English Language Tests-Intermediate level''''s archiveGroup influences on the consumer pptx

English Language Tests-Intermediate level's archive
Group influences on the consumer
1. Dr. Lars Perner of the Marshall School of Business
reminds us that humans are social animals, and
individuals greatly influence each other.

incorrigibly
incredulously
inevitably
inherently
2. A useful framework of analysis of group influence on the
individual is the so-called 'reference group' — the term
comes because an individual uses a relevant group
as a standard against which oneself is compared.

about
from
out
up
3. Reference groups come in several different forms: the
reference group refers to those others against
whom one would like to compare oneself; for example,
many firms use athletes as spokespeople, and these
represent what many people would ideally like to be.

aspirational
deferential
experiential
potential
4. reference groups include people who more
realistically represent the individuals' current equals or

near-equals — e.g., coworkers, neighbors, or members of
churches, clubs, and organizations.

Aligned
Associative
Sociable
Societal
5. Finally, the reference group includes people that
the individual would not like to be like.

antisocial
dissociative
unaligned
unsociable
6. For example, the store named 'The Gap' was created
because many younger people wanted to actively be
distinguished from parents and other older and ' '
people.

elderly
hippy
uncool
unsquare
7. The Quality Paperback Book specifically suggests in its
advertising that its members are ' ' from conventional
readers of popular books.

a breed apart
a globe apart
a page apart

a race apart
8. Another divides reference groups into the
informational kind (influence is based almost entirely on
members' knowledge), normative kind (members influence
what is perceived to be 'right', 'proper', or 'responsible'), or
identification kind.

topicality
topology
typicality
typology
9. In case of the normative reference group, the individual
tends to comply largely for reasons-dressing
according to company standards is likely to help your
career, but there is no real motivation to dress that way
outside the job.

arcane
mundane
unitarian
utilitarian
10. In contrast, people comply with identification groups'
standards for the of belonging-for example, a
member of a religious group may wear a symbol even
outside the house of worship because the religion is a part
of the person's identity.

plan
point
sake

state