TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH NÔNG NGHIỆP – PHẦN 6 pptx

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1. people wishing to grow organic foods do not purchase land which has been used to grow
bananas, sugar cane or deciduous fruit,……………these crops will have been heavily
doses with biocides.
2. This means they continue to exist unchanged in the soil……………they cannot move into
one of the cycles of matter.
3. Plants and crops die……………they are unable to tolerate the high salt levels.
4. Microclimates can be a rich source of diversity, ……………your design should take
advantage of them rather than eliminate them.
5. Aquaculture is also one of the most efficient methods of obtaining high quality animal
protein……………fish are cold-blooded and do not use energy for body warmth,
therefore they require less food per body weight.
6. In temperate and tropical systems more aquaculture systems are needed to ameliorate
environmental stress……………they will absorb excess nutrients, filter some toxins, and
supply a wider range of cultivated products.
B. Combine the following pairs to make complex sentences
a. The community was allowed to have a multiple occupancy title to their land. The local
government office declared that the land was useless for conventional agriculture.
b. After more than ten years the regrowth is extraordinarily beautiful, and indigenous
animals fearlessly move around the residents. They have come to recognize the land as a
sanctuary.
c. The people live in simple houses, built with mudbricks or recycled timbers and use solar
and wind-powered electricity. The forests here are being conserved very well.
d. The community is largely self-supporting in term of water, power and food. The people
do not need large incomes and can effort not to turn the land into a full-scale farm.
e. Plants and crops die. They are unable to tolerate the high salt levels.

III. READING A
1. Pre-reading questions.

a. What national forests in our country do you know? Call them out?
b. Are there any national forests in your area?
NATURAL FORESTS
The indigenous forests are the conservation forests. If your garden is your security in food,
then it is the natural forests that are the backbone and security for the whole landscape.
Indigenous forests involved over millions of years with all the pressures of natural
selection operating, so that finally what we see is a highly refined complex which is
beautifully honed to survive in the surrounding environment. It is balanced so that it will be
perfectly self-sustaining if left undisturbed. If the environment changes, then, given time, the
forest will change. It is miracle.
Like your food forest and structural forest, this assembly of trees and their organisms
provides shelter and protection, and maintains air, water and soil in uncontaminated states. In
addition it preserves the perfectly adapted genetic material of many plants and animals.
If the forest is large enough it will offer sanctuary to indigenous mammals, birds and
reptiles. In the event of fire or drought, animals can move around this zone to escape the
worst of the disaster, especially if the natural forest is linked to wildlife corridors.
Indigenous forests have another special benefit, which is that of conveying a sense of
place or each region. When you think of Northern Hemisphere forests your thoughts go to
deciduous beech woodlands or coniferous forests.
The principles for natural forests are:
to preserve all fragments of indigenous forest;
to extend all natural forests.


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to establish forests in the following areas;
- creeks, rivers and gullies
- farm boundaries
- ridges and places with slopes greater than 15º
- roadside verges

The size of natural forests usually determined by the productivity of the land. Obviously
natural forests will be smaller on highly productive land and in the cities.
2. Comprehension check.(work in group of 4) Ask and answer the following questions.
a. What is the indigenous forest?
b. How is the indigenous established?
c. Do the indigenous forest change ?
d. What benefits do the indigenous forests have?
e. What are the advantages of the indigenous forest?
f. What are the main principles for the natural forest?
g. Why do people have to restore and protect indigenous forests?
h. What does the author mean by natural forest?
3. Writing. (group-work)
a. The benefits getting from natural forests.
b. Why do people need to protect natural forest?
c. The deforestation in Vietnam.
d. The project for afforestation in Vietnam.

PART B.
I. Word study.
A. Match the word with its definition.
a. levee
b. hybrid strain
c. paddy
d. arid
e. hunt
f. tend
g. consumerism
h. breakdown
i. tribal
j. ecofarm

k. alley
l. fabrics
m. scheme
n. occupancy
o. title
p. conventional
q. regenerate
r. solar energy
- sun's energy
- restore
- following what is tradition or customary
- right or climate the ownership of property.
- occupying a house, land
- project, plan
- type of cloths
- path bordered by trees or hedges in a garden or park.
- ecological farm.
- racial group of people, group of related animals or plants.
- collapse or failure.
- protection of consumers' interests.
- look after or take care of .
- chase and try to kill or capture wild animals.
- dry land having a little or no rain.
- field where rice is grown.
- animal or plant that has parents of different species.
- embankment built to prevent a flooded river from overflowing.

II. READING B
1. Pre-reading task.
a. What does region mean?

b. Give some names indicating different regions. For example, coastal region
Sustainable Growing and Living in Different Regions
A. Cool, wet biozones


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In the past, people in cool temperate biozones typically created attractive landscapes of
small houses grouped in villages. Some of these can still be seen in Ireland, Norway,
England, northern France and Germany.
The villagers had their own food gardens and shared publicly owned commons of
grasslands, forests and waterways. (figure 5 shows a profile of a landscape modelled on this
system - the design could be adapted and used by individual farmers living in this biozone).
B. Hot, wet biozones
Hot, wet biozones have historically supported millions of people in the delta systems of
the Ganges, Irrawaddy, Red, Mekong, and Indus rivers. Traditionally, the farming systems
were highly productive, self-sustaining and non-polluting.
Like the rural villages in temperate climates, houses were grouped together, and each
house had a food garden sheltered by fruit and timber trees. Legumes were planted on the
levee banks of the terraced rice paddies to supply nitrogen for the rice. Ducks, geese and fish
supplemented the staple rice crop, and controlled insect pests.
Although some villages are still set out in this way, governments and companies are
changing the traditional landscape and way of life for these people. The leveebanks and the
fruit and forest trees are being removed to create more space for growing rice, which is used
as a cash crop and for export. These new hybrid strains of rice require chemicals which are
killing the fish in the rivers and canals. As a consequence, the farmers are being forced to
give up their ancestral lands, or they are going into debt to buy capital intensive machinery
(even though the crop prices are not rising to cover these new costs).
C. Hot dry biozones
Many desert regions and arid zones have been sensitively managed by people, who
travelled around their lands as they hunted or tended their animals.

Arabs, Tibetans, African Bushmen and Aborigines all had extensive and precise
environmental knowledge that enabled them to live in areas which today would be considered
impossible without many inputs. One very good example of a sustainable desert cultures is
that of the Bishnoi people of the Rajasthan desert in India. Although the annual rainfall is 1
cm per year, they manage to live well and stay healthy because their society maintains strict
ecological laws.
In some dry land cultures, water conserving strategies have enabled farmers to
successfully grow crops.
2. Comprehension check. Answer the following questions.
a. How many biozones are there in your country?
b. Is there any difference between the biozones?
c. What advantages and disadvantages are there in the biozones?
d. What do people cultivate in each biozone?
e. What biozone is the most convenient for the agricultural development?
f. What biozone is more convenient for raising cattle, and what is for farming?
g. How do people in hot dry biozones manage to live well?
h. Why are some villages being forced to give up their ancestral lands?

________________

The way to a man's heart is through his stomach







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TEST 3 (Unit 11 – Unit15) (score: 100 marks)
I. SECTION 1: (Grammar and Vocabulary) (45 marks)
A. Vocabulary. Choose the best answer among A,B,C,D.
1. Although their fruiting characteristics may not be as desirable as other varieties, they will
have a greater chance of establishing in the new environment.
A. subdivision of a species B. different kinds of tree, animal
C. a class of different things D. A or B
2. Later you can add varieties that have special qualities such as early or late fruit, special
flavour or colour, and good storage or processing characteristics.
A. distingwishing features B. good manners C. typical signs D. B or C
3. If possible, use grafted species as they will bear more heavily and the rootstock will be
hardier under your conditions.
A. mixed species B. one plant fixed to another
C. loval species D. two different parts of a plant
4. Trees with fruit ripening the leaf canopy will need more sun than trees with fruit
ripening the leaf canopy.
A. out/in B. sideout/sidein C. inside/outside D. outside/inside
5. It is important to understand how water moves through the soil when you
add water you can help to keep it there and prevent leaching of valuable plant nutrients.
A. so that B. so as to C. in order to D. in order that
6. It is not really possible too much organic matter in a food garden.
A. have B. to have C. having D. A or C
7. It is suitable for cultivation in a soil.
A. fine-textured soil B. medium-textured soil C. coarse-textured soil D. B & C
8. Moisture moves upwards due to the evaporative effects of sunlight and wind.
A. evaporated by effects B. concentrated by effects C. condencated by effects D. A & B
9. Mulching or digging organic matter into the soil can evaporation from the soil
surface.

A. reduce B. increase C. keep D. A or B
10. Nitrogen is one of the major elements for plant and animal growth.
A. requirement B. requiring C. require D. required
11. Nitrogen is transformed into a soluble form by bacteria living in soil or water.
A. come B. converted C. exchanged D. moved quickly
12. Organic matter helps sandy soils to hold .
A. water B. nutrient C. air D. A & B
13. Overall, is the most important in achieving diverse and stable landscapes.
A. microclimate B. regional climate C. general climate D. none is correct
14. Overdosing with fertilizer may lead to the of surface and ground water.
A. drying up B. contamination C. pollution D. B or C
15. Oxygen with ethylene may help to increase the build-up of………….… .
A. micro-organisms. B. organic matter C. soil texture D. nutrients
16. Soil can be quite rapidly repaired and rebuilt.
A. improved B. increased C. eroded D. dergaded
17. Some biocides continue to exist unchanged in the soil .
A. because they are not soluble compounds. B. because they are made from chemicals.
C. because they cannot move into the cycles of matter. D. A & B
18. Sulphur can be added to an alkaline soil to make it more .


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A. fertile B. alkaline C. acidic D. neutral
19. The bacteria supply the plant with nitrogen and receive energy from it.
A. the nitrogen B.the bacterium C. the plant D. the sun
20. The following techniques describe ways of increasing the organic content and nutrient
status of soils.
A. materials B. fertility C. structure D. substance
21. The fundamental cause of soil decline is .
A. the removal of surface vegetation. B. the excessive use of artificial fertilizer.

C. the use of chemicals D. the land salinity
22. The green manure crop can be slashed two or three times while it is growing.
A. collected B. cut C. chopped D. struck
23. The PH refers to acidity or alkalinity which, in soils, is a measure of solubility of nutrients.
A. size B. ability C. extent D. standard
24. The root systems open up the soil to air and water and protect the surface from erosion and
desiccation.
A. prevent B. keep C. guard D. A or B
25. When water moves through the soil, it may bring………….…into water table.
A. soil surface B. plant nutrients C. humus D. soil organisms
26. Some fruits, like citrus, plums and peaches, have been bred to thrive over a wide range of
soil and climates.
A. develop well B. grow well C. spead quickly D. A or B
27. Other trees are more specialized in their requirements, e.g. tea and coffee grow best at
high altitudes; coconuts will only fruit in warm coastal regions.
A. adapted to B. well-known in C. instinctive in D. typical in
28. In both cases the soil texture and structure is improved by adding of organic
matter.
A. large qualities B. large amounts C. large quantities D. B or C
29. The management of tropical soils involves different principles from those of temperate
soils.
A. rules B. laws C. ways D. formulas
30. Tropical soils contain a large amount of kaolinite clay and if they are low in iron and
aluminium, their structure may be excessively poor and unstable.
A. lot B. big quantity C. good quality D. A or B
B. Grammar. Choose the best answer among A,B,C,D.
31. Bill Mollison recommends that people to grow organic foods do not
purchase land which has been used to grow bananas, sugar cane or deciduous fruit.
A. wish B. wished C. wishing D. A or B
32. Most of crops do not begin to grow the temperature varies greatly from the

optimum temperature for germination.
A. if B. unless C. where D. though
33. It is possible for germination at the minimum temperature, but the seed may die
if the temperature rises much above or falls much below the optimum temperature range.
A. to beginning B. to begin C. beginning D. begun
34. In semi-arid areas such as the monsoon areas of North-west India and West Africa, crops
may have as many as eight times in one season.
A. to be replanted B. replanted C. to replant D. been replanted
35. However about 90 % of the fertilizer was insoluble and lay in the soils and is
now resulting in extremely acid soils and dying pastures.
A. unuse B. unusing C. unuses D. unused


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36. Soil salinity is another example of unhealthy soil. Basically, it is caused by
water tables.
A. rising B. rise C. rised D. rosen
37. Deep-rooted trees and shrubs are removed and replaced with shallow-rooted pasture
species use less water.
A. which B. what C. those D. these
38. As more water moves through the soil the water table rises and natural salts are
to the soil surface.
A. bringing B. flowing C. brought D. flowed
39. Plants and crops die because they are unable the high salt levels.
A. tolerated B. to tolerate C. tolerating D. tolerate
40. Dry-land salting is a particular problem in areas vegetation has been
removed from recharge areas.
A. where B. whose C. which D. that
41. much farming is still by traditional methods, there has been a significant
change in the technologies available since independence.

A. Although B. However C. Much as D. Even if
42. The area under canal irrigation systems by the government has expanded
enormously.
A. financed B. finance C. financing D. finances
43. There has been an even greater expansion in the area by well-based systems.
A. watered B. watering C. irrigation D. irrigate
44. The demand for chemical fertilizers and high-yielding seed varieties increased
markedly.
A. having B. have C. to have D. has
45. Artificial fertilizers need to be soluble compounds plants can absorb the
nutrients.
A. so as B. which C. that D. so that
SECTION 2. (Reading comprehension) (30 marks)
Reding 1: Fill in the gaps with given words in the box.

maintains ; several ; crops ; substances ; humus ; improve
planting ; condition ; purpose ; materials ; manures ; mixture

Plant growth cannot continue if there is not a supply of minerals in a soil. The minerals
which are available for this (1) can be divided into two groups: the bulky, organic
materials which are called (2) , and the more concentrated, inorganic chemical (3)
which are called fertilizers. Farmyard manure, or dung, consists of a (4) of litter, solid
excreta and urine. It contains three most important substances for plant (5) - nitrogen,
phosphate and potash. Manure is added to the soil for (6) reasons. It improves the
physical (7) of the soil. It also keeps up the level of (8) in the soil, and (9) the
best conditions for the activities of soil organisms. Finally, it makes up for the plant
nutrients which have been removed by (10) or lost by leaching and soil erosion.

Reading 2. Choose the best answer among A,B,C,D.
Water on the earth is being continuously recycled in a process known as the hydrologic

cycle. The first step of the cycle is the evaporation of water in the oceans. Evaporation is the
process of water turning into vapor, which then forms clouds in the sky. The second step is
the water returning to the earth in the form of precipitation, either rain, snow, or ice. When the
water reaches the earth‟s surface, it runs off into the rivers, lakes, and the oceans, where the
cycle begins again.


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Not all water, however, stays on the surface of the earth in the hydrologic cycle. Some of it
seeps into the ground through infiltration and collects under the earth‟s surface as
groundwater. This groundwater is extremely important to life on earth since 95% of the
earth‟s water is in the oceans; and is too salty for humans or plants. Of the 5% on land, only
.05% is above ground in rivers or lakes. The rest is under-ground water. This groundwater is
plentiful and dependable, as it doesn‟t depend on seasonal rain or snow. It is the major source
of water for many cities. But as the population increases and the need for water also increases,
the groundwater in some areas is getting dangerously low. Added to this problem is an
increasing amount of pollution that seeps into the groundwater. In the future, with an
increasing population and more toxic waste, the hydrologic cycle we depend on could become
dangerously imbalanced.
1. Clouds are formed from
A. water vapor. B. evaporation C. the hydrologic cycle D. groundwater
2. Water returns to the earth by .
A. infiltration B. pollution C. precipitation D. evaporation
3. Groundwater .
A. depends on seasonal rains B. comes from toxic waste
C. is .05% of all water D. collects under the earth
4. The amount of groundwater is .
A. about 95% of all water B. less than 5% of all water
C. .05% of above groundwater D. 95% of above ground water
5. The supply of groundwater is getting low because of .

A. conservation B. toxic waste C. pollution D. population increase
6. The best title for this passage is .
A. Water conservation B. The Hydrologic Cycle
C. Underground Water D. Polluted Groundwater
III. SECTION 3: (Writing) (25 marks)
A. Write conditional sentences.
1. A soil is deficient in calcium. Plant roots die at tips, or remain short and stubby.
2. A soil is deficient in phosphorous. All parts of plant stunted in growth, with bluish-green
leaves, poor fruit or seed development
3. A soil is deficient in potassium. Plant tissues are weak, prone to attack by insect and
fungus.
4. A soil is deficient in iron. young leaves develop chlorosis, veins remain green
5. A soil is deficient in sulphur. New leaves turning yellow, roots and stems becoming long
and woody
B. Write complex sentences, using relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
1. Fertilizers are added to soil to replace nutrients. The nutrients have been used by
previous crops.
2. Irrigation water causes the water table to rise. The water is surplus to the crops' needs.
3. You could try to find a cultivar. It has a known resistance to fungal diseases and plant it
in a place. There it receives drying breezes.
4. You can create different habitats and diversify the range of plants and animals. They will
grow in your garden.
5. There are several good reasons. You should avoid buying fish by the reason. The fish
have been caught or raised using these methods.
C. Combine the following pairs to make a sentence expressing concession.


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1. K is not a constituent of any plant structures or compounds. But it is essential in nearly
all processes needed to sustain plant life.

2. You were not able to diagnose the disease. But it would assist the veterinary surgeon if
you could describe the symptoms.
3. The annual rainfall is 1 cm per year. They manage to live well and stay healthy because
their society maintains strict ecological laws.
4. World climates have fairly predictable wind patterns. These seem to be changing with
global warming.
5. Olives prefer a mild Mediterranean climate. But they can still be grown in cool areas by
planting near a warm, east-facing wall with good drainage and excellent wind protection.
D. Combine the following pairs to make complex sentences.
1. The people live in simple houses, built with mudbricks or recycled timbers and use solar
and wind-powered electricity. The forests here are being conserved very well.
2. The community is largely self-supporting in term of water, power and food. The people
do not need large incomes and can effort not to turn the land into a full-scale farm.
3. Plants and crops die. They are unable to tolerate the high salt levels.
4. The community was allowed to have a multiple occupancy title to their land. The local
authority declared that the land was useless for conventional agriculture.
5. After more than ten years the regrowth is extraordinarily beautiful, and indigenous
animals fearlessly move around the residents. They have come to recognize the land as a
sanctuary.

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§ UNIT16 REVISION
I. Word study.
1. Find the word which have the same meaning.
a. integral
b. estuary
c. seabed.
d. moonscape

e. desolate
f. mussels
g. crayfish
h. ethical
- wide river mouth
- crawfish
- edible shellfish
- moral
- deserted and miserable
- necessary for completeness
- floor of the sea
- landscape on the moon
2. Match the word with its definition.
a. aquaculture
b. polyculture
c. pond
d. model
e. diver
f. wilderness
g. monoculture
- area of wild uncultivated land.
- system of growing a single agricultural crop.
- cultivating many different species of plants and animals.
- person who dives and works under water.
- a small area of still water used as drinking place for cattle or raising fish.
- cultivating water organisms for food.
- system used as a basis for a copy.
3. Fill in the gaps with words in the box.
1. integral; international; internal 2. modern; model; modish
3. wild; wind; wilderness 4. aquaculture; polyculture; monoculture

a. The arms and legs are……………parts of the human body.
b. The government provided a good.… ………farm that other local authorities followed.
c. The garden was turning into a.………………after the owner had been ill.
d. It has been found that in an apple……………up to 100% of the apples can be infested
with codling moth, but in a………….…only 4% of the apples will be affected by codling
moth.
II. READING A
1. Pre-reading task.
a. What is the text about?
b. How do you understand the title of the text?
AQUACULTURE - THE WATER POLYCULTURE
In permaculture, aquaculture systems are regarded as water polycultures, that is, they are
cultivated water ecosystems. All the aquatic organisms, including water plants, fish,
crustaceans and water birds, are interdependent on each other and their environment through
food chains and food webs. And like all stable ecosystems, these cultivated aquacultures are
sustainable and highly productive.
Some of the best cultivated aquaculture systems have been developed in southeast Asia. In
Vietnam there are specialized aquacultures for coastal waters, along estuaries, in delta canals,
in freshwater mountain lakes, and in the home fish ponds which are integral part of their
sustainable gardens/farms. These highly complex water systems have been developed over
thousands of years and are excellent models for developing similar systems in other parts of
the world.
In other societies, however, most people buy fish which have been harvested from the sea
or raised in commercial fish farms. There are several good reasons why you should avoid
buying fish which have been caught or raised using these methods. Firstly, there is an ever-
increasing number of unsafe chemicals found in seafood and freshwater fish. Secondly,


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continual harvesting from lakes and oceans is causing serious environmental damage. In some
areas, divers have described the seabeds as desolate moonscapes! You are helping to preserve
the ocean and river wildernesses when you do not buy commercial seafood and freshwater
fish.
Commercial fish farms, where one species of aquatic animal (fish, mussels, crayfish, etc.)
is raised in a monoculture system, are not a satisfactory alternative to harvesting from natural
systems. Fish farms have all the same problems as other monoculture systems: they require
high energy inputs and maintenance, and are supported by a variety of chemicals.
You will find there are many other benefits to be gained from developing sustainable
aquaculture systems. You may feel it is not ethical to eat red meat because of the
environmental cost of feeding most of the world's grain to beef and pigs while many people
are starving; or you may be concerned about land degradation occurring through removal of
forests of grazing land. Aquaculture is also one of the most efficient methods of obtaining
high quality animal protein because fish:
are cold-blooded and do not use energy for body warmth, therefore they require less
food per body weight;
are supported by water and can devote more energy to growth;
can feed on organic waste such as plant and animal residues;
are close to the start of the food chain.
Water from fish ponds can be used for irrigation, as a nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer, and for
fire fighting. Water systems in gardens and on farms can also add to microclimate variation.
In temperate and tropical systems more aquaculture systems are needed to ameliorate
environmental stress because they will absorb excess nutrients, filter some toxins, and supply
a wider range of cultivated products.
2. Comprehension check.
a. Why are aquaculture systems regarded as water polycultures?
b. What is the relationship between aquatic organisms?
c. Where have the aquaculture systems be developed best in Vietnam?
d. What water species are cultivated most in Vietnam?
e. Why do people avoid buying fish which have been harvested from the sea or raised in

commercial fish farms?
f. What benefits do people gain from developing sustainable aquaculture systems?
III. GRAMMAR
A. Underline the subordinate clauses in the following sentences.
1. After being absorbed it is radiated back into the atmosphere as heat energy or turned
into chemical energy by green plants when they photosynthesize.
2. Animals carry out many functions, one of which is to supply plant nutrients in the form
of manures.
3. If a soil is almost pure clay or pure sand then it will be a 'difficult' soil in which to grow
plants.
4. Artificial fertilizers need to be soluble compounds so that plants can absorb the
nutrients.
5. As the water table rises towards the surface, naturally occurring salts are dissolved and
concentrated in the upper soil layer.
6. Bill Mollison recommends that people wishing to grow organic foods do not purchase
land which has been used to grow bananas, sugar cane or deciduous fruit, as these crops
will have been heavily doses with biocides.
7. Dry-land salting is a particular problem in areas where vegetation has been removed
from recharge areas.


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8. Fertilizers are added to soil to replace nutrients that have been used by previous crops,
blown away or leached (washed away) into the subsoil by rain or irrigation.
9. If a soil has a pH of 8 then some nutrients will be more soluble than others and the soil
is said to be alkaline.
10. As these raw materials are broken down they become humus.
B. Underline the subject and predicate, then decide which type of sentence.
1. If the forest is large enough it will offer sanctuary to indigenous mammals, birds and
reptiles.

2. and the soil will smell rotten.
3. In other societies, however, most people buy fish which have been harvested from the
sea or raised in commercial fish farms.
4. In the case of aphids the adult female lays eggs on a leaf which becomes the food store
for the nymphs.
5. In Vietnam there are specialized aquacultures for coastal waters, along estuaries, in
delta canals, in freshwater mountain lakes, and in the home fish ponds which are
integral part of their sustainable gardens/farms.
6. Indigenous forests involved over millions of years with all the pressures of natural
selection operating, so that finally what we see is a highly refined complex which is
beautifully honed to survive in the surrounding environment.
7. Irrigation water which is surplus to the crops' needs causes the water table to rise.
8. It is a red-brown soil which becomes very hard when it is dry.
9. It is balanced so that it will be perfectly self-sustaining if left undisturbed.
10. Light-coloured objects and organisms tend to reflect light, which can then be used or
absorbed by other plants, water and materials, or sent back into the atmosphere.
C. combine the following pair to make a complex one with any conjunction.
1. Manure from cows and horses is weaker. The animals have been stabled and urine is
mixed with the dung.
2. Microclimates can be a rich source of diversity. Your design should take advantage of
them rather than eliminate them.
3. Pests are not controlled. They can easily destroy a crop.
4. On the whole, animals eat meat such s chickens and pigs. The animals have a strong
manure. It should be composted before it is applied to gardens.
5. One large problem is finding out the names and getting hold of varieties. They will
grow in your local area.
6. people wishing to grow organic foods do not purchase land. The land has been used to
grow bananas, sugar cane or deciduous fruit. These crops will have been heavily doses
with biocides.
7. The soil is silky. It will drain slowly and hold water for a longer time.

8. Plants and crops die. They are unable to tolerate the high salt levels.
9. Precipitation is rain, snow, fog, sleet, hail and frost. They undergo two main processes:
condensation and evaporation.
10. There are many animals living in the soil. They range from microscopic organisms to
beetles.
11. Mulches are made from organic materials, such as hay, grass clippings, straw,
newspaper and old woolen. They will gradually add to the soil organic matter and
nutrient bank. They break down.
12. Plant the tree in a place. It receives drying breezes.
13. If possible, use grafted species. They will bear more heavily and the rootstock will be
hardier under your conditions.


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14. You are helping to preserve the ocean and river wildernesses. You do not buy
commercial seafood and freshwater fish.
15. You can create different habitats and diversify the range of plants and animals. They
will grow in your garden.
16. You were not able to diagnose the disease. It would assist the veterinary surgeon if you
could describe the symptoms.
17. The green manure crop can be slashed two or three times. It is growing and then
chopped into the soil before it flowers and seeds.
18. Many desert regions and arid zones have been sensitively managed by people. They
travelled around their lands. They hunted or tended their animals.
D. Fill in the gaps with one of the conjunctions you have learnt.
1. Organic matter is anything…………….was once living, including food scraps, grass
clippings, hay, straw, leaves, sawdust. . .
2. If irrigation is used it is possible to grow crops such as cabbages and tomatoes during
the dry season……………. there are fewer pests about.
3. The pH refers to acidity or alkalinity ……………., in soils, is a measure of solubility of

nutrients.
4. The place……………. you live is a microclimate of the large general climate.
5. There are many animals living in the soil, ……………. aerate the soil, create water
channels, break down large molecules to smaller ones which can be absorbed by plant
roots .
6. Soluble fertilizers, …………….are often added regularly to the irrigation water, further
contribute to the concentration of salts in the upper soil layer.
7. There are plants………have a bacterium, Rhizobium species, living in their roots.
8. ………….there is adequate oxygen then soil tends to be sweet smelling.
9. There are several good reasons why you should avoid buying fish……………. have
been caught or raised using these methods.
10. They aerate the soil, create water channels, break down large molecules to smaller ones
…………….can be absorbed by plant roots.
11. This means they continue to exist unchanged in the soil…………….they cannot move
into one of the cycles of matter.
12. Various reforms have been implemented in an attempt to reduce costs, subsidies, and
the huge levels of overproduction……………. generated „‟butter mountain‟‟ and
'„‟wine lakes‟‟ during the 1970s and 1980s
13. Water in soil becomes a weak acid or alkali solution, ……………. carries the soluble
nutrients that plants absorb through their roots.
14. …………the soil particles are mainly sand and coarse gravel its texture is said to be
gritty.
15. You could try to find a cultivar……………. has a known resistance to fungal diseases
and plant it in a place where it receives drying breezes.
16. You may be able to grow an almond tree……………. you live in a cool moist climate
simply by positioning it against a sunny sheltered wall.
17. When …………….you are planning the orchard you will need to consider
…………….the shape of the manure trees will affect other trees planted nearby.
18. ……………the soil is gritty it will drain and dry out quickly.
19. ……… there is little oxygen then other gases such as sulphur dioxide can build up.

20. Artificial fertilizers need to be soluble compounds…………….plants can absorb the
nutrients.


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PART B
I. READING B. NEW SUSTAINABLE CULTURES
New sustainable cultures are developing under the pressures of extreme consumerism and
ecological breakdown. Some of these new cultures are closely modelled on traditional tribal
cultures. One example is the T'boli people who live on Mindanao Island in the Philippines.
They have been assisted by the Catholic Church to buy back their ancestral lands and
establish home food gardens and small ecofarms.
The ecofarms are designed firstly to meet the basic needs of the T'boli for food and shelter,
and secondly to provide cash by selling excess products to the local markets. The ecofarms
are very similar to the permaculture zones: they include food gardens, tropical orchards and
alley cropping; they rely on animals for manure and work; and the people manufacture their
own tools and fabrics using local materials.
There are many other examples of social and ecological experiments where people are
trying to change destructive patterns of behaviour and land use. A key to the success of all
these schemes is the appropriateness of the design to the land. An interesting example is
shown by the Penrose Permaculture Community, in the Southern Highlands of NSW,
Australia. The community was allowed to have a multiple occupancy title to their land
because the local government office declared that the land was useless for conventional
agriculture. The people who lived there decided to have only food gardens and to let the
original vegetation regenerate. After more than ten years the regrowth is extraordinarily
beautiful, and indigenous animals fearlessly move around the residents because they have
come to recognize the land as a sanctuary. The people live in simple houses, built with
mudbricks or recycled timbers and use solar and wind-powered electricity. Because the
community is largely self-supporting in term of water, power and food, the people do not
need large incomes and can effort not to turn the land into a full-scale farm.

1. Exercise 1: Write out the theme of the text.
a. What are the main ideas of the text?
b. Write out the reasons for building ecofarms on Mindanao Island in the Philippines and
in other places.
c. What is a key to the success of all these schemes? Give an example of it.

II. READING C.
1. Pre-reading task.
a. Where is Canada?
b. What is the climate in Canada?
c. What do you know about the agriculture of Canada?
d. What agricultural products are popular to you?
FORESTRY AND FISHING OF CANADA
Forestry is a major source of Canada‟s wealth, and forest products annually account for
more than 11 per cent of the value of Canadian exports. Forests cover some 4.2 million sq km
of the country, and the provincial and federal governments own about 90 per cent of this land.
Canada has more than 150 varieties of native trees; about 80 per cent of them are softwoods.
Canada‟s annual timber harvest in 1994 was about 182 million cu m. Forestry sustains a
complex and diversified export and domestic industry, employing more than 150,000 people.
Canada leads the world in newsprint production, with about 28 per cent, and accounts for
more than half of world exports; most of the Canada export is sent to the United States. The
sawmill and planing-mill industry is centred in British Columbia. Quebec and Ontario lead
the nation in pulp and paper production.
The fishing resources of the country are harvested from the north-western Atlantic and
north-eastern Pacific oceans and from the most extensive bodies of fresh water in the world.
In the early 1990s the number of people employed in fishing or fish-processing operations


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was approximately 114,600. Most of the yearly output of the fishing industry, which has a

market value of about US$2 billion per year, is exported, making Canada one of the world‟s
pre-eminent fish exporters. The catch, which totaled some 1.1 million tones annually in the
early 1990s, includes cod, herring, salmon, flounder, lobster, scallops, crab, and redfish.
2. Writing exercise:
a. Write about the forest economy of Canada.
b. Write about the fishing industry of Canada.

III. READING D.
1. Pre-reading task.
a. What dairy cattle farms do you know in Vietnam?
b. Where is dairy cattle rising developing most in Vietnam?
WHAT SHOULD I FEED MY DAIRY CATTLE
The quality and quantity of feed are in direct relation to their milk yield. It is much more
profitable to keep fewer cows that are well fed, than to keep a big herd and not being able to
feed them properly. A cow with the genetic ability to produce a high yield of milk will not
perform as expected if not fed sufficiently. On the other hand, an average cow that has access
to an abundance of high-quality feed will produce more milk. If a cow is undernourished, she
will have a low milk production, regardless of her breeding.
There is one important difference between beef cattle and dairy cattle which is worth
keeping in mind. If beef cattle lose weight due to a feed shortage, weight can be regained
relatively easily. However, once milk production has decreased because of poor nutrition,
production will not recover if feeding improves. Provision for adequate nutrition should
therefore be made in advance.
Fresh, lush lucerne pasture is the best feed for dairy cows since it is nutritious, abundant,
cheap and more palatable than other feed. Quality pastures contain all the nutritional
components necessary for milk production. In the off-season, when pastures are not available,
adequate or parable, the cows can be fed roughage in the form of silage or hay. Because of
the unique digestive system of the cow, dairy cattle should always have access to straw,
especially when fed on very succulent (watery) forage. The quantity of milk produced could
be increased significantly by supplementary feeding to lactating cows.

2.Speaking. (group-work) Answer the following question.
a. What is the most important of feeding dairy cattle? Why?
b. What principle is the most important to the dairy cattle breeders?
c. What diet is used to feed dairy cattle? Is that special diet?

____________

The used key is always brilliant













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TEST 4. (Revision) (score: 100 marks)
I. SECTION 1: (Grammar and Vocabulary) (45 marks)
A. Vocabulary. Choose the best answer among A,B,C,D.
1. The second is to use a method which maintains sufficient organic matter in the surface soil.
A. enough B. large C. lots of D. B or C

2. This helps to keep bases and phosphates available in the soil and good structure
in the surface soil.
A. keeps B. maintains C. improves D. A or B
3. There are a number of reasons for damaged soils, however the fundamental cause of soil
decline is the removal of surface vegetation.
A. degradation B. loss C. erosion D. decay
4. With the exception of natural deserts, soil is always protected by vegetation.
A. ecception B. excluding C. expectation D. including
5. In an effort to harvest greater yields, more and more marginal land has been ploughed up.
A. not fertile land B. edge or border land C. rich land D. A or B
6. This has been disastrous for the soil which is then left from animal hoofs, wind,
rain, cold and heat.
A. expose and unprotect B. exposed and unprotected
C. exposing and unprotecting D. A or C
7. Excessive use of artificial fertilizers has also caused soil problems.
A. using too much B. using not enough C. proper use D. usual use
8. A special case has taken place in Australia where huge amounts of phosphates were added
to soils to grow European grasses and clovers.
A. occurred B. occupied C. happened D. A or C
9. Overdosing with fertilizer has also led to the contamination of surface and ground water.
A. pollution B. improvement C. cleansing D. freshing
10. Excess fertilizers which are not used by crops are into rivers, lakes and streams
in run-off.
A. flowed B. taken C. washed D. A or C
11. Excess fertilizer can also be through the soil into the water table.
A. flowed B. leached C. taken D. washed
12. As the water table rises towards the surface, naturally occurring salts are dissolved and
concentrated in the upper soil layer.
A. become liquid B. become solid C. are gathered D. none is correct
13. Irrigation water which is surplus to the crops' needs causes the water table .

A. rising B. rosen C. rise D. to rise
14. Natural salts are then in the upper layers of the soil as the water evaporates.
A. deposited B. rosen C. dissolved D. contaminated
15. Soluble fertilizers, which are often added regularly to the irrigation water, further
contribute to the concentration of salts in the upper soil layer.
A. collection B. codansation C. contribution D. B or C
16. An accumulation of biocides (chemicals used to kill organisms) also causes soil decline.
A. gathering large quantity B. concentration C. increse in number D. All are
correct
17. Microclimate is the summation of environmental conditions at a particular site as affected
by local factors rather than climatic ones.
A. small climate B. regional climate C. local climate D. general climate


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18. The regional climate always has variations in temperature, rainfall, wind speed and
direction, relative humidity and light levels.
A. changes B. differences C. diversities D. petterns
19. Local factors …………… topography, soil, vegetation, structures and water bodies
further modify the environment.
A. such as B. so that C. which D. such that
20. The place where you live is a microclimate of the large general climate.
A. regional B. local C. world-wide D. all are correct
21. Overall, microclimates are more important than the regional or general climate in
achieving diverse and stable landscapes.
A. solid B. sustainable C. beautiful D. firm
22. Microclimates can be a rich source of diversity, so your design should take advantage of
them rather than eliminate them.
A. exploit B. make use C. consider D. understand
23. You can create different habitats and diversify the range of plants and animals that will

grow in your garden.
A. places to live B. natural environment C. houses D. A or B
24. For example, you may be able to grow an almond tree if you live in a cool moist climate
simply by positioning it against a sunny sheltered wall.
A. planting B. keeping C. putting D. storing
25. Potassium is known to play a vital role in photosynthesis, regulation of plant pores,
activation of plant catalysts (enzymes) and many other processes.
A. essential to existence B. lively C. dynamic D. energetic
26. Plants deficient in K cannot use water and other nutrients from either soil or fertilizer
efficiently.
A. lacking B. incomplete C. inedequate D. A or C
27. Plants deficient in K are to environmental stresses such as drought, excess water,
wind, and high and low temperatures.
A. less tolerant B. much tolerant C. more tolerant D. better
resistant
28. Also, plants deficient in K are less resistant to pest and disease attack.
A. unaffected B. unprotected C. damaged D. none is correct
29. Potash is known as the quality nutrient because of its important effects on such factors as
size, shape, colour, taste and shelf life.
A. influences B. affects C. functions D. values
30. Most virgin soils initially contain adequate K for average crop yields.
A. natural B. marginal C. original D. A or C
31. Most soils become deficient in K as a result of crop intensification.
A. thus B. because C. since D. B or C
32. The major factor to the depletion of soils is intensive cropping.
A. contributing B. contributed C. contributes D. contribution
33. For these reasons continued intensification of agriculture without the ''balanced'' use of
potash is not possible.
A. a farming method B. a species of crop C. a kind of product D. a type of manure
34. Most developing countries are not applying fertilizers in proper nutrient ratios

(proportion) and are therefore ''mining'' soil K.
A. average B. high C. low D. right
35. About two-thirds of India‟s population depends on the land a living.
A. to do B. doing C. to make D. making
36. Agriculture generates an estimated 28 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).


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A. cultivates B. grows C. produces D. contributes
37. The raising of livestock, particularly horned cattle, is a central feature of the agricultural
economy.
A. chickens, duches B. pigs, goals C. buffalo, horses D. A & B
38. These animals, like buffaloes, horses and mules, are utilized primarily as beasts of burden.
A. used B. useful C. useless D. usage
39. The country‟s 78 million buffalo are largely raised in the delta regions.
A. increased B. arisen C. developed D. bred
40. In the dry regions of Punjab and Rajasthan camels are the principal beasts of burden.
A. large animals B. used for carrying heavy loads
C. used for food D. used as transport means
B. Grammar. Choose the best answer among A,B,C,D.
41. It is best start off with hardy locally-proven species are known to grow well in
your area.
A. they B. which C. where D. how
42. Finally, in later years, the soil and microclimate have been modified by the trees
you have planted, you can add more peripheral species to take advantage of such factors.
A. which B. whose C. while D. when
43. If you know the species, geographical origin you may be able to modify your
microclimate
A. to suit. B. suitable C. suitability D. suited
44. Although almonds prefer a mild Mediterranean climate can still be grown in

cool areas by planting near a warm, east-facing wall with good drainage and excellent
wind protection.
A. which B. it C. that D. they
45. You could try to find a cultivar has a known resistance to fungal diseases and
plant it in a place it receives drying breezes.
A. where/which B. which/that C. where/that D. which/where
46. The following table shows the climatic origins of a range of fruit trees and the
most desirable placement of these trees along a slope.
A. cultivate B. cultivation C. cultivating D. cultivated
47. In many cases, the fruits in one climate group can be grown in the climate in the next
column.
A. listed B. listing C. list D. lists
48. , many desert (hot, dry) species can be grown in mediterranean climates.
A. Particularly B. In particular C. Particular D. A or B
49. After you on the best position for the trees according to the slope
characteristics, you can then check the following list.
A. decided B. decide C. have decided D. A or C
50. The first deciduous trees to drop their leaves are placed in front (towards the sun) of
drop their leaves later in the season, or which are evergreen.
A. those that B. those C. that D. which
51. Small trees are planted in front of larger trees they are not blocked from the
sun.
A. because B. when C. so D. though
52. K is not a constituent of any plant structures or compounds, it is essential in
nearly all processes needed to sustain plant life.
A. However B. Because C. Although D. If
53. The functions of K in the plant are so numerous and complex to the present day
many of them are still not fully understood.

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A. which B. that C. those D. A or B
54. Quality of potash deficient plants also poor.
A. are B. were C. is D. A or B
55. In areas of high temperature and high rainfall most soils are low in native K,
soils in low rainfall areas are often high in K.
A. but B. while C. whereas D. all are correct

II. SECTION 2. (Reading comprehension) (30 marks)
Reading 1. Fill in the gaps with given phrases below.
a. to dry for a few hours
b. impossible to paint them properly
c. produced especially for this purpose
d. pruning may be done to make sure
e. which has been pruned smooth and clean
f. without interference from the leaves
g. when the tree is at risk
h. that are blocking up the centre
i. pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches
j. you may cut out diseased or dead wood, or branches

Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and,
fortunately, the number of such reasons is small. … (1)… , and the inexperienced gardener
can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than
from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.
First, … (2)… that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of
the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches, which will
thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the
tree healthier. … (3)… that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds. The
health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches … (4)… and so preventing the

free movement of air.
One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy
entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and
the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period … (5)… . It should
be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible. It is essential to
make the area … (6)… , for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow
the cut surface … (7)… and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden
shops … (8)… . Pruning is usually done in winter, for then you can see the shape of the tree
clearly … (9)… and it is, too very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does
happen, it is, of course, … (10)…

Reading 2. Fill in the gaps with given words in the box.

prevailing ; recorded ; which ; annual ; causes ; that
come ; computing ; combined ; however ; than ; rainfall

Precipitation, commonly referred to as …(1)…, is a measure of the quantity of water in the
form of either rain, hail, or snow …(2)… reaches the ground. The average annual
precipitation over the whole of the United States is thirty-six inches. It should be understood
…(3)…, that a foot of snow is not equal to a foot of precipitation. A general formula for


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…(4)… the precipitation of snowfall is …(5)… ten inches of snow is equal to one inch of
precipitation. In New York State, for example, twenty inches of snow in one year would be
…(6)… as only two inches of precipitation. Forty inches of rain would be recorded forty
inches of precipitation. The total …(7)… precipitation would be recorded as forty-two inches.
The amount of precipitationis a …(8)… result of several factors, including location,
altitude, proximity to the sea, and the direction of …(9)… winds from the Pacific Ocean, the
Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the great lakes. Because these prevailing winds

generally …(10)… from the West, the Pacific Coast receives more annual precipitation
…(11)… the Atlantic Coast. Along the Pacific Coast itself, however, altitude …(12)… some
diversity in rainfall.

Reading 3. Choose the best answer among A,B,C,D.
The body of nearly flowering plants can be devided into two systems, the root system
which grows below ground and the shoot system which grows above it. The typical root
system anchors the plant firmly in the soil, and absorbs water and various dissolved raw
materials from it. The typical shoot system consists of a main stem upon which are borne
leaves, branch shoots, and sometimes flowers. It should be emphasized that the word stem
and shoot are not synonymous, the word “shoot‟ being a collective term for both stem and
leaves. The leaves are the chief food-producing organs of the plant, making complex foods in
the presence of light by a process called photosynthesis. The stem supports the leaves,
displaying them in the light needed for photosynthesis, and also acts as the main channel of
communication between the various organs of the plant. Water and dissolved minerals
absorbed by the roots are carried in the stem to the leaves and flowers, and foods synthesized
in the leaves are conducted away through the stem to other regions of the plant, both above
and below ground, where they are either used for growth or else stored for future use. Flowers
are organs that are concerned with the reproduction of the species by seeds.
1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
A. How plant produce seeds B. Different types of flowers
C. The structure of plants D. How leaves grow
2. According to the passage, what is one main function of the root system?
A. To absorb light for growth B. To create mineral for nutrition
C. To speed the reproduction process D. To secure the plant in the ground
3. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?
A. The shoot is part of the stem B. The stem is part of the shoot
C. The stem and the shoot are identical D. The stem is not part of a flowering plant
4. The major food-producing part of a plant is the .
A. leaf B. root C. flower D. shoot

5. The author implies that plants with flowers .
A. are likely to have long root B. are not reproducing organisms
C. can be grown from seeds D. are the most beautiful of all plants
6. What did the paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss?
A. The anatomy of fruit-bearing trees B. Methods of increasing plant production
C. The definition of a plant body D. The differences between flowers and leaves

III. SECTION 3: (Writing) (25 marks)
A. Change the following sentences into the passive form.
1. They have planned to build some rubber plantations in hill areas.