handbook of lasers phần 4 pps

©2001 CRC Press LLC
Pyrromethene Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Pyrromethene 556; 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl pyrromethene-2,6 disulfonate-BF
2
complex
ethylene glycol 500 560 (530–623) Ar (458-524,cw) 124
Pyrromethene 567; 1,3,5,7-tetramethylpyrromethene-difluoroborate complex
DMA/MeOH 540 (537–560) FL (coaxial) 142
PPH 560 (543–584) Ar laser (514.5) 145
PPH 566 (549–592) Nd:YAG (532) 122
ethanol 567 flashlamp 123
PPH 568 (550–608) Ar (458-524,cw) 124
methanol 570 flashlamp 144
NMP/PPH 571 (552–608) Ar (all lines) 149
Pyrromethene 580; 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl 2,6-di-n-butylpyrromethene-difluoroborate complex
methanol 552 (545–586) Nd:YAG(532) 122
ethanol 552 (545–585) Nd:YAG (532) 148
ethanol 569 (545–583) Nd:YAG (532) 148
ethanol 570 (bb) Nd:YAG (532) 153
PPH 575 (555–592) Ar (all lines) 154
ethanol 580 (bb) flashlamp 157
Pyrromethene 597; 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl 2,6-di-butylpyrromethene-difluoroborate complex
ethanol 571 Nd:YAG (532) 148
ethanol 571 (560–600) Nd:YAG(532) 122

ethanol 587 (bb) Nd:YAG (532) 153
p-dioxane 593 (bb) flashlamp 159
ethanol 597 (bb) flashlamp 157
Pyrromethene 605
ethanol 605 (bb) flashlamp 157
Pyrromethene 650
— 612 (604–630) Nd:YAG (532) 160
xylene 631 (bb) Nd:YAG (532) 153
Pyrromethene-BF
2
ethanol 546 flashlamp 141
Pyrromethene-BF
2
9-1-1; TMP-BF
2
MeOH 505 533 (bb) flashlamp 141-2
Pyrromethene-BF
2
9-1-3
methanol 551 flashlamp 141
Pyrromethene-BF
2
(2)
ethanol 571 flashlamp 125
Pyrromethene-BF
2
(3)); 1,2,3,5,6,7,8-heptamethylpyrromethene-BF
2
complex
ethanol 566 flashlamp 123

ethanol 593 flashlamp 125
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Pyrromethene Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Pyrromethene-BF
2
(4); 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-2,6-diethylpyrromethene-BF
2
complex
methanol 567 flashlamp 123
ethanol 602 flashlamp 125
Pyrromethene-BF
2
(5); 1,3,5,7,-tetramethyl-8-ethyl-2,6-dicarbethoxypyrromethene-BF
2
complex
methanol 556 flashlamp 123
ethanol 612 flashlamp 125
Pyrromethene-BF
2
(6); 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-2,6-dinitropyrromethene-BF
2
complex
ethanol 559 flashlamp 123

2.1.3.18 Pyrylium Salt Dye Lasers
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Pyrylium dye 7
CH
3
CN 516–550 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 13
CH
3
CN 464–514 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 14
CH
3
CN 458–503 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 15
CH
3
CN 470–517 N

2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 16
CH
3
CN 532-609 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 17
CH
3
CN 501–563 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 18
CH
3
CN 500–562 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 19
CH
3
CN 542–630 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 20
CH
3
CN 532–622 N

2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 21
CH
3
CN 538–620 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 22
CH
3
CN 526–596 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 32
CH
3
CN 537–623 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 34
CH
3
CN 503–557 N
2
laser (337) 190
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Pyrylium Salt Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.

Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Pyrylium dye 35
CH
3
CN 558–632 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 36
CH
3
CN 490–546 N
2
laser (337) 48
Pyrylium dye 37
CH
3
CN 516–550 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 39
CH
3
CN 549–630 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 40

CH
3
CN 556–629 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 41
CH
3
CN 556–623 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 43
CH
3
CN 558–603 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 44
CH
3
CN 489–541 N
2
laser (337) 48
Pyrylium dye 45
CH
3
CN 499–547 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 46

CH
3
CN 494–546 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 47
CH
3
CN 553–655 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium dye 48
CH
3
CN 564–633 N
2
laser (337) 190
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 442 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 448 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 468 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt

dichloromethane 475 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 478 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 483 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 488 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 492 N
2
laser (337) 36
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Pyrylium Salt Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 497 N

2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 501 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 505 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 508 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 512 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 515 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 522 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 524 N
2
laser (337) 36

Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 526 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 527 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 532 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 534 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 545 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 550 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 560 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 623 N

2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 627 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 631 N
2
laser (337) 36
Pyrylium salt
dichloromethane 670 N
2
laser (337) 36
2,6-di(4-CH
3
-phenyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 433.0 515 (486–545) N
2
laser (337) 196
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Pyrylium Salt Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
2,6-di(4-F-phenyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate

acetonitride 414.3 497 (480–518) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-Cl-phenyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 421.3 505 (485–529) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-Br-phenyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 425.6 512 (493–537) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-CH
3
-phenyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 433.0 512 (494–550) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-OCH
3
-phenyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 477.8 590 (545–640) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-F-phenyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 415.7 500 (478–530) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-Cl-phenyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 422.7 506 (485–540) N
2

laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-H-phenyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 410.9 495 (478–522) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-H-phenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 404.9 495 (477–518) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-CH
3
-phenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 430.0 510 (488–512) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-OCH
3
-phenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 473.1 569 (535–569) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-F-phenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 410.3 498 (480–525) N
2
laser (337) 196
2,6-di(4-Cl-phenyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl) Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 417.1 510 (488–535) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(2-Br-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate

acetonitride 450.1 503 (493–550) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(2-Cl-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 450.1 530 (493–555) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(2-F-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 452.6 520 (494–550) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(3-Br-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 448.5 525 (495–550) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(3-Cl-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 449.3 525 (495–555) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(3-F-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 448.5 525 (492–552) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(3-CH
3
-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 444.53 520 (491–550) N
2
laser (337) 196
©2001 CRC Press LLC

Pyrylium Salt Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
7-(3-NO
2
-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 451.8 525 (498–542) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(4-Br-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 448.4 525 (492–550) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(4-Cl-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 448.5 525 (493–550) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(4-F-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 446.9 520 (495–550) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(4-H-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 446.1 525 (492–553) N
2
laser (337) 196

7-(4-CH
3
-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 444.5 522 (490–548) N
2
laser (337) 196
7-(4-NO
2
-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 452.6 522 (500–542) N
2
laser (337) 196
6-(3-chlorophenyl)-diindeno [1,2-b:2',1'-e] Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 417.1 500 (480–527) N
2
laser (337) 196
6-(4-chlorophenyl)-diindeno [1,2-b:2',1'-e] Pyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 421.3 500 (481–527) N
2
laser (337) 196
3,11-dimethoxy-7-(Cl-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 501.6 580 (562–640) N
2
laser (337) 196
3,11-dimethoxy-7-(Cl-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
methanol 580 (562–640) N
2
laser (337) 196
3,11-dimethoxy-7-(Cl-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
1,2-dichloroethane 501.6 590 (573–659) N

2
laser (337) 196
3,11-dimethoxy-7-(Cl-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 590 (576–655) N
2
laser (337) 196
3,11-dimethoxy-7-(Cl-phenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Perchlorate
ethylenecyanohidrin 580 (570–646) N
2
laser (337) 196
3,11-dimethoxy-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro dibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Tetrafluoroborate
trifluoroethanol 504 548–652Cu vapor laser 121
5,6,8,9-tetrahydro bis-benzo-2,3-dihydrofuro [6,5-c:5',t'-h] Xanthylium Tetrafluoroborate
acetonitrile 519 573–682Cu vapor laser 121
3,11-dihydroxy-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro dibenzo [c,h] Xanthylium Tetrafluoroborate
e/CH
3
COOH 509 567–670Cu vapor laser 121
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Thiopyrylium salts
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
2,6-di(4-methylphenyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-Thiopyrylium Perchlorate
acetonitrile 434.0 520 (497–553) N
2

laser (337) 196
3,11-dimethoxy-7-(chlorophenyl)-5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo [c,h] Thioxanthylium Perchlorate
acetonitride 501.0 585 (562–647) N
2
laser (337) 196
Thiopyrylium salt
dichloromethane 513 N
2
laser (337) 36
Thiopyrylium salt
dichloromethane 601 N
2
laser (337) 36
Thiopyrylium salt
dichloromethane 612 N
2
laser (337) 36
Thiopyrylium salt
dichloromethane 618 N
2
laser (337) 36
Dye 5, Q-switch
— 1180–1530 Nd:YAG(1064) 183-4
DCE 1090 1170 1320 (1180–1400) Nd:glass laser 176,181
Dye 26, IR-26
DCE 1080 1140 1190 (1150–1240) Nd:YAG laser117,182
BzOH 1090 1170 1270 (1200–1320) Nd:YAG laser 179
Dye 9860, Q-switch II
DCE 1070 1110 1140 Nd:YAG(1.06)176,180
Dye 301

DCE 1270 1600 Nd glass (1054) 178
Dye 401
DCE 1070 1110 1550 Nd glass (1054) 178
Dye 501
DCE 1070 1110 1800 Nd glass (1054) 178
2.1.3.19 Quinolone Dye Lasers
Solvent
Wavelength maximum
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
7DMA-1M-4MO-Quinolone
water 396 409 flashlamp 191
7A-1,4M-DM-Quinolone
water 413 409 flashlamp 191
7A-1M-Quinolone
water 417 412 flashlamp 191
7A-4M-Quinolone
water 417 412 flashlamp 191
7-amino-Quinolone
water 425 418 flashlamp 191
7DMA-1,4DM-Quinolone
ethanol 415 430 flashlamp 191
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Quinolone Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength maximum
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)

Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
7A-4,8DM-Quinolone
water 429 420 flashlamp 191
7DEA-4M-Quinolone
water 425 flashlamp 191
7DMA-4M-Quinolone
water 444 426 flashlamp 191
7OH-4M-Quinolone
Na
2
CO
3
/H
2
O 429 441 flashlamp 191
7OH-3,4-DM-Quinolone
Na
2
CO
3
/H
2
O 437 447 flashlamp 191
7DMA-1M-Quinolone
water 445 — flashlamp 191
Q1F-Quinolone
water 463 flashlamp 191

Q6F-Quinolone
water 473 flashlamp 191
Q3F-Quinolone
water 477 flashlamp 191
Azaquinolones
Solvent
Wavelength maximum
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
7A-4M-Azaquinolone
ethanol 386 flashlamp 43,194
7DMA-1M-4MO-Azaquinolone
ethanol 383 390 flashlamp 43,194
7OH-4M-Azaquinolone
ethanol 395 flashlamp 43,194
7OH-3,4DM-Azaquinolone
ethanol 405 flashlamp 43,194
7DMA-1,4DM-Azaquinolone
ethanol 400 407 flashlamp 43,194
7A-4TFM-Azaquinolone
ethanol 437 flashlamp 43,194
AQ1F-Azaquinolone
ethanol 430 452 flashlamp 43,194
2.1.3.20 Quinolinone Dye Lasers
Solvent
Wavelength maximum
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)

Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Quinoxalinone-TNH
2
ethanol — — 489 (460–540) N
2
laser (337) 71
Quinoxalinone-MeTNH
2
ethanol — — 502 (474–556) N
2
laser (337) 71
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Quinolinone Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength maximum
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Quinoxalinone-TNMe
2
ethanol — — 510 (478–570) N
2
laser (337) 71
Quinoxalinone-MeTNH
2

ethanol — — 511 (483–556) N
2
laser (337) 71
2.1.3.21 Styryl Type Compound Dye Lasers
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
DCM; 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl) -4H-pyran
methanol 482 640 ( 610–680) Nd:YAG (532) 53
BzOH/EG 640 (605–680) Ar laser (514) 90
DMF 649 flashlamp 86
DMSO 649 (615–688) Cu (511,578) 85
DMSO 654 (601–716) N
2
laser (337) 86
DMSO 655 flashlamp 86
DCM-OH; 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p-diethanolamino-styryl 4H-pyran
methanol 600–700 flashlamp 127
methanol/H
2
O 610–695 flashlamp 127
ASPI; trans-4-[p-(N-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide
ethanol 599–635 Nd:YAG(532) 33
Stilbenes
Solvent
Wavelength max.

Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Stilbene 1
ethylene glycol 347 415 Kr laser (UV) 39
Diphenystilbene, DPS
p-dioxane 340 408 406 (396–416) N
2
laser (337) 20
DMF 409 flashlamp 8
ethanol, w, t 400–420 N
2
laser (337) 27
Blankophor R
methanol 340 416 N
2
laser (337) 40
Delft Weiss BSW
methanol 351 434 N
2
laser (337) 40
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Styrylbenzenes
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)

Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Bis-dicyanostyryl-2-chlorobenzene
p-dioxane, THF 414 (408–423) N
2
laser (337) 36
1,4-distyrylbenzene
toluene 419 (410–439) N
2
laser (337) 34
Bis-sulfostyryl-2-chlorobenzene
methanol 420 (413–431) N
2
laser (337) 34
Bis-sulfostyrylbenzene
methanol 423 (413–431) N
2
laser (337) 34
Styryl 14
PC/EG 980 (928–1084) Ar laser 173
LDS 698/Pyridine 1
methanol 684 (661–724) Cu (511,578) 161
methanol 695 (658–738) Nd:YAG(532) 26
DMSO 710 (670–760) XeCl (308) 163
DMSO 718 (675–750) N
2
(337) 165
PC/EG:15/85 726 (688–808) Ar (458–514) 164
LDS 722/Pyridine 2
methanol 722 (685–760) Nd:YAG(532) 164

methanol 722 (687–755) Cu (511,578) 161
DMSO 735 (700–780) N
2
laser (337) 166
PC/EG 747 (682–810) Ar (458-514) 167
LDS 730/Styryl 6
methanol 716 (692–743) Nd:YAG(532) 164
LDS 750/Styryl 7
methanol 722 (698–743) Nd:YAG(532) 164
LDS 751/Styryl 8
methanol 750 (714–790) Nd:YAG(532) 164
PC/EG 765 (715–840) Ar (458–514) 164
LDS 765
methanol 764 (738–800) Nd:YAG(532) 164
methanol 767 (743–787) Cu (511,578) 161
LDS 798/Styryl 11
PC/EG:15/85 795 (768–850) Ar laser 168
methanol 798 (765–845) Nd:YAG(532) 164
LDS 821/Styryl 9** rigidized
methanol 815 (793–845) Cu (511,578) 161
methanol 818 (785–850) XeCl laser (308) 169
methanol 818 (785–851) Nd:YAG(532) 164
PC 821 (802–852) N
2
laser (337) 170
methanol 834 (817–842) flashlamp 26
PC/EG 845 (780–960) Ar (458–514) 164
PC/EG 880 (793–923) Kr laser (647) 171-2
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Styrylbenzenes—continued

Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
LDS 867
methanol 862 (851–890) Cu( 511,578) 161
methanol 866 (830–910) Nd:YAG(532) 164
DMSO 946 (922–963) flashlamp 26
LDS 925/Styryl 13
DMSO 960 (902–1023) XeCl laser (308) 174
PC/EG 925 (875–1050) Ar laser 173
PC/EG 975 (930–1040) Nd:YAG(532) 175
Styrylbiphenyls
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Bis-dicyanostyrylbiphenyl
p-dioxane, THF 413 (408–422) N
2
laser (337) 34
Bis-dichlorestyrylbiphenyl
p-dioxane, THF 425 (416–437) N
2

laser (337) 34
Bis-sulfostyrylbiphenyl; Stilbene 420; Stilbene 3
ethylene glycol 349 420–470 Ar laser (UV) 49
methanol 424 (411–436) Nd:YAG(355) 51
— 425 (400–480) Kr laser (UV) 167
methanol 425 (408–453) N
2
laser (337) 34
methanol 429 (404–460) Nd:YAG(355) 53
H
2
O+NP-10 431 (415–458) N
2
laser (337) 34
EG,methanol:9/1 432 (406–448) Ar laser (UV) 162
H
2
O 445 (421–468) N
2
laser (337) 34
Triazinylstilbenes
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
4,4'-di(4-anilino-6-methoxytriazinyl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid
methanol 425 (418–443) N

2
laser (337) 52
NH
3
-Uvitex CF
methanol 348 429 (406–465) N
2
laser (337) 40
methanol 351 430 (412–462) N
2
laser (337) 40
4,4'-di(4-anilino-6-diethanolaminoxytriazinyl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid
methanol 430 (420–438) N
2
laser (337) 52
4,4'-di(4-sulfoanilino-6-N-methyl-N-ethanolaminoxytriazinyl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid
methanol 430 (420–445) N
2
laser (337) 52
4,4'-di(4-sulfoanilino-6-N-ethyltriazinyl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid
methanol 431 (419–448) N
2
laser (337) 52
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Triazinylstilbenes—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)

Pump source
(nm) Ref.
4,4'-di(4-sulfoanilino-6-di-iso-propanolaminotriazinyl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid
methanol 433 (420–447) N
2
laser (337) 52
4,4'-di(4-sulfoanilino-6-diethanolaminotriazinyl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid-sodium salt
methanol 433 (418–461) N
2
laser (337) 52
H
2
O, 1.5%NP10 447 (423–461) N
2
laser (337) 52
4,4'-di(4-sulfoanilino-6-morpholinotriazinyl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid
methanol 433 (418–448) N
2
laser (337) 52
4,4'-di(4-sulfoanilino-6-N-methyl-N-ethanolaminoxytriazinyl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid
methanol 433 (418–449) N
2
laser (337) 52
Leukophor B
methanol 277, 351 436 (410–462) N
2
laser (337) 40
Triazolstilbenes
Solvent
Wavelength max.

Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
4,4'-di(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid-potassium salt
methanol — — 422 (412–432) N
2
laser (337) 40
4,4'-di(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid-potassium salt
methanol — — 425 (414–438) N
2
laser (337) 52
H
2
O, 2.5%NP10 — — 436 (417–455) N
2
laser (337) 52
Heleofor BDC
methanol — — 432(407–460) N
2
laser (337) 40
Leukophor DC
methanol 374 464 (447–510) N
2
laser (337) 40
Tinopal GS
methanol 440 (424–475) N
2
laser (337) 40

Tinopal RBS
MeOH/p–dioxane 360 434 (414–472) N
2
laser (337) 40
Tinopal PCRP
p-dioxane 371 427 (414–451) N
2
laser (337) 40
benzene 371 430 N
2
laser (337) 40
Unitex NSI
methanol — — 432 (412–464) N
2
laser (337) 40
Unitex RS
methanol — — 422 (412–432) N
2
laser (337) 40
Unitex SFC
methanol — — 427 (410–459) N
2
laser (337) 40
©2001 CRC Press LLC
2.1.3.22 Xanthene Dye Lasers
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)

Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Fluorescein
ethanol, w, t 520–600 N
2
laser (337) 27
Disodium Fluorescein; 3,6'-dihydroxy-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3-one
disodium salt
EG, COT 501 531 522 (537–580) Ar laser 47
ethylene glycol 552 (538–573) Ar (458,514) 164
ethanol 527 yellow ruby laser (347) 197
water 527 yellow ruby laser (347) 197
ethanol 550 flashlamp 198
Kiton Red 620;Sulforhodamine B; N-[6-diethylamino-0-9-(2,4-disulfopheny)-3H-xanthen-3-
ylidene]-N-ethyl-ethanaminium hydroxide, inner salt
methanol 554 575 583 (570–604) Nd:YAG(532) 53
trifluoroethanol 617 (595–639) Cu (511,578) 85
methanol 620 flashlamp 88
ethanol 620 (580–630) flashlamp 87
methanol+COT 621 (608–634) flashlamp 26
Kiton Red 620;Sulforhodamine B; N-[6-diethylamino-0-9-(2,4-disulfopheny)-3H-xanthen-3-
ylidene]-N-ethyl-ethanaminium hydroxide, inner salt
ethanol+COT 623 (598–649) flashlamp 25
methanol+COT 627 (595–629) flashlamp 25
trifluoroethanol 628 (603–647) N
2
laser (337) 86
methanol 631 (600–660) flashlamp 59,87
ethylene glycol 636 (603–670) flashlamp 16
DMSO 637 flashlamp 86

ethylene glycol 638 (610–670) Ar laser (cw) 47
4%LO/H
2
O 642 (622–665) flashlamp 19
Rhodamine 640 Perchlorate: Rhodamine 101; 9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-
octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H-xanthen[2,3,4-i'j']diquinolizin-4-ium, perchlorate
— 575 602 (589–623) Nd:YAG(532) 83
methanol 602 (592–624) Nd:YAG(532) 53
DMSO+HCl 671 (634–704) N
2
laser (337) 86
methanol 611 Nd:YAG(532) 65
— 612 (598–640) Nd:YAG(532) 84
methanol 613 (602–657) Nd:YAG(532) 51
ethanol 630 flashlamp 80
ethanol 640 flashlamp 5
ethanol 640 (620–680) N
2
laser (337) 92
methanol 642 (627–657) flashlamp 26
ethanol 643 (623–657) flashlamp 25
ethanol 644 (620–673) N
2
laser (337) 93
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Xanthene Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing

wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Rhodamine 640 Perchlorate: Rhodamine 101; 9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-
octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H-xanthen[2,3,4-i'j']diquinolizin-4-ium, perchlorate
ethylene glycol 645 (620–690) Ar (458, 514) 164
— 648 (608–710) Kr laser (568) 52
methanol 650 flashlamp 62
MeOH/H
2
O:1/1 652 (620–687) flashlamp 19
ethylene glycol 552 (536–602) Ar (cw) 47
Rhodamine 6G; Rhodamine 590 as Chloride, Perchlorate, or Tetrafluoroborate
methanol 530 560 550 Nd:YAG(532) 65
methanol 560 (548–580) Nd:YAG(532) 53
methanol 562 (546–592) Nd:YAG(532) 83
methanol 563 (550–590) Nd:YAG(532) 84
methanol 564 Nd:YAG(532) 51
ethanol, w, t 565–620 N
2
laser (337) 27
ethanol 572 (564–600) Cu (511,578) 85
ethanol 576 (555–618) N
2
laser (337) 86
methanol 578 (565–612) flashlamp 25
ethanol 579 (568–605) N
2
laser (337) 20
ethanol 585 flashlamp 198

ethanol 580 KrF laser (248) 3
ethanol 584 (570–618) flashlamp 25
methanol 586 (563–625) flashlamp 59
ethanol 588–609 (MDR) Ar laser (514) 195
methanol 590 flashlamp 62
p-dioxane 590 KrF laser (248) 36
ethylene glycol 590 (570–650) Ar (458, 514) 164
MeOH/H
2
O:1/3 596 (577–614) flashlamp 26
MeOH/H
2
O:1/1 598 (577–625) flashlamp 19
Rhodamine 6G; Rhodamine 590 as Chloride, Perchlorate, or Tetrafluoroborate
4%LO/H
2
O 600 flashlamp 62
ethylene glycol 600 (567–657) Ar laser (cw) 47
— 602 (560–654) Kr (blue/green) 53
4%LO/H
2
O 610 (585–633) flashlamp 19
Rhodamine 560 Chloride, Rhodamine 110; 2-(6-amino-3-imino-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic
acid, monohydrochloride
ethanol 560 flashlamp 80
methanol 563 (541–583) flashlamp 26
methanol 565 (544–589) flashlamp 25
ethanol 567 (546–587) flashlamp 25
— 569 (533–600) Kr (blue/green) 52
©2001 CRC Press LLC

Xanthene Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Rhodamine 560 Chloride, Rhodamine 110; 2-(6-amino-3-imino-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic
acid, monohydrochloride
ethanol 570 flashlamp 80
ethylene glycol 570 (540–600) Ar (458,514) 164
Rhodamine 575
ethanol 518 575 flashlamp 80
ethanol 528 577 (563–602) flashlamp 25
ethanol 518 585 flashlamp 80
MeOH/H
2
O 590 (566–610) flashlamp 19
Rhodamine B; Rhodamine 610 as Chloride or Perchlorate
— 552 588 579 (570–596) Nd:YAG(532) 83
— 554 580 586 (570–606) Nd:YAG(532) 53
methanol 587 (579–601) Nd:YAG(532) 65
— 590 (578–610) Nd:YAG(532) 84
trifluoroethanol 591 (582–618) Cu (511,578) 85
methanol 592 (578–629) Nd:YAG(532) 51
— 609 (594–643) N
2
laser (337) 20
methanol 613 (596–645) flashlamp 25

ethanol 617 (598–647) flashlamp 87
ethanol 620 (596–647) flashlamp 25
ethylene glycol 630 (601–675) Ar (458,514) 164
ethylene glycol 637 (608–682) Ar (laser (cw) 47
Sulforhodamine 640; Sulforhodamine 101; 2',3',6',7',12',13',16',17'octahydrospirol[3H-2,1-
benzoxathiole-3,9'-[1H,5H,9H,11H]xantheno[2,3,4-ij,5,6,7-i',j']diquinolizine]-6-sulfonic acid,
1,1-dioxide, sodium salt or free acid
ethanol 590–640 Nd:YAG(532) 29
MeOH/H
2
O:1/1 656 cw 71
MeOH/H
2
O:1/1 576 602 662 (648–682) flashlamp 26
ethylene glycol 668 (646–680) Ar laser 90
LD 700 Perchlorate
alcohol 647 690 Nd:YAG→585 96
LD 700 Perchlorate
ethanol 706 (692–752) N
2
laser (337) 93
ethanol 720 (698–758) N
2
laser (337) 93
ethylene glycol 737 (700–810) Kr laser 13
ethylene glycol 740 (700–820) Kr (647,676) 13
Xanthene 10-1-1; SNH-8
H
2
O/MeOH:1/2 509.5 559 (548–588) Nd:YAG(532) 147

Xanthene 10-1-2; SNH-8NH
4
H
2
O/MeOH:1/2 508 551 (545–559) Nd:YAG(532) 147
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Xanthene Dye Lasers—continued
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Xanthene 10-1-3; SNH-19A
H
2
O/MeOH:1/2 523 560 (551–570) Nd:YAG(532) 147
Xanthene 10-1-4; SNH-20A
H
2
O/MeOH:1/2 533 568 (559–580) Nd:YAG(532) 70
Xanthene 10-1-5; SNH-25
H
2
O/MeOH:1/2 529 574 Nd:YAG(532) 147
Xanthene 10-1-6; CC-20
H
2
O/MeOH:1/2 538 563–580 Nd:YAG(532) 147

2.1.3.23 Other Dye Lasers
Solvent
Wavelength max.
Abs. (nm) Fluor. (nm)
Lasing
wavelength (nm)
Pump source
(nm) Ref.
Acridine
ethanol 437 438.5 ruby laser (347) 197
Acridine Red
ethanol 580 orange ruby laser (347) 197
ethanol 580 601.5 flashlamp 198
Carbazine 720; Carbazine 122; 7-hydroxy-2',3',5',6'-tetramethyl-spiro[acridine-9(2H),1'-
[2,5]cyclohexadiene]-2,4'-dione, ion
DMSO 740 flashlamp 73,100
EG (ethanol) 747 (687–811) Kr (647,676) 102
Eosin
ethanol 540 yellow ruby laser (347) 197
Laser dye 13-1-1
DMSO 360 416 (416–440) N
2
laser (337) 41
Laser dye 13-1-2
DMSO 380 447 (435–465) N
2
laser (337) 41
MEH-PPV; poly 2-methoxy-5-2'-ethylhexloxy - poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene)
xyl./chloroform ~598 Nd:YAG(532) 126
Salicylamide

DMF 305 440 439 XeCl laser (308) 57
Sodium salicylate
DMF, t, w 300 395 411 XeCl laser (308) 33
©2001 CRC Press LLC
2.1.4 Commercial Dye Lasers
Table 2.1.2
Commercial Dye Lasers
Wavelength ( m)
Pump source Output
CW Lasers:
0.22–0.39 (SH) Ar ion laser 0.01 W
0.38–1.0 Ar ion laser 0.1–2 W
Pulsed Lasers:
0.2–0.4 (SH) Nd:YAG, excimer lasers 1–60 mJ
0.25–0.4 (SH) coaxial flashlamp 0.1–0.9 J
0.3–0.9 linear flashlamp 0.5–3 J
0.32–1.0 excimer laser 10–150 mJ
0.36–0.95 nitrogen laser 0.1–150 mJ
0.4–1.0 Nd:YAG laser 5–200 mJ
0.44–0.8 coaxial flashlamp < 1–30 J
0.53–0.9 Cu vapor laser 0.1– 2 mJ
0.695–0.905 Ti:sapphire laser
<


0.15 J
0.9–4.5 (R) Nd:YAG laser 1–10 mJ
R – Raman shifted, SH – second harmonic.
2.1.5 Dye Laser Tuning Curves
Lasing of organic dyes is dependent on the solvent, dye concentration, pumping source

and rate, and other operating conditions. Relative energy outputs and tuning curves that
may be obtained from commercially available pump sources and dyes are shown in Figures
2.1.2 – 2.1.13 (figures courtesy of Richard N. Steppel). The information is provided only
as a guide and may not necessarily be extrapolated to systems other than those cited.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
FIGURE 2.1.2 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various coaxial flashlamp pumped
dyes. Data courtesy of Phase-R Corp., Box G-2, Old Bay Road, New Durham, NH.
FIGURE 2.1.3 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various coaxial flashlamp pumped
dyes. Data courtesy of Candela Laser Corp., 530 Boston Post Road, Wayland, MA.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
FIGURE 2.1.4 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various argon-ion and krypton-ion
laser pumped dyes. Data courtesy of Coherent Inc., 3210 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA.
FIGURE 2.1.5 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various argon-ion and krypton-
ion laser pumped dyes. Data Courtesy of Spectra-Physics Inc., 1250 Middlefield Road, Mountain
View, CA.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
FIGURE 2.1.6 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various krypton fluoride and
xenon chloride laser pumped dyes. Data courtesy of Lumonics, Inc., 105 Schneider Road, Kanata
(Ottawa), Ontario, Canada.
FIGURE 2.1.7 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various nitrogen laser pumped
dyes. Data courtesy of Jobin Yvon, 16-18, rue du Canal B. P. 118, 91163 Longjumeau Cedex,
France.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
FIGURE 2.1.8 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various nitrogen laser pumped
dyes. Data courtesy of Laser Science, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA.
FIGURE 2.1.9 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various nitrogen laser pumped
dyes. Data courtesy of Laser Photonics, Inc., 12351 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
FIGURE 2.1.10 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various Nd:YAG laser pumped
dyes. Data courtesy of Continuum, 3150 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA.

FIGURE 2.1.11 Tuning curves and relative energy outputs of various Nd:YAG laser pumped
dyes. Data courtesy of Spectra-Physics/Quanta-Ray, 1250 Middlefield Road, Mountain View,
CA.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
FIGURE 2.1.12 Tuning curves and efficiency of Exalite laser dyes (Exciton, Inc.) for Nd:YAG
pumping at 355 nm. Data courtesy of Spectra-Physics/Quanta-Ray, 1250 Middlefield Road,
Mountain View, CA.
FIGURE 2.1.13 Tuning curves and efficiency of Exalite laser dyes (Exciton, Inc.) for Nd:YAG
pumping at 355 nm. Data courtesy of Lumonics, Inc., 105 Schneider Road, Kanata (Ottawa),
Ontario, Canada.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
2.1.6 References
1. Zapka, W. and Brickmann, U., Shorter dye laser wavelengths from substituted p-terphenyl,
Appl. Phys. 20, 283 (1979).
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uv laser dyes III. Sterically hindered p-quarterphenyls, Appl. Phys. B 45, 279 (1988).
3. Tomin, V. I., Alcock, A. J., Sarjeant, W. J., and Leopold, K. E., Some characteristics of
efficient dye laser emission obtained by pumping at 248 nm with a high-power KrF*
discharge laser, Opt. Commun. 26, 396 (1978).
4. Tomin, V. I., Alcock, A. J., Sarjeant, W. J., and Leopold, K. E., Tunable, narrow bandwidth,
2 MW dye laser pumped by a KrF* discharge laser, Opt. Commun. 28, 336 (1979).
5. McKee, T. J., Stoicheff, B. P., and Wallace, S. C., Tunable, coherent radiation in the Lyman-
region (1210-1290 Å) using magnesium vapor, Opt. Lett. 3, 207 (1978).
6. McKee, T. J. and James, D. J., Characterization of dye laser pumping using a high-power
KrF excimer laser at 248 nm, Can. J. Phys. (Sept. 1979).
7. Godard, B. and de Witte, O., Efficient laser emission in para-terphenyl tunable between
323 and 364 nm, Opt. Commun. 19, 325 (1976).
8. Furumoto, H. W. and Ceccon, H. L., Ultraviolet organic liquid lasers, IEEE J. Quantum
Electron. QE-6, 262 (1970).
9. Rulliere, C., Morand, J. P., and de Witte, O., KrF laser pumps new dyes in the 3500 Å

spectral range, Opt. Commun. 20, 339 (1977).
10. Ziegler, L. D. and Hudson, B. S., Tuning ranges of 266 nm pumped dyes in the near uv, Opt.
Commun. 32, 119 (1980).
11. Dunning, F. B. and Stebbings, R. F., The efficient generation of tunable near UV radiation
using an N
2
pumped dye laser, Opt. Commun. 11, 112 (1974).
12. Ducasse, L., Rayez, J. C., and Rulliere, C., Substitution effects enhancing the lasing ability
of organic compounds, Chem. Phys. Lett. 57, 547 (1978).
13. Profitt, W., Coherent, Inc. (private communication, Steppel, R. N. 1980).
14. Marowsky, G., Cordray, R., Tittel, F. K., Wilson, W. L., and Collins, C. B., Intense laser
emission from electron-beam-pumped ternary mixtures of Ar, N
2
, and POPOP vapor, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 33, 59 (1978).
15. Rulliere, C. and Joussat-Dubien, J., Dye laser action at 330 nm using benzoxazole: a new
class of lasing dyes, Opt. Commun. 24, 38 (1978).
16. Myer, J. A., Itzkan, I., and Kierstead, E., Dye lasers in the ultraviolet, Nature (London)
225, 544, (1970).
17. Kelley, C. J., Ghiorghis, A., Neister, E., Armstrong, L., and Prause, P. R., Bridged
quarterphenyls as flashlamp-pumpable laser dyes, Laser Chem. 7, 343 (1987).
18. Kauffman, J. M., Kelley, C. J., Ghiorghis, A., Neister, E., and Armstrong, L., Cyclic ether
auxofluors on oligophenylene laser dyes, Laser Chem. 8, 335 (1988).
19. Chromatix, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94086.
20. Molectron Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.
21. Rinke, M., Gusten, H., and Ache, H. J., Photophysical properties and laser performance of
photostable uv laser dyes II. Ring-bridged p-quarterphenyls, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 2666
(1986).
22. Gusten, H., Rinke, M., Kao, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, M., and Pan, J., New efficient laser dyes for
operation in the near UV range, Opt. Commun. 59(5,6), 379 (1986).

23. Michelson, M. M. (private communication, Steppel, R. N., 1993).
24. Chen, C. H., Fox, J. L., Duarte, F. J., and Ehrlich, J. J., Lasing characteristics of new
coumarin-analog dyes: broadband and narrow-linewidth performance, Appl. Optics 27,
443 (1988).
25. Phase-R Company, New Durham, NH.
26. Candela Corporation, Natick, MA.
27. Myer, J. A., Johnson, C. L., Kierstead, E., Sharma, R. D., and Itzkan, I., Dye laser stimulation
with a pulsed N
2
laser line at 3371 Å, Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 3 (1970).
©2001 CRC Press LLC
28. Alekseeva, V. I., Afanasiadi, L. S., Volkov, V. M., Krasovitskii, B. M., Vernigor, E. M.,
Lebedev, S. A., Savvina, L. P., and Tur, I. N., Spectral luminescent and lasing properties of
pyridylaryloxazoles, J. Appl. Spectrosc. (USSR) 44, 244 (1986): Zh. Prikl. Spectrosc. 44,
403 (1986).
29. Smith, P. W., Liao, P. F., Schank, C. V., Gustafson, T. K., Lin, C., and Maloney, P. J.,
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31. Tully, F. P., and Durant, Jr., J. L., Exalite 392E: A new laser dye for efficient cw operation
between 373 and 408 nm, Appl. Optics 27, 2096 (1988).
32. Gomez, M. S. and Guerra Perez, J. M., The ACDF. A new class of lasing dyes, Optics
Commun. 40, 144 (1981).
33. Acuña, A. U., Amat, F., Catalan, J., Costel, A., Figuera, J. M., and Muñoz, J. M., Pulsed
liquid lasers from proton transfer in the excited state, Chem. Phys. Lett. 132, 567 (1986).
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35. Ferguson, J. and Mau, A. W. H., Laser emission from meso-substituted anthracenes at low
temperatures, Chem. Phys. Lett. 14, 245 (1972).
36. Basting, D., Schafer, F. P., and Steyer, B., New laser dyes, Appl. Phys. 3, 81 (1974).
37. Srinivasan, R., New materials for flash-pumped organic lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

QE-5, 552 (1969).
38. Fletcher, A. N., Pietrak, M. E., and Bliss, D. E., Laser dye stability. Part II. The fluorinated
azacoumarin dyes, Appl. Phys. B 42, 79 (1987).
39. Huffer, W., Schieder, R., Telle, H., Raue, R., and Brinkwerth, W., CW dye laser emission
down to the near uv, Opt. Commun. 28, 353 (1979).
40. Majewski, W. and Krasinski, J., Laser properties of fluorescent brightening agents, Opt.
Commun., 18, 255 (1976).
41. Ebeid, E. M., Sabry, M. F., and El-Daly, S. A., 1,4-bis (β-pyridyl-2-vinyl)benzene (p2vb)
and 2,5-distyryl-pyrazine (dsp) as blue laser dyes, Laser Chem. 5, 223 (1985).
42. Beterov, I. M., Ishchenko, V. N., Kogan, B. Ya., Krasovitskii, B. M., and Chernenko, A. A.,
Stimulated emission from 2-phenyl-5(4-difluoromethylsulfonyl-phenyl)oxazole pumped
with nitrogen laser radiation, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 7, 246 (1977).
43. Hammond, P. R., Fletcher, A. N., Henry, R. A., and Atkins, R. L., Search for efficient, near uv
lasing dyes, Appl. Phys. 8, 311 (1975).
44. Srinivasan, R., von Gutfield, R. J., Angadiyavar, C. S., and Tynan, E. E., Photochemical
studies on organic lasers, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Dayton, Ohio, AFML-TR-74-110 (1974).
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