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PICNIC
permanent
(not -ant)
permissible
perseverance
(not
perser-)
personal
or
personnel?
Sarah
has
taken
all her
PERSONAL
belongings with
her.
She
was
upset
by a
barrage
of
PERSONAL
remarks.
All
the
PERSONNEL
will
be
trained

in first
aid.
Write
to the
PERSONNEL
officer
and see if a
vacancy
is
coming
up.
(Note
the
spelling
of
personnel
with
-nn-)
Note
Personnel
Officers
are now
often called Human
Resources
Officers.
perspicacity
or
perspicuity?
PERSPICACITY
=

discernment, shrewdness,
clearness
of
understanding
PERSPICUITY
=
lucidity, clearness
of
expression
phenomenon
(singular) phenomena (plural)
See
FOREIGN PLURALS.
physical
physically
physique
Piccadilly
piccalilli
picnic
picnicked, picnicking, picnicker
See
SOFT
c
AND
SOFT
G.
159
PIECE
piece
See

PEACE
OR
PIECE?.
pieriod
Wrong spelling.
See
PERIOD.
pigmy/pygmy
(singular) pigmies/pygmies (plural)
pining
or
pinning?
pine
+ing
=
pining
pin + ing =
pinning
See
ADDING
ENDINGS
(i),
(ii).
plateau
(singular) plateaus
or
plateaux (plural)
See
FOREIGN
PLURALS.

plausible
pleasant
(not
plesant)
pleasure
plural
See
SINGULAR
OR
PLURAL?.
plurals
(i)
Most
words form their plural
by
adding
-s:
door
doors;
word
words;
bag
bags;
rainbow
rainbows; shop shops;
car
cars
(ii)
Words ending
in a

sibilant
(a
hissing sound)
add
-es
to
form their plural. This adds
a
syllable
to
their pronunciation
and so you can
always hear
when this
has
happened:
bus
buses;
box
boxes;
fez
fezes/fezzes;
bench
benches; bush bushes; hutch hutches.
(iii)
Words ending
in -y are a
special case. Look
at
the

letter that precedes
the final -y. If the
word
ends
in
vowel
+ y,
just
add -s to
form
the
plural
(vowels:
a, e, i, o, u):
160
day
days
donkey donkeys
boy
boys
guy
guys
If
the
word
ends
in
consonant
+ y,
change

the
y
to i, and add
-es:
lobby
lobbies
opportunity opportunities
body bodies
century
centuries
This
rule
is
well worth learning
by
heart. There
are
no
exceptions. Remember
an
easy example
as
a
key
like
boy/boys.
(iv)
Words ending
in -o
generally

add -s to
form
the
plural:
piano pianos
banjo
banjos
studio studios
soprano
sopranos
photo
photos
kimono kimonos
There
are
nine exceptions which
add
-es:
domino dominoes
echo echoes
embargo embargoes
hero
heroes
mosquito mosquitoes
no
noes
potato
potatoes
tomato tomatoes
torpedo

torpedoes
About
a
dozen words
can be
either
-s or -es and
so
you'll
be
safe
with these. Interestingly, some
of
these words until recently have required
-es
161
PLURALS
PLURALS
(words like cargo, mango, memento, volcano).
The
trend
is
towards
the
regular
-s
ending
and
some
words

are in a
transitional stage.
(v)
Words ending
in -f and -fe
generally
add -s to
form
the
plural:
roof roofs
cliff cliffs
handkerchief handkerchiefs
carafe
carafes
giraffe
giraffes
There
are
13
exceptions which
end in
-ves
in the
plural.
You can
always hear when this
is the
case,
but

here
is the
complete list
for
reference:
knife/knives;
life/lives; wife/wives;
elf/elves;
self/selves;
shelf/s
helves;
calf/calves;
half/halves;
leaf/leaves;
sheaf/sheaves;
thief/thieves;
loaf/loaves;
wolf/wolves.
Four
words
can be
either
-fs or
-ves:
hoofs/hooves;
scarfs/scarves;
turfs/turves;
wharfs/wharves.
(vi)
Some nouns

are
quite irregular
in the
formation
of
their plural.
Some
words
don't
change:
aircraft,
cannon, bison, cod, deer, sheep, trout
Some
have
a
choice about changing
or
staying
the
same
in the
plural:
buffalo
or
buffaloes
Eskimo
or
Eskimos
Other everyday
words

have very peculiar plurals
which perhaps
we
take
for
granted:
man
men ox
oxen
woman
women
mouse mice
162
POSSIBLE
OR
PROBABLE?
child children louse lice
foot
feet
die
dice
goose
geese
After
goose/geese, mongoose/mongooses seems
very strange
but is
correct.
See
also

FOREIGN PLURALS.
pneumonia
possability
Wrong spelling.
See
POSSIBILITY.
possable
Wrong spelling.
See
POSSIBLE.
possess
possessed, possessing
possession
possessive apostrophes
See
APOSTROPHES
(ii),
(iii).
possessive pronouns
No
apostrophes
are
needed
with possessive
pronouns:
That
is
MINE.
That
is

OURS.
That
is
THINE.
That
is
YOURS.
That
is
HERS.
That
is
THEIRS.
That
is
HIS.
That
is
ITS.
possessor
possibility
possible
(not
-able)
possible
or
probable?
POSSIBLE
=
could happen

PROBABLE
=
very likely
to
happen
163
POTATO
potato
(singular) potatoes (plural)
See
PLURALS
(iv).
practical
or
practicable?
A
PRACTICAL
person
is one who is
good
at
doing
and
making things.
A
PRACTICAL
suggestion
is a
sensible, realistic
one

that
is
likely
to
succeed.
A
PRACTICABLE
suggestion
is
merely
one
that will
work.
The
word
'practicable'
means
'able
to be put
into
practice'.
It
does
not
carry
all the
additional
meanings
of
'practical'.

practice
or
practise?
Use
these exemplar sentences
as a
guide:
PRACTICE
makes perfect.
An
hour's
PRACTICE
every
day
will yield returns.
The
young doctor
has
built
up a
busy
PRACTICE.
In
the
examples above,
'practice'
is a
noun.
You
should

PRACTISE
every day.
PRACTISE
now!
In
these examples,
'practise'
is a
verb.
precede
or
proceed?
PRECEDE
= to go in
front
of
PROCEED
= to
carry
on,
especially
after
having
stopped
prefer
preferred,
preferring, preference
See
ADDING ENDINGS (iv).
prehaps

Wrong
spelling.
See
PERHAPS.
prejudice
(not
predjudice)
164