nghiên cứu cơ sở khoa học để bảo tồn và sử dụng bền vững một vài loài song mây quan trọng thuộc chi calamus l. và chi daemonorops blume tại khu vực trung bộ bản tóm tắt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
INDTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY RESOURCES

NGUYEN QUOC DUNG
STUDY ON SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR
CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF
SEVERAL IMPORTANT RATTAN SPECIES OF THE
GENERA OF CALAMUS L. AND DAEMONOROPS
BLUME IN CENTRAL VIETNAM
BIOLOGY PHD THESIS
Speciality: Botany
Code: 62.42.01.11
Advisor: 1. Associate Prf. Dr. Ninh Khắc Bản
2. Associate Prf. Dr. Lê Xuân Cảnh
Hanoi, 2013
2
PREWORD
1. Thesis necessity
Rattan is the common name of the plant species have spines, mostly vines, and
scale fruits in Palmae (Arecaceae) belong to Monocotyledone.
In Vietnam, rattan with a relatively hight number of species with 49 species
have been recorded in 6 genera (author's survey). Especially notable fauna
endemism of rattan very high (nearly 50% according to research by the author and
his colleagues). Most species of rattan are used people, including nearly 20 species
of economic value to be exploited for commercial use.
Central Vietnam is the one of areas with the largest natural forests in Vietnam.
Average coverage of natural forest in the study area was about 45% of the total land
area. This is most one of the rattan species composition, diversity and rich in

reserves. In recent years, with the region and Central Highlands region provides
main raw materials for rattan processing for export and for the reade villages in
Vietnam. However, rattan resources in the region are increasingly depleted, no
appropriate solutions to management, recovery and development.
To contribute to the conservation and development of rattan in the central
region of Vietnnam as well as prevent degradation, endangered species in natural
rattan, I choose a topic: “Study on scientific basis for conservation and
sustainable use of several important rattan species of the genera of Calamus L.
and Daemonorops Blume in Central Vietnam”
2. The objective
- Evaluate rattan species composition in the Central region
- Study the biological basis of the distribution, ecology, conservation value,
economic value, growth and development of rattan.
- Evaluation of extraction, use, market and rattan management in the study
area.
- Propose solutions to conservation and sustainable development of rattan in
the area of Central Vietnam.
3
3. The significance
The thesis results are basic science materials of composition of rattan species
in Central region, contributing to the investigation, detection, additional species
composition not only for the central region and Vietnam. The research results will
contribute to the rationale and science for conservation and development of rattan in
Vietnam.
3. The new records in thesis
- Announcement of 18 rattan new species to science in the Central region
- For the first time, lists of rattan built specifically for the Central region
show their distribution characteristics, and used and science values.
- For the first time the rattan proposed in the conservation activities in the
Central region.

- Thesis proposes a complete model of rattan intensive crop under the forest
canopy in Central areas.
Chapter 1
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
1.1. Overview of Research Issues
1.1.1. The situation overseas study
1.1.1.1. Research on the rattan classification and distribution
O. Beccari is one of the first author's research on rattan studied classification
and genera of Daemonorops and Calamus. Uhl and Dransfield (1987) is the author
synthetic rattan on the globe and around the world have identified about 600 species
of rattan in 13 genera.
John Dransfield published the rattan in the Malay Peninsula (1979), Sabah
(1984) Sarawak (1992), Brunei Darussalam (1997), "Plant Resources of Southeast
Asia - Episode 6: The rattan" (1994); "Genera Palmarum the Evolution and
4
classification of Palms", in that Calamoideae described and identified in 619
species, separate group of Calameae in 565 species.
Andrew J. Henderson has described 160 rattan species in South Asia,
including 134 species of Calamus, 22 species of Daemonorops, 7 species in
Korthalsia, 1 species of Myrialepis, 5 species of Plectocomia and 2 species of
Plectocomiopsis.
Evans and colleagues, discovered in 2000 and described four new rattan
species of the genus Calamus in Laos and Thailand, book publishing field guides of
_ (2001), which describe, define distribution 31 rattan species of _ the rattan in Lao
PDR. K. Hourt Eang published a field guide on the rattan (2008), which describes
and identifies the distribution of 18 rattan species in Cambodia.
1.1.1.2. Rattan physiology, ecology and development
Xu Huang et al (2000) studied rattan morphological characteristics in China.
Manokaran, N. (1985) studied ecological factors affecting the recovery and growth of
rattan in several provinces of China for some species of C. Egregius, C. simplicifolius

and C. Nambariensis
Janmahasatien (2005) and Rao et al. (1998) studied influence of soil conditions on
the growth of the rattan. Soil conditions, vegetation, microclimate, seed maturation, the
formation and development stages of the trunk, etc are Manokaran N. (1985) study.
Ecological adaptability of natural rattan species has been mentioned by
Dransfiel (1979, 1984).
A. B. Lapis et al (2005) studied of preserved fruit in Indonesia. Study in India
about preserving seeds (JKRawat, DCKhanduri, 2001). Yin (2000) studied storage
methods and determine the rate of seed germination.
Effects of mineral nutrition and the effects of fertilizer on the growth by
Qingdu Chen (2000) studied two rattan species seedlings of C. tetradactylus and D.
magraritae in China.
5
1.1.1.3. Rattan conservation and use
From 1981 Dansfield have evaluated the ecological problems of the rattan in
Asia-related trade and conservation.
FAO is one of the powerful organization concerned with the preservation and
development of rattan. In particular, most clearly expressed on the use and
conservation the rattan in Report No 14 on non-timber forest products. This paper
also reports the rattan from Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines,
NBAR is bamboo and rattan network in the world, is also very interested in
conservation issues. In INBAR Working Paper No. 7 also mentioned the
conservation status and rattan resources in China (Xuhuangcan et al, 1996). Report
No. 11 of INBAR mentioned problems rattan selection priority for conservation and
development (Rao et al, 1998)
WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) in addition to the common interest in
preserving biodiversity, also interested in the programs of sustainable management
of natural resources, of which there are many research activities on rattan.
Analysis by Wang Kanglin (2004) refers to the variety of rattan resources in
China, given the traditional experience of regeneration and protection of the cloud

forest region in Xishuangbana Mengsong community.
1.1.2. Study the situation in Vietnam
1.1.2.1. Species composition and distribution
The first time the rattan published in the book "Flora of Indochina". Pham
Hoang Ho (1993 and 2000) have identified 30 rattan species of the rattan 6 genera.
Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong (1996) suggested that the rattan in Vietnam has 6
genera, 30 rattan species and 1 variatae.
Tran Thi Phuong Anh is one of the authors deeply research on the
classification system the rattan in the research process classification system they
Cau in Vietnam.
Andrew Henderson and colleagues from 2008 to today announced 20 new
rattan species for science. Regarding distribution, Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong
6
(1996), Nguyen Minh Thanh studied distribution by elevation, the rattan space
distribution.
1.2.1.2. Study on ecological characteristics and cultivation
Vu Van Dung, Le Huy Cuong (1996) studied the ecology of seedlings, and
ecology of the rattan under the forest canopy. Pham Van Dien (2005) provide
ecological characteristics of the stages of development of the rattan.
Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong (1996) technical guidance rattan species
planted for 2 species of C. tetradactylus and C. platyacanthus. Forest Science
Institute of Vietnam (2000) have studied the project for 5 high value rattans in
Vietnam.
1.1.2.3. Rattan conservation and use
The only document referring to preserve the rattan as the Vietnam Red Data
Book Red Book of Vietnam (Flora 1996) and the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007)
only mention the status of two rattan species of Calamus platyacanthus (VU -
Vulnerable) and Calamus poilanei (EN - endangered).
Regarding the use of the rattan in Vietnam Nguyen Quoc Dung (2006)
evaluated the use, production, market. Ninh Khac Ban et al (2005) analyzed the

current state of deep mining, use, rattan market in Bach Ma.
Relatively complete documentation of the technical measures of conservation
and development by the authors the rattan Pham Van Dien, Nguyen Quoc Dung et
al (2011).
1.2. Overview of the study area
The study area is located in the provinces of Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh,
Quang Tri, Thua Thien - Hue, Da Nang, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu
Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh pros and Kon Tum
7
Chapter 2
SUBJECTS, PLACES, CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY
2.1. Subjects and study sites
2.1.1. Study Subjects
Composition rattan species in the forest of the Central region. The specimens
collected from the wild.
- Species of Daemonorops poilanei.
2.1.2. Study site
- The special-use forests and protection forests in Central
- Research on planting layout in Huong Son - Ha Tinh, and Ba to-Quang Ngai.
2.2. Study contents
-To investigate and assess the status of the rattan in Central region
-Research on intensive rattan planting under the forest canopy
-To propose some solutions primarily conservation and rational utilization the
rattan resources in the area.
2.3. Research Methodology
2.3.2. Indoor study
- Study of the the rattan in the museums.
- Study overview material rattan planting reports.
- Construction of additional forest status maps by means of satellite image
interpretation Spot 5

2.3.3. Field surveys
- Transect line survey for species collection, collecting all rattan presence,
photographing, marking, delineation distribution.
- Participatory reural appraisal (PRA) to investigate the exploitation, use,
management, rattan market in the study area.
8
2.3.4. Plant layout study
- Breeding; experimental layout provenance trials
- Research and physiological lology of characteristics through the analysis of
ecological factors, light, humidity,
- Research techniques of seedlings in nurseries across treatments
- Determine the influence of ecological factors on the growth of D. poilanei
over the experimental formula layout.
- Distribution of site condition
- Leaf anatomy and soil analysis
2.3.5. Handling of specimens and data
Handling specimens, the species composition statistics, describing new rattan
species, assessinh distribution and expansion distribution in the map.
Chapter 3
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
3.1. Status of the rattan resources in the study area
3.2.1. Diverse of the rattan species composition in the study area
3.1.1.1. Species diversity
So far Vietnam has recorded for 49 rattan species in 6 genera. Central Vietnam
found 5 genera, accounting for 83% of genera in the country, and 41 rattan species,
accounting for 84% of the total number of rattan species in the country. This
demonstrates that central area with a rattan species diversity in Vietnam. Therefore,
the interest in the rattan conservation and development in central areas is essential.
Among of the 41 rattan species identified in Central up to 22 endemic species
to Vietnam. In that species distributions are very narrow, usually only found in

geographic scope than 4 adjacent provinces.
9
3.1.1.2. The new rattan species described to science
The surveys of the rattan in nationwide, we have discovered and described 20
new rattan species to science. Among them, there are 18 species in Central region of
our country. This also proves, the central focus area distribution of rattan species in
Vietnam.
Below is a list of newly discovered rattan species rattan and described to
science in the Central region:
(1) Calamus acaulis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.
Local Name: Mây lùn, mật cật, mây cật
Body not climb, short, grow the cluster, detected only in protected areas Krong
Trai, Phu Yen province, on the steep cliffs in secondary forest.
(2) Calamus bachmaensis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.
Local Name: Mây cám tre, Mây tre
Climbing, clusters, up to 10 m long, 1.3 cm diameter of the sheath. First
discovered in Bach Ma National Park (Thua Thien Hue) and the surrounding areas.
(3) Calamus batoensis Henderson & N. Q. Dung sp. nov.
Local name: Mây rắc
Climbing, growing clusters, 1-10m long, 0.5 to 0.8 cm in diameter and 0.6 cm
steelhead steelhead not. Only found in Quang Ngai (Ba protection forests)
(4) Calamus centralis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây mật, Mây gà, Mây trung bộ
Cluster, climbing up to 20 m, r 0.8-1cm in diamete, first detected in Ninh Binh
(Cuc Phuong National Park), Nghe An (Pu Huong and Pu Mat), then discovered in
Ha Giang (last recorded in 2009 in the district of Quang Binh province), Phu Tho
province.
(5) Calamus crispus Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây tôm, Mây tắt
10

Climbing, cluster, about 10m long, 1.5-1.8 cm in diameter with leaf sheath.
This species occurs in Thua Thien Hue (Bach Ma National Park) and Danang (Ba
Na - Nui Chua).
(6) Calamus flavinervis Henderson & N. Q. Dung sp. nov.
Local name: Mây lá vân
Climbing, clusters, 8m long, 1 to 1.3 cm in diameter with leaf sheath, found
only in the province of Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh).
(7) Calamus kontumensis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây kon tum
Climbing, clusters, 10 m long, 0.8 to 0.9 cm in diameter steelhead. This
species has only been reported in Kon Tum province (Mang La - Mang Đen)
(8) Calamus parvulus A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây chỉ, Mây rắt chỉ
Climbing, clusters, 10m long, 3mm diameter at all, just find a spot in Khanh
Hoa (Khanh Vinh protection forests)
(9) Calamus phuocbinhensis Henderson & N. Q. Dung sp. nov.
Local name: Mây cát
Climbing, clusters, 8-15m long, 1.3 to 2.1 cm in diameter at all, only to find in
Ninh Thuan province (Phuoc Binh National Park).
(10) Calamus quangngaiensis Henderson & N. Q. Dung sp. nov.
Local name: Mây cật
Stem clusters, 3-4m long, the sheath diameter 1-1, only found in Quang Ngai
(Ba To protection forests)
(11) Calamus seriatus A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây cám
Climbing, clusters, 10m long, 1.8 cm diameter with the sheath, just find a spot
in Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh protection forests)
(12) Calamus spiralis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.
11
Local name: Mây cám mỡ

Climbing, clusters, forming large clumps, up to 15 m long, 0.7 cm diameter
with the sheath. Newly collected in Thua Thien Hue (Bach Ma National Park)
(13) Daemonorops brevicaulis A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây Đất
Stem solitary, non-climbing, stand straight, 0.5 m high, 3 cm in diameter with
sheath. Distributed in Khanh Hoa
(14) Daemonorops fissilis (Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung) Henderson
Local name: Mây cám
Stem solitary, clusters, 7-10 m long. 1 cm in diameter with sheath This new
species recorded in Thua Thien - Hue (Bach Ma National Park) and Da Nang (Ba
Na - Nui Chua).
(15)Daemonorops nuichuaensis (Henderson, N.K.Ban &N.Q.Dung) Henderson
Local name: Sui, Mây sui
Stem solitary, non-climbing, 5 m high, 3 cm in diameter with sheath. Only
recorded in Nui Chua National Park, Ninh Thuan Province
(16) Daemonorops ocreata A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung, sp. nov. (Plate 2)
Local name: Mây giá
Stam climbing, clusters, 12m long, 3.2 cm diameter with the sheath. Only
found in Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh)
(17) Korthalsia minor Henderson & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov.,
Local name: Mây đùng đình, Mây rã, Mây rã nhỏ, Phướn nhỏ.
Stem climbing, clusters, branching. Distributed in Bien Hoa, Binh Thuan,
Dong Nai (Cat Tien), Quang Tri (Dak Rong) and Thua Thien - Hue (Bach Ma
NP).
(18) Plectocomiopsis songthanhensis A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung, sp. nov.
Local name: Mây phun, Mây rút.
12
Stem climbing, clusters, often forming large clumps, 20-30 m long, 1.5-1.7 cm
in diameter with sheath. Found in Quang Nam (Song Thanh sanctuary) and Thua
Thien - Hue (Bach Ma National Park, Sao La sanctuary).

3.1.1.3. Diversity of life forms
- Climbing (37/41 species)
- Non-climbing (3/41 species)
- Clustered (35/41 species)
- Solitary (6/41 species)
- Clusters or solitary 2 species
- Stem branching: 3 species
3.1.1.4. Diversity of habitats
a) Geographical distribution by administrative
Figure 3.1. Number of rattan species in Central Provinces
b) Rattan distribution by elevation
Rattans are mainly distributed in the lower elevation under 700m (37 species),
some 23 species in 700m-1600m, only 4 species uper 1600m. Do not show rattan
distributed at elevations above 2400M.
13
37
23
4
<700m
700-1600m
>1600m

Figure 3.2. Distribution of species by elevation
c) Rattan disstribution in forest types
Rattans are mainly distributed in the evergreen forests; very few species in
bamboo, deciduous or dry forests and grassland. There are no rattan in mangrove
and coniferous forests.
Figure 3.3: Distribution of rattan in forest styles
3.1.2. Assessing the current state of exploitation, use and rattan market
3.1.2.1. The situation of exploitation and use

a) Exploitation for commercial use
A huge number of rattans and most of the species can be used, but the central
fact only 10 species are exploited and used in large quantities for commercial.
Production decreased in recent 20 years.
b) Rattan used community
14
Community use of number of the rattan more than trading, specific to knitting
(31 species) and forced crackers (28 species). Therefore, the community preferred
rattan small size, flexible, durable, need not be treated and preserved.
3.1.2.2. Rattan market
From 2000 to 2004, Vietnam is the second country in exporting rattan fiber in
the world after Indonesia. In 2008, Vietnam exported products to countries
worldwide 68.6 million. Rattan market in Vietnam slowdown starting in 2005.
3.1.2.2. Rattan management
Source rattan materials are still being exploited primarily resulted from natural
forest area and growing number of them fell.
The nature conservation programs have not noticed rattan.
3.2. Biological research for conservation and development
3.2.1. Population density of some species in natural forest
Through the inventory results show that there are 4 most common species in
Central that are D. poilanei, K. laciniosa, D. jenkinsiana and C. bousigonii. Each
species has an average number of more than 10 canes / ha in the study area. There
are two species with populations greater relative concentration are D. poilanei with
45.7 canes / ha in Dak Rong and K. laciniosa with 48 canes / ha. Most species with
high economic value such as C. poilanei, C. tetradactylus, C. walkeri, C.
nambariensis, C. gracilis, and C. dioicus their population in the wild is lower than
the other species.
3.2.2. Growth of some species in the genus Calamus and Daemonorops
Studies of growth in 1 year for 6 rattan species with economic values in the
destination of Bac Huong Hoa, Dak Rong, Phong Dien, Sao La and Song Thanh

showed the average length growth in the wild from 0.4 m-1, 23m/year C.
nambariensis only increase the amount of the average length of about a third of C.
tetradactylus.
15
3.2.3. Biological basis fof selecting species for conservation
According to the "Guidelines for use of criteria and classification of the IUCN
Red List" (2013, 10.1). According to the criteria, there are 10 species B has a
smaller distribution area 100km2 are classified as Critically Endangered (CR), 6
species distributions from 100km2 to 5000km2 are classified as Endangered (EN),
4 species (20.000km2 range, which are classified as Vulnerable (VU). several
species is not threatened in the wild, while some other species but not in the group
but was ranked overexploitation. 16 topics proposed species-level from VU to CR
3.2.4. Selection rattan species in Calamus and Daemonorops for development.
Fourteen species of high economic value are selected for specific regions.
Among them, note the D. poilanei currently providing materials for the most
popular commodities in Central. Some species are particularly high C. poilanei, C.
viminalis, C. nambariensis just need to take measures to preserve and develop.
In the area there are two machines have very small size, has high ductility and
durability, all stem taper, can be used directly wicker handicraft items without
splitting, which is C. parvulus and C. dioicus.
3.2.5. Researcho on Daemonorops poilanei planting
3.2.5.1. Breeding
Results of 80 clusters selected colonized in 320 investigations. All the selected
clusters have values of internode length, diameter superior to the average value of
all clusters more than ≥ 20% to others.
After 12 months of follow-up in the nursery, the subject was initially selected
three of origin materials (Ha Tinh, Nghe An and Quang Nga). Quang Ngai
materials average number of canes are 7.6; highest number is 12, the smallest
number is 6, the coefficient of variation of 14.38 %, the rate of new shoots is 93%,
an average increase of 2.8 shoots / year.

Quang Ngai matterials average cane length is greatest. Nghe An average total
cane length is minimum. With the origin of Ha Tinh average growth stems reaching
16
from 4.1 to 4.4 m, the total length of the canes /cluster reach 14.8 m in Ha Tinh,
Quang Ngai to 15.2 m, the coefficient of variation from 20.84 to 21.62 %.
c) Evaluate the difference between the origin of molecular factors
Genetically, each form has its origin D. poilanei has diverse genetic
components (the sample rate of polymorphic DNA fragments over 50%) to choose
as raw material for plant breeding.
3.2.5.2. Breeding technology
a) Characteristics of the seed research plots
Lot particles of D. poilanei study 94.35% purity and 94% viability, grain
accounted for 30 to 45% by weight of fruit, 1 kg of fresh fruit from 1560 to 1800
results, 1kg of seeds from 2280 to 2800 particles.
b) Influence of processing temperature and depth to germinate seeds
+ Effect of water temperature processing:
D. poilanei seeds are suitable for handling water margin in the range of 40 -
450C. As the water temperature increased processing or reduced, germination rate
were decreased markedly.
+ Effect of depth of fill up the seed germination ability:
Based on the size of the seed, depth of fill approximately 1.45 times the
appropriate particle diameter of D. poilanei seeds.
3.2.5.3. Physiology, ecology, growth of D. poilanei
a) Anatomy leaves of D. poilanei
The study results also showed that tissue thickness assimilation accounted for
72.72 to 80.55% of the total thickness of the leaves. This can evaluate D. poilanei is
medium light demanding (size greater than 80% assimilation is light demanding
plants)
b) ranspiration intensity of D. poilanei
This result allows affirmed that appropriate plant with moderate light

intensity.
17
c) Attraction of water and tissue cells of D. poilanei.
Initial assessment that D. poilanei is in group of medium plants, this group living
in areas of moderate soil moisture.
d) Wilting coefficient of D. poilanei
Experimental results with D. poilanei is wilting coefficient 10,431 (Quang
Ngai) and 9,724 (Ha Tinh). Demonstrate the drought tolerance of D. poilanei in
Quang Ngai lower in Ha Tinh.
e) Heat resistance of D. poilanei
D. poilanei in Quang Ngai has the ability to withstand high temperatures are
not good with plants in Ha Tinh. This is entirely consistent with the climatic
conditions of each region, demonstrating the ability to adapt to ecological
conditions in each region.
f) The intensity of photosynthesis of D. poilanei
D. poilanei in Quang Ngai has higher photosynthetic intensity in Ha Tinh.
Through the the results, in a given time may a preliminary assessment of tree
growth in the Cloud different areas and fully consistent with the rate of chlorophyll.
g) The content of mineral nutrients in leaves of D. poilanei
Metabolic ability of D. poilanei is at average level. This is an easy species,
can grow and develop on sites containing nutrient medium level. This is significant
in the planting and growing replication D. poilanei on many different sites.
h) Effect of light on the growth of D. poilanei at nursery
At the nursery stage lighting affects height growth and number of leaves of D.
poilanei the age of 3 periods (6, 9, 12 months). With the level of cover is 100%
growth in height and number of leaves of D. poilanei is the worst, while in shaded
mode 50% is in the best 3-year-old stage, followed by the regime cover to cover
level of 25%, 75%, 0%.
i) Effect of light to pigment content in leaves of D. poilanei
D. poilanei is shade tolerant species in the nursery stage from 1-12 months

old. The percentage of shade best suited for synthetic pigment plant leaves 2 is 50-
18
75 %, in the formula tree grows best. It can be said that D. poilanei tree is preferred
in moderate light, with shade from 30-50 %. From this result we can choose D.
poilanei have grown under the canopy woodland canopy cover from 30-50 % is
appropriate.
k) Effect of potting mixture on growth of D. poilanei at nursery stage
The analysis results showed that D. poilanei phosphate demand is high, but
levels of digestible phosphorus and potassium in soils, phosphorus content in
manure moderate.
Formula potting mixtures best suited for D. poilanei growth and development
in the nursery stage from 1-12 months is 88 % of nursery soil manure + 10 % + 2 %
supelan. In this formula, the ratio N : P : K in the leaves is approximately 6 : 1 : 3
-like machines in the wild.
l) Effect of age of seedlings ready for planting on the growth in plantation
The results showed that 24 -month-old seedlings planted for height growth
best, followed by the tree 18 months and 15 months old and is the lowest 12
-month-old plants. This result is different when two different ecological conditions.
After planting 3.5 years, seedlings with 15 and 18 months of age have
increased cane length and growth rate similar to play in the two study areas and Ha
Tinh, Quang Ngai, much higher than seedlings with 12 months but less than 24
month seedlings.
3.2.5.4. Divided according to the degree of site suitability for D. poilanei
a) Relationship of growth of D. poilanei the key factors of site conditions
Correlate has established correlate of growth for D. poilanei (Y) with the
factors affecting (X) in the form of the following equation:
Y = a.X
1
+ b.X
2

+ c.X
2
2
+ d.X
3
(3.1)
Of which: Y = D
l
x L
l
(3.2)
CECOPOM
NOKpHKcl
X
*52*%
.**
2
1
=
(3.3)
X2 is the canopy;
h.
)DAS/(P
X
3
α
++
=
(3.4)
19

P is the average rainfall years; S, A, D is the number of dry months, limited, out
of the study area;  is the ground slope (degrees), h is the height of the terrain in
place of D grows. poilanei. Topics identified the following correlation equation.
- At Huong Son - Ha Tinh
Y
1
= 58,1288 - 6,1284X
1
- 91,685X
2
+ 119,1233X
2
^2 + 2,599X
3
(3.5)
(r=0,934; F=7,23; sigF=0,044)
- At Ba To – Quang Ngai
Y
2
= -5,19 + 20,36X
1
- 8,39X
2
+ 3,43X
2
^2 + 0,74X
3
(3.6)
(r=0,93; F=7,87; sigF=0,022)
3.2.5.5. Model building experiments, assaying and intensive cultivation and assessment

* Annual care
The growth indicators such as number of shoots TB / clusters, the largest
number of buds, minimum, maximum length, the smallest are in care formula 3
times / year are for the highest value, followed by manufacturing care level 2 times /
year, lowest in the care regimen 1 times / year. In care regimen 3 times / year, the
average body length is from 96cm to 99cm in Ha Tinh, Quang Ngai, with the
greatest length of 192 cm and 207cm in Ha Tinh (Quang Ngai).
* Methods of Soil
The different tillage methods greatly affect the growth of plants. With two
measures according to local soil pit, digging holes measures 40 x 40 x 40 cm D.
poilanei largest growth in length, 1.5 times higher than tillage pit measures 30 x 30
x 30 cm.
* Fertilizer
After 3.5 years of initial research can be said that, fertilize D. poilanei is a
technical measure could increase crop yields, improve economic efficiency.
Intensive method is best lined manure fertilizer, fertilizer amount 1kg/ho before
planting and top dressing annual 0.2 kg NPK / pit (NPK fertilizer ratio 5 : 10 : 3),
followed by dressing annual 0.2 to 0.3 kg NPK / pit.
* Effects of light to plant growth under forest canopy
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Integrated Assessment found that growth of D. poilanei formula in canopy
cover from 0.3 to 0.5 body length, the largest number of buds, followed by shading
from 0.1 to 0.3, two formulas canopy > 0.5 and with not nearly the same (detailed
appendix 23).
b) Preliminary evaluation of environmental performance
* Improving soil fertility
The soil texture are average. On the porosity of the soil at planting intensive
model D. poilanei in Ha Tinh is high (58.50 %), while the porosity of the growing
mass model D. poilanei is lower (43.15 %). Thus, we can see that the intensive
growing cloud model compared with models for mass planting, soil fertility change

in the direction of better.
* The effect of soil water retention in the growing cloud model
- Water in the slot area holds potential vulnerabilities capillary
The rattan pattern for better water holding capacity of the soil model used in
the machine. However, this water is only meaningful to the plant, and with the
formation of groundwater flow is negligible.
- Water in the slot area holds potential infrared capillary
Arable land intensive D. poilanei in both Ha Tinh and Quang Ngai are to keep
the potential volume of water in the capillary slit infrared larger amount of land
planted it in D. poilanei, specifically in Quang Ngai (Inmq = 140.99 mm), in Ha
Tinh (Inmq = 151.39 mm), the lowest in Acacia model (Inmq = 103.62 mm).
- Efficiency keep soil water potential of D. poilanei
From the findings of the environmental effect of intensive cultivation model in
four study areas, the intensive rattan pattern for efficient water retention area is
higher than the model not in the machine. Intensive model D. Quang Ngai poilanei
for efficient storage better water -intensive crop model D. poilanei in Ha Tinh.
* Effective prevention of soil erosion
The amount of soil loss in the model under intensive cultivation in the lower
canopy monoculture species of Acacia, Acacia mangium and IIA state forest. This
proves that rattan is resistant to erosion increases the efficiency of forest soil.
21
Compared to other models, the clouds grow under the forest canopy to increase
forest cover, through which the vegetation coefficient (C) increases, so that the
ability to protect against soil erosion is lifted, effective environmental consequences
of intensive models of cloud forest canopy is clear.
3.3. Proposed some solutions for conservation and sútainable use of natural
rattan resources
3.3.1. Proposed solutions natural rattan management in community
3.3.1.1. The reason for the community to participate in the management of rattan
- Communities have known distribution and use of rattan

- Communities use a long time of rattan, have valuable experience.
- Communities is directly affecting Rattan
- Communities management is a good rattan
3.2.1.2. Planning rattan management in community
a) Review the current status of wild rattan
Communities can assess volumms and growth of wild rattan and evaluated in
Nam Giang, Quang Nam province.
b) Evaluation of the extraction
The assessment results are only 3 species for commercial exploitation. So
when planning for sustainable rattan management need attention control
commercial exploitation of the species.
c) Management Plan
- Develop conservation plans for endangered species
Develop a plan for sustainable rattan extraction through clouds yield
calculations. Early mining production / ha = (X 5m reserves tree on the average
amount of plant growth medium) / 5.
Production of rattan is harvested year 2 onwards / ha = ( ( 80 % stocks, 85 %
5m clouds on the amount of cloud storage from 4 - 5m) X average number of tree
growth medium) / 5
3.2.2. Technical proposal rattan regeneration under the forest canopy
22
The steps : Define the objects; survey, to assess the status of rattan, rattan
identify additional planting under the forest canopy, density adjustment technique
natural and harvesting techniques in nursery garden households; regeneration
techniques; additional planting techniques
3.2.3. Proposed rattan conservation
3.2.3.1. In situ
Sixtheen rattan species are preposed for conservation in the special use forests
Three new protected areas proposed that are Ba (Quang Ngai), and Hon Heo
and Khanh Vinh (Khanh Hoa)

3.2.3.2. Ex situ
Choose species for ex situ, collecting plants grown in the botanic gardens,
experimental forests, building the breeding forests.
3.2.4. Proposed solutions for sustainable rattan
Nine elements for sustainable exploitation: understand the current state; just
under 30% extraction quantity, not cut the stems; need to play clean, not tight
timber, not exploiting the rainy season, not exploitation dust pick the same; toilet
after opening; should be combined with care operators
CONCLUSION
1. Was first discovered and rattan construction list for Central region includes
41 species. In particular, described and published 18 new species to science,
identifying 22 species endemic to Vietnam, including 9 species endemic to North
Central, 10 species are endemic to South Central.
Khanh Hoa Province has the largest number of species (23 species), followed
by TT-Hue (22 species), the province had the lowest number of species by Thanh
Hoa (8 species). The rattan show clear tropical nature with 37 species distributed in
tropical lowlands (< 700 m), including up to 27 species distributed in this belt, only
4 species distributed at high over 1600m. Rattan is a popular group of plants mainly
23
humid, main distribution in the evergreen forest (38 species), semi-deciduous forest
(8 species), deciduous forest (5 species), bamboo forest (5 species), broad-leaved
and conifer mixed forest (5 species), shrub savanna (3 species), dry and thorn
forest (2 species). Rattan is not found in coniferous forest and mangrove.
2. Results of the survey of 18 populations of species in natural rattan in six
special use forests in Mid-Central region showed that four species with a density
more than 10 trees/ha. Daemonorops poilanei is endemic and economically
valuable but least dense (21 plants/ha). This confirms the central Vietnam to
provide the largest rattan resources of D. poilanei in Vietnam.
3. Tracking growth of 6 rattan species (with high economic value) in natural
shows, most species of annual volume growth over 1 metter. Calamus nambariensis

growth is less than 0.5 m/year, its density is also low in natural that meain to need
solutions appropriate conservation and sustainable exploitation this species in the
wild.
4. On the basis of the criteria of endangered species (Red List IUCN 2013 and
Vietnam Red Data Book 2007) proposed 17 rattan species at risk in the wild is
threatened to be included in conservation programs.
5. Investigate and evaluate market has identified 14 species of rattan with high
value uses, including all species of high economic value in Vietnam were present at
Central. In addition, a number of species of special use by small bodies not being
processed when using the regional specialties.
6. D. poilanei origin materials are selected. 42 months after initial trials
showed that the growth and development of Quang Ngai origin grows best,
followed by the origin of Ha Tinh and Nghe An origin.
7. Monitoring and evaluating the ecological characteristics of D. poilanei
when planting has the following characteristics :
- D. poilanei mature light shade tolerant plant (Cutin has an average thickness
of 76.28 to 78.18 % leaf thickness, intensity of evaporation at low average from
0.68 to 0.83 gH2O/dm2/h, the ratio of chlorophyll a/b from 2.57 to 2.79, the
24
intensity of photosynthesis averaged 1.23 to 1.29 mgCO2/dm2/h). The proper
shading from 30-50 %.
- Seeds of D. poilanei are germinate quickly lost strength, difficult to preserve;
seeds can be stored in a variety of different methods such as dry storage, cold
storage, preserving moisture in the sand, but the shelf life of 3 months.
- D. poilanei is shade tolerant plants at the nursery stage from 1-12 months,
shade the appropriate level of 50-75 %, is the most appropriate opacity to 50%.
Potting mixes are most appropriate for D. poilanei growth and development in the
nursery stage from 1-12 months with 88 % of nursery soil + 10 % organic fertilizers
+ 2 % supelan. The seedlings are ready for planting eligible age from 18-24 months,
with 4-8 leaves, healthy, has spines, cane diameter of 0.4 cm or more.

- D. poilanei has wide ecological amplitude, where appropriate temperature
from 20 - 300C, the average rainfall 1000-2300 mm/year, atmospheric humidity >
79%, the number of sunshine hours 1900-2400 hours/year of growth and
development in areas with elevations below 900 m, suitable slope < 25
0
; suitable
soil types but is best land accretion, the pHKCl from 3.8 to 4.5, moist soil has good
drainage, nutrient composition N, P, K, from poor to rich humus.
8. Growing D. poilanei effective environmental good (the intensive growing
model has effects on soil fertility improvement where cultivation, increase water
holding capacity and soil erosion trend better than the model no rattan cultivation).
9. On the basis of these studies, we have proposed a system of technical
measures for D. poilanei cultivation under forest, rattan conservation and
development, in which local communities play a important role.
25