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quiet/quite
QUIET/QUITE
This is probably caused by a slip of the fingers more often than by a slip of the mental gears, but one
often sees “quite” (very) substituted for “quiet” (shhh!). This is one of those common errors your
spelling checker will not catch, so look out for it.
List of errors
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quote
QUOTE
A passage doesn’t become a quote (or—better—"quotation") until you’ve quoted it. The only time to
refer to a “quote” is when you are referring to someone quoting something. When referring to the
original words, simply call it a passage.
List of errors
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quotation marks
QUOTATION MARKS
The examples below are set off in order to avoid confusion over the use of single and double
quotation marks.
There are many ways to go wrong with quotation marks. They are often used ironically:
She ran around with a bunch of “intellectuals.”
The quotation marks around “intellectuals” indicate that the writer believes that these are in fact so-
called intellectuals, not real intellectuals at all. The ironic use of quotation marks is very much
overdone, and is usually a sign of laziness indicating that the writer has not bothered to find the
precise word or expression necessary.
Advertisers unfortunately tend to use quotation marks merely for emphasis:
“FRESH” TOMATOES
59 CENTS A POUND
The influence of the more common ironic usage tends to make the reader question whether these
tomatoes are really fresh. Underlining, bold lettering, all caps—there are several less ambiguous
ways to emphasize words than placing them between quotation marks.
In American usage, single quotation marks are used normally only for quoted words and phrases

within quotations.
Angela had the nerve to tell me “When I saw ‘BYOB’ on your invitation, I assumed it
meant ‘Bring Your Old Boyfriend’.”
British usage tends to reverse this relationship, with single quotation marks being standard and
double ones being used only for quotations within quotations. (The English also call quotation marks
“inverted commas,” though only the opening quotation mark is actually inverted—and flipped, as
well.)
Single quotation marks are also used in linguistic, phonetic, and philosophical studies to surround
words and phrases under discussion; but the common practice of using single quotation marks for
short phrases and words and double ones for complete sentences is otherwise an error.
Block quotations like this should not be surrounded by any quotation marks at all. (A
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quotation marks
passage this short should not be rendered as a block quotation; you need at least three
lines of verse or five lines of prose to justify a block quotation.) Normally you should
leave extra space above and below a block quotation.
When quoting a long passage involving more than one paragraph, quotation marks go at the
beginning of each paragraph, but at the end of only the final one. Dialogue in which the speaker
changes with each paragraph has each speech enclosed in its own quotation marks.
Titles of books and other long works that might be printed as books are usually italicized (except, for
some reason, in newspapers); but the titles of short poems, stories, essays, and other works that would
be more commonly printed within larger works (anthologies, collections, periodicals, etc.) are
enclosed in quotation marks.
There are different patterns for regulating how quotation marks relate to other punctuation. Find out
which one your teacher or editor prefers and use it, or choose one of your own liking, but stick to it
consistently. One widely accepted authority in America is the Chicago Manual of Style, whose
guidelines are outlined below. English, Canadian, Australian and other writers in British-influenced
countries should be aware that their national patterns will be quite different, and variable.
In standard American practice, commas are placed inside quotation marks:
I spent the morning reading Faulkner’s “Barn Burning,” which seemed to be about a

pyromaniac.
Periods are also normally placed inside quotation marks (with the exception of terms being defined,
see above). Colons and semicolons, however, are preceded by quotation marks.
If the quoted matter ends with a question mark or exclamation point, it is placed inside the quotation
marks:
John asked, “When’s dinner?”
But if it is the enclosing sentence which asks the question, then the question mark comes after the
quotation marks:
What did she mean, John wondered, by saying “as soon as you make it”?
Similarly:
Fred shouted, “Look out for the bull!”
but
When I was subsequently gored, all Timmy said was “this is kinda boring”!
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quotation marks
Finally, I must lament that many standard character sets, including ASCII and basic HTML, lack true
quotation marks which curl to enclose the quoted matter, substituting instead ugly “inch” or “ditto”
marks. Some browsers can translate the code for a true quotation mark (and true, curled apostrophes),
but many cannot.
List of errors
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racism
RACISM
The “C” in “racism” and “racist” is pronounced as a simple “S” sound, Don’t confuse it with the
“SH” sound in “racial."
List of errors
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rack/wrack
RACK/WRACK
If you are racked with pain or you feel nerve-racked, you are feeling as if you were being stretched on

that Medieval instrument of torture, the rack. You rack your brains when you stretch them vigorously
to search out the truth like a torturer. “Wrack” has to do with ruinous accidents, so if the stock market
is wracked by rumors of imminent recession, it’s wrecked.
List of errors
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ran/run
RAN/RUN
Computer programmers have been heard to say “the program” s been ran,” when what they mean is
“the program” s been run."
List of errors
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rapport
RAPPORT
Many more people hear this word, meaning “affinity,” than read it, judging by the popularity of
various popular misspellings such as "rapore” and “rapoire.” If you get along really well with
someone, the two of you have rapport.
List of errors
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ratio
RATIO
A ratio is a way of expressing the relationship between one number and another. If there is one
teacher to fifty students, the teacher/student ratio is one to fifty, and the student/teacher ratio fifty to
one. If a very dense but wealthy prince were being tutored by fifty teachers, the teacher/student ratio
would be fifty to one, and the student/teacher ratio would be one to fifty. As you can see, the order in
which the numbers are compared is important.
The ratios discussed so far are “high"—the difference between the numbers is large. The lowest
possible ratio is one to one: one teacher to one student. If you are campaigning for more individual
attention in the classroom, you want a higher number of teachers, but a lower student/teacher ratio.
List of errors
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rationale/rationalization
RATIONALE/RATIONALIZATION
When you’re explaining the reasoning behind your position, you’re presenting your rationale. But if
you’re just making up some lame excuse to make your position appear better—whether to yourself or
others—you’re engaging in rationalization.
List of errors
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