tóm tắt luận án tiến sĩ tiếng anh nghiên cứu các tự điển, từ điển hán nôm thế kỉ xix

INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale of research
One of the most significantly events of Sino-nom develoment in the 19
th
century was the the emergence of a series of books that were both dictionaries or
bilingual dictionaries Sino-Nom and Han books such as: 日 用 常 談 Nhat dung
thuong dam; 嗣 德 聖 製 字 學 解 義 歌 Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca;
南 方 名 物 備 攷 Nam phuong danh vat bi khao; 大 南 國 語 Ðại Nam quốc
ngữ; They were first compilled for the purpose of learning Shino, acquiring
and upgrading knowledge through Shino,Nom, but their way of inner
organization has made them become sets of Shino-Nom billingual dictionaries
and glossaries. Those sets of dictionaries and glossaries with their values have
reflected one of the most prominent fields of traditional Shino philology in
general, and Vietnamese traditional philology in particular with many
achievements.
The study on them will help us explaine and evaluate a range of issues related
to Sinology and Vietnamese traditional philology in particular as well as society and
traditional culture of Vietnam in general.
Studying the Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries of the 19th century will help us
understand more how the Sino dictionaries were compiled as: word table structure,
world category structure, selecting the basic units to set world tables and categories,
editorial purposes and popularity, update and complementarity of cultural
knowledge in the latest century of medieval period in Vietnam.
These studies can help us have more knowledge on ability of Vietnamese
language in popularing Sinological cultural knowledge
Studying the Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries, in particular those of the 19th
century can also contributes to the awareness on contributions of Sino-Nom
phylology for Vietnamese as well as Southeast Asian phylology
Because of above reasons, we would like to choose the research on Sino-Nom
dictionairies in the 19th century as the topic of my PhD thesis of Sino-Nom.
2. Purposes of researches

Based on the general knowledge on Vietnamese social and linguistic context,
this thesis focus on some following detail purposes:
- Make the list of Sino-Nom dictionairies complied in the 19th century,
clarify their characteristics: “字 學 tự học”, “字 書 tự thư”, “辭 書 từ thư”, “類
書 loại thư” in the relationship with tradiction of compling Han books as well as
Han dictionairies in general.
- Study the structure of world table as well as world category in general.
Then, this study will focus on Han characters (or “characters can be explained”)
of word category in these dictionairy series and its relationship with cultural
1
categories that these words. Therefore, the author also studies the Han language
in the viewpoint of ch to know the awaness of confucians in the 19
th
century
about Han teaching and learning.
- Research purposes as well as cultural orientation through knowledge
addition, offset and update of Sinology.
3. Objects and limitation of research
- Research objects of this thesis are 4 Sino-Nom dictionairies that were
complied, printed and republished in the 19
th
century: Nhat dung thuong dam
(shortly called Nhat dung); Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca (Tu Duc);
Nam phuong danh vat bi khao (Nam phuong); Dai Nam quoc ngu (Dai Nam) from
the perspective of dictionaries, as well as of teacher’s books and student’s books.
4. Research methods
- This thesis uses described manipulations Sino-Nom document study and
Sino-Nom phylology in introducing and describing Sino-Nom bilingual
dictionary series, and translates them to modern Vietnamese language.
- This thesis uses described manipulations of lexicography, in particular of

Han lexicography and character study to describe the structure of word tables and
categories in Sino-Nom dictionairies.
- The thesis also apply manipulations of sociology and linguistics in
describing social and language situation of Vietnam in the 19
th
century to
explaine the social and langguage bases for the apperance of these book series.
- The thesis also apply manipulations of linguistics and culturology in
analysis, interpretation and preliminary assessment of the cultural values of these
books in the social language context that they are complied
5. Contributions of this thesis
- Introduce the list of Sino-Nom dictionaries of the 19
th
century.
- contribute to clarify the structure of word tables, Han character tables in
each book, structure of word category in each category and book from the
perspective of lexicography in general, in particular of Han lexicography and
Sino-Nom dictionairy.
- clarify the purpose and characteristics of Sino-Nom dictionary series, in
Sino-Nom bilingual book arranged by branch from the perspective of Han
teacher’s books and student’s books.
- contribute to explain a few social and language bases for the introduction of
Sino-Nom dictionaries based on analyzing the purpose of compiling them.
- contribute to explain the efforts of Vietnamese traditional literary in
updating cultural knowledge as the requirement of period.
The thesis contributes to form a proper understanding of lexicographical
tradition and dictionary of Vietnam, respect of the cultural heritage of nation on
the basis of the understanding of the specific evidence in terms of dictionaries and
lexicographer.
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The thesis has made its contribution to the formation of a correct conception
on Vietnamese traditional dictionaries and glossaries, with the respectation of the
culturally national hemitage on the basic of understanding the concret evidences in
the fields of dictionary and glossary
6. Structure of the thesis
Based on general awareness of research objects and issues, research
objectives, research scope and methodology as above, the content of topics is
implemented in the following system:
- Chapter 1, titled "OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RELATED
RESEARCH TOWARDS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MAIN THESIS"
refers to some previous studies on four Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in the
19
th
century. Thereby, it clarifíe the manner and direction of report: This report
will refer to the Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries from the perspective of
lexicography in general, lexicography and Han lexicography in particular
- Chapter 2, titled "LIST OF ENTRIES AND WORD TABLES OF THE
DICTIONARIES IN THE 19
th
CENTURY", introduces Sino-Nom bilingual
dictionaries in the 19
th
century, the resources of word table and category in the
dictionaries, and the word table structure from the perspective of document study
and lexicography in general, Han dictionaries particular.
- Chapter 3, titled "INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF WORD ITEMS IN THE
SINO - NOM GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES IN THE NINETEENTH
CENTTURY", studies the word category and the overall structure of word items
as well as the internal structure of the word category in dictionaries
- Chapter 4, titled "THE ORIENTATION OF EDITION, UPDATES

KNOWLEDGE OF SINO - NOM GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES IN
THE NINETEENTH CENTTURY" focus on research purposes of compiling or
orientation of expanding and updating knowledge by topics of the bilingual
books, on their role and ability to expand the knowledge of Sinology in the social
and language context as well as in the Sino-Nom bilingual environment of
Vietnam in the 19
th
century.
The concluding section will evaluate and summarize the results in solving
practical issues in the thesis content .
In addition, there are two minor parts: REFERENCES and APPENDIX
which there are components:
1 . Appendix 1 : Photographs cover and table of contents of the dictionary ,
the dictionary of the nineteenth century Nom
2 . Appendix 2 : The translated version 4 of dictionaries , dictionaries of the
nineteenth century Nom.

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Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RELATED RESEARCH TOWARDS
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MAIN THESIS
In this chapter, we focus on an overview of relevant studies. From that, we
identify the approach as well as the directions and fields that will be deployed
from the perspective of general lexicography, Han dictionaries and learning
books in particular.
1.1. Litterature review
The main content of this section will address the main research directions
that have been set and the fact that has been resolved related to the thesis, such as
summaries of introduction, general and specific research on Sino-Nom
dictionaries in this 19

th
century.
1.1.1. Some introductions, overview studies and translations of dictionary
series in the 19
th
century
1.1.1.1. The introduction and overview study
Some of introductions and overview researches on four Sino-Nom
dictionaries in the 19
th
century are:
- Tran Van Giap (1990) in Tim hieu kho sach Han Nom - nguon tu lieu van hoc,
cu hoc Viet Nam (version 2), introduced these book series in language aspect with
some versions: 217 (Nhat dung thuong dam); 224 (Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai
nghia ca); 223 (Dai Nam quoc ngu); 226 (Nam phuong danh vat bi khao).
- Tran Nghia, Prof.Francois Gros (1993) in Di san Han Nom - Thu muc de
yeu, includes 3 versions: introduction of the text, describes an overview of the
structure and content of each dictionary by terms of folder study.
- Nguyen Thi Lan, (2002) in Master thesis titled: Tim hieu loai hinh sach
song ngu Han - Nom day chu Han mentioned in the books as the books teach
Chinese characters.
1.1.1.2. Sino-Nom translator works
- Phuong Thu Nguyen Huu Qui (1971) in Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai
nghia ca. This series has been transcribed and printed only partially and
published by Translation Commission belongs to the Secretariat in charge of
Culture of the former Saigon government in 1971.
- Phan Dang (1996) in the composition Thơ văn Tu Duc (3 versions), completely
transcribed Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca, and printed in the 3
rd
version of this

composition .
- La Minh Hang (2013) in Khảo cứu từ điển song ngữ Hán - Việt Dai Nam
quoc ngu, translated, researched, annotated word categories of Dai Nam quoc
ngu.
We have also translated the entire 2 sets during the time of doing the thesis.
They are partly printed in the thesis appendix. The publication of the two sets
4
were made when the thesis has basically been completed and they can be only
used as reference materials
1.1.2. Some detail studies on each Sino-Nom ditionairy in the 19
th
century
1.1.2.1. Dictionairy series were objects of general introductions
- Pro. Nguyen Thien Giap(2005) in Luoc Su Viet ngu hoc, Vol 1, has made a
list of the first 10 Sino - Nom comparative dictionaries, among which 4 have been
used in the study of this thesis. In the sphere and size of one item written for a set
of books on the history of Vietnamese phililogy, the author is only able to give
general comments and place them in the area of Vietnamese philology
- Le Van Cuong (2012) with the artical Nhat dung thuong dam, cuon tu
dien bach khoa song ngu Han - Nom the ki XIX” in Tap chi Han Nom,
(version 3. 2012), introduced mainly situation of the documents stored in the
library, overview interpretation methods of dictionary and generally assessed
about this dictionary
1.1.2.2. Dictionairy series were data source for general studies on Nom
- Doan Khoach in Chu Nom trong mot tac pham cua vua Tu Duc, after referring
to theoretical issues of Nom, transcribed and analysis structure of a few pages in
section.
- Ha Dang Viet (2008) in “Tu Duc Thanh che tu học giai nghia ca” va van
de chuan hoa chu Nom thoi Nguyen classify and quantify the structure of Nom of
this book.

1.1.3. Dictionairy series in the 19
th
century were data source for studies on Nom
in general, particular on late Nom
According to this criteria, we can prescribe a long list of studies on the Nom:
Dao Duy Anh, Chu Nom - nguon goc, cau tao dien bien, Social Scien Publisher,
H.1975; Phan Van Cac (General complietor), Giao trinh Han Nom, Education
Publisher, 1985; Nguyen Tai Can, Mot so van de ve chu Nom, University and
technical school Publisher, H.1985; Nguyen Quang Hong, Khai luan van tu hoc
chu Nom, Social Scien Publisher, 2008; (….).
1.2. The fields and directions of this thesis
- Introduce and analysis of Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in terms of text
study, literally transcribed them, described them in terms of lexicography to
highlight the their micro and macro structure.
- Describe the environment that Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries, bilingual
dictionaries Nom advent of the 19
th
century.
- Analyze and evaluate editorial purposes as well as the knowledge which
these dictionairies conveyed.
- Analysis and assessment Vietnamese language factors for the transmission
of Han cultural contents which were taught and learnt in these series.
1.2.1. The basis of Kanji lexicography for this research
1.2.1.1. Some concepts of modern lexicography
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"Lexicography is a science researching theory and compiling the general
lookup works".
They are usually presented in the linguistic curriculum. Here are some basic
concepts about lexicography that we epitomize from “Giao trinh ngon ngu hoc”
(linguistics curriculum) complied by prof.Nguyen Thien Giap.

a. Dictionaries are the collective sets of vocabulary (of one or many
languages) that are arranged in a certain order to explain or translate the entries.
a1. Dictionaries of philology explain the meaning and usage of words
collected in the dictionary. Dictionary of philology includes hermeneutics
dictionary (for a language); the dictionary (bilingual dictionaries) for two or more
languages.
a2. Modern lexicography separated dictionaries of philology by classifying
items into categories including: acoustics dictionary, sematics dictionary
b. The structure of the dictionary: A dictionary is generally structured in two
parts: One is the macro-structure and another is micro-structure.
Macro structure is the word table structure, which includes all items arranged
in a certain order.
Micro structure is the structure of each specific item in word table system
1.2.1.2. Kanji traditional lexicography
Kanji traditional lexicography in particular, and East Asia in general offers a
lot of branches as:
1. Letter dictionairies 字 書 , are books taking letters 字 as the unit of
collection and interpretation of meaning, such as: 說 文 解 字 Thuyet van giai tu;
字 林 Tu lam,玉 篇 Ngoc thien; 字 樣 Tu dang; 干 祿 字 書 Can Loc tu thu; 字
彙 Tu thu;正 字 通 Chinh tu thong; 康 熙 字 典 Khang Hy tu dien.
2. Yun shu 韻 書, are the phonetic dictionairies arranging words by spelling,
popular in the Tuy, Duong, Tong Dynasty, such as: 切 韻 Thiet van complied by
Luc Phap Ngon group 陸 法 言 in 601. 唐 韻 Duong van complied by Ton Dien
孫 面, 廣 韻 Quang van complied by the Tran Banh Nien group 陳 彭 年.
3. Word dictionairies 辭書, is the common name for the kind of books that
focus on collecting words as well as letter, such as dictionaries 字 典 , 辭 典 ,
encyclopaedias 百 科 全 書 辭 典, specialized encyclopedias 百 科 專 書 辭 典
書 , including Nhi nha 爾 雅 complied in the early Western Han. It was
considered to be the first.
4. Category dictionaries, is a type of books that collect of materials and

documents by one or a few subject categories for the easy control and lookup.
Onset of this type is the Hoang lam 皇 覽 compiled at the Nguy Van De period.
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In Duong dynasty, there were some category dictionaries such as: Bac Duong thu
sao 北 唐 書 抄; Nghe van loai tu 藝 文 類 聚; So hoc ki 初 學 記. In Tong
dynasty, there were some: Thái bình ngự lãm 太 平 御 覽; Sách phủ nguyên qui
冊 府 元 龜. In Minh dynasty there were Vĩnh Lạc đại điển 永 樂 大 典; Cổ kim
đồ thư tập thành 古 今 圖 書 集 成… They were specialized types of a certain
kind of subjects or intergrated types of many subjects.
There were not many Kanji dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries in tradition.
They usually only be edited with the need of reconciliation, interpretation. In
Minh Dynasty there is a booklet Hoa Di dich ngu 華 夷 譯 語. It was not only
word table, but also comparative dictionaries, multilingual dictionaries.
So, dictionaries and kanji dictionaries includes 字 書 letter dictionaries 辭 書
word dictionairies, 韻 書 vận thư, 類 書 category dictionairies Unit for their
arrangement may be: letters 字, words 詞, ngữ 語
1.2.2. Research on Sino-Nom dictionairies in the 19
th
century from the
perspective of the lexicography
After such basis knowledges as above on the lexicographer as well as
dictionary, kanji dictionary in particular, this thesis will focus on some detail
researches as follows:
- Introducing the dictionary, dictionary in terms of documentary.
- Internal structure of these dictionaríe (the word table, word entries, units of the
word table or macro-structure, micro-structure of the dictionary; word entries and
word entry structure; “part be explained” and the explanation of items and entries.
1.2.3. Research on Research on Sino-Nom dictionairies in the 19
th
century

from the perspective of Kanji learning, teaching books
From the perspective see the Research on Sino-Nom dictionairies in the 19
th
century as Kanji textbooks, the thesis will focus on the following issues:
Sino-Nom bilingual environment in Vietnam nineteenth century, a factor affected
on the development of kanji textbooks.
Orientation for compiling and updating the knowledge of the dictionairies.
These directions and fields will be covered in detail in Chapter 2, Chapter 3
and Chapter 4 of the thesis.
Chapter 1 conclusion:
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Above is the basic content of overviewing researches related to the topic of
the thesis. They are formed through the inventory, abbreviation of research
history which includes the folder introduction, transcriptions, translation and
specific researches. Through this, the thesis identifies the direction of research,
specific fields and tasks, as well as how to approach the issue and how to deploy
the issue in perspective of lexicography, Han dictionaries as well as Sino-Nom
bilingual dictionaries.
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Chapter 2
LIST OF ENTRIES AND WORD TABLES OF THE SINO - NOM
GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES IN THE NINETEENTH
CENTTURY
This chapter introduces Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in the 19
th
century,
the resources of word table and category in the dictionaries, and the word table
structure from the perspective of document study and lexicography in general,
Han dictionaries particular.
2.1. List of Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in the 19th century

2.1.1 日 用 常 談 Nhat dung thuong dam
Nowadays, this composition is stored in Institute of Sino - Nom Studies with
wildcards: AB.511; VNv. 135; VNv.67; AB.17;AB.134; VNv.69; A.3149.
The version of Nhat dung that is chosen to study has wildcard of AB.511. It
was complied by Pham Dinh Ho 范廷琥, printed by Dong Van Trai, in the year
of Tu Duc 4 (1851) with 51 pages of 22.5 cm x 15 cm. This book contains 104
pages that 8 rows of each and 3 sizes of characters
2.1.2. 嗣 德 聖 製 字 學 解 義 歌 Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca
Compared with many other documents, Tu Duc had a relatively uneventful
life. Its compling process, duplication and transmittion were quite procedures
without variants. Currently, Institute of Sino - Nom Studies is hosting Tu Duc
with 9 text symbols, each symbol has 13 books, including the following notation
+ VHv.626/1 - 4; VHv.627/1 - 4; VHv.628/1 - 4; VHv.629/1 - 4; VHv.630/1 -
4; VHv.631/1 - 4; VHv.363/1- 4, printed in the year of Thanh Thai 9 (1897), 610
pages of 28 x 18.
+ AB.5/1 - 2 printed in the year of Thanh Thai 10 (1898), 602 pages of 28 x 17.
AB.311 also printed in the same year (1898), 144 pages of 29 x 17 (nowadays, only
the 7
th
and 9
th
versions are existed).
Tu Duc was complied by Tu Duc King who died before printing. In the year
of Thành Thái 8 (1896), it was expertise by Sử quán and printed in the year of
Thanh Thai 10 (1898)
This book was printed in the size of 26 x 15cm, included 4 versions with 295
pages of both sides, each side had 15 rows with about 14 characters.
2.1.3. 南 方 名 物 備 攷 Nam phuong danh vat bi khao
Nowadays, this composition is stored in Institute of Sino - Nom Studies with
wildcard A.155 and in the Vietnam National Library with wildcard R.43-44. Two

versions are relatively similar. The text we chose to study is the fisrt version.
Nam phuong is a Sino-Nom dictionary compiled by subject category, printed
in 1902. This book was prepared by Dang Xuan Bang in 1876 when he was
9
demoted and dispatched to Da Giang, and printed in the year of Thanh Thai
(1902). It includes 2 books sized of 15x26 (upper and lower), with 33 subject
categories and total of 79 sheets on the both sides, 10 lines per page.
2.1.4. 大 南 國 語 Dai Nam quoc ngu
The text we chose to study has wildcard AB.106, stored in Institute of Sino -
Nom Studies. Dai Nam quoc ngu was complied by 海 株 子 編 輯. 文 江多 牛
文 山 Hai Chau Tu Nguyen Van San, and printed at Van Giang Da Nguu Van
Son duong in the year of Thanh Thai ( 成泰 己 亥 年 孟 秋 鐫) - (1899). Book
includes 86 sheets with172 pages (each page has 8 line) and a preface.
2.2. Evidences for compilation according to the introduction
When composing Sino-Nom bilingual dictionairies by subject category, the
Vietnamese editors has influenced by a lot of “tự thư”, “từ thư”, “vận thư”, “loại
thư” and other books from China and Vietnam.
2.2.1. From Chinesse books
The preface of Nam phương (above citation) had the paragraph showing that
the book was originated from China:
The source from Chinesse books includes: 爾 雅 Nhi nha (the first dictionairy
in China) 急 就 章 Cap tuu chuong (Another name is 急 就 篇 Cap tuu thien,
complied by 史 游 Su Du). 說 文 Thuyet van, (Another name is 說 文 解 字
Thuyet van giai tu, complied by 許 慎 Hua Than), 詩 疏 Thi so (complied by 陸
機 Luc Co), 南 方 草 木 慎 Nam Phuong thao moc trang (complied by 慎 含 Ke
Ham), 本 草 綱 目 Ban thao cuong muc (complied by 李 時 珍 Li Thoi Tran). 群
方 譜 Quan Phuong pho (complied by 王 晋 象 Vuong Tan Tuong), 慎 雅 Ti nha
(complied by 陸 佃 Luc Dien), 三 才 圖 會 Tam tai do hoi (complied by 王 琦
Vuong Ki and his son 王 恩 義 Vuong An Nghia), 正 字 通 Chinh tu thong, 12
versions (complied by 張 自 烈 Truong Tu Liet), 通 俗 文 Thong tuc van, 38

versions (complied by 翟 灝 Dich Hao). 格 致 鏡 原 Cach tri kinh nguyen
(complied by 陳 原 龍 Tran Nguênn Long).
According this list, we can see that these books belong in the category of Han
dictionary. The list shows their continuity (from Tien Tan through Han, Duong to
Tong, Nguyen, Minh. They reflect the ongoing and update in time.
2.2.2. From Vietnamese books
The preface of Nam phương (above citation) had the paragraph: “Tiền bối Lê
Quí Đôn “Vân Đài loại ngữ”; Tuệ Tĩnh “Dược tính chỉ nam”; Phạm Đình Hổ
“Nhat dung thuong dam” đẳng thư…diệc thường bác thái quần thư dĩ thụ hậu
học nhi quải nhất lậu vạn lãm giả… - The books Van Dai loai ngu of Le Qui
10
Don, Duoc tinh chi nam of Tue Tinh, Nhat dung thuong dam of Pham Dinh Ho
also used to refer to the many books “để dạy cho bọn hậu học, đeo lấy một mà bỏ
sót đến muôn”. This quote also tells us that the book had data source from
Vietnamese books.
The list of books considered to be modeling, or a conduit for the compilation of
this data showed that all of them were kind of “loại thư”, or books having
knowledge update. There are some books of “loại thư” in the all fields (tam tài) or
in a number of areas, most notably on the fields of the plants, birds and animals,
medicine, engineering, technology, architecture as well as Vetnamese geography,
people, culture and society in both historical and contemporary.
Most cited books as model are basically of non-canonical categories. They
were compiled in orientation of “cách trí” or “đa thức” in order to update their
knowledge. They contain awareness of the natural world, society (means that they
belong to terms of Name). Belong to them, there are some books books related to
concrete life of Vietnam in the 19
th
century in natural - social and human aspects.
2. 3. Word tables and their structure
Structure of general dictionaries includes overall word table structure and

specific structure. Modern lexicographers indicate word table structure as the
macro-structure, and word items structure as the micro-structure. A general
description of that structure is below
2.3.1. Word tables of Nhat dung thuong dam
The structure of this book incudes 32 categories and 2,479 entries.
Nhat dung of Pham Dinh Ho (1768-1839), is a medium Sino-Nom bilingual
encyclopedia, belongs to the group of dictionary organized by subject categories
(according to the inner meaning of Chinese characters). There are total of Han
2,479 entries (including single and multi-syllabic) of which the meaning is
explained in Nom. In this book, the table structure is typical identities of implies
structure. Tables include categories. The category includes word items
2.3.2. Word tables of Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca
This volume is divided into 7 categories, each category includes upper and
lower (except subjects Cam thu and Trung ngu do not share identical upper -
lower, subjects Nhan sự had 3 parts: upper, middle and lower).
The structure of word table in this dictionary includes 9,032 entries (2 entries
repeat) and are presented in the order: bigger Han characters recorded above,
smaller Nom characters listed below. Unit for arrangement of each basically item
is the “tự” (character) but sometimes, one item has two characters or more. This
is the largest Sino-Nom character book. Arranging entries by subjects but rhymes
following syllable is the difference of this book.
2.3.3. Word tables of Nam phuong danh vat bi khao
The structure of word table in this dictionary consists of 33 subjects and
structure of word items includes 4,767 entries. Normal order of an item is: bigger
Han character is above and explained by smaller below Nom character.
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The word table of Nam phương also was built according to implies structure,
mother-child structure, in which word table includes categories. The category
includes elemental items.
12

2.3.4. Word tables of Dai Nam quoc ngu
The table structure in the dictionary consists of 50 categories, including 4,790
entries.
The word table of Dai Nam also was built according to implies structure,
mother-child structure, in which word table includes categories. The category
includes elemental items.
2.4. The relationship between word category and item
2.4.1. The Scale of word table structure, the analytical and synthetical
chacteristics of word tables
If classified by category size in each of the categorys we have the following
order of the scale of the word table structure:
1. 大 南 國 語 Dai Nam quoc ngu : 50 categories, 4,790 entries.
2. 南 方 名 物 備 攷 Nam phuong danh vat bi khao: 33 categorys, 4,405
entries . 3. 日用常談 Nhat dung thuong dam: 32 categories, 2,479 entries.
4. 嗣 德 聖 製 字 學 解 義 歌 Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca: 7
categories, 9,030 entries.
2.4.2. The word classification quality of word table
Word table is a collection of categories and entries in a category. The category
refers to a collection or generalizes knowledge in certain fields. Entry refers to
detalization of knowledge fields by specific identitu. Word table, category and entry
are in relation of covering.
Quantity of entries shows which range of knowledge should be interested much
or little.
2.4.3. The hierarchy, inclusive structure,and Mother-and-child structureof
word tables
The relationship of word table- word classification- word entry has formed
the hierarchy of dictionary and glossary.The first level consists of word tables and
word classifications. The second level consists of word tables- word
classifications- word entries. Their word tables in general are built up according
to the following structure: word table-word classification-word entry.The

hierarchy and the relationship of word table-word classification-word entry allow
us to know about the synthetical and analytical quality of word table-word
classification-word entry.If the word table is large but there are only small
numbers of word classification, each word classification will have many entries
that leads to more difficulty in learning Shino. If word tables are basically similar
to each other, and are classified into many word classifications, i.e. the analytical
quality is of high level, there will be more lessons, so the lessons will be more
simple.The more the number of word classification is increased (i.e.the analytical
quality of word classification is increased), the more pedagogical values of the
teaching is increased. The relationship between the synthetical quality of word
tables and the analytical quality of word classifications and entries seems to
13
demonstrate in the opposite directions. The trend of increasing word
classifications is the major one.
2.4.4. Semantics of world table
The expression is represented here by organizing the word table by subject
category as well as the specific implementation of the items by oriented topics,
topic knowledge, if considered from the word table and dictionary organization of
this book according to the classification of dictionaries represent negative and
dictionaries represent expression of modern lexicography which we cited in
Chapter 1 of this thesis.
Chapter 2 conclusion:
The Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in the 19th century were compiled on
the basis of inhenriting to traditional dictionary compilation of not only China,
but also Vietnam. Data sources were books originating from China and Vietnam
that had update knowledge, in particular Vietnam and contemporary knowledge.
Their structure was the general structure of the dictionary: structure of word table
and structure of word entries where the world table covers categoies and the category
covers the entries, in linear way: Word table - Category - Topical Entry - Specific
Entry.

The word table represents synthetic quality of vocabulary (character) to be
collected from the dictionaries. Category and entry (as well as topical entry, if
applicable) refers to detail of word table. Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca
went the opposite way.
Relationship between word table and its members, in viewpoint of
generalization and analys, seems to present contradictory expressions in term of
designing a Kanji lesson. The more categories bring about the fewer entries in
each category, and thus the more simple lession. Books such as Nhat dung
thuong dam, Nam Phuong danh vat bi khao, Dai Nam quoc ngu also follow this
direction, that raise our character learning capacity and applications of knowledge
and dissemination of this natural science learning method and non-examination
learning method of these books.
This structure and entries arrangement enable us to reveal some structural
features of word table in the Sino-Nom dictionaries in the XIX century: categoty
quality of word table; pocket nature of word table; semantics of entry. Also, in
each entry, the work categories produce letter-word natura of the dictionary.
14
Chapter 3
IMMANENT STRUCTURE SINO - NOM GLOSSARIES AND
DICTIONARIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTTURY
This chapter researches entry and its immanent structure in glossary, Chinese
- transcribeb Vietnamese dictionary in XIX century from the view of
lexicography in general and Chinese - transcribeb Vietnamese dictionary in
particular. With these funtions, chapter 3 will present the following content:
- Entry and its general structure
- “The explained part” and “The explaining part” in Entry’s structure
3.1. Entry is regarded as concretization of word table
3.1.1. Entry and its general structure
If table of word is macroscopic structure of glossary and dictionary, it
implies internally subjects (môn loại - tạm dịch nhưng chưa ưng ý). Subjects

imply the structure of entry that belongs to microcosmic structure of glossary and
dictionary.
Entry is basic unit that creates each subject and structure of table of word in
glossary and dictionary in XIX century. It is a perfect whole with the structure of
“The explained part” and “The explaining part” and “The extensional part”
between two parts. “The explained part” is Chinese characters in the bold type.
“The explaining part” is both Vietnamese characters and Chinese characters.
“The extensional part” is both “羅 be” character and nothing.
Example: In ther “The explained part” structure, “The extensional part” and
“The explaining part” or entry structure is presented and manifested in some
subjects of following glossary series. Because entry structure in glossary and
dictionary was made just like a form, we will collect two typical cases Tu Duc
Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca (Tu Duc) and Dai Nam national language (Đại
Nam) in order to manifest propitiously. The first glossary has the least subject (7
subjects) but has the most entry (9.030 entry). The second has the most subject
(50 subjects) but has not much entry (4.790 entry).
3.1.2. The concretization of word table by a representative
3.1.2.1. Entry and its structure in Tu Duc
With the summarizing introduction about entry of 7 subjects in Tu Duc, we
can see that entries are large in quantity. Almost all of them are monosyllabic in
the aspect of collecting, analyzing unit.
3.1.2.2. Entry and its general structure in Dai Nam
With the specific introduction about entry structure in 2 bilingual Chinese -
transcribeb Vietnamese dictionary in XIX century, we can see that each
dictionary has certain differency. However, basically, a general retry structure is
“The explained part”, “The explaining part” and “The extensional part” between
two parts. The determining of general structure for a retry or retry in general is
15
the basic for the determining of component structure in a retry in the aspect of
quantity as well as quality.

3.2. “The explained part” or “Object name” of retry
3.2.1. The quantity Units of Entries
Basic unit of Chinese characters is word which was studied by researcher in
linguistics. In work Some matter in Chinese characters in XX century, Pham Van
Khoai believed that: “… from acient times to the present, basic language unit in
Chinese’s awareness is syllable and is fixed by a word. Therefore, syllable is
basic language of Chinese characters. This conception is demonstrated by reality
of Chinese word creation and the Eastern Asia philosophy tradition.” [and “Word
is the basic unit of language and document concurrently…”. In this research, we
succeed that results in order to study Chinese characters units that was explained
in “The explained part” of Sino - Nom glossaries and dictionaries in the
nineteenth centtury.
In our statistical table, syllable unit of “The explained part” in the shortest
section is one syllable (appears in both 4 glossary, dictionary series). Common
units are two syllables and from four, five to nine, ten occasionally (in Nhat Dung
and Dai Nam). The longest syllable is fourteen (in Nhat Dung). The mot salient
characteristic in Tu Duc is the number of documents that have one syllable are 10
times the number of documents that have two syllables. Documents that have
more two syllables happen only with four syllables case (round syllable). There
are no odd syllable.
In the aspect of quantity unit, we can judge originally that Sino - Nom
glossaries and dictionaries in the nineteenth centtury belong to “từ thư 辭 書 ”
category rather than “tự thư 字 書”.
3.2.2. “The explained part” in aspect of meaning
“The explained part” is word, type, Chinese syntactic that leaner must
catch, in traditional spoken is “Object name”.
By this concept, “The explained part” is the formatting the name of objects
that will be explain in this glossary or dictionary. “Object name” can format and
pronounce the name of objects. This step is so important for the understanding
and awareness about them.

3.3. “Letter “羅 be” is as though the sign of “The extensional part”
The noticeable characteristic to explaination method in Sino - Nom
glossaries and dictionaries in the nineteenth centtury is the using “be” by “A be
B” pattern.
We have been choosing Tu Duc in order to count all “be” word. The result
shows that this book has 9.030 Chinese characters section that was explained and
926 “is” word that is used. It also shows that “A be B” pattern is typical.
3.4. “The explaining part” of entry
16
Four Sino - Nom glossaries and dictionaries in the nineteenth centtury are
bilingual Chinese - transcribeb Vietnamese books that has function of Chinese
characters teaching - learning. When used for teaching, Chinese characters had
been explained. Authors had chosen flexible explaination method according to
circumstances. By spelling - translating this books, we found out three
explaination types in retry: The fist type is pure explaination by Demotic script.
The second is explaination both by Demotic script and Chinese script. And the
last type is pure explaination by Chinese script. All of them was used
alternatively and uncertainly in retry of four series Nhat dung, Nam phuong, Dai
Nam and Tu Duc . For just Tu Duc , in spite of using Chinese script to explain
and phoneticize for Chinese characters, it has translating opposite quality because
of its expaination method follow six upper - eight lower verse (upper sentence: 6
words - lower sentence: 8 words).
3.4.1. Symmetrical and non-symmetrical interpretation in Nom
3.4.1.1. Explaination by Nom in Tu Duc
Phenomena, things, human names, actions,… or categories that relates and
and has familiar relationship to humankind is also explained specificly by
Chinese - transcribeb Vietnamese translating opposite.
After comparing the meaning of that Chinese script in THGNC to th meaning
in Khang Ki dictionary, we recognize no specific diference. This result shows that
authors have followed close Khang Ki dictionary. With translating opposite

method, a Chinese script is explained by a Chinese - transcribeb Vietnamese and
by expletive in case of lacking word.
3.4.1.2. Explaination by Nom in Nhat dung
By explaining through examples, we recognize that interrelation in quantity
between Chinese - transcribeb Vietnamese and Chinese characters is not unequal
and rather common. The case that Chinese - transcribeb Vietnamese fewer than
Chinese characters is rare, hence, explaining way is the characteristic of Nhat dung.
3.4.2. Explaination by both Nom and Chinese characters
This explaination uses Chinese - transcribeb Vietnamese in order to explain
for a single or multi Chinese script then uses Chinese characters to explain for
previous Chinese - transcribeb Vietnamese. This method is usual used for nouns
of personal name, place name, unintelligible classic reference and long, particular
nouns in special that expresses the science of the book.
3.4.3. Explaination by only Chinese characters
Sino - Nom glossaries and dictionaries in the nineteenth centtury used
Chinese chareacters explaination, besides two methods was mentioned above.
This method mostly used for strange words, strange voice but synonymous that
are arranged in close position.
Chapter 3 conclusion:
The above mentioned are the basic points about the entry structure in the
19th centuary Shino-Nom dictionaries and glossaries. Word entry is considered
17
to be the concretization of word table structure as well as the concretization for
each word classification , and each theme.
These above contents are basic feature about structure of retry in Sino - Nom
glossaries and dictionaries in the nineteenth centtury. Retry structure includes:
““The explained part”, pure Chinese script, is appropriate for “object name”
(Object be named); “The explaining part” is appropriate for nominal (meaning of
name). Appearance of Demotic script beside Chinese script only in order to
“annotate” for Chinese script but it is one of the most important factors for

awareness possibility of proverb, national language, national voice in phrase of
scientific, encyclopedic knowledge and political science.
Retry and retry structure are examined in aspect of quantity and quality. In
aspect of quantity, they are small or mediem dictionary series. In aspect of
quality, tables of word are vocabulary catalogue that accord with scientific
knowledge (heaven - land - human). In aspect of proverty, from the view of
Chinese script lexicography in particular and lexicography in general, they are
“word, bilingual series - 辭 書”.
18
Chapter 4
THE ORIENTATION OF EDITION, UPDATES KNOWLEDGE OF SINO
- NOM GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES IN THE NINETEENTH
CENTTURY
Sino - Nom glossaries and dictionaries in the nineteenth centtury studied here
were compiled for the purpose of learning kanji, providing cultural knowledge
kanji in a bilingual environment Sino-Nom in Vietnam nineteenth century. This is
reflected in the name as well as the table structure from the structure of our items
as presented in chapter 2 and chapter 3. The writers of these books to learn
Chinese characters presented or compiled purpose driven updates and additional
knowledge Sinology right in the preface as well as the thorough orientation
compiled in each subject category, in each item manually, or entries in both table
structure itself, from the table of all the books in general. Therefore, this chapter
will address the Sino-Vietnamese bilingual environment, the orientation compiled
and updated knowledge of the Sino - Nom glossaries and dictionaries in the
nineteenth centtury.
4.1. Sino-Nom bilingual environment and dictionaries, glossaries of nieneteenth
century
The introduction of the Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries, glossaries
nineteenth century as well as issues related to the nature, size and orientation of
education, ie the proper way, sounds solve its origin directly related to social

context in the Vietnam language of this century.
Sino, Sino culture in high places, is the written language of the saints and
sages. Sino, Sino culture is sustained language, language reception and cultural
development, is the language of the entry, exposure to international area and right
in the circumstances at the time. So, want to capture the culture in general, want
to follow the status of social hierarchies need to know kanji language and writing
Chinese characters, Chinese writing…Examination are appointed from the path of
advancement officer. Examinations are mainstream entrance, dominant way of
learning kanji. Because the examination-oriented society, virtually all school
under the examination only. Only what's Sinology examinations related to new
riders learn kanji attention.
Due to the orthodox school examinations from the old code from the only
business oriented, user, so this has limited the role of Han, Han culture as tools
for receiving and updating the knowledge cultural knowledge. Furthermore in
society, not everyone can learn all economic and cultural story lion antique bowl.
Hence the scholars of Sinology this century Vietnam wanted kanji additional
partial external knowledge examinations. That is the reason for the introduction
of a series of books compiled kanji learning style bilingual dictionaries Nom
organized by subject categories to Sinology remedial knowledge of the nineteenth
century that they were subjects this thesis research in our.
19
4.2. Orientation of editon dictionaries, glossaries.
Orientation compiled Sinology knowledge or purpose that people make when
choosing capital letters for compiling the dictionary, the dictionary was shown
immediately in the preface as well as realized through the table structure from,
the table itself, subject categories, auto categories, entries.
4.2.1. Orientation "Daily use" Sino knowledge learned in "Nhat dung thuong
dam"
4.2.1.1. "Daily use" Sino knowledge through title
Commodity often talk of use titles article talks says: " last fall ill again, ask

for a new resort in the East; pillow is foolish to think that these children have not
been trained to teach listening. Every time I think of it as heart sank. So bring new
words everyday conversations with people in the house, over to support student
training interpreters, the book gradually leaving descendants. We hope you can
record thoughts quintessential rough sketches or studies from the headset sight".
4.2.1.2."Daily use" Sino knowledge through learning from the table structure,
subject categories, auto categories.
“Daily use” Sinology knowledge embodied in the entire structure from the
table, order entry, type in Japanese subjects used. Even in these kinds of subjects
taking high abstraction as 道 道 classic Taoism or Confucianism, but through the
interpretation of the compilation, the knowledge became very close and daily life.
4.2.2. Orientation of "justification" in "Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca
The type of license 道 道 道 (upper and lower): books 6-7, including section
1587 units themselves, as is a list of the system of political education issues in the
spirit of Confucianism, the chemical Update and the Confucian cultural spectrum
that the court wanted.
Thus, the type of curriculum is presented from the position of political
organizations, religious devotion primary school of King Tu Duc and Nguyen
Dynasty general. Self-study Tu Duc interpreted is the specific cases of the
Confucian-oriented society to the state.
4.2.3. Orientation "polynomial" and "how to place" in "Nam phuong danh vat
bi khao"
4.2.3.1. Orientation "polynomial" and "how to place" through all titles
Southern is not only a Sino-Nom bilingual dictionary common that its
significance lies in its own name. From name and how as well as the issues
contained in it, the South has shown the desire to know the source of the material.
Of course, to know the source of the material in this category treatments. Diuretic
led by his good writing on April under Thanh Thai (1901) that says: "Scholars
who have to go to the end point. The reason why might go to the ends. That is to
ask how things are. Oh, how things are to go to the same reasons that they only

know where to name things. " In one place they know to learn how the title is the
first thing. In this regard, Dang Xuan Bang wrote: "The sages teach that student
to school," said many to name plants and birds, "why is that? It is for that reason
20
the name is the recourse for survival. So therefore, know the name of birds trees
can understanding the source to the bottom of things.
4.2.3.2. Orientation "polynomial" and "how to place" through the table structure from
The school "polynomial" and "the way location" in the South is reflected in
its structure from the table.
Structure of entries in the table of contents showed the "polynomial", “how
things are in mind". Thus it can be said, of the South represent the school is
looking to the source of things.
4.2.4. Non - school learning in "Dai Nam quoc ngu”
4.2.4.1. The non-school examinations across all titles
In title of Great South, Confucius says, "People that do not know Chu Nam
Thieu Nam also like to stand facing a wall." He said: "Poem for people to know
many of the names of plants and birds". Thus, the study of the learning of the bar
is not real high for remote, low hard not close, according to the direction it is
going.
Through Title, meaning the ratio between structure and vocabulary are
presented in Great South shows requirements, how to compile and volume of
knowledge "daily regular use" of this book. From the capital structure as well as
the purpose of compiling its existence reflects a non-school examinations, usually
the most important issue in Vietnam last decades of the nineteenth century.
4.2.4.2 Non-school study from the examination table and items from
The structure of the table of Great South, number basically represents a
learning orientation "non-civil service examination". The expansion of the
number of professional categories, mergers, hybrid disciplines that kind items
from there linked together in the Great South, in a certain extent, also reflects the
richness, the go over the life of contemporary Vietnam, and it has been fixed in

the capital structure of the dictionary. It is the knowledge not easily found in the
popular contemporary book.
4.3. Update knowledge of dictionaries, glossaries.
4.3.1. Update knowledge
The Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries nineteenth century not only have the
updated knowledge from the books outside the Confucian classics, but also
update the knowledge about Vietnam.
For example, in Japan, doors type "like the disciples failure", in addition to
information about the history of Buddhism as Buddha, the Buddha name, ( ),
also includes a section on the history of Buddhism Vietnam, such as the French
Quarter, teacher Tu Dao Hanh, bodhisattva Giants, Truc Lam tam to, pentagon
royal thing, Pho Tue, Huyen Quang.
4.3.2. Update knowledge beyond classic
Non- canonical nature - non- examinations of items from the Han Nom
dictionary is of such nature as Nguyen Van San said that "does not serve the way
of learning Economics". This property is presented in 27/32 subjects of Nhat
21
dung, 6/7 technical kind of Tu Duc, 31/33 subjects of the Nam phuong and 48/50
subjects kinds of Dai Nam. Thus, the Chinese have conveyed items from the
content of all aspects of life alive, from the nature of heaven and earth, human life
and activities, plants, birds, fish… These classic external knowledge is not
knowledge in the school examinations. That knowledge served for understanding.
Chapter 4 conclusion:
In this chapter, we have presented the orientations for compilling textbooks
with the purpose of supplementing and upgrading knowledge through Sino
scripts of the 19
th
centuary Sino-Nom dictionaries on the basic of surveying them
in the billingual Shino-Nom environment at that time.]
It is the social-language circumstance in which Shino scripts and Shino

philology were in the superior position, and were cosidered to be the scripts for
propagating moral philosophy of confucian deities that billingual Sino-
Vietnamese environment in which the sets of Shino-Nom dictionaries and
glossaries came into being.
Four sets Sino-Vietnamese bilingual of nineteeth century, each of which have
different orientations compiled.
Nhat dung thuong dam “daily utilization” of Sino-Nom knowledge. Tu Duc
Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca compiled oriented "justification" state nature.
Nam phuong danh vat bi khao compiled a school - oriented "polynomial" and
"cognitive". Dai Nam quoc ngu compiled a non - school examinations "are
intimately name of all things", to convey scientific knowledge than non- election.
22
CONCLUSION
The thesis with the topic research on Sino - Nom dictionaries in the
nineteenth century to study the four sets of dictionaries, Sino - Nom bilingual
dictionaries were compiled, printed, and circulated in the nineteenth century from
the perspective of lexicography in general, and Sino - Nom dictionaries in
particular.
The following conclusions have been drawn from the reseach process:
1.1. Nineteenth century was the century having many Sino - Nom bilingual
dictionaries. The dictionaries are chosen to research are stored at the Institute of
Han Nom Studies , in turn denoted :日 用 常 慎 Nhat dung thuong dam, denoted
AB.511; 嗣 德 聖 製 字 學 解 義 歌 Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca,
denoted VHv.626 ;南 方 名 物 慎 考 Nam phương danh vat bi khao, denoted
A.155; 大 南 慎 慎 Dai Nam quoc ngu, denoted AB.106 performance. These are
to be the norm in terms of school text (which is accredited by the Department of
national history editting) and they have been printed in several times (with the
printed and circulated continuously for nearly a century ).
1.2. Dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries Nom born in the nineteenth century
social context - language Vietnam last centuries of the Middle Ages. Chinese

language documents have superior status, are used in the functional properties
and academic authority as the written language of all organizational activities
room tidal regime, the State administrative management, diplomatic, educational,
academic, creative. Sino, Sino culture in high places, is the written language of
the sages, the location calculation language, language reception and cultural
development. The language in the superior position, has been an independent
means by Vietnamese Nom was popular outside the realm of science from the
election through glossories, bilingual dictionaries. The dialect, the language, the
national language, language pronuciation, Nom now undertake tasks such as
translation tools. Therefore, it is also one of the significant factors for cognitive
ability and the mother tongue, the country language pronuciation, Nom national
language in the expression of the Confucian academic and encyclopedic issues.
3. In terms of the structure of the Sino - Nom glossaries and dictionaries in
the nineteenth centtury under the general structure of its kind in general
dictionaries. It is a macro- structure and micro-structure. Our macro- structure is
the structure of the table. Microstructure is structured entries. Table words of
deciding the nature and size of the glossory, this dictionary. To create from
letters to nature dictionary terms from the unit type.
Words table of glossories, dictionaries: Sino Nom dictionaries in nineteenth
century is structured by subject category. Each category covers subjects from
23
specific items. Case subjects had type theme entries and entries from specific
collection of funds from one area, can be viewed as a lesson
The structure of word table of Nhat dung thuong dam consists of 32 word
groups. The structure of the table from Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca 7
consists of word groups. The structure of the Nam phuong danh vat bi khao was
composed of 33 word groups. The structure of word table of Dai Nam quoc ngu
consists of 50 professional categories.
The structure of the four tables from the dictionary, this dictionary covers
structure, mother-child structure. And they kind of create table structure, table of

the items included in it since. From the above table structure creates two basic
characteristics are: the nature and type of properties subject expression.
4. Entries of the Sino Nom glossory, dictionary in nineteenth century is nuclear
unit that created for each sport type and structure of the table from them. The
structure of this section is a whole consists of 2 main parts: "Part is explained ," and
"Explain". Between these 2 parts c often used a word " is " is written in Nom.
"Software is explained" in the structure is the kanji entries, terms are
presented in large font size. This is the word, the word you want to teach, to learn
or as part of the " name ".
"Explain" is the explanation for "part be explained", or in other words it is
the sense of "identity ". This section can be written in Nom Vietnamese language,
when the Han culture.
"Connections" is often credited with the script "羅 be", sometimes no.
5. Word table - word classification - word entry has formed a three-sided,
inclusive and hierarchcial relationship . Word classification is the assemblage ,
the generlization of knowledge in certain fields. Word entry is the concretization
of knowledge according to each concret nominal.Each word classification is
considered to be a lesson. If the number of word entries is large, it is difficult for
learners to learn and remember, as well as for teacher to meet the need of the
pedagogical aspect in distributing the lessons logically. On the contrary, the less
entries in a lesson are, the more simple it is as well as the more pedagogical
values in teaching are increased. Under the light of this spirit, the pedagogical
order in learning Shino of the 4 sets of the studied dictionaries and glossaries will
be arranged in the following order: 1. Nhat dung thuong dam; 2. Nam phuong
danh vat bi khao; 3. Dai Nam quoc ngu; 4. Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca.
6. Unit’s"part be explained" in the words of the Sino Nom glossory, the
dictionary in nineteenth century or that "tự 道 " or above “tự”. Through the
determination of unit entries, allowing ratings Sino - Nom glossaries and
dictionaries in the nineteenth centtury according to the following types of
dictionaries: 道 道 was Tu Duc and 道 道 with 3 sets of Nhat dung, the Nam

phuong and Dai Nam.
7. The study of the organization of entry units also allow us to determine the
analytical and synthetical quality of the entry units, by which to associate with
24
the level of knowledge through entry units. The sellection of entry units with the
single and complex (nomination) organizational abilities relate to the analytical
and synthetical quality of word entry on the aspect of semantic expression.The
entry units with two or more words often express a complete concept ,
synonymously to the higher level of synthetical quality.in transforming
knowledge. Thus, we have the following order on the aggregate level: Dai Nam;
Nhat dung; Nam phuong; Tu Duc. Order to analyze the calculated level by the
reverse order.
8. The Sino - Nom glossaries and dictionaries in the nineteenth centtury not
only as glossories, bilingual dictionaries, but they have a dual role, they are the
kind of bilingual letter arises, exists, in common social situation - learning
Chinese language and Vietnam nineteenth century.
8.1. Nhat dung thuong dam: with orientation of “daily utilization” of Sino-
Nom knowledge. The set of books was compilled with a number of daily
discussed glossaries gradually recorded, with the purpose of “recording the
simple thought or the essence studied from the ‘eye-to eye or ear-to-ear’
things”the author. Clearly, this set has daily utilizedthe Sino knowledge through
each word group, and each word items.
8.2. Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca: With the orientation of
“officialization” of Confucianism of the state: “officialization” was one of the
contents expressing the orientation of official Confucianism of the Nguyen
Dynasty which was expressed te most concretly and condensedly by the author.
The set referes to the political issues, instlied knowledge,state organization, ang
officialization veneration. That is the concretization of the orientation of
officialization of the state into society.
8.3. Nam phương danh vat bi khao: With the orientation of “polynomical”

and “cognitive” learning. The content of the placement, the word groups, and the
word items in the set express the desire of knowing the sources of thing that was
not mentioned by bookish learning. There were a lot of scorn -ful comments in
the books by Northernners,ostracising each other. The shortcoming of the books
in the ancient times mainly belongs to the category of the contemporary things or
special products which our country had but were not recorded by Sino
recognized confidentially devoted to fill these blanks by the author of Nam
phương.
8.4. Dai Nam quoc ngu : With orientation of none- exanination learning.
Non-examination knowledge, or knowledge outside he typical knowledge of
Confucianism, the knowledge served for the understanding things. Nguyen Van
San realized: The work of making this book was not the forming the official
words according to the Royal veneration, but with the aim of studying or teaching
our children. Therefor, the orientation of the book’s compiller was to consider
the purpose of studying the nominated things,leaving behind the system of
examinations as principle.
25