BEYOND THE PALISADE: A GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE 3RD TERRACE AT ANGEL MOUNDS STATE HISTORIC SITE

BEYOND THE PALISADE:
A GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
OF THE 3
RD
TERRACE AT ANGEL MOUNDS STATE HISTORIC SITE





Matthew David Pike







Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree
Master of Arts
in the Department of Anthropology,
Indiana University

December 2012

!
!
""!
#$$%&'%(!)*!'+%!,-$./'*!01!23("-3-!43"5%67"'*8!"3!&-6'"-/!

1./1"//9%3'!01!'+%!6%:."6%9%3'7!106!'+%!(%;6%%!01!<-7'%6!01!#6'7=!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
<-7'%6>7!?+%7"7!!
@099"''%%!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

!
!
!
!
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!
B%6%9*!B=!C"/7038!D+=E=8!@+-"6!
!
!
!
!
!
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!
F=!C"//"-9!<03-;+-38!D+=E=!
!
!
!
!
!
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!
G-66*!B=!H"99%69-38!D+=!E=!
! !
!
!
"""!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks first and foremost to my wife, Abra, for living the dream with me; to
my family for keeping me going; to Jeremy Wilson and everyone at IUPUI and
Bill Monaghan and Tim Baumann at the Glenn Black Lab for providing me with
the opportunity, resources, and guidance to complete this project; to the GBL for
trusting me with the mag and turning me loose with it; and to all the field school

students who spent the summer moving my lines 25 cm at a time.



!
!
"5!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Chapter One – Introduction 1
Chapter Two – A History of Angel Mounds 6
A History of Angel Mounds as an Archaeological Site 6
WPA Era Excavations and Indiana University Field Schools 10
Chapter Three – Research Plan 15
Third Terrace Legacy Collection 15
Magnetometry at Angel Mounds 17
Shovel Test Survey 18
Intellectual Merit and Broader Impact 19
Chapter Four – The Third Terrace Excavations 23
Chapter Five – Magnetometry 43
Geophysics at Angel Mounds and the Wider Mississippian World 48
Chapter Six – Materials and Methods 54
Magnetometry 54
Shovel Testing 62
The Third Terrace 64
Chapter Seven – Results 70
Magnetometry Survey 70
Shovel Test Survey 81
3

rd
Terrace Legacy Collection Analysis 85
Ceramic Statistical Analysis 89
14
C Dating of 3
rd
Terrace Occupation 92

!
!
5!
Chapter Eight – Discussion and Conclusions 94
Magnetometry 94
Shovel Test Survey 99
3
rd
Terrace Legacy Collection 102
Conclusions 110
Appendices
Appendix 7.1 – 2011 Shovel Test Survey 115
Appendix 7.2 – 2011 Positive Shovel Tests 131
Appendix 7.3 – ANOVA – Mean Orifice Diameter, Split Vessel Type 133
Appendix 7.4 – Chi-Square - Vessel Type, Four Angel Mounds Areas 138
References 140
Curriculum Vitae

!

! !
!
!
5"!
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Angel Mounds Ceramic Types 39
Table 4.2: 3
rd
Terrace Decorated Ceramics – Prior to Reanalysis 42
Table 6.1: Mean Orifice Diameter of Vessel Types from Four Locations 67
! !
!
!
5""!
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: 1881 Cyrus Thomas Map 7
Figure 2.2: 1896 A.H. Purdue Map 8
Figure 2.3: 1937 Eli Lilly Map 9
Figure 2.4: Planview of 1939 3
rd
Terrace Excavations 11
Figure 3.1: 2005 Aerial Photography of Angel Mounds, with the 3
rd
Terrace 16
Figure 6.1: 2011/2012 3
rd

Terrace Survey Area (30 x 30 m grids) 55
Figure 6.2: Completed Survey Grid Blocks with Corner Coordinates 56
Figure 6.3: Examples of monopolar and dipolar magnetic anomalies 59
Figure 6.4 (a): Clip Function - No Clip → ±50 nT Clip →±10 nT Clip 60
Figure 6.4 (b): Destripe Function – Before and After 60
Figure 6.4 (c): Destagger Function – Before and After 61
Figure 6.4 (d): Despike Function – Before and After 61
Figure 6.5: 2011 Shovel Test Survey 63
Figure 7.1: Completed Magnetometry Survey 72
Figure 7.2: Magnetically quiet area 73
Figure 7.3: High magnetic disturbance 73
Figure 7.4: SE portion of survey area 75
Figure 7.5 (a): DNR Dept. of Engineering survey 76
Figure 7.5 (b): Aerial photograph of IU Field School Barracks and WPA outbuildings 76
Figure 7.6: “Zig-Zag” Anomaly 77
Figure 7.7: Example of linear anomalies 77
Figure 7.8: 0.25 meter resurvey of magnetic anomalies within grid blocks 115 & 118 79
Figure 7.9: Comparative anomalies from the main Angel Mounds site 79
Figure 7.10: Unidentified monopolar and curvilinear dipolar anomalies 80
Figure 7.11: 2011 Shovel Test Survey Results 82
!
!
5"""!
LIST OF FIGURES continued
Figure 7.12: Magnetic Anomalies (G.B. 115/118) with potential features from STPs 84
Figure 7.13:
14
C date from Feature 3 / X-7-D on the 3
rd
Terrace 93

Figure 8.1: Amorphous anomalies from western terrace edge 96
Figure 8.2: Metallic magnetic disturbance around utility garage and outbuildings 97
Figure 8.3: Anomalies west of garage georectified with DNR Engineering Survey 99
Figure 8.4: Variety of closed handle morphologies from the 3
rd
Terrace 105
Figure 8.5: Feature 3 / X-7-D from the 3
rd
Terrace 107
Figure 8.6: New Angel Mounds Chronology 109
!
!
I!
Chapter(One(+(Introduction(
! J<.$+!01!'+%!("11"$./'*!"3!-$:."6"3;!6%;"03-/K7$-/%!(-'-!9-*!
)%!-''6").'%(!'0!'+%!6%'%3'"03!01!'L0!6%/-'%(!%/%9%3'7!"3!'+%!'6-("'"03-/!
1"%/(L06M!/%;-$*N!OIP!'+%!30'"03!01!site!-3(!OQP!'+%!%R$-5-'"03!'%$+3":.%!
01!(-'-!-$:."7"'"03SS!@037%:.%3'/*8!'+%6%!"7!-!'%3(%3$*!'0!'+"3M!01!'+%!
7-9&/"3;!.3"5%67%!-7!-!7%'!01!7"'%7!6-'+%6!'+-3!-!)0.3(%(!.3"'!01!7&-$%=T!!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! OE.33%//!-3(!E-3$*!IUVWNQXVP!
!
43106'.3-'%/*8!'+%!7-9%!"77.%7!'+-'!Y0)%6'!E.33%//!-3(!C"//"-9!E-3$*!"(%3'"1"%(!
"3! '+%"6! IUVW!-6'"$/%!"3!Advances+in+ Archaeological+ Method+ and+ Theory+ OZ$+"11%6! IUVWP!
7'"//! &%67"7'! "3! -6$+-%0/0;*! '0(-*=! ! C+"/%! %R$-5-'"03! 7'6-'%;"%7! +-5%! &60;6%77%(! "3! '+%!
-/907'! W[! *%-67! 7"3$%! '+"7! &.)/"$-'"03! -3(! '+%6%! +-5%! )%%3! 6%;"03-/K7$-/%! -3-/*7%7!
&%61069%(! "3! 9-3*! -6%-7! -3(! 03! 5-6"%(! (-'-7%'78! "3$/.("3;! 6%7%-6$+! "3! '+%! \-7'%63!
C00(/-3(7!01!]06'+!#9%6"$-!-3(8!906%!7&%$"1"$-//*8!'+%!<"77"77"&&"-3!L06/(!O^/"'_!IUUU`!
D0//-$M! Q[[a`! ^/"'_! -3(! G06%3_! Q[[X`! <-66"3-3! -3(! C+"'%! Q[[b`! Y%%7! -3(! G"5"3;00(!
Q[[b`! Y-11%6'*! -3(! D%-$0$M! Q[[VP8! '+%! $03$%&'! 01! )0.3(%(! 7"'%7! -3(! '6-("'"03-/!
%R$-5-'"03! &6-$'"$%7! &%67"7'! "3! 9-3*! 6%7%-6$+! &60c%$'7=! ! ?6-("'"03-/! %R$-5-'"03!

'%$+3":.%7! 6%9-"3! '+%! L06M+067%! 01! -6$+-%0/0;"$-/! 6%7%-6$+! 106! -! 5%6*! ;00(! 6%-703=!!
?+%6%!-6%!$%6'-"3!(-'-8!6%/-'"037+"&7! -3(!&+%309%3-!'+-'! $-3!03/*!)%! /%-63%(!1609!-!
$-6%1./! -77%779%3'! 01! '+%! 7'6-'";6-&+"$! /-*%67! 01! -3! %R$-5-'"03! )/0$M! -3(! '+"7! 7'.(*! "7!
30'! 9%-3'! '0! (%3*! '+"7! "9&06'-3'! &6-$'"$%=! ! d0L%5%68! 3%L! '%$+30/0;"%78! '%$+3":.%78!
-3(! -! 6%%5-/ '"03! 01! 0/(! '%$+3":.%7! -3(! %R$-5-'"037! +-5%! 9.$+! '0! 011%6! '+%! 1"%/(! 01!
-6$+-%0/0;"$-/! 6%7%-6$+8!'+0.;+!16%:.%3'/*!6%9-"3!7%$03(-6*! '0! %R$-5-'"03=! ! ]0'! 03/*!
(0! '+%7%! 3%L%6! -3(! 6%'+0.;+'! '%$+3":.%7! +-5%! "31069-'"03! '0! $03'6").'%! '0! '+%!
-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!6%$06(8!'+%*!-6%!&605"("3;!3%L%6!-3(!"3305-'"5%!L-*7!01!'+"3M"3;!-)0.'!
-6$+-%0/0;"$-/! 7"'%7! OB0+3703! Q[[X`! D%6''./-8! %'! -/=! Q[[V`! D%'%6703! Q[I[`! e6.7! -3(!
!
!
Q!
<-67+-//! Q[IIP=!!?+%6%106%8!'+%6%!6%9-"37!-).3(-3'!&0'%3'"-/!106!)60-(%6!-3-/*7%7!01!
-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!/-3(7$-&%7=!!<-3*!-3-/*7%7!+-5%!)%%3!$09&/%'%(!-3(!$+-3;%(!'+%!L-*!
L%! '+"3M! -)0.'! &-7'! &%0&/%7>! "3'%6-$'"037! L"'+! '+%"6! 7.660.3("3;! %35"6039%3'! O%=;=8!
Z9"'+!IUbVP8!).'!9-3*!+-5%!*%'!'0!)%!7'-6'%(!-7!L%//=!!!
?+"7!7'.(*8!$03(.$'%(!(.6"3;!'+%!7.99%6!1"%/(!7%-703!01!Q[II8!'+%!7$+00/!*%-6!
01!Q[IIfQ[IQ8!-3(!'+%!7.99%6!1"%/(!7%-703!01!Q[IQ8!"7!-3!"//.7'6-'"03!01!'+%!%11"$-$*!-3(!
%11"$"%3$*! 01! ;%0&+*7"$-/! 6%90'%! 7%37"3;! 9%'+0(7! &-"6%(! L"'+! -! 9"3"9-//*! "35-7"5%!
7+05%/!'%7'!7.65%*!-3(!'+%!-3-/*7"7!01!/%;-$*!$0// %$'"037 !'0!$03(.$'!-!/-3(7$-&%!7.65%*!
01! '+%! -6%-7! 7.660.3("3;! '+%! <"77"77"&&"-3! 7"'%! 01! #3;%/! <0.3(7! OIQg;IP=!!?+%!
;%0&+*7"$-/! 7.65%*8! $09&/%'%(! (.6"3;! 23("-3-! 43"5%67"'*! -3(! '+%! F/%33! #=! ^/-$M!
G-)06-'06*!01!#6$+-%0/0;*>7!-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!1"%/(!7$+00/7!"3!Q[II!-3(!Q[IQ8!10$.7%(!03!
'+%! /-3(7$-&%! "99%("-'%/*! -(c-$%3'! '0! '+%! &-/"7-(%(! <"77"77"&&"-3! 7"'%! 01! #3;%/!
<0.3(7=! 2'! -''%9&'%(! '0! "(%3'"1*! $./'.6-/! 90("1"$-'"03! 01! '+%! /-3(7$-&%! 0.'7"(%! '+%!
&-/"7-(%!L-//7!-'!#3;%/!<0.3(7=!!C+"/%!'+%!'"9%!&%6"0(!01!'+%!<"77"77"&&"-3!0$$.&-'"03!
01!#3;%/!<0.3(7!L-7!'+%!9-"3!10 $.7!01!'+%!7.65%*8!"(%3'"1*"3;!+"7'06"$!\.60K#9%6"$-38!
-7!L%// !-7!C00(/-3(!&%6"0(!]-'"5%!#9%6"$-3!90("1"$-'"03!01!'+%!/-3(7$-&%!L-7!-/70!-!
;0-/!01!'+%! &60c%$'=!!]0'!03/*! "7!"31069-'"03!-)0.'! '+%!%11%$'!03!'+%! /-3(7$-&%!(.6"3;!
'+%7%!'"9%!&%6"0(7!"9&06'-3'!"3!"'7!0L3!6";+'8!).'!-/70!&0'%3'"-//*!+-7!)%-6"3;!.&03!'+%!

$./'.6-/!1%-'.6%7!'+-'!9-*!)%!%5"(%3'!1609!#3;%/!<0.3(7>!<"77"77"&&"-3!0$$.&-'"03=!
! #!'-6;%'%(!7+05%/! '%7'!01!&06'"037! 01!'+%!/-3(7$-&%! "7!-/70!-!9"3"9-//*!"35-7"5%!
9%'+0(!'+-'!&605"(%7!-(("'"03-/!"31069-'"03!'+-'!'+%!;%0&+*7"$-/!7.65%*!("(!30'!*"%/(=!!
#6'"1-$'! (%37"'"%7! -3(! ("7'6").'"037! -((! -! ;6%-'! (%-/! 01! "31069-'"03! '0! ;%0&+*7"$-/!
!
!
W!
-309-/"%7! '+-'! -6%! &6%7%3'! -$6077! '+%! /-3(7$-&%=! ! 23! -(("'"038! 70"/! &601"/%7! -3(!
(%7$6"&'"037! &605"(%! -! )-7%/"3%! 106! "3'%6&6%'-'"03! 01! ;%0&+*7"$-/! 6%7./'78! "(%3'"1*"3;!
$./'.6-/! 1%-'.6%7! -3(! $066%/-'"3;! '+%7%! 1%-'.6%7! L"'+! ;%0&+*7"$-/! -309-/"%7=! ! Z"9"/-6/*!
$03(.$'%(!(.6"3;!'+%! -6$+-%0/0;"$-/!1"%/(!7$+00/ 7! -'!#3;%/!<0.3(7! "3!Q[II!-3(! Q[IQ8!
'+%! 7+05%/! '%7'! 7.65%*! 7%65%(! )0'+! 01! '+%7%! 1.3$'"0378! "3$6%-7"3;! '+%! &0'%3'"-/! 106!
"3'%6&6%'-'"03! 01! '+%! /-3(7$-&%! )%*03(! '+-'! 01! c.7'! '+%! ;%0&+*7"$-/! 6%90'%! 7%37"3;!
7.65%*=!!#!906%!'6-("'"03-/!7.65%*!9%'+0(0/0;*8!7+05%/!'%7'!7.65%*7!6%9-"3!-3!%77%3'"-/!
&-6'!01!'+%!-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!'00/M"'!(%7&"'%!-(5-3$%7!"3!6%90'%!7%37"3;!9%'+0(7=!
! <%-3L+"/%8!/%;-$*!$0//%$'"037!6%9-"3!-3!.3(%6.'"/"_%(!6%70.6$%!"3!-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!
6%7%-6$+!'0(-*=!!#'!#3;%/!<0.3 (78!-!/-6;%!&06'"03!01! 9-'%6"-/!'+-'!L-7!%R$-5-'%(!(.6"3;!
'+%! %6-! 01! C06M7! D60c%$'! #(9"3"7'6-'"03! OCD#P! -6$+-%0/0;*! "3! '+%! /-'%! IUW[>7! .3'"/!
C06/(! C-6! 22! 6%9-"37! /-6;%/*! .3-3-/*_%(! O^ 9-338! %'! -/=! Q[IIP=! ! #/'+0.;+! '+%!
$0//%$'"03! "7! "3! -! 906%! 7'-)/%! $03("'"03! '+-3! 0'+%6! /%;-$*! $0//%$'"0378! '+%! &0'%3'"-/!
"31069-'"03! '+-'! "7! $03'-"3%(! L"'+"3! "'! 6%9-"37! /0$M%(! -L-*=! ?+%6%! "7! 03/*! -! ;%3%6-/!
$0.3'! 01! -//! -6'"1-$'! '*&%7! $03(.$'%(! '+60.;+0.'! '+%! %6-! 01! %-6/*! %R$-5-'"03! -3 (!
$09&"/%(! )*! B-9%7! e%//-6! -1'%6! '+%! (%-'+! 01! F/%33! ^/-$M! "3! IUXa! Oe%//-6! IUXbP=! ! ?+"78!
$09)"3%(! L"'+! '+%! 6%/-'"5%/*! (%'-"/%(! O106! +"7! '"9%P! %R$-5-'"03! 3 0'%7! -3(! &/-3! 9-&7!
$6%-'%(!)*!^/-$M8!-//0L!106!-!;6%-'%6!(%&'+!01!"35%7'";-'"03!"3'0!'+%7%!/%;-$*!$0//%$'"037!
'0(-*=! !h3%!6%/-'"5%/*!79-//!&06'"03!01!'+%!$0//%$'"03!1609!#3;%/!<0.3(7!$09%7!1609!-3!
-6%-! 0.'7"(%! '+%! M30L3! %R'%3'! 01! '+%! &-/ "7-( %! L-//! -3(! "7! /0$-'%(! 03! -! 6"5%6! '%66-$%!
-)05%!'+%!9-"3!7"'%!i!'+%!W
6(
!?%66-$%=!!?+%!-3-/*7"7!01!'+"7!&0 6'"03 !01!'+%!#3;%/!<0.3(7!

$0//%$'"03! +-7! 7+%(! 709%! /";+'! 03! &0'%3'"-/! 0$$.&-'"037! -3(! -$'"5"'*! &-''%637! '+-'! 1-//!
!
!
a!
0.'7"(%! 01! '+%! &-/"7-(%! L-//8! L+%6%! %R$-5-'"037! '%3(! '0! $%-7%! -'! <"77"77"&&"-3! &%6"0(!
7"'%7=!
! ^-7%(!03!'+%7%!'+6%%!-5%3.%7!01!"35%7'";-'"03!i!3%-6!7.61-$%!;%0&+*7"$-/!7.65%*8!
7+05%/!'%7'!7.65%*8!-3(!/%;-$*!$0//%$'"03!-3-/*7"7!i!'+%!)%;"33"3;!01!-!/-3(7$-&%!7.65%*!
01! '+%! 7.).6)7! -3(! +"3'%6/-3(7! 01! #3;%/! <0.3(7! +-7! %11%$'"5%/*! )%%3! .3(%6'-M%3=!!
^%$ 7%! '+%! )60-(! 7$0&%! 01! -! /-3(7$-&%! -3-/*7"7! "7! 01'%3! '00! /-6;%! '0! )%! -(%: '%/*!
"35%7'";-'%(!)*!)/0$M!%R$-5-'"03!7'6-'%;"%7!-/03%8!'+"7!7."'%!01!9%'+0(7!" 7!L%//!7."'%(!'0!
-37L%6! :.%7'"037! 7.660.3("3;! '+%! ("7'6").'"03! 01! $./'.6-/! -$'"5"'"%7! -3(! 90("1"$-'"03!
-$6077!-!/-3( 7$-&%=!C"'+!'+"7!-&&60-$+8!2!+-5%!)%;.3!'0!"35%7'";-'%!'+%!L"(%!7&+%6%!01!
"3'%6-$'"03!'+-'!<"77"77"&&"-3!&%0&/%!-'!#3;%/!9.7'!+ -5%!+-(!L"'+"3!'+%"6!/-3(7$-&%!-3(!
(.6"3;!'+%"6!(-"/*!/"5%7=!!C+"/%!'+%6%!+-7!)%%3!L06M!(03 %!03!9-3*!7"'%7!"3!'+%!-6%-!'+-'!
/"M%/*!+-5%!("6%$'!'"%7!'0!#3;%/!<0.3(78!9*!L06M!)%;"37!'0!$033%$'!709%!01!'+%!(0'7!) *!
$037"(%6"3;!'+%!-6%-7!)%'L%%3!7"'%78!)%;"33"3;!L"'+!#3;%/!<0.3(7>!)-$M(006=!
! 23!@+-&'%6!?L08!2!L"//!&605"(%!-!)6"%1!+"7'06*!01!#3;%/!<0.3(7!Z'-'%!d"7'06"$!Z"'%!
-7!-3!-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!7"'%8!"3$/ .( "3;!'+%!7$-/%!-3( !10$.7!01!6%7%-6$+!-'!'+%!7"'%!1609!'+%!
)%;"33"3;! 01! '+%! IU
'+
! $%3'.6*! .&! '0! '+%! &6%7%3'! (-*=! ! 23! @ +-&'%6! ?+6%%8! 2! /-*! 0.'! 9*!
6%7%-6$+!;0-/78!"3$/.("3;!'+%!6%7%-6$+!&/-3!106!;%0&+*7"$-/!-3(!7+05%/!'%7'!7.65%*7!01!'+%!
W
6(
! ?%66-$%8! -7! L%//! -7! -! 6%-3-/*7"7! 01! '+%! IUWU! W
6(
! ?%66-$%! /%;-$*! $0//%$'"03=!!@+-&'%6!
,0.6!"7!-!906%! (%'-"/%(!("7$.77"03!01!'+%! W
6(

!?%66-$%8!)0'+! "3!'%697!01! -! <"77"77"&&"-3!
$./'.6-/!&6%7%3$%!03!'+%!/-3(7$-&%!-7!L%//!-7!"3"'"-/!-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!"35%7'";-'"037!'+%6%=!!
^0'+!01!'+%7%!-6%!"9&06'-3'!"3!'+%!$6%-'"03!01!'+%!$.66%3'!W
6(
!?%66-$%!/%;-$*!$0//%$'"03=!!
@+-&'%6! ,"5%! "7! -! 6%5"%L! 01! 9-;3%'09%'6*! -7! -! '%$+30/0;*! -3(! -7! -3! -6$+-%0/0;"$-/!
!
!
j!
"35%7'";-'"5%!9%'+0(8!-3(! ("7$.77%7! '+%!.'"/"_-'"03!01! 9-;3%'09%'6*!-'!#3;%/! <0.3(7!
-3(! '+60.;+0.'! '+%! L"(%6! <"77"77"&&"-3! -6$+-%0/0;"$-/! $099.3"'*=! ! @+-&'%6! Z"R! "7! -!
("7$.77"03! 01! 7&%$"1"$7! 9-'%6"-/7! -3(! 9%'+0(0/0;"%7! '+-'! +-5%! )%%3! "3$06&06-'%(! -3(!
.'"/"_%(! " 3!'+%!$.66%3'!6%7%-6$+=!!?+"7!("7$.77"03!"3$/.(%7!'+%!;%0&+*7"$-/!-3(!7+05%/!'%7'!
7.65%*78!(-'-!&60$%77"3;8!-3(!-3-/*'"$-/!9%'+0(7!106!'+%!W
6(
!?%66-$%!/%;-$*!$0//%$'"03=!!23!
@+-&'%6!Z%5%3!2!&6%7%3'! '+%!6%7./'7!01! -//!'+6%%!6%7%-6$+! 9%'+0(0/0;"%78!"3$/.("3;!'+%!
1"3-/! 9-;3%'09%'6*!7.65%*!9-&8!7+05%/!'%7'!7.65%*8!7'-'"7'"$-/!-3-/*7"7!01!'+%!W
6(
!?%66-$%!
$%6-9"$78! -3( ! 6%7./'7! 01! -!
Ia
@! (-'%! 0)'-"3%(! 1609! '+%! W
6(
! ?%66-$%=!!@+-&'%6! \";+'!
&605"(%7! -! 1"3-/! 7*3'+%7"7! 01! '+%! 7";3"1"$-3$%! 01! '+%! 6%7./'7! 01! '+%! 5-6"0.7! 6%7%-6$+!
9%'+0(0/0;"%78!-3(!&/-$%7!'+%!6%7%-6$+!"3!$03'%R'!L"'+ !%-$+!0'+%6!-3(!L"'+"3!)60-(%6!
6%7%-6$+!$03(.$'%(!-'!#3;%/!<0.3(7=!
( (
!

!
X!
Chapter(Two(+(A(History(of(Angel(Mounds(
A(History(of(Angel(Mounds(as(an(Archaeological(Site(
#3;%/!<0.3(7!OIQg;IP8!/0$-'%(!70.'+%-7'!01!90 ( %63K(-*!\5-375"//%8!23("-3-!03!
'+%!306'+!)-3M!01!'+%!h+"0!Y"5%68!+-7!)%%3!-!1";.6%+%-(!01!23("-3-!-6$+-%0/0;*!7"3$%!"'7!
-$:."7"'"03!)*!'+%!23("-3-!d"7'06"$-/!Z0$"%'*!"3!IUWV=!!#!&6%9"%6!<"77"77"&&"-3!$%3'%6!"3!
'+%! 6%;"03! O^/-$M! IUXb`! d"/;%9-3! Q[[[`! <03-;+-3! -3(! D%%)/%7! Q[I[`! D%'%6703! Q[I[`!
^ 9-338! %'! -/=! Q[II`! e6.7! -3(! <-67+-//! Q[II`! e6.78! %'! -/=! Q[IQP8! "'! "7! "3! -! .3":.%!
&07"'"03!01!&60'%$'"03!)%$ 7%!01!"'7!/03;!+"7'06*!01!Z'-'%!0L3%67+"&=!?+%!7"'%!"7!$.66%3'/*!
.3(%6! '+%! -(9"3"7'6-'"03! 01! '+%! 23("-3-! E%&-6'9%3'! 01! ]-'.6-/! Y%70.6$%7! -3(! "7!
0&%6-'%(! -7! -! Z'-'%! d"7'06"$! Z"'%! L"'+! -! 9.7%.9! -3(! " 3'%6&6%'"5%! $%3'%6=! ! ?+%! 1"67'!
6%$06(7!01!'+%!7"'%!'+-'!L%6%!L6"''%3!)*! \.60K#9%6"$-37!L%6%!'+-'!01!-!/-3(!7.65%*!$6%L!
"3!IV[j=!!B-$0)!,0L/%6!6%$06(%(!"3!+"7!30'%7!-!J<0.3'!b[!/"3M7!kaX!1%%'8!Q!"3$+%7l!'0!'+%!
306'+! 01! /"3%! -)0.'! Qj! 1%%'! +";+! i! #)0.'! W! @+-"37! kIUV! 1%%'l! "3! E"-9%'%6T! O,0L/%6!
IV[jNIaUP!'+-'!$066%7&03(7!L"'+!'+%! /0$-'"03! 01! L+-'!"7!30L!6%1%66%(! '0! -7!<0.3(!F!
O^/-$M! IUXbP=! ! #/'+0.;+! '+"7! %-6'+L06M! "7! 30'! &-6'! 01! '+%! 9-"3! 90.3(! ;60.&! -'! #3;%/!
<0.3(7!O"'!6%'-"37!"'7!0L3! 7"'%!3.9)%6!i! IQCja8!6%7"("3;!"3!C-66"$M!@0.3'*8! 23("-3-P!
-3(!"7!/"M%/*!01!-!9.$+!%-6/"%6!C00(/-3 (!&%6"0(!06";"38!<0.3(!F!"7!'*&"$-//*!"3$/.(%(!-7!
&-6'! 01! '+%! 7"'%! -3(! $%6'-"3/*! L0./(! +-5%! )%%3! M30L3! '0! -3(! )%%3! L"'+"3! '+%! (-"/*!
"3'%6-$'"5%!7&+%6%!01!<"77"77"&&"-3!&%0&/%7!-'!'+%!7"'%=!
Z%5%3'*!*%-67!-1'%6!'+"7!"3"'"-/!7.65%*8!"3!IVbj8!-!;%0/0;"$-/!7.65%*!01!'+%!$0.3'*!
)*! B0+3! @0//%''! (%7$6")%7! 9./'"&/%! 90.3(7! "3! '+%! 5"$"3"'*! 01! '+%! 7"'%8! -/'+0.;+! %R-$'!
&/-$%9%3'7! -6%! %6603%0.7=! d"7! (%7$6"&'"03! 01! '+%! 9-'%6"-/! $./'.6%! -770$"-'%(! L"'+! '+%!
!
!
b!
7"'%! "7! -/70! "3'%6%7'"3;! O-3(! &%6+-&7! L"'+! '+%! 7.660.3("3;! -6%-7! -7! L%//P`! "'! "3$/.(%7!
J5-7%78! c-678! c.;78! "9&/%9%3'! +-3(/%78! "9-;%7! 01! (.$M! -3( ! 0L/! +%-(78! +.9-3! 1-$%7! "3!
&0''%6*`! -/70! ).''037! 01! $-33%/! $0-/8! -3(! -R%78! +0%78! 7&-(%78! &%7'/%78! ;6"3(%678! $%/'78!

-660L! -3(! 7&%-6! &0"3'7! 01! 7'03%=T! ! d%! -/70! 30'%7! '+-'! J F6-5%7! 01! 7-5-;%! 23("-37! -6%!
("7$05%6%(!'+60.;+0.'!'+%!$0.3'*8!709%'"9%7!"3'6.(%67!.&03!'+%!90.3(78!).'!7+-//0L!
-3(! $-6%/%77/*! 9-(%T! O^/-$M! IUXbNX! K! 1609! @0//%''! IVbXNQUUKW[[P=! ! ?+"7! 7.65%*! -/70!
&60(.$%(!'+%!1"67'!M30L3!9-&!01!'+%!7"'%8!-/)%"'!-7!-!$-6'0;6-&+"$!100'30'%!01!-!/-6;%6!
$0.3'*!9-&!-3(!1-"6/*!"3-$$.6-'%!-'!'+-'=!!!
Z.)7%:.%3'! 9-&7! -3(! (%7$6"&'"037! 01! '+%! 7"'%! "3$/.(%! E6=! ,/0*(! Z'"3703>7! IVbX!
0)7%65-'"037! 6%&06'%(! '0! '+%! Z9"'+703"-3! 237'"'.'"03! -3(! &.)/"7+%(! "3! '+%"6! Annual +
Report! "3! IVVI8! '+%! 23("-3-! Geological+ Report! 106! IVVX! )*! Z=Z=! F06)*8! -3(! '+%! 1"67'!
(%'-"/%(! 9-&! -3(!
-(("'"03-/! (%7$6"&'"03! )*!
@*6.7! ?+09-7! &6"06! '0!
IVU[! O7%%! ,";.6%! Q=IP!
O^/-$M!IUXb!K!1609!Z'"3703!
IVVW`! F06)*! IVVb`! -3(!
?+09-7! IVUaP=! ! ^."/("3;!
.&03! '+%7%! "7! #=d=!
D.6(.%>7! 9-&! O7%%! ,";.6%!
Q=QP! -3(! (%7$6"&'"03! 106!
Figure(2.1:(1881(Cyrus(Thomas(map(((((((((((((((
!
!
V!
'+%! 23("-3-! #$-(%9*! 01! Z$"%3$%! "3! IVUX8! L+"$+! $066%$'%(! 7%5%6-/! %-6/"%6! "3-$$.6-$"%7=!!
Z%5%6-/!-50$-'"03-/!6%/"$!+.3'%67!9-(%!6%&06'7!-'!9%%'"3;7!01!'+%!Z0.'+L%7'%63!23("-3-!
d"7'06"$-/!Z0$"%'*!"3!'+%!%-6/*!(%$-(%7!01!'+%!Q[
'+
!$%3'.6*!O^/-$M!IUXbP=!G"M%L"7%8!#3;%/!
<0.3(7! L-7! 9%3'"03%(! "3! 7%5%6-/! &.)/"$-'"037! "3$/.("3;! d%36*! @=! Z+ %'603%>7! The+
Mound+ Builders! OIUW[P! -3(! Z-9.%/! #=! ^-66%'>7! Ancient+ Aztalan+ OIUWWP=! ! 23! IUWb8! '+%!
23("-3-! d"7'06"$-/! Z0$"%'*! &. )/ "7+ %(! Prehistoric+ Antiquities+ of+ Indiana! )*! \/"! G"//*8! L"'+!

-(("'"03-/! 9-&7! O7%%! ,";.6%! Q=WP! -3(! -! (%7$6"&'"03! 01! '+%! 7"'%8! 106%7+-(0L"3;! '+%!
-$:."7"'"03!01!'+%! 7"'%!)*! '+%!23("-3-! d"7'06"$-/!Z0$"%'*! .&03!'+%! "37"7'%3$%!01! G"//*!'+%!
3%R'! *%-6=! ?+"7! 7%'! '+%! 7'-;%! 106! '+%! )./M! 01! -6$+-%0/0;"$-/! "35%7'";-'"037! )*! F/%33! #=!
^/-$M!"3!'+%!*%-67!'0!$09%=!
Figure(2.2:(1896(A.H.( Purdue(Map((((( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
!
!
U!
!
(
Figure(2.3:(1937(Eli(Lilly(M ap(
!
!
I[!
WPA(Era(Excavations(and(Indiana(University(Field(Schools!
D6%5"0.7!-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!%R$-5-'"037!-'!#3;%/!<0.3(7!+-5%!10$.7%(!&6"9-6"/*!03!
'+%! 903.9%3'-/! %-6'+L06M7! O7&%$"1"$-//*! <0.3(7! #! -3(! ,P8! '+%! \-7'! g"//-;%8! -3(! '+%!
&-/"7-(%! L-//7! 7.660.3("3;! '+%! 9-"3! +-)"'-'"03! -6%-=! ! ?+%! )./M! 01! '+%7%! %R$-5-'"037!
L%6%! $03(.$'%(! 1609! %-6/*! IUWU! '+60.;+! '+%! 7.99%6! 01! IUaQ! )*! L06M%67! .3(%6! '+%!
,%(%6-/!C06M7!D60;6%77!#(9"3"7'6-'"03!OCD#P!-3(!L%6%!05%67%%3!)*!F/%33!#=!^/-$M!01!
'+%! 23("-3-! d"7'06"$-/! Z0$"%'*=! ! Z+06'/*! -1'%6! '+%! -$:."7"'"03! 01! '+%! 7"'%! )*! '+%! 23("-3-!
d"7'06"$-/!Z0$"%'*!"3!IUWV8!-!7"'%!;6"(!L-7!%7'-)/"7+%(!)-7%(!03!'+%!06";"3-/!7.65%*!01!'+%!
-6%-!)*!B-$0)!,0L/%6!"3!IV[j=!\R$-5-'"03!$099%3$%(!'+%!10//0L"3;!7&6"3;!-3(!7.99%6!
.'"/"_"3;!/-)06%67!1609!'+%!CD#=!!?+%!"3"'"-/!%R$-5-'"037!L%6%!.7%(!-7!-!'6-"3"3;!;60.3(!
106!'+%7%!L06M%67! -3(! L%6%!$03(.$'%(!03! L+-'! "7!30L!M30L3! -7!'+%!W
6(
!?%66-$%=!!#3!
%R%6$"7%! "3! 70 "/ ! 7'6-'";6-&+*! "3! '+%! 6%93-3'7! 01! -! \.60K#9%6"$-3! 1-69+0.7%! $%//-6!
&60(.$%(!.3%R&%$'%(!D6%K@03'-$'!-6$+-%0/0;"$-/!9-'%6"-/7!-3(!7%65%(!-7!'+%!)-7"7!106!
'+%! W

6(
! ?%66-$%! %R$-5-'"037=! ! 23! '0'-/8! 03$%! %R$-5-'"037! 03! '+%! W
6(
! ?%66-$%! L%6%!
$09&/%'%(8!a8W[[!7: 6%!1%%'!O60.;+/*!a[[!9%'%67!7:. -6%(P!+-(!)%%3!%R$-5-'%(!-$6077!
1"5%!7.)("5"7"03 7!01!'+%!7"'%!;6"(!'0!-3! -5%6-;%!(%&'+!01!Q!1%%'!Om[=XI!9%'%67P!O7%%!,";.6%!
Q=aP=!!!
!
!
II!
!
?+"7!-6%-!&60(.$%(!-3!-77%9)/-;%!$037"7'"3;!01!05%6!Ib8j[[!"3("5"( /!-6'"1-$'7!
-3(! '+6%%! O-3(! &077")/*! -7! 9-3*! -7! 1"5%P! +.9-3 ! ).6"-/7=! ! ?+"6'%%3! 1%-'.6%7! L%6%! -/70!
"(%3'"1"%(! O7%%! ,";.6%! Q=aP8! 03%! 01! L+"$+! O,QfnKbKEP! L-7! &60&07%(! )*! ^/-$M! '0! )%! 01!
o@ $-7"-3>! 06";"3=! ?+%! 6%7'! 01! '+%! 1%-'.6%7! 9-"3/*! $037"7'%(! 01! L+-'! -&&%-6! '0! )%! &"'!
1%-'.6%7!L"'+!6%/-'"5%/*!+";+!$03$%3'6-'"037!01!-6'"1-$'7!O^/-$M!IUXbNVjKI[aP=!!#1'%6!'+%7%!
"3"'"-/! o&6-$'"$%>! %R$-5-'"0378! '+%! %R&-3(%(! CD#! $6%L! L%3'! 03! '0! .3$05%6! IIU8V[[!
7: 6%!1%%'!OmII8IW[!7: 6%!9%'%67P!01!'+%!9-"3 !7"'%8!905"3;!-3!%7'"9-'%(!IW8[[[!$.)"$!
*-6(7! OmU8UWU! $.)"$! 9%'%67P! 01! %-6'+=! ! ?+%7%! -6%-7! %3$09&-77%(! %R&07%(! 1/0067!
$03'-"3"3;! 9-3*! 7'6.$'.6%7! $05%6"3;! 9./'"&/%! 7.)("5"7"0378! I8b[b! /"3%-/! 1%%'! OmjQ[!
9%'%67P! 01! '+%! &-/"7-(%! L-//! O"3$/.("3;! %";+'! )-7'"037P8! -3(! '+%! %R$-5-'"03 ! -3(!
Figure(2.4:(Plan(view(of(1939(3
rd
(Terrace(Excavations(by(Glenn(A.(Black(
((((Fro m( the(Glen n(A.(Black(Laboratory(of(Archaeology(Archives((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
(
!
!
IQ!
&60$%77"3;!01!Q8WbU8XWb!"3("5"( /!-6'"1-$'7=!!?+%!)./M!01!%R$-5-'"037!L%6%!$03(.$'%(!"3!

'+%!\-7'!g"//-;%8!-3!-6%-!-/03;!'+%!%-7'%63!%(;%!01!'+%!7"'%!L"'+"3!'+%!&-/"7-(%=!!#!(%37%!
&-/"9&7%7'!01!L-//K'6%3$+!7'6.$'.6%7!-3(!$0"3$"(%3'!).6"-/7!$+-6-$'%6"_%7!'+"7!-6%-=!2'!"7!
"3'%6&6%'%(!-7!-3!-6%-!01!(%37%!0$$.&-'"03!)%;"33"3;!-60.3(!#=E= !IW[[!-3(!$03'"3."3;!
.3'"/! '+%! 7"'%! L-7! -)-3(03%(! -60.3(! #=E= ! IaQjfIaj[! O<03-;+-3! -3(! D%%)/%7! Q[I[`!
^ 9-338! %'! -/=! Q[II`! e6.78! %'! -/=! Q[IQP=! ! ! ! \R$-5-'"037! L%6%! -/70! $03(.$'%(! .&03!
&6%5"0.7/*!9%3'"03%(!-6%-7! 01!'+%!&-/"7-(%! L-//!O"3$/.("3;!)-7'"037P!-3(! 03!<0.3(!,=!!
<0.3(! ,! L-7! -/907'! $09&/%'%/*! 6%905%(! '+60.;+! %R$-5-'"038! %R&07"3;! 'L0! 90.3(!
7.61-$%7! -3(! -! /-6;%! 9./'"K6009! 7'6.$'.6%! 7"' '%(! -'0&! -! J&6"9-6*T! 7.61-$%! O^/-$M!
IUXbP=!
,609! IUaj! .3'"/! IUXQ8! 7.99%6! 1"%/(! 7$+00/7! L%6%! $03(.$'%(! -7! -! &-6'3%67+"&!
)%'L%%3! '+%! 23("-3-! d"7'06"$-/! Z0$"%'*! -3(! 23("-3-! 43"5%67"'*=! h3$%! -;-"38! ^/-$M!
("6%$'%(! '+%7%! "35%7'";-'"037! OIUXbP=! ! C+"/%! '+%7%! L%6%! 30L+%6%! 3%-6! '+%!
.3&6%$%(%3'%(!7$-/%!01!'+%! CD#!%6-!%R$-5-'"0378! -! 3%L%6!-3(!906%! '-6;%'%(!M"3(!01!
6%7%-6$+!L-7!&60(.$%(=!!?+%7%!%R$-5-'"037!"3$/.(%(!'%7'!%R$-5-'"037!03!<0.3(7!#!-3(!
e8!-7!L%//!-7!$03'"3.%(!L06M!"3!'+%!\-7'!g"//-;%!-3(!-/03;!'+%!&-/"7-(%!"3!5-6"0.7!-6%-7!
03! 7"'%=! ! 23! IUXQ8! '+%! 1" 67'! 9-;3%'09%'6*! 7.65%*! 0 3! -3! -6$+-%0/0;"$-/! 7"'%! "3! ]06'+!
#9%6"$-! L-7! $03(.$'%(! -'! #3;%/! <0.3(7=! ! E"6%$'%(! )*! F/%33! ^/-$M! -3(! Y"$+ -6(!
B0+37'03!OIUXQP8!'+%!7.65%*!.'"/"_%(!-!5-3K90.3'%(!9-;3%'09%'%6!'0!6%$06(!6%-("3;7! 01 !
9-;3%'"$! 1"%/(! 7'6%3;'+! 5-6"-'"03! -3(! L-7! -)/%! '0! $031"69! '+%! .'"/"'*! 01! '+%! 7.65%*!
9%'+0(! -1'%6! /0$-'"3;! -! 7%$'"03! 01! '+ %! &-/"7-(%! L-//! '+60.;+! 9-;3%'"$! 7.65%*! -3(!
7.)7%:.%3'! ;60.3(K'6.'+"3;! %R$-5-'"03=! ! #1'%6! ^/-$M>7! (%-'+! "3! IUXa8! 6%7%-6$+! -;-"3!
!
!
IW!
7/0L%(!-'!'+%!7"'%=!!?+%!F/%33!#=!^/-$M!G-)06-'06*!01!#6$+-%0/0;*!OF^GP!L-7! $0 37'6.$'%(!
"3! +0306! 01! ^/-$M! -3(! '0! +0.7%! '+%! #3;%/! <0.3(7>! $0//%$'"038! -7! L%//! -7! '0! $03(.$'!
1.6'+%6! 6%7%-6$+! -'! '+%! 7"'%! -3(! -$6077! '+%! 7'-'%=! ! @037"(%6-)/%! 6%7%-6$+8! -/'+0.;+!
6%/-'"5%/*!/"9"'%(!"3!7$0&%!)*!'+%!CD#!%6-!7'-3(-6(78!)*!23("-3-!43"5%67"'*!-3 (!'+%!F^G!
+-7! $03'"3.%(! -'! '+%! 7"'%=! ]%L! '%$+30/0;"%7! -3(! 10$.7%(! 6%7%-6$+! :.%7'"037! +-5%!
6%$%3'/*! 905%(! 0.6! M30L/%(;%! 01! #3;%/! <0.3(7! 1-6! &-7'! L+-'! "'! 03$%! L-7! %5%3! -!

(%$-(%!-;0!O<03-;+-3!-3(!D%%)/%7!Q[I[`!D%'%6703!Q[I[`!^ 9-33!%'!-/=!Q[IIP=!!!
<06%!$.66%3'!6%7%-6$+!'0!$09%!1609!#3;%/!<0.3(7!"3$/.(%7!'+%!(%5%/0&9%3'!01!
-!6%/-'"5%!&0''%6*!$+6030/0;*!)-7%(!9-"3/*!.&03!-!(%$06-'"5%!5-6"%'*!01!$%6-9"$7!M30L3!
-7!J#3;%/!]%;-'"5%!D-"3'%(T!)*!Z+%66"!d"/;%9-3!106!+%6!D+=E=!("77%6'-'"038!-7!L%//!-7!-!
9030;6-&+! %3'"'/%(! Pottery+ and+ Chronology+ at+ Angel! Od"/;%9-3! Q[[[P=! ! h'+%6!
("77%6'-'"037!"3$06&06-'"3;!(-'-!1609! #3;%/!<0.3(7!"3$/.(%!Z'%&+%3!^-/ />7!The+Practical+
Application+ of+ Geophysical+ Surveys+ to+ Prehistoric+ Sites+ in+ Eastern+ North+ America! O^-//!
IUUUP! -3(! Z'-11-3! D%'%6703>7! Townscape+ Archaeology+ at+ Angel+ Mounds,+ Indiana:+
Mississippian+ Spatiality+ and+ Community! OD%'%6703! Q[I[P=! ! ^0'+! 01! '+%7%! &.)/"$-'"037!
%R&/06%!'+%!$03'"3.%(!.7%!01!-6$+-%0;%0&+*7"$-/!7.65%*!'%$+3":.%78!L"'+!^-//!%R&/06"3;!
'+%! -&&/"$-)"/"'*! 01! -! 5-6"%'*! 01! 3%-6! 7.61-$%! ;%0&+*7"$-/! 9%'+0(7! -'! 5-6"0.7! 7"'%7! "3!
\-7'%63! ]06'+! #9%6"$-! -3(! D%'%6703! %R&/06"3;! <"77"77"&&"-3! 7&-'"-/"'*! .7"3;! -!
o?0L37$-&%>!/-3(7$-&%!-&&60-$+!"3!$03c.3$'"03!L"'+!-!7"'%KL"(%!9-;3%'"$!;6-("09%'6*!
7.65%*=!!!
! @.66%3'!L06M!-'!#3 ;%/!<0.3(7!$%3'%67!-60.3(!-3'+60&0;%3"$!'6-371069-'"03!01!
'+%! /-3(7$-&%! "3! -3(! -60.3(! '+%! 7"'%8! -7! L%//! -7! '+%! (%5%/0&9%3'! 01! -3! -)70/.'%!
!
!
Ia!
$+6030/0;*!)-7%(!.&03!-3!"9&605%(!-3(!-3!"3$6%-7%(!3.9)%6!01!6-("0$-6)03!(-'%7!"3!
$03c.3$'"03!L"'+!-!)%''%6!.3(%67'-3("3;!01!'+%!7'6-'";6-&+"$!6%/-'"037+"&7!01!&6%5"0.7/*!
%R$-5-'%(! 1%-'.6%7! )*! ^/-$M! "3! '+%! \-7'! g"// -;%=! ! 23! -(("'"038! ;%0&+*7"$-/! "35%7'";-'"03!
-3(! 7 9-//! ("-9%'%6! $06"3;! 01! 9-3*! 01! '+%! %-6'+L06M7! 03! 7"'%! +-5%! &60(.$%(! 6%/-'"5%!
$037'6.$'"03! $+6030/0;"%78! -7! L%//! -7! -)70/.'%! (-'%7! 106! '+%! $037'6.$'"03! -3(! .7%K/"1%!
7'-;%7! 01! 7%5%6-/! 01! '+%! 90.3(78! L"'+! '+%! /-6;%7'! i! <0.3(! #! i! )%"3;! $09&/%'%(!
O<03-;+-3!-3(!D%%)/%7!Q[I[P8!-3(!-(("'"03-/!L06M!-'!<0.3(7!\8!,8!F!-3(!d!03;0"3;=!!
@09)"3%(8!'+%7%!6%%5-/ '%(!$+6030/0;"%7!.7"3;! ( -'-!1609!'+%!\-7'!g"//-;%8!9-3*!01! '+ %!
90.3(78! -3(! 9-3*! 01! '+%! "'%6-'"037! 01! '+ %! &-/"7-(%! L-//! +-5%! $6%-'%(! -! 9.$+! 906%!
"3'6"$-'%!&"$'.6%!01!'+%!(%5%/0&9%3'-/!$+6030/0;*!01!#3;%/!<0.3(7!"3'0!L+"$+!'+"7!L06M!
$-3!)%!%5-/ '%(=!

( (
!
!
Ij!
Chapter(Three(+(Research(Plan(
?+%! 6%7%-6$+! &/-3! '+-'! 1069%(!'+%!)./M!01!'+%!L06M!$03'6").'"3;!'0!'+"7!'+%7"7!
10$.7%(! 03! -3! 01'%3K05%6/00M%(! &06'"03! 01! #3;%/! <0.3(7! i! '+%! W
6(
! ?%66-$%=! ! ?+%! W
6(
!
?%66-$%!"7!-!;%0/0;"$-//*!0/(%6!-//.5"-/!/-3(1069!'+-'!7"'7!+";+%6!"3!%/%5-'"03!'+-3!'+%!Q
3(
!
?%66-$%!.&03!L+"$+!#3;%/!<0.3(7!7"'7=!!?+60.;+!-!;%0&+*7"$-/!6%90'%!7%37"3;!7.65%*!
.'"/"_"3;!-!9-;3%'"$!;6-("09%'%68!-!'-6;%'%(!7+05%/!'%7'!7.65%*!-3(!-!6%-3-/*7"7 ! 01!'+%!
W
6(
!?%66-$%!/%;-$*!$0 // %$'"03!1609!-3!-6%-!'+-'!L-7!%R$-5-'%(!)*!^/-$M8!'+%!;0-/!L-7!'0!
"(%3'"1*! '+%! 7";3"1"$-3$%! 01! '+%! W
6(
! ?%66-$%! "3! 6%/-'"03! '0! '+%! 9-"3! +-)"'-'"03! -6%-!
O7&%$"1"$-//*! '+%! -6%-! M30L3! -7! '+%! \-7'! g"//-;%P8! -7! L%//! -7! "3! 6%/-'"03! '0! <0.3(! F!
OIQCjaP8!-!&0'%3'"-//*!'%9&06-//*!-3(!7'6.$'.6-//*!-309-/0.7!90.3(!/0$-'%(!306'+%-7'!
01!'+%!9-"3!+-)"'-'"03!-6%-=!
Third(Terrace(Legacy(Collection(
G"9"'%(!6%7%-6$+!+-7!)%%3!$03(.$'%(!-'!#3;%/!<0.3(7!0.'7"(%!'+%!/"9"'7!01!'+%!
&-/"7-(%! L-//7! -3(8! 906%! ;%3%6-//*8! '+%! Q
3(
! ?%66-$%=! ! #/'+0.;+! &-/"7-(%! L-//7! '*&"$-//*!

(%1"3%!'+%!)0.3(-6"%7!01!<"77"77"&&"-3!$%3'%67!-3(!1.3$'"03!-7!de+facto!)0.3(-6"%7!106!
-6$+-%0/0;"$-/! 7" '%78! '+%6%! "7! 30! 6%-703! '0! '+"3M! '+-'! -//! %5"(%3$%! 01! 0$$.&-'"03! 06! 01!
$./'.6-/!90("1"$-'"03!01!'+ %!/-3(7$-&%!7'0&7!-'!'+%7%!L-//7=!!?+%!9%6%!1-$'!'+-'!'+%6%!-6%!
7%5%6-/! 9-3"1%7'-'"037! 01! '+%! &-/"7-(%! L-//! -'! #3;%/! <0.3(7! O^/-$M! IUXb`! e6.78! %'! -/=!
Q[IQP! ! 7&%-M7! '0! '+%! %&+%9%6-/! 3-'.6%! 01! '+%9! -7! )0.3(-6"%7! "3! -3! %50/5"3 ;! 70$"-/8!
&0/"'"$-/8! %$0309"$8! -3(! %35"6039%3'-/! /-3(7$-&%=! ! ! ?+%! -6%-! 7.660.3("3;! '+%! 7"'%!
&60&%6!L-7!.3(0.)'%(/*!.'"/"_%(!'0!709%!%R'%3'!(.6"3;!'+%!0$$.&-'"03!01!'+%!7"'%=!!?+%!
1"67'!%R$-5-'"037!$03(.$'%(!)*!^/-$M!-'!#3;%/!<0.3(7!03!'+%!W
6(
!?%66-$%!'0!'+%!%-7'!01!
!
!
IX!
'+%! 7"'%! &60&%6! &605"(%! %5"(%3$%! 106! '+"7! /-3(1069>7! .'"/"_-'"03! (.6"3;! '+%! 7"'%>7!
"3+-)"'-'"03!O7%%!,";.6%!W=IP=!!!
!
!
!
Figure(3.1:(2005(Aerial(Photography(of(Angel(Mounds,(with(the(current(research(area(on(the((((
3
rd
(Terrace(highlighte d((((((((((
!
!
Ib!
#/'+0.;+! 05%6! Ia8[[[! $%6-9"$! 7+%6(78! W8j[[! /"'+"$78! &60c%$'"/%! &0"3'78! ;60.3(!
7'03%!'00/78!&"&%78!$%6-9"$!%-66"3;78!).63'!( )8!-3(!$+-6$0-/8!-7!L%//!-7!7%5%6-/!+.9-3!
).6"-/7! L%6%! 6%$05%6%(8! 6%7%-6$+! L-7! 3%5%6! $03'"3.%(! "3! '+"7! -6%-! ) %*03(! L+-'! L-7!
9"3"9-//*!3%$%77-6*!106!7.)7%:.%3'!) ." /( "3 ;!$037'6.$'"03!O^/-$M!IUXbP=!!?+%!6%5"7"'"3;!01!
'+"7! $0//%$'"038! -/03;! L"'+! ^/-$M>7! 06";"3-/! %R$-5-'"03! 6%$06(7! -3(! 9-&78! L-7! '+%! 1"67'!

$09&03%3'! 01! '+%! '+6%%K&-6'! 6%7%-6$+! &/-3! '0! "35%7'";-'%! '+%! 7";3"1"$-3$%! 01! '+%! W
6(
!
?%66-$%!'0!'+%!/-6;%6!7"'%=!
Magnetometry(at(Angel(Mounds(
Y%$%3'! (%5%/0&9%3'7! "3! -3(! -L-6%3%77! 01! 3%-6! 7.61-$%! ;%0&+*7"$-/! 6%90'%!
7%37"3;!'%$+30/0;*! "3!]06'+!#9%6"$-!+-7! /%(!'0!-!9-6M%(!"3$6%-7%!"3!'+%!.7%!01!'+%7%!
'%$+3":.%7!106!)0'+!-$-(%9"$!-3(!$./'.6-/!6%70.6$%!9-3-;%9%3'!O@Y<P!-6$+-%0/0;*!"3!
'+%! 43"'%(! Z'-'%7! OG0$M+-6'! -3(! F6%%3! Q[[XP! -3(8! 906%! 7&%$"1"$-//*8! "3! <"77"77"&&"-3!
-6$+-%0/0;*! O^/" '_! Q[I[P=! ! #3;%/! <0.3(7! +-7 ! )%%3! -'! '+%! 106%1603'! 01! '+%! .7%! 01! '+"7!
"35%7'";-'"03!'%$+3":.%!L"'+!F/%33!^/-$M!-3(!Y0)%6'!B0+37'03!OIUXQP!&%61069"3;!%-6/*!
6%7%-6$+! .7"3;! -! &60'03! 9-;3%'09%'%6! '0! 7.65%*! -6%-7! 01! '+%! 7"'%! "3! -3! -''%9&'! '0!
/0$-'%!-3!"'%6-'"03!01!'+%!&-/"7-(%!"3!'+%!%-6/*!IUX[>7=!!Y%$%3'!6%7%-6$+!+-7!$03'"3.%(!"3!
'+"7! '6-("'"03=! Z'%&+%3! ^-//! OIUUUP! $03(.$'%(! -! &06'"03! 01! +"7! (0$'06-/! ( "77%6'-'"03 !
6%7%-6$+! -'! #3;%/! <0.3(78! '%7'"3;! '+%! -&&/"$-)"/"'*! 01 ! 5-6"0.7! ;%0&+*7"$-/! 6%90'%K
7%37"3;!'%$+3":.%7!03! -!5-6"%'*!01!7"'%!'*&%7=!!d%!10.3(! '+ -'!'+%!<"77"77"&&"-3! 7'6.$'.6%7!
-'! #3;%/! <0.3(7! L%6%! $03 7'6.$'%(! "3! -! L-*! '+-'! 9-(%! '+%9! &-6'"$./-6/*! 5"7")/%! '0!
7%5%6-/! '*&%7! 01! 6%90'%! 7%37"3;=! h5%6! '+%! 3%R'! (%$-(%8! Z'-11-3! D%'%6703! OQ[I[P!
$03(.$'%(! -! 9-;3%'09%'6*! 7.65%*! $05%6"3;! -! 9-c06"'*! 01! '+%! 7"'%! L"'+"3! '+%! &-/"7-(%!