Safety at Work 6 E Part 19 docx

Index 1055
Occupiers:
and civil liability, 160–1
liability of, 43–4, 92–4
Office of Fair Trading (OFT), 134–5,
137, 138
Offices, early safety legislation, 37
Ohm’s law, 774
Orders, regulations and statutes,
1015–22
Orders (subpoenas), 21
Organic compounds, 655, 656
Organic dusts, pneumoconiosis from,
455
Organic vapour analyser, 501
Organisational theory, 214–17
Herzberg’s theory of job
motivation, 215–16
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human
Needs, 214–15
organisational techniques, 217–20
Organisations providing safety
information, 1014–15
Owners, duties of, 52
Oxygen:
effects of starvation, 431–2
and fire, 672
normal requirements, 471–2
oxygen analyser, 502–3
response to deficiency, 473
Pacemakers, 437

Pancreas, 441
Pascal, 544
Passive smoking, 43
Pearson Commission, 81
Pecuniary/non-pecuniary losses,
153–5
Per Curiam, 18
Per incuriam, 18
Performance evaluation and
appraisal, risk, 257–9
Permits to work (PTW):
chemicals, 883–5
electrical, 779, 783–4, 784–5
Personal hygiene, 515
Personal injury:
claims, Pro-Action Protocol, 152
HSW definition, 58
Personal protection from risk, 181
Personal protective equipment (PPE):
air pollution, 515–22
chemicals, 857–9
construction sites, 842–7
for electricity, 779
legal requirements, 612
Persuasive decisions, 17
Pesticides, diseases from, 464–5
Peterson, D.C., 200
Petroleum spirit:
construction sites, 846
legislation for, 63

Phons, 546
Phosgene, effects of, 471
Photokeratitis, 538
Physical danger,
immediate/long-term, 198
Physiology and anatomy see Human
body, structure and functions
Pitch, cancer from, 453–4
Pitot-static tube, 579–80
Planned maintenance, and risk
management, 251
Planning, for health and safety, 246–8
Plant:
employer’s liability for, 164
HSW definition, 58
Plant design, and ergonomics, 640
Plant and equipment, examination of:
Approved Codes of Practice
(ACoP), 796
competent persons, 812–13
electrical equipment and
installations, 795, 810–11
food equipment cleanliness, 63
gas containers, 795–6
history of, 793–4
legislation, 794, 795
pipelines, 795–6
power presses and press brakes,
806–8
reporting, statutory requirements,

813–14
testing, 668
unfired pressure vessels and
pipework, 800
ventilation, 808–10
see also Boilers; Cranes;
Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment;
Pressure systems
1056 Index
Pleading guilty, 22
Pneumoconiosis, 454–6, 472
Pneumonia, and cancer, 473
Poisons, in body, 431, 445–6
Political influences, 78–9
Pollution:
control and environmental
protection, 196
legislation for, 61–2
see also Air
pollution/sampling/control;
Chemicals and the
environment; Environmental
issues/management/legislation;
Workplace pollution, heat and
ventilation
Polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) fumes,
463
Pontiac fever, 485
Positive reinforcement, 391–3
Powered trucks:

HSE lighting guidance booklet, 751
operator training, 750
safe operating conditions, 750–4
Precedent, judicial, 17, 156
Premises:
for food, cleanliness, 63
HSW definition, 59
Prescribed Industrial
Diseases/Benefits, 142–3
Presses and press brakes, 806–8
examination and testing, 806–8
power press regulations, 807
Pressure, physical, definition, 658, 664
Pressure systems:
codes of practice and guidance
notes, 796
and competent persons, 812–13
definition, 795
examinations, 765
for experimental purposes, 762
fired and heated vessels, 762
pipeline examination, 795–6
piping, 762
Pressure Equipment Directive, 760
record keeping, 765–6
regulations for safe use, 763–6,
794–6
rigid construction examination,
795–6
transportable gas container

examination, 795–6
unfired vessels, 762
see also Boilers
Pricing offences, 123–6
Private nuisance, 157–8
Privileged/not privileged documents,
21
Pro-Action Protocol for personal
injury, 152
Procurators-fiscal, 4
Product liability, 132–4
and loss control, 196–7
Product recall, product safety, 128, 130
Product safety:
development risks defence, 133
EU information exchange, 129
food and medicines, 131–2
forfeiture orders, 131
notices to warn, 130
producer/distributor obligations,
127–8
product recall, 128, 130
Prohibition Notices, 56, 60, 130, 189
regulations for, 131, 132
safe, definition of, 128
Suspension Notices, 130–1
Prohibition Notices, 56, 189
fire, 60
goods, 130
Project design/commissioning, for

health and safety, 246–8
Proportionality, principal of, 29
Protective clothing see Personal
protective equipment (PPE)
Proteins, 429
Protons, 524, 651
Psychological danger,
immediate/long-term, 198
Public expectations, 78
Public law, 5–7
Public Liability insurance, 150–1
Public nuisance, 157–8
Punishment reinforcement, 392
Purposive interpretations of EU law, 32
Quality:
fair quality, 127
goods and services, 127
merchantable quality, 127
Index 1057
Quality culture, 80–1
Quality, environment, safety and
health (QUENSH) management
systems, 248–50
Quality and safety, 249–50
Quality systems, and BSI EN ISO
9001, 249
Quantum of damage, 151–5
Quantum meruit, and contracts, 87
Quarries:
early safety legislation, 38

legislation, 61, 846
Queen’s Bench, 11
Quota hopping, 27
Race discrimination laws, 100–1
occupational exceptions, 101
Radiation, 524–42
absorbed dose, 528
activity of a radionuclide, 527
acute radiation syndrome, 478
approved dosimetry service (ADS),
534
and cancer, 527
Chernobyl incident, 898–9
contamination meters, 531–3
control principles, 479
dose limits, 478–9, 533–5
dose rate meters, 532
dose-response relationship,
898–9
effective dose, 528
effects of, 477
electric and magnetic fields,
539–41
environmental hazards, 898–9
equivalent dose, 528
incidents and emergencies, 537
infrared, 539
internal, 478
International Commission on
Radiological Protection (ICRP),

528–9, 536
ionising radiation, 525–7
biological effects, 526–7
lasers, 539
legal requirements, 533–6
long term effects, 478
monitoring, 530–3
National Arrangements for
Incidents involving
Radioactivity (NAIR), 537
National Radiological Protection
Board (NRPB), 536–7
nature of, 476–7
non-ionising, 537–41
optical, 538–9
pregnant women, 533
protection:
from external radiation, 530
from internal radiation, 530
principles, 528–33
quantities and units, 527–8
Radiation Protection Advisers
(RPAs), 534–5, 537
Radiation Protection Supervisor
(RPS), 535
radiation type fire detectors, 683
radioactivity, 525, 526
structure of matter, 524–5
tissue sensitivity, 477
transport regulations, 536

ultraviolet, 538–9
United Nations Scientific
Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR),
898
Ramazzini, on trade diseases (early),
422
Ratio decidendi, 17, 18, 30, 156
Reasonableness, test of, 107
Reasonably practical, meaning of, 306
Reduced Earnings Allowance, 143
Redundancy, 113–14
guidelines for employers, 114
Reflectance factor, 583
Regulations, statutes and orders,
1016–23
Remedies, contracts, 86–7
Renewable versus non-renewable
energy, 992–3
Repair, contracts for, 91
Repetitive strain injury (RSI), 606,
639
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and
Dangerous Occurrences
Regulations (RIDDOR), 299–303
Reports, writing, accidents, 289–91
Representation, 8
1058 Index
Res ipsa loquitur:
as a defence, 147

and negligence, 159
Residual current devices (RCDs), 780,
781, 789–90
Respirators, types of, 518, 519
Respiratory protective equipment
(RPE), chemicals, 858–9
Respiratory system/diseases see
Lungs
RIDDOR (Reporting of Injuries,
Diseases and Dangerous
Occurrences Regulations),
299–303
Right to silence, 22
Risk:
aggregated accident and incident
data, 192–3
definitions, 176, 188–9
perception of risk, 179–80
and personal protection, 181
pure and speculative, 190
risk avoidance, 192
risk probability, 231
risk substitution, 181
risk transfer, 192
short/long term, 232
single accidents and incidents, 192–3
societal risks, 245
see also Behavioural modification
and risk management; Danger;
Hazards

Risk assessment, 81–2
checklist method, 880
chemical plants, 878–81
definition, 176
Dow-Mond index, 880
fault tree analysis (FTA), 179,
243–4, 881, 200.292
performance evaluation and
appraisal, 257–9
probabilistic risk assessment, 244–6
public perception of, 78
risk assessment, 191, 230–2, 358–9
risk estimation, definition, 176
risk evaluation, 191
definition, 176
risk rating, 179, 231, 232
risk scales and probability, 364–5
‘what-if’ method, 880
Risk management organisation and
administration, 205–26
for 21st century, 184–6
acceptable risk level, 179, 361
by accident costing, 253–5
administrative and documentation,
217–18
assessment and administrative
processes, 217
audit, 183–4
authority, 210–11
basic concepts, 175–6

bureaucracy, problems of, 221–4
conflict, problems of, 222–3
control assessment, 232
control strategies, 180–4, 191–3
cost benefit analysis, 256
cost effectiveness of, 253–6
and damage control, 252–3
financial accountability, 257–8
focus, loss of, 224
formal structures, 207–9
delayering, 208–9
HSE guidance, 182–4
informal structures, 209–10
loss control profiling, 259–61
and maintenance systems, 251
management processes, 181–4
meeting structures, 218–20
motivational theory, 257–8
organisation structure models,
206–10
organisational techniques, 217–20
organisational theory, 214–17
planned maintenance, 251–2
planning and implementing, 183
power, 211–12
quality circles, 213–14
risk elimination, 180–1
risk identification, 191, 227–30
risk magnitude, 230
risk reduction, 181

risk reduction/loss control, 192–3
role and process, 190–1
roles and responsibilities, 210–12
safe systems of work, 237–8, 238–9
and safety cultures, 220–1
specialists, roll of, 224–5
trade union representation, 219
work groups, 212–14
Index 1059
see also Accident prevention; Health
and safety; Job safety; Loss
control; Safety management;
System safety
Road traffic legislation, 62
Robens Committee/Report, 38, 50,
67–8
Royal Assent, 31
Safe use of machinery see Machinery,
safe use of
Safety advisers, 202, 203, 321
Safety committees, 219–20, 322
Safety cultures, 80, 220–1, 413–15
CBI features for, 413–14
Safety, goods see Product safety
safety information, organisations
providing, 1013–14
Safety legislation:
absolute and strict liability, 40–1
before Health and Safety at Work
Act, 37–8

EU influence, 39–40
Health and Safety at Work Act,
38–41
International Safety Rating System,
322–3
mines, 38, 61
petroleum spirit, 63
quarries, 38, 61
standards of duty, 40–1
Safety management:
assessment techniques, 319–22
audit questions, 321
audit systems, 322–4
benchmarking, 326–7
and common law, 305–6
good housekeeping for, 315–19
HSE management model, 306–10
learning organisations, 325–7
legal obligations, 305–6
local assessment systems, 309–10
regulation implementation, 310–15
key steps, 310–12
MHOR implementation, 310,
313–14
organising, 312–13
progress measurement, 313–15
safety culture, 384–5
safety policies, 52
safety rules, 382–4
safety systems and incidents, 324–5

small organisations, 327–8
and statute law, 306
training, 382
see also Risk management
organisation and
administration; System safety
Safety representatives, 104–5
Sales:
by sample, 91
implied terms, 91
laws of, 90–2
Sampling see Air
pollution/sampling/control
Scaffolding, 834–5
British Standard Code of Practice,
834
decking, 834
guard rails, 834
ladders, 835
mobile towers, 836, 837
Scots Law Times (SLT), 18
Scrotum, cancer of, 452–3
Security, and loss control, 195
Self-employed person, HSW
definition, 59
Self-regulation, 70–1
Sensitisers, 452
Services:
fair quality, 127
and false descriptions, 121–3

Sessions Cases (SC), 18
Severe Disablement Allowance, 143
Sewers, safety with, 832–3
Sex discrimination laws, 98–100
and equal opportunities, 99
occupational exceptions, 99–100
pregnancy and maternity, 100
Sex glands, 442
Shaftesbury, Earl, on humanitarian
legislation, 422
Sheriff Court, 8, 13, 14
Sickness see Occupational diseases
Sight, defects to, 353–4
Signs and signals, ergonomics of,
645–6
Silencers, 559–60
Silicosis, 456–7
1060 Index
Skin, 442–3
barrier creams, 521–2
illnesses/diseases, 451–4, 488
Smell, 440–1
defects to, 353–4
Smoke detectors, 679–82
see also Fire alarms, detectors and
protection measures
Smoking:
as a fire hazards, 676–7
and health, 445, 475
Sneezing, 444

Social expectations, 77
Societal risks, 245
Society of Industrial Emergency
Services Officers (SIESO), 888
Sodium lamps, 584, 585
Solicitor General, 25
Solicitors, and representation, 8
Solids:
expansion, 662
latent heat of fusion, 662
physical properties, 662–3
Solvents, diseases from, 465–9
Sound:
amplitude, 544–6
decibel, 548
frequency, 546
level meters, 550–2
loudness, 546–7
octave bands, 548
power levels, 549–50
sound pressure level (SPL), 544–5
transmission, 550
weighting curves, 548–9
see also Hearing; noise
Space, working environment, 633
Special (hazardous) waste, 926, 940–2,
973, 975–6
Specialists, role of, 224–5
Spinal column, 620–4
Spontaneous combustion/ignition

temperature, 673
Sprinkler fire protection systems,
696–7
SREDIM principle, 233–5
Stain detector tubes, 493–8
Standards:
European, 75–6
harmonisation in Europe, 75–6
Standards of duty, 40–1
Stare decesis, 17
State of the art, as a defence, 151
State industrial injury benefit, 3
State insurance schemes, 142
Static electricity, 782, 785
Statute law, 306
Statutes, regulations and orders,
1015–22
Statutory accident book, 427
Statutory enactments, contravention
of, 114
Statutory interpretation, 32
Statutory nuisances, 62, 961
Statutory Sick Pay, 142
Steam see Boilers; Pressure systems
Stipendiary magistrates, 24
Stop now orders, 138
Stress in people:
causes of, 370–1, 487–8
effects, 441
and ergonomics, 607, 643–4

and the incident model, 408–10
Stress, tensile, compressive, shear,
bending, 665–7
Strict liability offence, 121
Structure of matter, 651–3
Substance, HSW definition, 59
Substances, duties on suppliers of,
53
Successful Health and Safety
Management (HSE), 248
Sulphur dioxide, effects of, 471
Summary trials, 8
Supervision, employer’s liability for,
164–5
Suppliers’ obligations, 53
Suspension:
employee, 88
on medical grounds, 88
Suspension Notices, Goods, 130–1
Sustainable development, 895–8
System safety:
engineering, 243
methods of analysis, 239–40
principles, 238
system conceptual phase, 239
system design/engineering phase,
239
system disposal phase, 239
Index 1061
system operational phase, 239

systems diagrams, 240–1
systems theory and design,
240–2
see also Safety legislation; Safety
management
Tankers, chemical:
legislation, 871–2
off-loading, 869–70
Taste, 440–1
defects to, 353–4
Taylor, F.W., 597
Teeth, illnesses with causes, 489
Temperature, 657–8
working environment, 633–4
Tendinitis, 607
Tenosynovitis, 482, 607
Teratogenesis, 444
Testing:
plant and machinery, 668
see also Plant and equipment,
examination of
Tetrachloroethylene, toxic effects, 469
Thackrah, Dr C.T., on children in
factories, 422
Thermal environment, working in,
482
Third parties on site, duty to, 43–4
Third party liability, 151
Threshold Limit Values (TLV):
air sampling, 505

derivation of, 511
Thyroid gland, 441
Time Weighted Average (TWA)
concentrations, air pollution, 508
Toluene, toxic effects, 469
Tort:
of breach of statutory duty, 42–3
definition, 7
negligence, 41–2, 43, 158–9
nuisance, 157–8
and strict liability, 41
trespass, 157
Touch, defects to, 353–4
Toxicology, 447–51
acute effects tests, 448
carcinogenicity tests, 448–9
chronic effect tests, 448
effects, 449
epidemiology, 450–1
excretion, 449–50
factors affecting, 450
metabolism, 449
no-adverse-effect level, 450
portals of entry, 449
and solvents, 466
Trade Unions:
employees rights to membership,
89
representation on safety
committees, 52, 219

Transport, chemicals, 871–2
off-loading, 869–70
Treaty of European Union 1991, 27, 33
Treaty of Rome, 33
Trend analysis:
accident/incident data, 271–9
for data comparisons, 277–8
with steady state, 272–6
with variable conditions, 276–7
Trespass:
by children, 150
and civil liability, 157
Trichloroethylene:
harmful effects, 467
Maximum Exposure Limit (MEL),
468
properties and metabolism, 466–8
risk prevention, 468
Tuberculosis, 486
Tungsten halogen lights, 585
Tyndall (dust) lamp, 810
Ultraviolet radiation, 538–9
Unfair contract terms, 136–8
Unions, and safety
consultation/representation,
104–5
Vagus nerve, 435
Vanadium, illness and diseases from,
464
Vane anemometer, 578, 579

Vehicle safety legislation, 62
1062 Index
Ventilation control of a workplace
environment, 575–7, 637–8
asbestos dust control, 809
asbestos and lead requirements, 809
chemicals, 857
COSHH inspection requirements,
808–9
dilution ventilation, 514, 576–7
extract ventilation, 575–6
local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 514
performance assessment, 577–80
pitot-static tube, 579–80
statutory examination, 808–10
tests, 810
Tyndall (dust) lamp, 810
vane anemometer, 578, 579
Vibration, 564–6
effects of, 565
and ergonomics, 642–3
machinery isolation, 565–6
vibration white finger (VWF), 476,
565, 833
damage claims for, 149–50
Vicarious liability, 146
Vinyl chloride monomer, 475
Visual display units/terminals (vdts)
see Display screen equipment
(DSE)

Visual impairment, 611
Volenti non fit injuria, 44
as a defence, 147, 167
Volume, 658
Warnings, and disciplinary
procedures, 106
Washing facilities, construction sites,
845
Waste management, 921–54
best option selection, 929–30
Best Practicable Environmental
Option (BPEO), 905, 927
categorisation of waste, 928–9
clinical waste, 926
common offences, 952–3
contractor selection, 976–7
controlled waste, 61, 925–6, 973,
975
cost of failure to manage, 953–4
definition of waste, 924–6
Department of the Environment
Food and Rural Affairs
(DEFRA), 954
difficult waste, 926
disposal issues, 992
duty of care, 930–2, 975–6
audit, 977–82
off-site waste, 939–40
England and Wales strategies,
923–4

environmental agencies’
responsibilities, 922–3
Framework Waste Directive, 926
handling and deliveries, 934
hazardous (special) waste, 926,
940–2, 973, 975–6
Approved Code of Practice on
Test Methods, 941
Approved Guide to the
Classification and Labelling
of Substances and
Preparations Dangerous for
Supply, 940–1
Approved Supply List, 940, 941
off-site, 940–1
history, 921–2
household waste, 925
identification of waste streams, 928
industrial waste, 925
and integrated pollution control
(IPC), 961
international waste transfers, 942
labelling of containers, 933
legislation, 922
licensing, 932–3
national strategies, 923–4
off-site waste management, 938–42
planning on-site management,
930–8
practical steps, 927–42

prevention of contravention by
another person, 931
prevention of escape of waste from
control, 931
reuse/recycling industrial waste,
982
Scottish strategy, 924
storage of waste, 933
transfer of waste considerations,
931–2
Index 1063
waste disposal, 961, 973–82
waste disposal authorities, 922–3
waste management hierarchy,
895–8, 926–7
waste management strategy
development, 974–5
waste packaging offences, 953
waste producer responsibilities,
981–2
waste regulation offences, 953
see also Air
pollution/sampling/control;
Chemicals and the
environment; Environmental
issues/management/legislation;
Environmental Protection Act
(EPA); Water pollution
Waste minimisation, 942–51
benefits of, 943

employee information and
awareness, 944
feasibility of options, 948–50
inventory control, 944
management considerations, 943–4
mass conservation principle, 946
material handling, 944
performance monitoring, 951
practical implementation, 945–51
preventative maintenance, 944
process modifications, 944
project implementation, 950
raw material substitution, 945
re-use and recycling, 945
senior management commitment,
943
spillage and leakage prevention,
944
staff training, 951
target and time scale setting, 950–1
techniques, 943–5
waste segregation, 944
waste source identification, 945–8
waste stream prioritising, 948
Water:
on fires, 657
in human body, 429–30
Water pollution, 970–2
’Consent to Discharge Trade
Effluent’ from water service

companies, 934
controlled waters, 971
effluent discharge, 971–2
effluent subject to specific controls,
936–7
emergency response procedures,
934
groundwater pollution, 972–3
liquid waste on-site, 934–8
Mogden Formula, 937–8, 998
RED/BLACK/GREY lists, 970
sewer discharge, 971–2
spillage procedures, 934, 935
trade effluent, 934–8
treatment works, 936
water abstraction offences, 952
Water Industries Act, 970
water pollution offences, 952
Water Resources Act, 970
water service companies,
936–7
Waterman L., recommendations to
directors, 185
Weekly Law Reports (WLR), 18
Weil’s disease, 833
Welfare facilities, construction sites,
841–2
Whirling hygrometer, 504
White Papers, 32
Whitworth, Sir J., 793

Witnesses, 22–3
Woolf Report Access to Justice, 19
Work:
energy and power, 663–4
first aid at, 427–8
health risks at, 425
HSW definition, 58
Work related upper limb disorders
(WRULD), 482–3, 606–9
from display screen equipment
(DSE), 607–9, 611
physiology of, 606–7
Work-related stress, 409
Working environment, 631–8
cleanliness, 632
colour, 632–3
humidity, 635
lighting, 635–7
space, 633
temperature, 633–4
ventilation, 637–8
1064 Index
Working Group on the Assessment of
Toxic Chemicals (WATCH), 506
Working time directives (EU), 28, 105
Workmen’s compensation scheme, 141
Workplace inspections, 228
Workplace pollution, heat and
ventilation, 568–80
airborne dust measurement, 569–72

airborne gases and vapours
measurement, 572
maximum exposure limits, 574
standards, 573–4
thermal environment measurement,
572–3
time weighted average (TWA), 569
time weighted average (TWA)
values, 574
units and recommendations, 574
ventilation control, 575–7
ventilation performance assessment,
577–80
wet and dry bulb temperature
measurement, 573
see also Air
pollution/sampling/control
Writer’s cramp, 482
Written safety policy, 52
X-rays, 526
Young persons:
and Employment law, 102–3
employment of, 102–3
Young’s modulus, 665
Zinc fume fever, 463