management training of teachers to meet the educational needs in secondary schools in the southeast

1
INTRODUCTION
1. Reasons for the theme
Training on social needs is an essential requirement in accordance with
the laws of the market economy and in accordance with the transition from
centralized planned economy to a market economy oriented socialism in our
country. It is the policy of the Party and State has been confirmed in the
documents of the Party and State's policy to provide qualified human resources
for the modernization, industrialization of the country. Thus, the transition from
training based on the availability of school to the needs of society is one of the
important changes, and basic necessity in education of universities in general
and pedagogical universities in particularly.
To implement the Resolution of Central Communist Party 2 Course 8,
The Conclusion of Central Communist Party 6 course 9 and the report of
conclusion number 242-TB/TW dated April 15, 2009 of Political Bureau
course 10 about continuing implementing the Resolution of Central Communist
Party 2 Course 8, The Conclusion number 51-KL/TW dated October 29, 2012
of the Executive Committee of Central Party course 11 about radical
comprehensive innovations in education and training to meet the requirements
of industrialization and modernization in terms of market economy oriented
socialism and international integration, The government has issued directive
(Directive 02/CT-TTg dated January 22, 2013) allocating to the ministries,
branches and localities to build the project, program, planning the network of
schools, training units, planning human resource, building policies, in an
urgent focus in 2013.
Teachers play an important role in the development of education, so
educational development strategy 2011-2020 has identified the solution
"Developing teachers and educational managers "is the main solution, which
“strengthening , improving the system of teacher training, innovating the
contents and methods of training basically and comprehensively and retraining
in order to form a team of teachers and educational managers having enough

quality to renovate school educational programs after 2015 " which is an
important content . The issue of innovation of models, programs, content,
methods and forms of training and retraining in pedagogical schools in order to
build a team of qualified teachers, especially pedagogical capacity is a new
point in the solutions of developing education.
In general, innovating educational management is not only requirements
but also educational goals of all countries in the world. In the current period in
Vietnam, it is considered a breakthrough solution to implement education
development strategy. One of the contents of this solution is “Focusing on
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management of educational quality: standardizing the output and quality
assurance conditions based on the application of new achievements in
educational science, technology and management sciences, gradually applying
standards of advanced countries; public educational quality, facilities, human
resources and finance of the educational institutions; implementing social
monitoring in educational quality and effectiveness of education, building the
independent auditing system on educational quality, to implement the audit of
educational quality in educational institutions at all levels, educational
programs of vocational education, universities".
In fact, in the Southeast region many graduates cannot find jobs or have
jobs but not in accordance with their majors (percentage of students who
employed in low percentage); in some regions like Ho Chi Minh City lacks for
teachers (academic year 2010-2011 hundreds of teacher shortage, in which
more than 300 primary school teachers). This proves that the training of teacher
education institutes does meet the needs of the society.
Many domestic and foreign writers have studied the theory and practice
of management training, but there are no studies on the management of teacher
training in the needs of society. So, with the desire to study fully training
teachers in the institutions, pedagogical faculties to meet the needs of the
economic regions in the South, firstly to be able to improve the management,

improve the quality of training in Ba Ria – Vung Tau Teacher Training
College, the writer has chosen "The management of teacher training to meet
the needs of secondary education in the Southeast" for the doctoral theme to
give the modest contribution to the renewal of higher education management.
2. Research objectives
On the basis of theoretical and practical research to propose the solutions
of teacher training management in pedagogical schools, pedagogical faculties
(in short pedagogical schools) to meet the needs of secondary education in the
Southeast.
3. Object and subject of study
3.1. Object of study
Teacher training activities meets the needs of secondary education in the
Southeast.
3.2. Subject of study
Management of teacher training meets the needs of secondary education in
the Southeast.
4. Scientific supposition
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- A framework of university level junior high school teacher training
curriculum should be promulgated. In addition, distinctive policies for
pedagogical branch and schools should be built up. These policies should
occupy the top position in the top national policy on education and training.
To the Provincial People’s Committee
All-rounded investment for local teacher training schools should be made,
which means the first-rate provincial policy in land projects, infrastructure,
facilities and the development of lecturers and management cadres should be
applied.
To the Department of Education and Training
The building up of the plans of developing education and training,
especially the teaching practice school system is necessary. In addition, there

should be more independence in the operation of the cooperation between
teacher training schools and general education schools, educational
management bodies in order to participate in the training management meeting
the needs of teaching staff in terms of quantity, quality and structure of
subjects.
To teacher training institutions
Solutions to training management innovation and training quality
improvement should be independently implemented. In addition, the initiative
should also be held in their suggestions with the Ministry of Education and
Training and in their counseling for the Provincial People’s Committee and the
Department of Education and Training to carry out the suggestions and
recommendations mentioned above with a view to making the solutions
feasible and effective.
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Training teachers to meet current needs and implementing innovative
educational program after 2015 has many difficulties and shortcomings,
especially management training activities.
If the basic theory and practice of training management is studied and
systemized well will propose the process of secondary teacher training
management,
and propose training management solutions to meet the needs of secondary
education in the Southeast.
5. The mission and scope of research
5.1. The mission
5.1.1. To research and systematize the basic theory about training secondary
school teacher management in the pedagogical schools to meet needs of
society.
5.1.2. To assess the status of training secondary school teacher management
in the pedagogical schools to meet the needs in the Southeast.
5.1.3. To propose the process of teacher training management to meet the

needs of secondary education in the Southeast.
5.1.4. To propose the solutions of teacher training management to meet the
needs of secondary education in the Southeast.
6. Methodology and research methods
6.1. Methodology
+ System approach
In the systems approach, teacher training management meets the
educational needs is studied in the relationship of the management of national
education system with social – economics branches; management functions;
training institutes; educational institutes. The training management solutions
based on the impact of factors affecting the supply relationship - for education.
+ Historical approach – logic
Historical approach - logic studies the basic problems in history in terms of
specific milestones, the weakness and causes, achievements, prospects and
logic of the system development. By this way, teacher training management
meets the needs of secondary education is considered by the time in the specific
history; retaining traditional values, completing, innovating and proposing
solutions to specific training management.
Process of teacher training management meets the needs of secondary
education is system steps, and should be built logically. Logical approach
shows the relationship and interplay of management solutions.
+ Market approach
Training the needs of the society is changed to fit the market economy and
international integration. Therefore, the solutions have to be built according to
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market approach and to comply with the market rules as the law of supply –
demand, value law, competition rules and integration trends.
+ Capacity of training units approach
Pedagogical schools supply teacher for educational units. The capacity of
pedagogical schools is the resources (staff, facilities, finance). It decides the

enrollment, and the quality of training.
6.2. Research methods
+ Methods of theoretical studies: collect the scientific materials,
magazines, books, websites, … related to analyze, generalize theories,
scientific view points to build the basic theory of teacher training management
meets the needs of education.
+ Methods of survey and fieldwork: Using social research techniques
such as interview questionnaires, direct interviews, seminars, field survey to
gather information, assess the status of the management of training teacher in
pedagogical schools and organizations and individuals involved in the region.
Survey of the thesis has been done on 336 secondary school teachers who
are graduates in 10 years (from 2000 to 2010), and on hundreds of students via
the internet.
+ Expert method: Refer to the advice of the experts working in training
management, educational management, experts of labor market research to
draw the experience of the teacher training.
Having referred to the planning project of development human resource
period 2011 - 2020 in 6 provinces in the region to collect data, data of
education and training of the regions; on that basis, in conjunction with the
survey in schools to build forecasts for the training and training management.
Having organized scientific conferences "Testing and evaluation of
student learning", "Innovation training management of credit system",
"Education, pedagogy skill, life skill for students " to collect the opinions of
scientists.
Having organized 3 conferences with Education, Home affairs
Departments and Teacher training college to consult with managers on issues
related.
+ The method of statistical analysis using SPSS software: Through the
data collected through the survey, statistical treatment (mainly with SPSS 11.5
software) to ensure accuracy, reliability of the conclusions.

7. Protection arguments
+ Management of secondary school teacher training to address the teacher
demand - supply relationship, the universalisation
of secondary education perfectively, especially in the Southeast - regional
economic development of the country.
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relevant bodies and units. Reality shows that there has been certain
improvement in the management of teacher training schools along with the
process of university education management innovation in accordance with the
educational needs and learners’ needs. However, the training management
mainly takes place at teacher training schools and the roles of other
management subjects besides teacher training schools have not been attached
due attention to. In addition, the teacher training schools themselves still have
difficulties in the innovation of objectives, contents, training syllabus, and the
selection of the method and training models for each branch of study and for
each training type. Moreover, there has not seen tight cooperation among
teacher training schools, educational establishments and other related units.
Besides, there is a lack of a certain kind of mechanism to put into use the
contents, the process of training management to meet the needs of quantity and
quality, and the structure of junior high school teaching staff.
Based on the review of the literature, the reality and the inheritance of the
studies by national and international researches and as well as the experience in
training and teacher training management of some countries in the world and
the examination of the education and training development schemes especially
the one for junior high school education of provinces and cities in the Southeast
during the period of 2011-2020, the thesis has put forward the process of
training management meeting the needs of junior high school teachers in the
Southeast in terms of quantity, quality and subject structure with 7 steps, from
identifying the needs of teachers to evaluating the training quality. As for the
carrying out of the training process, the thesis has offered six relevant

management solutions in which 2 focused on input management, 3 on process
management and the rest 1 on output management.
The thesis has also illustrated the results of one of the experimented
solutions which bring about positive results.
2. Recommendations
In order for the solutions of the teacher training management meeting the
social needs to be feasible and effective, the following suggestions and
recommendations are made.
To the Ministry of Education and Training
- The planning of a network of teacher training establishments should be
made in the way that gives way to teacher education universities to train
university lecturers with post-graduate levels and vocational school teachers
with university levels or post-graduate levels and local teacher training schools
to train general education teachers with university or college levels, and with
only university levels in the near future.
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equipment and apply information technology to their study and teaching
practice.
The supplementary courses help to provide students with enough
knowledge and skills to take full advantage of in their probationary trips.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Conclusion
Training and training management meeting the needs of the society have
become urgent because they meet the demands of the market economy and the
tendency of the development of training establishments. The task also marks a
turning point in university education innovation. It is; however, not simple to
put that belief into practice. Education establishments find it difficult to
“undergo a vigorous change” in accordance with the needs of the society due to
the lack of of such factors as a system of training criteria, syllabus, textbook,
and education forecast.

The thesis has studied and systematized a literature of junior high school
teacher training management that meets the social needs. That is to say, it has
pointed out that the nature of teacher training management in accordance with
the needs of the society is making supply meet demand based on the influence
of some factors on the subjects related to demand-supply system. The
distinctive principles of teacher training management in accordance with the
social needs is abiding the followings namely  the law of supply and demand,
 the law of quantity and quality and  the principle of synchronous operation
of education and training management subjects according to various
decentralization levels. The main contents of management are managing the
forming of training schemes and the forecasting of teachers in need;  carrying
out the training process which pays much attention to the innovation of the
objectives, syllabus, training contents and practicum;  putting into practice
the cooperation mechanism between teacher training schools and general
education schools, education management establishments and other relevant
bodies  evaluating the quality of student training thanks to their teaching at
general education schools after graduation.
The thesis has investigated the reality of junior high school teacher training
management in accordance with the needs of the Southeast by the use of
questionnaires, exchanging information and researching the relevant data.
Thanks to these, strengths and weaknesses in training management such as
building up the output standard, organizing the training process, evaluating the
training quality and the cooperation among teacher training schools and
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+ Teacher training management meets the needs of secondary education
need to have the connection between pedagogical institutes and secondary
schools. The content of training programs has to meet the requirements of
secondary education.
+ Pedagogical schools is "the student machine" of education department
so it has to be invested and has the priorities and develop appropriate model.

The specific nature of teacher training is to teach teachers how to teach,
become educators so the training process has specific characteristics.
+ Teacher training management meets the needs of society is not only the
task of the pedagogical schools but also the task of the others related.
Therefore, the training management solutions need to be synchronous from
input to output management.
8. New contributions of the thesis
+ Theory
Thesis systemize and clarify the important theoretical issues related to the
training management of secondary teacher education following the view point
"training to meet the needs of society" from the approach to the principles, the
contents and methods of management to build the training management
process.
+ Reality
- Thesis has assessed the current status of training, training management
in pedagogical schools; the demand for quantity, quality and structure training
majors as well as the coordination mechanism between the pedagogical and
state agencies in education - training, education institutions, related policies in
the South East to find out the problems and causes.
- The thesis has proposed training management solutions to meet the
needs of society with the specific pedagogy.
Chapter 1. The basic theory of secondary school teacher training
management meets the needs of the society
1.1. Overview of Research Issues
In the world, training meets the needs of the society has been done for a
long time. This is a strong change as a reform in higher education. Training and
training management for social needs are urgent, it is a landmark of innovation
in higher education. Researching this issue requires to mention many aspects of
training, training management, forecast and to identify the training needs of the
quantity, quality and structures of the majors.

The domestic and foreign researchers have studied 2 teacher training
models. They are parallel and serial training models, but no studies have
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confirmed the superiority of a Vietnamese model specific pressure for all
countries but that it depends on the conditions for the development of national
education, however, there are no models having been considered the best for
every country, but it is depends on the specific conditions of each country. In
Vietnam, serial training model has been doing in some training institutes and
has gotten some achievements, but it has not been widened and confirmed the
effectiveness.
Training management has been researched and proposed towards
decentralization, autonomy, self-responsibility, training management for the
needs asserts the importance of forecasting and determines the needs of trained
labor force. However, identifying needs and allocating of current training
follows the usual way that is the schools base on the manpower needs to
register with their own ministries or people committees of the provinces or
cities. The Education and Training Ministry builds the criteria and the schools
base on them to decide the number of enrollment. One of the conditions to
decide the member of enrollment is rate of full time students per lecturers. In
other words, training for current needs now only interests in the number but
pays less attention to the quality and structure.
1.2. Terms
1.2.1. Training to meet the needs of society
Training is to make a person well-qualified with specific criteria; it is
teaching and learning activities relating with moral education, personality to
meet the manpower needs of society.
Training to meet the needs of society is training for the requirement of the
labor market in terms of quantity, quality and major structures. The labor
market is the government, enterprises, collective and individual employers.
1.2.2. Training management

Management training is manage the training process at the educational
institutes it means to use the management functions to the impact on the
components of the training process in order to achieve the objective, and gain
the effective and quality training.
The training process is all activities from the input , the teaching process
and output - training products.
1.2.3. Management of training to meet the needs of the society
Management of training to meet the needs of the society is the
management of “supply” and “demand” the quantity and quality of manpower
in the society and job structure.
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3.7. An experiment of the solutions to the management and development of
training curriculum
In addition to general suggestions, specific suggestions applied in the
school year of 2010-2011 have made good contributions to adjusting the
curriculum of some majors as follows:
- All majors must supplement the courses of Life skill Education, 3
credits in which one credit is for Life skills for secondary school students;
another one is for Ways of learning at university (a separated part from General
Pedagogy) and the rest one is for Using Power, materials in an economical way
and using teaching equipment.
- Foreign language (English) must be incorporated in non-English major
classes. The teaching curriculum must match with that of the national
certificate examination training and the CEFR (Common European Framework
Reference) to create favorable conditions for students to meet the output
standard.
- Adjustments should be made to the course of Basic Information
Technology in the way that provides students with the use of some softwares
like PowerPoint, e-learning and other subject softwares.
- The course on Practical Teaching Methodology must be integrated into

Technology and Equipment Education
- The major of English Language Education needs to adjust some
courses in the way that suits the inter-college training and to be updated with
the general education curriculum especially English for 3 graders and textbooks
being used at general education schools. In addition, teaching practice should
be done both in primary and secondary schools so that graduates can teach
English both in general education schools and be in charge of some classes at
primary schools
+ Evaluation of the efficiency in carrying out the supplementary or new
curriculum
Although the last two academic years have only given enough time to
integrate into the school curriculum some innovations in some but not all
majors, there has seen positive training results and good evaluation from the
secondary schools where teaching practice is done.
As for foreign languages and information technology, students have
opportunities to take both the main courses and the extra courses at the center
of foreign languages and information technology. Thanks to this, the output
standard in terms of foreign language and information technology is
guaranteed. In addition, students are in a good position to use the teaching
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3.5. The relationship between solutions
The solutions to the building up the secondary teaching staff
programming, the development of the resources of pedagogical institutions, the
improvement of educational forecast and the development of training
curriculum; the bettering of school and quality management are the solutions of
training process management. The solution to the cooperation of educational
institutions and relevant bodies is the solution of output management.
These solutions have an interdependent relationship with each other.
Putting the input under control is the condition to manage the process; output
management reflects and facilitates the training management; the training

management decides the quality and the ability to fulfill the needs in terms of
quality, quantity and structure. As a result, solutions need to be taken seriously
and pedagogical institutions as the subjects of the training management should
be actively cooperate with other management subjects and relevant bodies in
their management process.
3.6. A survey on the necessity and feasibility of solutions
Findings show that the suggested solutions are necessary and feasible
(reaching level II and III)
No
Solutions
Necessity
degree
Feasibility
degree
1
Enhancing the ability of educational
forecast
Average
2.08
1.81
Level
II
II
Building up secondary school teacher
training scheme
Average
2.4
2.12
Level
III

II
2
Developing the resources of teacher
training institutions
Average
2.19
2.19
Level
II
II
3
Innovating the model and process of
organizing and training
Average
2.42
2.35
Level
III
III
4
Managing and developing training
curriculum
Average
1.96
1.94
Level
II
II
5
Improving the management and training

of pedagogical institutions
Average
2.08
2.29
Level
II
II
6
Establishing and coordinating the
cooperation between pedagogical
institutions and related organizations
Average
2.46
2.21
Level
III
II
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1.3. Management of teacher training to meet the needs of the society
1.3.1. Approaches
- To decentralize educational management
- To manage quality of education
- To base of the supply – demand rule
1.3.2. Principles of management of teacher training to meet the needs of
society
Beside the basic principles of management, management of teacher
training to meet the needs of society has to follow the supply – demand rule,
quality – quality rule and the control of the management masters basing on
decentralization.
1.3.3. Contents of management of teacher training to meet the needs of

society
Contents of management of teacher training to meet the needs of society
focuses on the management of building plans, training plans, training process
management; assesses the quality of training and implements cooperation with
other units and organizations involved.
1.3.4. Methods of management of teacher training to meet the needs of
society
Beside the traditional methods, training management for needs pays
much attention to using management models, using IT application and software
in all activities of management.
1.3.5. The factors affecting the training management to meet the needs of
secondary education
- The factors that influence training for needs at the macro level,
including: Market economy and integration, the development of society-
economy, the policies of development of education, the principles of education
and training criteria, recruitment and preferential policies.
- At the micro level: capacity of schools and teacher demand in the
provinces, cities and capacity of training institutes and ability to meet the
teacher demand in the provinces, cities and regions in the country.
1.4. International Experience
To apply international experience in teacher training in Vietnam is to
increase more time, knowledge and skill, especially, to spend more time on
teaching practice at schools; verification, certification and issuance of license
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on “the professional standards of teachers”; developing the model and
programs of teacher training oriented standards and professional competence,
making module of training program; focusing on training and increasing
standards of teachers; following strictly the process of assessing, monitoring
and reward; beside the main role of the government, another things have to be
paid attention such as: the management of pedagogical schools, teacher

training, programs management, content management, teacher remuneration
policies, especially the autonomy of schools, monitoring, assessing, increasing
the quality of education, promote the role the pedagogical schools.
Chapter 2 . The reality of the management of training secondary school
teachers in the South Eastern Vietnam
2.1. An Overview of the Southeast
The Southeast region consists of Ho Chi Minh City and 5 provinces, that
is, Ba Ria – Vung Tau, Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Tay Ninh with a
total area of 23,580 km2 (accounting for 7.13 % of the country), the population
is 14,067,361 (representing 16.34 % of the national population). The Southeast
is a dynamic economic region with stable, high pace of economic growth, a
leader in the industrialization, modernization and economic development of the
country. Therefore, compared to other parts of the country, the southeastern
provinces have more advantages in developing their education.
Along with the population growth, Southeast education thrives on school
system, non-state schools, national standard schools. The percentages of
students and of teachers are higher than the national average percentage.
The pedagogical institutions in the Southeast are Ba Ria – Vung Tau
Teacher Training college, Dong Nai university, Tay Ninh Teacher Training
College, Binh Phuoc Teacher Training College, the University of Saigon, Thu
Dau Mot University. The pedagogical colleges have developed relatively fast in
recent years, especially in terms of postgraduate staff team. Over the past 3
years, the percentage of postgraduate staff team has increased from 31.8 % to
56.2 %. Although it is higher than the national average percentage, the number
of doctors is small and unbalanced.
2.2. The reality of the management of training secondary school teachers
in the South East
2.2.1 . Training plan and demand forecast of secondary teachers
+ The provinces in the Southeast have made a plan of human resource
development and educational development by 2020, including plans to improve

and develop pedagogical institutions and annual forecasts of teacher demand.
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quality management. Priority should be given to various kinds of softwares in
training management.
- The three stages of assessing quality, ensuring quality and improving
quality should be done at the same time.
3.4.6. Establishing and coordinating the cooperation between pedagogical
institutions and related organizations
Support needs to be given to students in finding their jobs through the
media and the connection between training establishments, employers and
educational establishments. Institutions of education should inform students of
the criteria of recruitment and the number of people in need, the address and
the form of recruitment through meetings, notice boards, websites and at the
same time inform the establishments and employers of the ability to meet the
needs of teaching staff in terms of quantity, major structure, training quality
and graduation time through the Graduation Ceremony and Work Fair.
Recruitment decentralization should be consistent among local areas and
the recruitment should be granted to the very educational establishments in
need. The recruitment scheme should be done through competitive examination
to find out qualified teachers. Work assignment should be done following the
hope of the teachers in the near future.
Institutions of education need to make a work survey and evaluate the
quality of the graduates in a certain period of time. The survey can be
conducted through questionnaires, telephones, personal emails or direct
answers on the school websites. The time of work survey should last 2 years
after the graduation day of the students. As for quality assessment, it should
take place at least 5 years after the teaching probation of the student teachers.
Organizations and individuals especially general education schools can
also take part in the training process. Such activities as training scheme
building, entrance admission, regular practical teaching skills, teaching practice

and quality evaluation need to have the involvement of different subjects.
The exchange of lectures and teachers between institutions should be
step-by-step done. Priority should be given to the exchange between lecturers
of institutions of education and teachers of the schools where trainee teachers
do their teaching practice.
In order for all the things and solutions above to be well implemented,
much needs to be done to establish and run the relationship between teacher
training establishments, educational establishments and local educational
authorities. In addition, a system of information should be set up among these
establishments.
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ensuring the quality of foreign language and information technology as stated
in the aims of some currently carried out projects. Additionally, contents
related to compulsory education innovation should be integrated into teacher
training curriculum.
The building up up-to-date curriculum and approaching the advanced
curriculum of some countries in the region and in the world through training
cooperation, research result exchange and other academic activities has become
so essential. Actions need to be taken to gradually perfect the 4-year university
teacher training curriculum.
It is also vital to build up teacher training program in the forms of subject-
based training and regular training as well as build up teacher training
establishments where lecturers from colleges of education are the main force.
3.4.5.Improving the management and training of pedagogical institutions
- With colleges that have a small scale of students and majors,
decentralization should be made in the following order of priority: Teaching
Group, Training department and Departments and the group leader plays the
key role in this process. As for universities, “self-control” should be given to
departments and these departments must identify the principles of training,
from which activities to reach the goal and action plans are formed.

- Together with decentralization is decentralized power following the
rank and importance of the former. Departments and teaching groups are given
a high level of self-control in terms of academic matters such as bettering,
developing and carrying out training curriculum. The group leader is the
“leading bird” in academic activities, has more rights to decide academic
problems and is given top opportunities to perform his or her rights and duties.
The Training department is granted more rights to carry out their training and
testing process and keep the training and academic activities of the teaching
groups and departments under control.
- The culture of quality should be built up in the school. A change in
thinking and awareness should go first and then comes the solidarity in the
pedagogical staff and the competitiveness in working for the sake of quality.
- The system of criteria assessing the quality of teaching should be
upgraded in the way that decreases qualitative assessment and improves
quantitative assessment. Some criteria need supplementing so that they keep up
to date with Tertiary Education Law and the trends of development of
pedagogical majors.
- Progressive models of quality management should be taken full
advantage of. There should be a combination of progressive and traditional
9
The pedagogical institutions have developed the plan of training, retraining and
cultivating teachers on the basis of forecasts of education industry.
However, the pedagogical institutions are planning on developing into
multidisciplinary colleges and universities, weakening the role and position of
pedagogic sector. The planning has encountered difficulties due to inaccurate
forecasts, demographic changes, unstable policies and lack of coordination
between local authorities in the region; the forecasts of education industry are
sometimes not consistent with the enrollment plans of pedagogical schools.
+ The schools have built graduation standards for most academic majors
on the basis of training objectives of majors, including the amount of

knowledge needed to back learning, research and employment like foreign
languages, information technology. These graduation standards are publicized
on the websites or in the student handbook.
However, the graduation standards are largely qualitative and general.
Required graduation standards are not really in line with the target. Some
majors and graduation standards have been adjusted in terms of knowledge,
skills and attitude but their objectives have not been changed accordingly.
2.2.2. The management of training process
2.2.2.1. Implementing the models of training secondary school teachers
Like other parts of the country, in recent years the schools in the region have
implemented 3 models of training secondary school teachers. However, the
strengths and limitations of each model have not been identified.
2.2.2.2 . Managing enrollment
Most college and university admissions are based on the result of national
university entrance exams organized by the Ministry of Education and
Training. Tay Ninh pedagogical college administers its exam based on the
exam papers of the Ministry of Education and Training. Saigon university and
Thu Dau Mot University admit students nationwide. The university of Dong
Nai and pedagogical colleges admit their local students. Universities organize
exams to enroll students at university level but enroll students at college level
by considering the grades they got from national university entrance exams.
Most of them consider students’ expectation 2. Pedagogical colleges consider
students’ expectation 1 and 2 but mainly the former.
After enrollment, students take courses as registered or take elective
courses after finishing compulsory general education.
2.2.2.3 . Managing training activities
+ Training Programs
10
The present college- level pedagogical curriculum framework consists of
168-169 units at least (not including Physical Education and Military

Education) called general education (used for a group of similar majors or for a
single major), professional knowledge(used for a group of similar majors, for a
single major), additional knowledge and practicum.
Based on the curriculum framework, the schools design their training
programs in the way that develops additional knowledge and electives.
However, training programs between schools differ significantly in most
majors.
The survey on the appropriate level of training shows that according to
alumni of pedagogical colleges, the training program is quite suitable in terms
of theory, practice and practicum. Considering the specific majors, the survey
reveals that no majors have very suitable theory, natural majors have suitable
theory and social majors have relatively suitable theory. In addition, no majors
have very suitable practice, 3 out of 23 majors (13%) have unsuitable practice
and no majors have very suitable practicum.
+ Practicum
Because there are few junior high schools specially founded for practicum
(only 3 schools in the regions, one of which belongs to its pedagogical
institution), teaching practice mainly takes place in junior high schools for 6 to
9 weeks. The content and form of practicum is slow in innovation .
+ Testing and assessment
The regional schools have different rules about the weight of the
components of assessment. In most schools, teachers administer mid-term tests
while final tests are administered by the faculties or schools.
The survey on the exam format shows that ‘open-ended’ questions
account for 51.36 %, while ‘closed-ended’ questions account for only 2.97 %
and mixed questions 45.67 %. In mixed questions, the weight of ‘open-ended’
questions account for less than 30 %. This shows that the importance ‘open-
ended’ questions is not stressed because the answers of ‘open-ended’ questions
are time-consuming and provoke arguments and because both teachers and
students are used to testing what is taught directly by teachers.

Assessment of training quality has been given importance. There have
been some initial changes such as innovations in the content and form of testing
and evaluation. However, student evaluation results depend basically on the
subjectivity of teachers , so the results don’t sometimes reflect the true quality
of training.
2.2.2.4 . Training results
15
As part of the motives of teachers is salary, subsidies and reward scheme,
these should be paid great attention to. The position of teachers as “the best
solution to attract and keep an enough number of people with good
personalities in the teaching career” needs to be improved.
The policy of full or partial remission of school fee does not mean a lot in
contemporary days but it even degrades the image of pedagogical college
students. What is important to attract good college students-to-be is the output
policy such as jobs and careers and income. There should be great consistence
in pedagogical majors and especially pedagogical schools.
3.4.3. Innovating the model and process of organizing and training
Local colleges of education focus on parallel training. Such majors as
Information technology, Foreign languages and Aptitude (Musical Education,
Fine Arts, and Physical Education) can make training a continuum to timely
meet the needs of teachers in charge. In addition, standardized training and
regular fostering of professional competence should be organized for these
teachers. Universities which train secondary school teachers can have
continuous training in some majors. However, it is necessary to reconstruct the
training curriculum especially the teaching methodology of various subjects
and specialized knowledge. Inter-college training should be used with great
care and attention. In case there is no need to standardize the teaching staff, this
kind of inter-college training should only be used to improve the standard of
teachers.
The training and organization process is to “force” students to self-study,

lecturers to do scientific research and enterprises to participate. Pedagogically
practicing schools should be built in teacher training establishments. There
should be a good relationship between teacher training establishments and local
secondary schools and also a good cooperation between pedagogical colleges,
local authorities and secondary schools to encourage the schools and teachers
in the local area to take part in teacher training (guiding students to practice and
to go on probationary trips). Moreover, the role of the schools where student
teachers do their teaching practice to better their teaching skills should be
reinforced and improved.
3.4.4.Managing and developing training curriculum
The output standard should be step-by-step improved in accordance with
the school, national, regional and global standard.
The designing of the teacher training curriculum in an open way should
be made, which means the content and structure of the curriculum will lay a
great emphasis on developing teachers’ professional competence and
importance should be attached to training pedagogical skills for teachers,
14
Provinces with universities will step by step train university level. The period
of 2016 and 2020 will pave the way to training university level.
Together with new training is standardized training and raising
standardized level in accordance with the requirements of the provincially and
nationally-standardized schools and the Strategies of educational development
as well as upgrading teachers’ professional knowledge and competence. This
has a key role to play in ensuring the qualified teaching staff.
The solutions to the matter of building up the teaching staff programming
with a great focus on programming the network of teacher training institutions
and encouraging the cooperation of these institutions with educational
governing bodies and secondary schools in the regular training for teachers to
meet the increasing needs of career development in the local area. In addition, a
network of educational establishments fostering and developing secondary

teachers’ competence should be set up nation-wide and local-wide.
3.4.2. Developing the resources of teacher training institutions
The mobilization of resources requires the cooperation of enterprises and
employers but the government plays the most important role in this process.
The implementation of the doctorate program for lecturers at institutions
and pedagogical departments needs accelerating. In addition, the application of
information technology in teaching and learning needs to be enhanced.
Moreover, innovation in teaching methodology in the way that facilitates
learners’ awareness and innovation in testing and assessment in teacher training
that aims to improve teachers’ competence should be made. The results of
teachers’ teaching from the viewpoint of the students should be used
efficiently.
The training of lecturers and their competence in foreign language,
information technology, testing and assessment and designing syllabus should
be built up. Lecturers should make innovations in their teaching method, which
helps the students with not only “how to learn” but also “how to teach”.
Therefore, the lecturers should usually pay visits to educational establishments
and pioneer in the educational innovation that integrates the methodology in
educational establishments. Lecturers must also be good teachers at schools of
other levels and educational establishments.
During the 2011-2015 period, infrastructure above the national standard
level in terms of land area, construction floor area, classrooms, laboratories
should be invested. And during the period from 2016 to 2020, investment in
developing the schools that nearly meet the local and world standard should be
made.
11
On average, each year, the pedagogical colleges in the South East train a
total of 1,500 to 2,000 secondary school teachers, basically meeting the needs
of teachers in terms of quantity and required level. However there has been
imbalance in academic disciplines and thus the need of the local education has

not been met.
2.2.3. The collaboration between the pedagogical colleges and other
authorities involved
The pedagogical schools actively work with the Department of Education,
the Office of Education in terms of enrollment, formal training and teaching
practice. However, this collaboration is reluctant and people involved have no
liability.
The pedagogical colleges, secondary schools and education authorities
have not cooperated with each other on regulating and developing training
programs. Most changes have been made by the pedagogical colleges.
There is no or little collaboration between the pedagogical colleges and
employment agencies due to decentralization and no coordination mechanism.
2.2.4 . Assessing the quality of graduates
The pedagogical colleges in general, the Southeastern pedagogical
colleges in particular have implemented accreditation required by the Ministry
of Education and Training through self-assessment. The self-assessment which
is new to schools is done by school councils based on certain criteria.
Managing the quality of colleges is currently just in the form of self-
assessment and is at the stage of quality checks. The implementation of next
stages like quality assurance and quality improvement is problematic and its
results are not clear.
A survey shows that graduates put their knowledge and skills in practice
relatively well at the rate of 57.61 %.Thus alumni suppose that training helps
them work better. If the program is improved more, it will surely help
graduates to work more effectively.
Some schools have evaluated the quality of graduates by means of their
teaching at secondary schools, which is an important guide for pedagogical
institutions to adjust their goals, academic programs and other management and
training activities to meet the need to improve the quality of teachers. However,
this activity is mainly based on students’ feedback through a employment

survey based on different criteria according to the requirements of each school.
There is no evaluation from educational institutions and education authorities to
ensure objectivity.
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Chapter 3: Solutions to the training of teachers meeting the
educational needs of secondary schools in the Southeast
3.1. Orientation to education development in Southeast
3.1.1. Orientation to socio-economic development
In July 2012, the government approved the “Socio-economic General
Planning in Southeast Vietnam towards the year of 2020” with a view to
developing Southeast Vietnam into a proactive region, which lays the
foundation for the better socio-economic development in comparison with the
national average GDP. In addition, the planning also aims to transfer the area to
a center of economy, finance and commerce of the whole country and the
region as well as a pioneer in the process of industrialization and modernization
of the nation. Accordingly, the economic growth is of about 9.5-10% per year
in the years from 2011 to 2020. And by the end of the year 2020, GDP per
capita is to reach 6,400 USD at least and the area’s contribution to the national
budget during the stage will be approximately between 50% and 55%.
Based on the approved regional socio-economic planning, the southeast
provinces and cities have had their own schedules for the socio-economic
development in the years from 2011 to 2015 and towards the year 2020 as well.
3.1.2. Orientation to secondary school education development
The orientation to secondary school education development of provinces
and cities in the Southeast is maintaining and improving the quality of
compulsory education and the quality of education at various levels,
standardizing the teaching staff, increasing the number of teachers above the
standardized level, which all make good contributions to bringing about basic
changes in educational quality, efficiency and scale and fulfilling the mission of
compulsory secondary education.

3.2. Principles in offering solutions
Solutions to the renovation of secondary school teacher management and
training should be offered with great reference to not only the general
management principles and the principles of supply and demand, quantity and
quality, decentralized management but also the principles of meeting the needs
of the regional socio-economic development and the education and training
development as well as the principles of reality, feasibility and the principles
that meet the current regulations of the Ministry of Education and Training.
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3.3. The process of managing and training teachers meeting the needs of
secondary school education
3.4. Solutions to the management and training of teachers meeting the
needs of secondary school education in the Southeast
3.4.1. Enhancing the ability of foreseeing and building up secondary school
teacher training scheme
In order to make good predictions about education, centers researching
teachers and developing macroscopic forecast research serving the forming of
teacher policy and strategies in improving pedagogical systems should be
established. This will bring about an increase in the quality and efficiency of
training.
During the years of 2011 and 2015, much importance should be attached
to the standardization of college levels to meet the needs of secondary school
teachers in terms of quantity and subject structure. In addition, the quality of
graduate training should be focused on, guaranteed and gradually enhanced.
1. Identify the needs of junior high school teachers
2. Evaluate the training of pedagogical institutions
3. Identify the Input
4. Organize educational and training activities
5. Evaluate the training results
6. Give support to the graduates

7. Evaluate the training quality