kim ~i va lam
phat tr~n hi~ntllQrlgfd;u)f'ro
ti"h, d~n'(!'h$\1 Oxy hOa
cae Idp ~ m~t ma sat cUa kim ~i trong cae d~u k~n
ma sat binh thltang Giing v~"nguy6n nh~n nciy, nhung
khi cae d~u ki~n sa dl:lng
-limh thUdRgbj pha huy sa g~y
nAn hitf1 tltQl1g,troc khOngcho phep. M¢t d~? Unhquan

trQngktlcil;lcua 't~ntfthai cae Idp b~ m~t mong Ia ~ng
'thai ,lh1gsuAfcua'bhuftg .Slfphat slntt ung suAt dtf cO
'CI~r{quariv~ c6ng ngh~ ChA~8!~~~f'""uS{r dljhg:
. - ~ - ,. ;!,t -1 ti 1 ~-:::; ~! .~-
:i
7
; ~ ;""'\ i>·
Ung suat dlJ khi ~- -ling suMdtt-khi bj hao rOOndo moi
Qua phc!mtich tra.1l9 .tJ;Jcij M m~t ya -e8C quan
d~m. otia cae thOngsO 'hJnh hQC va ¢8C tfnh ch~t Cd IY
hoa coo thay cOm& quan h~ huu Cd giua tit ca nhung
d~c tinh ay va anh hLlangIan nhau giua ~.~.rlg
, "' ', ", ,-~ .
1.3. T~ng thai ban d'ilCvii"~nlffhanam vi;c cua hi
m~t: .,',; ,
Khi chiu ma s~t, t~ng thai ban dilU v~ ~u truc
!tJnh .h~b6.~t va tinh,ehAt cUa:ca,e1pP W.mcltm6ng
, do c&I1g'hgh~:giacOhgu,o n~n se b!!thay d61~ cd ban.
Dltdi tacd~ng cua
cae YEiu'to :mcfsat ngoal(tal, trQ~g, .
tOe
dQ, ;rih~t ~¢, tnOi trLlOng:• ) t~ng thai b;~n~u:Se
ehu~l'lsan'g'l~ng that1am vi~e. T~ng ffi~m vi~ccua
M m~t khOng nhung chi xac dinh bang nhung d~c tfnh
cOn"~i -sau khi 60 'Mirna c6n~baf1gd rihung t~ay"d6i
diin ra ngay trong qua trinh ma sat. :• '
C8e y~u to chfnhanh hLlCJhg'ta~ng"thaib~ m~t
ma sat, eh~t ILI<;,ngb~ mc)tdl1<;scth~h~n':
8
IV

TRANG THAI
HlnhhQc ,
b6,,*-
ling sulrt
trongJOp b6 ~t
Tinh chAt
cUe
v$t I~u
TinhchMclS
mOi tllJ()ng
I8mY~
1.4. Nb~9thcing $0 thay lta CiUa chat Itt_a iiim,t
ma sat:
v~c ngh~n cliu t~ng thai d¢ng Illc hQccua b4
ro.~tlp6,th~dl1qc~n hc1mhbang eachdonh~t d¢ ung
suat va d~n th~,<t~gtrl1ng.
9
I I
1 : BAt t!Au lam ~c
2 : Ch~ d~ 6n<t:mh
, 3: $au khl thOI1at;,
D6Jbi ~ th~n nh~t dO~
"*khi me sat ngoiJi
Do bj nung1nongtrong thdi gian ma sat, cae lap
bj 'r11~tse bi~n no. ~c U'ng ,suttnen We thdi c:fllQC
hiOh thimttva-)la:~t·t1¢ ''X8cdlnh , chUng 00 th~ gay
n6n
6\t ~"ldeo kim ~i trang cae Ic;p b6 ~. Sal:Jkhl
bO tal va nguan c:fl,trang. Idp-Iam ~.nay,stnh aioUng
suAt keo dU ~nbang va aic lblg suAt nay sinh trang

phan cOn Iql cUa OOt d~ kim Io~i.
I
:Qua trinh lam v~c
if
06 thi b~n thi&1d~ 1M
(cp),cUa ~"'t R¥fS$
#Jeo thCIigiaq(~'
o 2 4 6 8 10 (OPhut
10
Khi t>atdciu lam vi~e cO sl! pha huy Idp mang
Oxyt il!,nhiaA ban cfAu . Sl! pha huy nay lam 'cho d~n
thi chuy6F1.rAtm~nnsang phfa~m. Sau dOs-,!d~n b~n
euaLma:~t tr9l1Qnhilng di~u ki~,n'binh thlldllg (II) lam
hinh thanh cae mang Oxyt thlJ eciplam tang
va' Ondinh
•• , f" :, f'
trj s6 cua d~n th~. DlIang GOngII d~e trllng cho sl! xu~t \
h~n qua trinh trOenguy h~rn t1ngvdi cae
gla trj eua tai '
trQng cao ha.' gla:tritdi h~n . Khi ~p ma sat lam ~e O~'
dinh bfnh ttl~a8c:~'truAg chu .Ytiu00& chAt IlIqng ~
~ m~t~l1~qoy~t(fl~h bhininh h~ clia cae b~nd~hg
sl6u vi
tM-viI tinh' ChAtr.::~icAl.i>itFOO'tfiu, ctrp tllon
. ungvOid"u~n ,masat de :Cho.',l-" ':' C~; •
, ,'V*emuY;n ~ m~t chi tkitmay sang t~ng thai
lam
v~e thl!e h~n dll~trong ph~m'Vi nhUng'h~n tLtc;1l1g
binh thllang. Khi nhilng d~u ~n binh tbuialgbi pha
h~i cO th~ xucit h~n nhltng h~n tllqng trOe va nhilng

qua 'lrinh cOh~i khae . B¢ ph~n ma sat cO
1h4 ra vao
I
m¢t ~ng thai nguy h~m lam g;am tinh tin ~y Jam~e
clia may mot. ,,' -
Khi ehuy~n tert~ng thai lam
v~e sang tr~ng thai
ron ~iclia.~:m~·cae d~e tinh hlnh hQegcin nhll ~n
:b30t6an:',lkhOng'oo nhltng thay
c161 'r6~ . Nhtlng tinh
chAt clia cae lOpmong ~ m~t bi thay dOidang k~. D~u
do x4y ra khi giam nh~t d~ trong cae th~ tich ~ m~t khi
be>tal. Ung sucit trong cae lap ~ m~t cOng bi thay dOi
rAt m~nh.
' " . ' .•. ~ " ,'
1.5. SlffOf'U'Uhoa chit Ilt9!1gba.J14ju,~ chit Itt~g
lam
vitc cua b6 m't.
11
, r." . ' : • ".",
NhBng h~u b~t v~ co hQe , v~t IY chAt ran, h6a IY
cae h~n tltc;tng
M m~t , IY thuy~t cat gQt, Jj' thu~t ma
sat mai mon cho phep n~u ~n nhung nguy~n t1e v~ kha
nang d~u·~n ch~t1~~r~·'~t
51! hinh thaNhchat l~g"M m~t, trong tnt8ng
hQJFt6ngquat phI! thu~c vao
ctl;hQci~'xue; d~ed~m
cUa
.ca-u We Mn'trong va dit\u~nrrt61:trttarig. 'Nhlt

v~y, d~ cO dltQc'chAt tlt<;JhgbA m~t c6ng ng~ cO IQj
nhat <Ainthl!e h~n cae y~u <Aiusau:
· cae~i d6~t1tIg"s{JAt oih' thoe man d~u kl~n
d~1"o f8~nhang bA m~t mOi vdI,sL! pha·h~i it nhat va
lam 18"g ~ b~h
dOng1c:Mu cae fdp b& Mtlt.' . >" ,C"
• Mal ~'ph8J'~ .·kha nang' lam gi8rn hang
lLtc;JhgtJe ~t ,;,smthoat cae bitin v! l&A'bA mc1ttd~ dang,
lam hoat-deo va dua cae
b;6n i~ng vao: nhOhg tdp M
m~t mongo
• " ~ ~mt~"'chM' ItI'~g tam v~e'cO ~. nhat , <Ain
hhOngy6u t6 sau:
• B~u
dO Li'ng suat p\:)u h1<'P v(li· ~e gism ~p
trung taltrQngngoai <1!n mli'c' Ian' flhM bSo dam ~o
thanh cae diii d~ va aiefdp mehg 0Xyt bi phci frtiy It
nhat ; :,~ ,., .
·;Mot trLt()ng'phal mlm bao "y~u cAu' ~c ~. h6a
b~n d~ng deo trong cae
«iIp b6m~t. '1 c- f
;V~e cO dUQC 'b~rl·'tt~ng Jam ~c cdl<'i nhat d~u
cO I~n quan <1~nb~n d~ng c6ng ngh~ ban<1au::Kf1i{f~u
~n au cbJng binh thltClng cU8~pma sat.,~p ghep b!
pha;~i, qua trinh phci h~lrhiingc!u tffib;thlt cAp"OO
th~'~il1d1iqua trinh bQo \I~ d1ung.1.nnn;tll'c;Jhg 1.1'00 va
12
I'"
trqc nhanh:)(u&ih~n,
no ~y ra'khiquatal 'Va man b6i

trdnQI gian~n,'-cht,aQ-:n~t bipha h~i. '
Slf pha huy qU.a'trinhrna w blnb ttJltCtlg gAy hLt.
A:1~g.<fhoJb6~t cOtM xuAt h~nkhivimg·4Itip xuc bi
.,j~~,WnJ' qua' tal .khj nUM;ail ,Ian gAy t\6n. $1/ .phahuy
,moi kern Jh@ ~,(;hinh, llhimh QlC vat nll'l bong,We Idp
kim Io~i va fil/hinbthanh cac chOlOm '
1.6.$11
Qp lUl1fLQHbl ~~ bi m,t ma sat :
M~t t'J~ctfnh m8,sat·ngoai fa st! rdi r~c cUa cac
!kip d~m CO RQCooa 2 bt\ milt,~·xuonhau,. tUy thu~c
vila 4"" kltA t@i1rqng
cac~,thOng;s6Iti6p xUG"se thay d6i
troog ph,m vi kbS ~lI(fi: vAltd6.phuo~p "".)(lie- cUa
cciQ~' milt ma sat, ;quy'~t,bi6n:\'ltM&ncH d~: 11nh cO
ban cUa chling, cAn phai dlfa tr~n co sc,:
,-,,·"N§hitn Cltu tinh mat va cac-th6ng sa tkipxuc
khi chiu tai trqng t6ng
va khi ma sabd.g;i1\UcMdtac
.,gYrnl.JMc,phapMll • tuy6n~,~.l' . " •
,j
:n6"- Nghi6n'eUU1SL!t~p xuccac'~ mEltvacac~n
~ ,-:QQflg.tng~ Ic¥.n._0 hay stt dl.:lng ' ;.
- Ph~n b~i cac quan n~m ~ slf tiAp xUc va
tllang tac Ctit" ca!;;~(mc)t\trong,nhij:ng'iqucrtrfnh ma sat
binh thudng va kh6'~r.ifth ijtu'CIitg ' :
- XAy.
d~g ",' hinA.'OOp xlictrong eMu' k~n ma
.·satbiAh·.U')UOng;
T.ep,xucilH!c,khOngdjjn rat'*' toan:~,d~tIch
~J?,xt;~,daol1 oghil ,mil. chi ;, ~ 56 d~tich ik\p.lxUc

vung ~klp; d~n 1ich'hinh hQC cUa c8cdlAmMp xuc
thlfc, ~n trong nhang di~n tich
c!ly hQPthilnh d~n t1ch
13
t~p xlie thL!e.Oi.n Uch Mp xlie se- quy~t dinh ap su~t
thL!e, sL! phat tr~n b~n d~ng deo cUa
dim hOi, sL! ~o
nh~t, cae I~n k~t ~o n~n lL!ema sat ngoili dltQChinh
thanh trAn nhO'ngph~n -OOpxlie thl}'e.
Tfnh rdi rqe eua cae' tkip d~m Cd hQe trang khi
ma sat cO
y nghia r~t ICIn.O~n Ueh t~p xlie thL!e se
quy~t djnh ap su~t tIlt!c,;-,Sl!phclittri6n cUe!'cae bi6n d~ng
deo va dim hOicling nhlt sl.!~o thanh nh~t. cae I~n k~t
bi':m~t ~
-ritrr 111e m9sal ngoiJi c1lt9chinh fhanh t~n
.nhO'ngpt1in'-Mpxuc trlfc tkip.
00 tt6pxuc 00 tinti r~$h6n1.J<tliphAn iiCtitlidng
tae cUacacbE\~t ngit(jJta,phA"b~t: '
1/ O~n Uch ti6p xlie danh nghfa
Sdn: La tlSng
hinhhQc
*Mt8ng d~n tieh'Mt' xLictht(C tl'cO th~ cO
dlt<;E.D~ tieb nAy
b; 'giatl~n otil:JI;'kfchthlt& va hinh
d~h!t'OO8"'C8t~tthiMp1(li~:_i
-2/D~n tich tl&pxLic v6ng Sv : la d~n tfch ~o n~n
.dosl!:bkind~g ooa cae ~ tiGhbA ~t eqc ~eua~t
'N.Stf,hihhthanh cua'Sv(flt~ qttytt <!fnft'b'a'cac'nhllp
nh6'ooabi ~t>ti!p xdc,w tai ttQl1g.

",1 .f"\IA~ t'-'o. 41A • th . '~." L' 4":""i'I I •~~.Iu" ~pxoc qC->"'t:':ua lv.~ cua'cac
d~'tfchttep me thl}'cl! t6 vf cUa vclt~ ;H~tf nay
quan n~m St iii ham cUa hinh dang':tfirffl'h~'cUa tUng
nh~p nhOr~ng
va tai trQngtae dlJng ~n chling.
Trong mQid~u k~n ma sat ngOat:tacO:' .
14
Sa d6tiAp xUc c lJa hai ~t
~itIM~ ,:!~o(n~(jIl!~ cO phl/dng phap 1h~c ngh~m
va
IY thuy6t <1ucho phep x8Ddfnh d~tfch tkip xLicthlfe
d¢ng cae rnOWnh,,&lt d4ng tfnh 1oan'it:oo co s6, cOn
thlfe nghi4m cO.~ dlinh xac thap, pbUc~pva chi dung
cho.~p xLictinh.
(nF:
,_Khititipxuc tihhdo':Q!) ~.hSl.lito hinhthanh
i~t,~;mg<Jinhtrr~d~c thu h~ncht'b""'m,hg va d~n
tich ~p xLiethlfe, cOn khkma -sat <1Qng
mAn .•daRg cUa
cav,~,J~ ~ mQn~va\~Jang:.rt)tf~p~:xue thlfe
. c.lkinranhiitu. Qua q~n S2itkifth-Win \Ii ta thAyring:
Kh6ng nmtrlgr biflh.hqc vi mO mile slt\u vi m61rong wng
titip xue cling thay t161,f6!htt, anhhubngt! vH>6 m~tkhi
cPjI,L;1;iit" khaeJ(aso
v¢l khLma,sat'.~ng. TCt do
kh~,djntl:,ti6pJxuctihl1 \18 ~pxdc idU.ma sat<1QngcO
~h ~
t>a
' .: " " ., •.• ~ r" . '\ , ' •
,, co auca;1;l FtJ j1 , Iii , . , " .

• 2. Ma &.it ngoai: . ;'.
2.1. Phin I~i :
Ma sat ngoai luOn luOn xuat h~n khi cO chuy~n
d¢ng tlldng <101eua cae v~t th~ tkip xuc nhau va cO
15
Utdng 'lac Cd hQc~OInhau.;~c trung cOiban fa Il[c ma
sat: IS Il[Ccan
tro d!ch chuy~n tLtdngd6~;;No IS k&t qua ,-
cUa nh~u.st!
tu'dngi t:i¢phttc ~p :kbab,trong do chu~ ~
ra qua trinh: Cd hqc hoa IY hqc, d~n hqc va cac qua
trinh khae. Quan h~ giua cae qua trinh nay cO th~ rat
khaG';:phl:lthu~cvao d~e tfnh tai tF'Qng,tfnh chAt cUa ~t
I~u va mOitntClng.
Ma'sat oofctnKfng ~ truy~n fl[c, truyAn ehuy~n
~ng, troy'n h~t d~ng cho Gic~ ~n mciy,gia <X!Ing
kim'~I, rMi"gla',COrigbt\ngap kfchay dA hiln v.v
Mcn~atb6n.1gAy tOnhaocOhg·suat, mai mon, hLthong
cacb& m~tt"pxlic., : ,; '-,'iI'
fe PhAn ~i theo~g h~c cU8'truy'nd¢ng c6:
Ma sat trlrQt,r:n~sat lan, ma sat quay.
" PhAnIoai theQ.tinh chat bOitrdn: cOma sat udt,
•. , ';r ; .,~. -
ma'sat khO,ma sat tOih~n.
,~ · PJtAn~i theo d¢ng Illc hqe khi ti6p xtie: <:6 ma
sat tillh, ma ~t d¢ng.
• ~hAn ~i theo ~u,? nang sa dl:lng: ,cOma sat
binh thLtdngva ma sat khOngblnh thLtdn{l. "
caQ y611 t6 ,anhhui:lngd!n ma sat Ia: ~t I~u, tai
;-'"" .>r~nJ·~Yr':~,'\;n~',-,- : _".~:- ,', ", ';~

trqngl,v~~ ~9 ~Ltc;n,mOi.trLtangnhLtchAt bOltreln, ~h~t
d¢ taffl ~c v. v: ;"" " ,
,'<t: ,.,'. ,,'-, ,
.K6t fueln:Ma sat ngoai rAt khac n"au
,TheoCulOng: F
== A + 'J,&N "
F:Il[cma sat .~ .
, a. ',.,,' ,; . -,:' .•
" A: Hang sOd~e trLtng.cho ,kha nang )l6n
p- , _ ":-" ,: ~~, _ l -
k~t giua'cae nguy~n tll.'
, .' JJ.:'·H~s6 masat .
N: Luc phap tuy'n
. " :"":
16
,ThttongA -kha nho do -m~t Mpxue ghO gh~, n6n
ta lAy : F :;.pN
COncOth6 coi I1!crna,satF la-m~t toantttA, phl:!
. tbu¢c sau:::., ",',:,
.' C;'-'; F(N)'=A {N, vie}
';-;- Wcdo e latham 50 th6 h~vv~t,,~u, d~u k~n
mOitrltdng.
M111'~YI nc);tmOng<phailaham cOduy n"leitN ma
no Ia m¢Hlam,hay 1 toan ta:cli8,qua trinh hay sinh tlng
va
i6h~t1ilyJlaykhaecUa,Nt ~n t6e v va vee tel cae
~ng ,s&ma sat c; T6ngqua1.:e8evdi6ukitln titip xue,Cd
nh~t cUa cae ~ m~t ma sai va mOII~eng:f, va ,N ~n
: quan.vDi n~u •.bang m~t toan ill' cUa,caeqUci'-trinhA.
MASAT

£)Ac TiNH" MAsAT fJNHtHUONG"J KHONGsiNH
. ,. ~ " T-HIXlNG
~~:~:=:::::::::::£iiii5~ik1§.:::.:: '::::: :.:.::::~:.:~."~:::;:·''.~~.~:.:'''~:: :;:~.:~~:::~:~: :
Hao mOn j.U1lJ1000m ma < 0,01 ,.:',,)ti tr" ,~1oo. j,
~.h:;.:~.:)_ : ; ;.::.:) :i.;.·· :_ •······· f· .'V (caDdO b6na) , . 10 +14' . 1 + 3
'.I ~. r~v . :' , t,~ -, " '
"~j~~l) ~a, sat ~hong b,!n,h,!tHrOngttiiJarWhJ~n
ct1uIy thuy6t bi6n vi: (;au true thl!e eua v~t ~R ~V~ mO
1aday du bang b~nl;.mfii('v3t ;t.~~'cR ~4~~9 tlnh th6,
dlt~ ~~e trltng bqt .m¢t b~n yi xc;i<t,?!Q~~~~ !f1~td¢ eua
no. B~n v! cho phep giai quy~j ~,.[(4~tltang tae Cd hQe
•• ' -". t 110
giQ~cc;i;e~ m~~J~J:l,Q"th~chQaqu~ n~m v~~n d~ng
~t Iy' ~!L.d~lli: ~m v~c, 9h9, p~ep phcit tr~n Iy
thuyAt troe dl!a tr~n Cd chA biAn vi, phat h~n ra nguy~n

nh:tn chung eho Sl! 0 xy h6a va ttoe k}li ma sat Ii! sll
h~t hoa kim ~i cae ~
~~t do sit phat tr~n cae sai
17
~ch cAu truc t1nhth~ khi b~n d~ng deo cho phep ngh~n
cuu cac h~n tLrc;snghinh thanh deiikhi masat va sl! 1.ci1o
thanh cac Ic.pmAy 0 xuyt bao v~~thU'c~p, tCtdo giai
••••.•.• r
quy~t dU'~ nhUng yA.n,~,;phuc~P'r9J8 Iy thuy~t qua
trinh, sl! pha huy ~i va
r.ar.' blt., ,ttr~g khac, can ph~m
cac h~n tLrc;tngma sat thanh 2 Ifnh vl!c : ma sat binh
thU'i:Jngva ma sat khOngbinh thU'ang.
2.2. Beln

Ghat Gua ma sat ngoai :
Tim h~u ban ch~t cAnth~t cho ~cXAy dlfng mO
hinh qua trinh, mOfa qua trinh nay v~ phU'dngd~n 1U'c;sng
va d~'kh~n sl! t~n ~n eus n6;'Ia' Cds6d~-giai quy~t
nh~u bai toan
IY thuy~t va thl!ct6 ~ cae vAn d~: chOng
man, chOngmasat.
~c-~hMI" euu;b~r.chAt ma sat
phuc 1.ci1P'II phal nghl~n cuu t6 hQP\~n-:~-;cac h~n
tU'Qtlg:'Vclf"ly,hoa, dl~h hQc va cae' hl~n tU'c;tngkhac
1ron'gvUni~p'xuc; . ,
a. Qua trinh ma sat blnh thlfOng;va khOng binh
th.U'dn g.,: n ~h~~, ~iu nh CI.n~ da.;.n~\ee~.' 'jJ!~dn ~
ta.,· c .kha~
nhauta slJ dAy ttfxa docac\!nAp' ~ ~g deo va
danhOrdJa cac nhAp nllO t~ vi,s:' khac phl:fcnhOng
tltdrig18cl~(hftac;hgLiy~ntlrd6nsl! Wc cUa kim~l,
d~n'~d;~thanh cae' n1angkhac nhau;·qu&"ntliAlulai
I~udiCi1his:'vOi m~t tal trQng phap tli~;dufnhAt cO
th' U'hg~- 00 tH~Lh19.vc;jnhi8u; gl8 It!1l!c ma sat rilt
khac nhau tuy thu¢e vao t6e:d~d'c'('Chuy'n ttIdng -d6i,
nh~t d¢ va mOitrU'i:Jng,n~n noi d~n h~ 50 ma sat khOng
cOnghia ma noi th~m ~ d~u k~n ma sat.
18
A B C D
t
.';:;"
.i r,' ".
,AB:fNJsat 0 xy:~~6n dinh,,~~,~, ~C?,h~tmai
~: !LIcma ~t giam xuOng

. '. ' .
~ehtft.mai pha va cac b~ m~t 0 xuyt ~o v~.
, ;:"D4n CD IJlc,ma sat~ng!k\n~, ".
:~n D.khOng cho h~t mili dUa.d6n!~l!Cma satF
6n dinh, bOi VI mang OxytduQCphlJc hOi,ch~4ctm'a-sat
./"
~n dAt:J ~i Y6P~~.\' ,i ,; 't,
, .•. ,' '.,- ~~~
! ~~.u kQ'-~g,dinh Ia ~lJg,1hU'cF(N) ;:;:A {N, v, C}
: ~'hgp
jy,;~a sat t).inh.:th~ IuOnJuOn~n U~nv(Ji ,qua
trIon,~~ )~\ va~j ;man nhat dint). g~,.~)c" qua
'~J,ri~.,p~ttn:b6lID~pn~~;hQa hqp, JWn. Cltd09 G1U.~c
, ,- -,'
~Qg,t~J~cmghen,n~t ~" ngh,i6n: ~u,tIlt\,·ditn ,9~,
ng~n. cUu·troOSJ ~I'lj~ng va~.~c:mOiJnrangkhf khac
nh~~
-dlla ita .kt\t quasau:/ ~." '~,'
~' ,
.'
19
A B C D
t
"1 ~ • '<_
,AB:mqsat 0 xX~~ dndinh~i~~,.Bi~,h~t mid
~: !L!cma s,atgiam xu~ng
~c hijt.ma,i pha va cac ~ m~t0 xuyt ~o v~.
'" E>4n CD Iij'c,ma sat;t,av,J1g, ~n.
. . ,- '.',- '("- ,.,",
:f~n D.khOngcho hqt mai dua.~n!~l!C .ma satF

6n d!nh, b6i
VI mang Oxyt dll<;fCphlJc h6i, ch~4~_m'a-sat
~n dA~ lcJi~p.~.\. ,!" 'I"~
,
.• ' . ~
QIt,u ~~g.·d!nh Ia ~OO,ijlli'C F(N)::;: A {N, v, C}
,~ hgp ij/il!lla sat t).inhJhl@ng'IuOnJuOnganU~nv~ ,Qua
trion,~~ ;~" var1)E1Lmonnhat dinh. g~ ~}c,.qua
,·-J,rioo.,p~~)~6'IID~Pfl~au~hPahqp, ~. Cl/Qlg G1U.tr~c
~Qg,tiaJ~~ghen.,n~L~,' ngh,iAn: wu,tij6 d~n~OrI
nght'n. oUu·troM ~1'1; ~ng va~J~c:mOiJnrdngkh(khac
nh~~iu'U'aita ;k~tquasaU:;f ~
20
21
;'-S-
O(~
1',1
'Lie
c/o
'3 ~tv~t I~;;
1:.Thep 45 - thep 45 (U)'ma;sat kho': ,
II: Y8A- Y8Ai(~ma &atkbo.:"· .,
UI: 38 XM A (thAm Nltd) - Cu 663 trong mOl
tntang bOltrcrl gidi h~nWdng tl! vdi ap 1t!c:
~t:1~n:Quan ~gitl'a h~ s6 ma sat va tal cO
~t (f~n ma-h~:S6,ma sat
hAu' nhU1dt6ftg ddlva nho
nhM, gQf~ ~y
iii do~nc6n
(ftnh:~n6n dinhganltan

vcli d~ng chu,8n'hoa va mat
r , .•.••
.' mon nM't4fnhcua ~ m~t
PlK91Cm2J . masat ~ng mal mon nay
xac d!nh bitng stfCAn bitng
d~g
cU8 qua trinh hOi ph~c
va pha h~t cae cAu true thl1 cap, do tit qua trinh Cd hOa
elIa mai mon 0 xy hOa, cOn cae qua trinh hll hong khOng
21
1 ~
cho phep Sa dl:lng ehu ytiu cO J~n quan dtin cae h~n
tU'Qngtree IoctJi1 loctJi2, xuat h~n khi di6u k~n can bang
d¢ng eua sl! hinh thanh va pha hoctJicae lap mang Iilao •
v~ thU' dp b! mat di. cae qua trinh ma sat binh thU'ang
rat phO biEinva
iii chti d¢ duy nhat cho' phep eua cae ehi
tltit may .
•
r
b. Quan h~ nang IU'Qngtrong qua trinh ma sat:
A =
Q + AE.
A : GOng 00a Rgoqi k!c .
• Q : H~uqua nh~t I~n quaO'tOi ma sat O'~i. .•.~
~.AE: Nang 1U'c;mghap thl:l, 1U'c;mgthay d6i n¢i naO'g
Qua trinh do nh~t bang phtldng phaJido nh~t
IU'CJI'1g,~n dl:lng ctinhfu~tO'hJllt d.O'g
t.
A, AE ; xcie dinh bang,thl!c ngb~m

-
e. Bl&o.d~·.aeo vclkdim hOi!'trong qua trinh: ma
sat: Ia$UCch6ng tac dl:lngngoc~·Hl{ccUacbAt
'k' ~t thE1
neo va bi6nd~g. aMin dctJngquytit dinh sl! ti~n triE1nma
satnt_ilva d!n.UJi.sl!' thay dOi d~n tfch tkip xLie
v~t!)i',
gtly ,f'S(hin9·:~c8c h~ tU'Qngd~n xuat, cOaO'h hU'6ng
quy~t dinh tc;Lstfhinh thanh Il!e ma"sat va pha huy cae
tOp b6m~t m(Utm6n~ va,hU' hong.lhuang dung thl!e
ngh~md~ xac dtnh.l*in d~O'gdeo .
• Phltdng phapdo b;~n d~O'g deo: gan
VaG chO
ct.O' do 1tenx~\!,~ r'
) r ,.,,- p~U'dr)gPh~P/~ang ph~n ta ha~ q~ang dan h6i:
-Uf. ~y v~t.~A. trongsuOt ~a s~t vaO·',V.lth~'cando ,
22
23
'" Phltn itch k1m~k Xef
v~ dlu true klm lo~i nhlt
m~ng, trltc;rt
-Do d~;cUng
bA ;.m~ti·:I', '
- Dung tia Rdn ghen.
- HO tam thlfe va quansat trl.!c'tf6p: bt>1eh~t hoa
va~ lI'fla sat
- Phudhg phap phcit~. ngo~i d~n tr" •.do d*" trCl.
Qua
d618 xaydt.Jhthinh anh vi mO~ng thai li'ng;$utJt
b~n d~ng phat h~n dltQCnh(]'ngCd ch~ tinh vi va d~e

thiJ aia,.bi6n,d~ng:deo khi ma sat va xAy dlfng mO hinh
biEinytttia:Mu truc lOpM mc11t'~tt~ ma"saL,Na m¢t
tait
qua qUail trqn§' I8l8msatlg to tihhtAt y6u; olia qua
trinh ~~dQjJ:khi ma'.scitbtnhttnfbng: ,va ~ng thai ung
sutJtbkin d~ng khi titip xLictfnh
va ma sat d¢ng rat khac
<
nhau.
d. 51.!dfnhl<4M,,~_u~4an khi ma satngoai:
tlIdI1gtae
v~tIYctta ~.~khi masat dltQequi dinh bOi
h~n tltQngdfnh k~t va kh",e;chtan.
- Dfnh ~t : Ia slf xutJth~n slf I~n k~t gi(]'aeae b~
mc11teua 2 ~t th~ khae t~ng thai ti~p xLic, Cd s" eua
tlldng tae dfnh Ia Ii~n k~t Van - dd - bac.
£)0 slf dfnh k~t
b~ng Ilfe hay cOngeach Iy 2 ~t tr~n m¢t ddn vi di~n Ueh
tkip xLic.
CO dfnh k~t thO,tOih~n va ltot.
CO dfnh k~t tihh, d¢ng.
Dfnh k~t tfnh Ia sue can chOngeach Iy ban dim.
Dfnh k~t d¢ng Ia sUecan chOngeach Iy " eac giai
d~n khac nhau clia qua trinh tang khe h" gi(]'ahai ~t.
- Llfe dfnh k~t: Ia IlfC can ehuy~n d¢ng tltdl1g dOi
eua 2 Yilt th~ t~p xuc nhau theo phltdng vuOnggoe
vOi
23
24
~ m~t t~p xuc. Xac dlnh Il;fc dfnh k!t kho khan vi IlfC

giam khi khoang each tang.
- Khu!ch tan: Anh hllSngtOLqua trinhma sat mai
mon kim lo~i.
HAngs6 khu!ch tan vaeac ~ ttianh hllang toi
no
Ia : Ban chcit cua kim ~i, dung dteh "'A(f~ ~o
r _ , • _ r J. _, r
thanh,dJu trucAitlb ~, 81f t;lAt.e4aog.:flq'hng '.• h~ se.
khu!ch tan,~.·~t; muc d~~x.~bhitUa:mlC~ng tlnh
.
th6.,· ,.::; ;
~, nay,ta dang ngh~ cUll trOcJc:hlma:sat dllQC
"xAydvng tr~n·QCIt$o
a:ie-qua'1trlnhikhutah:.t:in dOSlf h~t
;.:hOa maobyl~ Wit cacrl.4>6-·m~l""'~ aing' ~t
d~ kb••y6i,'~t dlAm va do sl! chuy6nkh6 ~I~Gl
.~ . ~.
" ';j
·H'
[;i
\
24