báo cáo đề tài xây dựng atlas cây cổ thụ hà nội

LIEN HIEP CAC
HOI
KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT MET
NA.M
1 RL
NG TAM
GlAO
DUG
vA
TRUYEN THONG MOI TRUONG
BAO CAO KHOA HOC
Tcii
de tai: Xay dung Atlas cay co thu Ha Noi
Chu nhiem de tai: Nguyen Nguyen Cuong
Tho-i
gian thuc hien: 07/2007- 01/2010
NAM
2010
^?3f
LIEN HIEP CAC
HOI
KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT VIET NA.M
IRCNG
TAM GIAO DUC VA TRUYEN THONG
MOI
TRUONG
BAO CAO KHOA HOC
len de tai: Xay dyng Atlas cay co thu Ha Noi
Co'
quan chii quan: Lien Hiep cac
HdiKhoa

hgc va
Ky thuat Viet Nam
Don vi
chii
tri: Trung tam Giao
due
va
Truyen thdng Mdi trudng
Chii nhiem de tai: Nguyen Nguyen Cuong
Thdi gian thuc hien: 07/2007 - 01/2010
NAM
2010
THONG TIN CHUNG VE DE TAI
1.
TEN DE TAI
Xay dung Atlas cay cd thu Ha Ngi
2.
CO QUAN
QUAN LY
Lien hiep cac Hgi Khoa hgc va Ky thuat Viet Nam
3.
CO
QUAN CHU TRI
Trung tam Giao
due
vi Truyen thdng Mdi trudng
4.
CHU NHIEM DE
TAI
Nguyen Nguyen Cuong

5.
MUC
TIEU
- Xac dinh cac cay cd thu cd gii tri khoa hgc,
Ijch
str van hoa va mdi
trudng cua thu do Ha Ngi nham xay dung cudn Atlas cay cd
tbij
phd bien rgng
rai cho cdng ddng nhan dip ky niem 1000 nam Thang Long - Ha Ngi.
- Diing de tra ciru vi phuc vu cho cdng tic nghien ciru khoa hgc
ciia
cic
vien nghien ciru, trudng dai hgc
6.
NOI
DUNG CHINH
- Thu thap cac thdng tin, tai lieu ve cay cd thu Ha Ngi va tham cay xanh
Ha
Ngi.
+ Thdng tin chung: thdi gian, ten, ma cay, ngudn gdc xuat xtr, dan vi
quan li.
+ Vj tri cay: theo don vi hanh chinh, theo toa do dia li.
+ Thdng dn thugc tinh: do cao, chu vi, tudi, dac diem sinh thai.
+ Gia trj cinh quan, kinh te, tham
mi,
van hoi,
Ijch
sir, ngudn gen
- Thanh lap cac ban bd chi tiet ve cay cd thu Ha Ngi.

+ Xay dung Maket bd cue cho toan bg Atlas cay cd thu Ha Ngi.
+ Thanh lap cac loai ban do nen.
+ Xay dung ngi dung chi tiet cho ttmg trang ban dd.
+ Thiet ke va bd tri cac ngi dung bai viet, anh va bang sd lieu.
«
+ Thiet ke trang va phan chuong cae ban do.
7.
THOI GIAN
THlTC
HIEN
Thing 07 nam 2007 ddn thing
01
nam
2010
8, KINH PHI
Tdng kinh phi dugc cap:
410.000.000
(Bon tram
miedi
trieu dong)
Ngay thing nam 20
Thu truong
co'
quan chu tri de tai Chu nhiem de tai
(Ky ten, ddng ddu) (Ky ten)
Thii trudng
cc
quan quan ly de tai
(Ky ten, ddng ddu)
DANH SACH

NHLTNG
NGITOT
THAM
GIA
THlTC
HIEN DE
TAI
1.
KS. Nguydn Nguydn Cuong- Trung Tam Giao due va Truyen Thdng Mdi trudng
2.
GS.TS. Nguydn Trin Ciu - Vien Dja ly
3.
KS. Vu Van Dung- Vien Didu tra Quy hoach rirng
4.
KS. Le Huy Cudng- Vien Didu tra Quy hoach rtrng
5.
ThS. Nguydn Qudc
Dung-Vidn
Didu tra Quy hoach rtrng
6. ThS. Ngd Kim Khanh - Nha Xuit ban Bin dd
7.
ThS. Dang Gia
Tting
- Vudn Thti Ha Ndi
8. KS. Nguydn Hun Tiing- Vien Didu tra Quy hoach rirng
9. KS. Le Manh Tuin- Vien Didu tra Quy hoach rirng
10.
KS. Mai Van
Hung-Vien
Didu tra Quy hoach rung

11.
KS. Le Dire Thanh- Vien Didu tra Quy hoach rirng
12.
KS. Pham Van Biy- Vien Didu tra Quy hoach rirng
13.
TS. Trin Dang Khoa - Trung tam
Giao
due va Truydn thdng Mdi trudng
14.
ThS. Bill Thj Tuydt- Trung tam Giio due vi Truyen thdng Mdi trudng
15.
KS. Bill Thj Huang - Trung tam Giio due vi Truyen thdng Mdi trudng
16.
ThS.
Pham Thj
Hdng Phuang
- Tmng tam
Giio
due va Tmydn thdng Mdi tmdng
17.
KS. Bui Qudc Viet- Nhi Xuit bin Ban dd
18.
ThS. Nguydn Lan Huong - Nhi Xuit ban Ban dd
19.
KS. Duong Cdng Sir - Nha Xuit ban Ban dd
20.
KS. Nguydn Van Hda - Nha Xuit ban Bin dd
21.
KS. Chu Thi Kim Thanh - Nha Xuat ban Bin dd
Xdy

dimg
Atlas cay co thu Hd Noi
MUC LUC
Danh muc bang bieu vi hinh
DAT
VANDE
1
CHUONG
I: TONG QUAN NGHIEN
ClTU
3
LLTONG
QUAN VE CAY CO THU 3
1.1.1.
Nhirng quan diem ve cay cd thu 3
1.1.2.
Tinh hinh cay cd thu trong nudc 4
1.1.3.
Ve cay cd thu tren the gidi
6
1.1.4.
Ngudn gdc cay ed thu Hi Ngi 9
1.2.
TONG QUAN VE ATLAS
11
1.2.1.
Dinh nghTa va phan loai
II
1.2.2.
Dac tinh cua atlas

12
1.2.3.
Bai viet thuyet minh trong atlas 14
1.2.4.
Ngdn
ngu'
bin dd 14
CHUONG
H:
DOI
TUONG,
NOI DUNG, DIA
DIEM
VA
PHUONG
PHAP
NGHIEN CU"U
16
11.1.
MUC TIEU NGHIEN
ClTU
16
11.2.
DOI TUONG
vA
PHAM VI NGHIEN
ClTU 16
11.2.1.
Ddi tugng nghien ciru
16

11.2.2.
Pham vi nghien ciru 16
11.3.
NOI DUNG NGHIEN
ClTU
17
11.4.
PHU^ONG
PHAP NGHIEN
ClTU
17
11.5.
QUI TRINH NGHIEN CUU CAY CO THU
HA
NQI
19
11.5.1.
Cdng tic chuan bj (trong phdng)
19
11.5.2.
Dieu tra ngoai nghiep (ngoai trdi) 19
11.5.3.
Xir
li
tai lieu, giao nop ket qua 20
11.5.4.
Ngi dung dieu tra ngoai nghiep 20
11.5.5.
Yeu ciu kT thuat 20
11.6.

QUI TRINH NGHIEN
ClTU
XAY Dl/NG
BAN
DO
21
11.6.1.
Xay dung cic ban mau
21
11.6.2.
Xay dyng ban dd nen
21
11.6.3.
Thanh lap ban dd mau 22
11.6.4.
Thanh lap cac trang ban dd ctia Atlas 22
Trung tdm Gido due vd
Truyen
thong Mdi
Iriivng
Xdy
dimg .Alias
cay cd thu Hd
.\'di
II.7.
DIA DIEM NGHIEN
ClTU
22
11.7.1.
Gidi thieu chung 22

11.7.2.
Dieu kien tu nhien 23
11.7.3.
Dieu kien kinh te - xa hgi 24
CHUONG III: KET QUA NGHIEN CUU 26
111.1.
HIEN TRANG CAY CO THU
HA
NOI 26
111.1.1.
Thinb phan loai cay 26
111.1.2.
Sd lugng va phan bd cay cd
thi,i
Ha Ngi 27
111.1.3.
Tinh binh quan ly va bao ve cay cd thu Ha Ngi 28
111.1.4. Nhung gia trj
etia
cay cd thu Hi Ngi 29
111.1.5.
Nhirng nguy co de dga sy tdn tai
ctia
cay cd thu 33
111.1.6.
Cac giai phip ve bao tdn cay co thu Hi Ngi 37
111.2.
THANH LAP CAc
BAN
DO

VE
CAY CO THU
HA
NOI 40
111.2.1.
Bien tap
cac
ban do toan thanh pho 40
111.2.2.
Bien tap cac bin do quan, buyen 49
III.2.3
Bien tap cac ban dd cbi tiet theo khu vuc 55
KET
LUAN 60
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
:
62
PHU LUC
Trung tdm Gido
due
vd Truyen thong Mdi trudng
Xdy dung
Atlas
cay co thu Hd Ndi
DANH MUC BANG BIEU VA HINH
Hinh
2-1:
Ban dd hanh chinh thanh phd Ha Ngi 23
Bang
3-1:

Cay cd thu cd sd lugng ca the ttr 10 cay trd len 26
Bang 3-2: Tdng hgp sd lugng cay cd thu d cic Quan, Huyen 27
So dd
3-1:
So dd cdng nghe thanh lap ban do cap thanh phd 44
Trung tdm Gido
due
vd
Truyen
thdng Mdi
tricimg
Xdy
dimg
Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
DAT VAN DE
Thang Long - Dong Dd - Ha Ngi.
Thti
dd cua nudc
Cctng
hoa Xa hgi Chu
nghia Viet Nam da trii qua mgt ngan nam lich str vdi bao bien cd Idn lao. song Ha
Ngi van tre trung, van xanh tuai. van tran day
sire
sdng.
Nga>
ca khi ke
Ihti
xam
luge mudn day dat nudc ta. Thit dd ta - Ha Ngi
ctia

ta
Itii
ve thdi ki Dd da nhirng
Ha Ngi van hien ngang ngang cao dau. van kien cudng chien dau va chien thang.
Trong bang trieu. bang trieu nhirng di san lich
sir
con luu giir dugc den bom
na>.
cd
nhieu di sin phi vat the va nhieu di san vat the. Mdi di san la mgt minh chirng cho
nhting trang sir hao
bting
cua Ha Ngi,
ctia
dan tdc Viet Nam. Ha Ngi kien cudng
trong chien dau. Ha Ngi lac quan va manh me trong
xa\
dyng hda binh.
Ca
nirdc
dang rgn
rang,
nao ntrc chuan bj don
intmg
nga\
Ha Ngi trdn mgt
ngan nam tudi. Nhieu cdng trinh xay dyng. nhieu cdng trinh nghien ctru khoa hgc
da dugc thuc hien nham gidi thieu nhirng trang
sir
hao

bting ctia
Ha Ngi. gidi thieu
nhung net dep
ciia
thien nhien va con ngtrdi Hi Ngi. Trong sd bang tram cdng trinh
nghien ctru dd,
birdng
nghien ctru ve cac he sinh thai, mdi trudng
ctia Thti
dd la mgt
hudng nghien ctru quan trgng, cd y nghTa to
Idn
ddi vdi cdng euge xay dyng va phat
trien
ctia Thti
dd
hdin
nay va ca cho qua trinh phat trien. bien dai hda trong tuang
lai khdng xa. Trong dd, tham cay xanh Hi Ngi rat phong phti. da dang ve loai, la doi
tugng dugc dac biet chit y nghien ctru. Ngoai chtrc nang cay bdng mat va cay canh,
tham cay xanh Ha Ngi cdn li la phdi xanh
ctia Thti
dd, la mgt trong nhting tieu chi
quan trgng ve tinh da dang sinh hgc cua Ha Ngi. Chi rieng nhung cay bdng mat lau
nam ma cbiing thudng dugc ggi la "Cdy co thu" cting da lam cho Ha Ngi them
tham tram, uy nghi, ma van duyen dang. Cay cd thu thudng la chirng tich
ctia
cac
kieu tham thye vat da ttmg tdn tai va phat trien tren lanh thd. Nhieu cay cdn la
nhung di tich gan lien vdi Ijch str dyng nudc va giir nudc

ctia Thti
dd Ha Ngi ndi
rieng va
ctia
dan tdc ndi chung. Cay co
tbij
Ha Ngi gan bd vdi nhung truyen thong
van hda dan tdc va
van
minh
etia
nhan dan
Thti
dd. Ha Ngi la mgt trong nhung
thanh phd tao nen nhieu huyen thoai ve van hda, lich str
ciia
dat nudc ta. Do cung la
ly do khien khach
nirdc
ngoai, khi den tham Ha Ngi. thudng tim den. chiem ngudng
cac cay cd thu. Ngudi
hla
Ngi, khi di xa. khdng ai khdng xao
xu\en
khi nhd \e hd
.\'dy
dimg
Atlas vdy cd thu Hd Ndi
Guam. \e cay Ldc vimg hoa dd tham soi bdng xudng guang nudc mat bd. nhd cay
Gao

UN'
nghi
nhir
dang cd
sire vuan
len cho xtrng vdi tam cao
etia
Thap But "Viet
thanh thien" - bieu trung cho tri thdng minh. tru\en thdng van hda. hieu hgc. khi
phach
Ha Ngi. va biet bao nhieu cay cd thu huyen dieu. uy nghi \a
du\en
dang
khac.
nhu cay Da phd Hang Trdng, cay Xoai den Quan
Thanh,
rang Sau tren dudng
Dinh Tien Hoang va hang cay boa Sti'a tren dudng
Ngu>en
Du \ .\
Xuat phat ttr gia trj khoa hgc, van hda, lich str va mdi trudng ctia
ca\
cd
thi.i.
mgt de tai khao sat, nghien ciru ve cac cay lau nam cd gia tri cao
ctia
Ha Ngi da
dugc thye hien mgt cich he thdng, nham thdng ke cic cay cd
thi,i
theo cac phuang

phap khoa hgc, phan tich cau tnic loai. phan bd va sd lugng cac cay quy gia nay,
ddng thdi de ra cac bien phap cham sdc va bio ve cbting trudc nhirng nguy ca bi
xam bai. Kdt qua khao sat, kiem ke cay cd thu dugc the hien tren mgt he thdng ban
dd cic dan vj hinh chinh cap quan, huyen
ctia
Hi ngi, vdi day dti cic thong tin: Ten
cay (ten khoa hgc va ten thudng ggi); Vi tri phan bd; Tudi cay; Chieu cao. Toa do;
Hinh thtrc phan bd (cay dgc lap, cum cay, bang cay v.v ). Ket qua cudi cting la
Atlas cay cd thu Ha Ngi da gdp phan thiet thuc vao viec Ky niem
IDOO
nam Thang
Long - Ha Ngi. Atlas nay khdng cbi dan thuan la tap hgp binh anh cac cay cd thu,
ma la mgt cdng trinh khoa hgc tdng hgp nbtrng kien thtrc ve da dang sinh hgc
thye
vat Hi Ngi, mgt cdng trinh nghien ctru ve ddi tugng cd lien quan mat thiet vdi lich
str, van hda va nhung truydn thdng tdt dep, cao
thugng
vi thanh Ijch
ctia
Ha Ngi.
Atlas cay cd thy Ha Ngi dugc
thye
bien tai Trung tam Giao
due
va Truyen
thdng Mdi trudng - Lien hiep cac hgi Khoa hgc vi Ky thuat Viet Nam, vdi sy tham
gia
cLia
cac nhi nghien ciru thye vat, lam nghiep, cac chuyen gia ban dd. Mac
dti

tap
thd tic gia da bdt
sire
cd ging nghien ctru vdi tat ci nbiet tinh, tinh yeu sau sac vi
tinh thin trach nhiem ddi vdi
Thti
dd; song cung khdng tranh khdi nbtrng thieu sdt
tdn tai trong cdng trinh nghien ctru nay. Trung tam Giio
diic
va Truyen thong Mdi
trudng va tap thd tic gia ludn mong mudn nhan dugc nbtrng y kien ddng gdp, phe
binh
ctia
ddc gia va cae co quan, cac ddng nghiep de cdng trinh nay se
dirge
stra
chira, hoan thien ban khi td chtrc tii ban.
Xdy
dimg
Alias cdy co thu Hd Noi
CHUONG I: TONG QUAN NGHIEN
CLU
I.l.TONG
QUAN VE CAY CO THU
1.1.1.
INhflng
quan diem ve cay co thu
Theo thdng tu sd 20/2005/TT.BXD ngay 20/12/2005 cua Bg Xay dyng
btrdng
dan quan ly cay xanh do thi nhu a muc 3 Chuang 3. Phan 1 cd giai thich ve

cay ed thu nhu sau: "Cay cd thu la cay than gd lau nam dugc trdng hoac ty nhien, cd
do tudi tren 50 nam". Neu theo dinh nghTa nay thi tat ca nbtrng cay trdng d Ha Ngi
va cd a Ha Ngi ttr trudc nam
1954
(nam giai phdng
Thti
dd) deu dugc coi la
ca\
cd
thu. Nhu vay chung ta se cd bing van cay cd thu. Theo cbting tdi quan niem
ca>
cd
thu nay qua dan gian, rgng rai, khdng mang y nghTa khoa hgc va tdn vinh gia tri
ctia
cay ed thu trong euge sdng dd thj hien nay.
De bieu rd ve cay cd
tbiJ
Ha Ngi can phai cd sy trao ddi \a thdng nbat giua
cac nha khoa hgc ve sinh vat, xa hgi hgc. kien
trtic
va nhung nha nghien ctru ve Ha
Ngi de dtra ra nhung quan niem day
dti.
Ngay 3/8/2007, mdt cudc Hgi Thao do Trung tam Giao due va Truyen thdng
Mdi
tru'tmg
thugc Lien hiep cac Hgi Khoa hgc va Ky thuat Viet Nam td chtrc vdi
chti
de: Xay dyng Atlas cay cd thu Ha Ngi. Ngi dung hgi thao
chti

yeu xoay quanh
dinh nghTa cay cd
tbi,i
Ha Ngi.
Cay cd thu thdng thudng la nhan chirng Ijch sir, nd trai qua nhung thang tram
bien cd lich sir. Cay cd
tbij
cdn ghi lai dau an
etia
nhung ky niem va bieu bien
ctia
nhung net van hda
ctia
mgt dan tdc bay mgt dia phuong. Bdi vay khai niem va djnh
nghTa cay co thu phai dugc hieu theo nghTa rgng rai ban,
phti
hgp vdi dac diem qua
trinh phat trien va nhung net van hda xa hgi dac trung
ctia Thti
dd Ha Ngi.
Cay cd thu Ha Ngi dugc xac dinh phai dat cac tieu cbi sau:
- Cay cd thu Hi Ndi la nhung cay gd sdng lau
nain,
tudi cay dugc tinh ttr
100 tudi trd len; la nbtrng cay dugc trdng va cd d Ha Ngi sinh trudng va phat tridn
thich nghi vdi dieu kien ty nhien Ha Ngi.
- La nbtrng cay cd gia trj ve mat lich
sir,
van hda gan lien vdi ddi sdng
tain

linh va vdi cac thdi ky phat trien
ciia
Ijch str Ha Ngi. Mgt sd cay ghi diu in ky niem
.Xdy dimg
Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
vdi ten tudi
ctia
cic danh nhan van hda. Nbtrng loai cay da di vao tho ca gan lien
vdi ddi sdng van hda - xa hgi cting vdi sy phit trien di len ctia Thu do Ha Ngi.
- Nhung loai cay quy hiem cd ngudn gen dac biet va gia tri kinh te cao da
dtrgc trdng d Ha Ngi. Nhung loai cay da dugc ghi ten vio sach dd
ctia
Viet Nam
(Phan thuc vat).
- Nhung
loii
cay cd gia tri ve mat tham my, cay cd dang dep.
ca\
cd boa
tham. hoa dep. Nhung loai cay
na\
thudng gan lien vdi nbtrng thang canh. nhung
cdng trinh ndi tieng hay nhung dudng phd than quen ctia Ha Ngi.
De dat dugc tieu chuan ggi la cay cd thu
Ha
Ngi tieu chuan (a) la tieu chuan
bat
huge
phai dat dugc. Ngoai ra cic tieu chuan khic cd the dat dugc hoac khdng.
Tuy vay cay cd thu Hi Ngi cdn dugc ndi rgng vdi nhirng cay dac biet mac

dti
cay
do chua dat den 100 tudi.
- Nbtrng cay
gan
lien vdi ten tudi cac danh nhan van hda Viet Nam va The
gidi da dugc trdng d Hi Ngi.
- Nhu'ng cay cd ngudn gen dac biet, quy hiem. Cay cd thu phai dat den kich
thudc nbat djnh ve chieu cao va dudng kinh than cay. Cay cd thy khong the la cay
the,
cay bonsai, mac
dti
tudi
ctia
nhung loai cay nay cd the tdi tren
100
nam.
1.1.2.
Tinh hinh cay co thu trong nuoc
Ttr bao ddi nay mdi khi nhac den ling que Viet Nam thi hinh anh "Cay da,
gieng nudc, san dinh" da trd thanh mgt net khdng the thieu. Dac biet binh anh cay
da ndi rieng hay nbtrng cay cd
tbtj
ndi chung da trd thanh mgt bieu tugng cho sy
trudng tdn, sire chdng chju deo dai cua con ngudi trudc thien nhien.
Hien nay rat nhieu cong trinh kien
true ctia
dng cha ta da bi chon
viii
theo

thdi gian va bj chien tranh tan phi, nhung cay cd thy van dtrng do tdn tai va phat
trien nhu mgt nhan chimg cua lich str qua trinh hinh thanh va xay dyng dat nudc.
Tai Thang Long - Ha Ngi noi ngan nam van vat cho tdi nay van cdn strng sung
nhung bang cay xanh cao
vtit,
day an tugng. Dang ke nhat la nhiing cay gao,
Igc
virng,
trau d ven Hd Guom, xa cir tren dudng Hoang Dieu, Hai Ba Trung, Tran
Phii
Sii Gdn da ttmg ndi tieng la thanh phd nhieu cay xanh nhit Chau A vdi sd
lugng tren 20.000 cay cd kich tbtrdc to Idn dgc theo hai ben
id
dudng. Trong sd dd
Xdy
dum.1
Alias cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
cd nhieu cay cdn mang nhung chung tich cua thdi \a xua
nhir ca>
Mai cd kinh (ban
300 tudi ) d Gd Cay Mai. cay Xay d Ngu Hanh Mieu \a nhieu
ca>
thugc hg Dau
tam mgc rai rac trong cac dinh
chtia.
cdng \ien va vien bao tang.
Thanh phd Hai Phdng dugc
menh
danh la "thanh phd Hoa
Phugng

Do"
a
da\
trdng rat nhieu loai
ea>
cd tudi thg cao dac biet la
ca>
da
13
gdc tai quan Ngd Quyen.
Lang Ty Dtrc cdn ggi la Van Nien Ca quanh nam rgp bdng nhung hang cay
thdng cao ngat trdi. vdi ve dep nhe nbang sau lang.
Tai Tay Nguyen nhung cay Ka - nia dugc coi la nhung
ngirdi
ban
tbtiy
chung
ciia
ddng bao cic dan tdc, trong do ngudi Pacd - Pahi coi rtrng
ina,
rtrng tbieng (nai
cd nhieu cay cd
tbt^i
quy hiem) la nai linh tbieng de chon
ngadi
chet. Nbtrng nai dd
la thanh dja. khdng ai dugc phep xam
phain
bay pha hoai.
0

nti'dc
ta nhac den cay cd thu thi khdng ai khdng biet den cay da Tan Trao
tai Tuyen Quang. Day chinh la
ingt
cbtmg tich lich su quan trgng. ghi dau mdc lich
str
ciia
hgi nghj Trung trang Dang lan thtr nhat dugc td chtrc tai day.
Cbting ta cung khdng the quen dugc cay Chd ngan nam trong vudn Qudc gia
Cite
Phuang vdi dudng kinh gdc cay 20 ngudi dm khdng xue.
Tai Bac Giang. str sach da ghi nhan mgt cay Da
buong
lau ddi nhat Viet
Nam. Cay dugc trdng d thdn Da, xdm Giua. Tien Luc, Lang Giang, Bac Giang each
day khoang 650 nam, cd dudng kinh 2,59 m, cao 30 m, thugc cbi Cinamomum campbora.
Sy tdn tai cua cay cd thy nay la mgt trong nhung niem ty hao
ctia
ngudi dan dia
pbirong,
vi vay trong
Ngge
Phi (ban djch ngay 14-9-1995) cho biet, cay nhan dugc sac
phong do vua Canh Hung ban tang vdi ddng chu: "Qudc chtia dd mgc Da dai
virang"
(Cay Da Idn nhat nude). Khdng nbtrng the, cay Da buong co
thij
nay cdn
dugc ghi nhan trong bg Bach khoa Larousse (Phap) li mgt trong nbtrng cay Da
buong lau ddi nbat the gidi.

0 Ben Tre cd cay Bach Mai co
thij
cd nien dai tren 300
nain.
Nd dugc coi li
mgt trong nhirng cay cd thy quy nhat nudc khdng cbi bdi binh dang cao to ma cay
cdn cd hoa nd khoe sac den tan thing hai am Ijch,
mtii
tham dju dang tao nha.
Hang nam, ngudi dan quanh vting lay lam ban boan ddn nhan huang vi
mtia
xuan
do cay ban tang va cho rang vi phudc dia nen sinh ky boa di thao.
Xdy
dimg .4tlas
cdv cd thu Hd Ndi
Viec nghien cim ve cay cd thu trong nudc cdn rat hiem. Gan day d mdt vii
tinh da td chtrc nghien ctru thdng ke ve
ca\
cd thu.
Tinh Ha Tay da thye hien de tai nghien ctru thdng ke va phan loai cay cd thu
trong tinh. Cay cd thu xic djnh dya tren tieu chi sau:
- Cay cd thu phai tir 100 tudi trd len.
- Li cay ban dja trdng ttr nhd den Idn d Ha Tay.
De tai do dem tat ca cac cay dat tieu chi tren d mgi noi trir cac loai cay thugc
rtrng dac dung Huong Son va Vudn Qudc gia Ba Vi.
Ket qui tinh Ha Tay da thdng ke vi do dem dugc
1.112
cay, thudc
51

loai,
27 hg thdng qua cac phieu dieu tra ve tudi, chieu cao, chu vi gdc va cac dac diem
sinh thii hgc
ctia
cay cd thy.
De tim kiem ve dep
ctia
cay cd thu, tinh Ha Tay da td chtrc cudc thi anh ve
cay cd thu, ket qua da nhan dugc 800 btrc anh cd chat lugng dim bao tinh nghe
thuat cao.
Tinh Ninh Binh, de ky niem
1000 nam
ngay Vua Ly Thai Td ddi dd ttr Hoa Lu
ve Thang Long cung da thye bien de tii nghien ctru thdng ke cay cd thu trong tinh.
Nhirng thdng tin ve ket qua nghien ctru de tai nay cbting tdi chua cap nbat dugc.
LI.3.
Ve cay co thu tren the gidi
Tren the gidi da tirng biet den rat nhieu cay cd thu cd nien dai hang ngan
nam cd kich thudc dang kinh ngac va cbting thudng gan lien vdi nbtrng cau chuyen
cua lich sir nhu:
Cay Sdi Marie-Antoinette d lau dai Versailles
la
bieu trung, nd da dugc ctru
sdng nhd mgt ba hoang hau thich nam nghi dudi bdng mat cua cay nay. Nd hi ddn
ha vao thang 2 nam 2005 lite trdn 324 nam tudi, than cua nd da dugc trung bay gan
vudn tram Trianon cua Phap.
Cich Rouen 50 kildmet, tai Allouville-Bellefosse cd mgt cay Sdi khac van
cdn dirng virng ttr thdi nhieu
loan
cudi the ky 17. Vao nam

1696.
vi linh muc giao
phan dja phuong cho khoet mgt hoc trong than cay de lam nha cau nguyen va phdng
d
ciia
mgt tu sT an dat. Noi dd da trd thanh dia diem hanh buong nguyen cau Dtrc
Me.
Mgt the ky sau, khi nbtrng cii dau rai rung nhu sung, cay Sdi nha nguyen dd
Xciy
dung Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
sdng sdt dugc nhd thien tai cua thay giao
.lean-Baptiste
Bonbeur. Ong cho ddng tam
bien de "Den thd cua Ly tri" len than ca\. Khi nhung ngudi each mang keo den
dinh ddn ba "cai d thuyet giao" dd, hg danh
rtit
di khi nhin thay tam bien ly tudng
cua each mang.
Tai Mexico, tren quang trudng
ctia
thanh phd
Tule
cd cay "El
Arbol".
mgt
ca\
bach ban 2.000 nam tudi vdi chu \'i gdc den 58 met.
Tai Morondava tren dao Madagascar cd mgt con dudng trdng nhung cay
baobab khdng Id tao nen cinh tugng
k}'

vT. Nhung than cay thang tran vuan len trdi,
tan cting li mgt tan la nhd. Ngudi dan Mehicd hay ndi
dtia
rang cbting bi quy
dir
nhd di rdi trdng nguge re len tren. Madagascar cd 7 loai trong tdng sd 8 loai Baobab
tren the gidi, nhirng loai baobab d Morondava dang bi de dga bdi nan chay rtrng va
vi dan ling thudng lay vd cay
Igp
mai nha.
Cay Moabi - loai cay Idn nhat trong rtrng gia chau Phi - ma mgt sd sdng den
2.500 nam. Thd dan Pygmese xem cbting nhu la than rtrng va dting chiing vi cac dac
tinh tri benh, cdn ngudi Bantou lay hat
ctia
cbting de trich dau. Cay moabi bao ve va
nudi duong cac bg tdc d vting chau thd sdng Congo. Ddng
thai
cbting cung la
ngudn lgi: 3/4 sd cay moabi dugc xuat khau sang Phip de ddng tu ban. Do nan phi
rung d at nen cay moabi cd nguy co tuyet tich trong nbtrng thap nien tdi. Cd gan
80%
rirng nguyen sinh da bj con ngudi tan pha.
Nbtrng cay thdng Bristlecone trong sa mac White Mountains d California cd
tudi thg tuong duong vdi cac kim ty thap d Ai Cap. Chung dugc phat hien vao thap
nien 50 tren do cao 3.000 met, va
17
cay trong sd do vugt qua 4.000
nam
tudi, va cay
"Matbusalein"

gia nbat the gidi hien nay da dirge 4.771 nam. Vao nam
1964,
mgt
sinh vien dia ly hgc di
liing
tim mgt cay gia ban. Do so suit nen anh ta lam gay cai
khoan trong mgt than cay va cho nhan vien kiem lam ddn cay. Sau dd ngudi ta dem
dugc than cay dd cd den 4.950 vdng tudi. Qua la mgt ky luc bj tan lui qua nhanh.
O Nbat, nbtrng cay Long nao rat tbieng lieng. Cbting mgc trong cac den thd
Than dao
ciia
nbtrng thanh phd ven bien. Tai Atami
each
thu dd Tokyo 70kildmet
cd cay long nao Idn thir nhi trong nudc. Trong thap nien 70, nd da ehiu dugc mgt
dgt sdng than, gdc cay khdng Id
ctia
nd chan lai sy tan cdng
ctia
btrc tudng nirdc
Xdy dung Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
cudng no. Ttr dd nhung ke tin ngudng dd xd den de cau
ngu\en
than
ca>
\a di
quanh gdc ca\. Theo truyen thuyet. moi vdng theo chieu
kiin
ddng bo se
phti

hg
ngudi ta thg them 1 nam tudi, bay se giam thg 1 nam neu di
nguge
lai.
Tai mgt tu vien d thj tran cd Ayatuya each Bangkok 80 kildmet ve phia Bac
cd mgt cay da ma re cua nd bao lay mgt pho tugng dau dtrc Phat. Nhung ai da dat
pho tugng vao day? Vao the ky
18,
quan Mien Dien xam lang da tan pha khu vyc
dd.
cirdp
bdc cac den mieu va chat dau nbtrng btrc tugng. Cd le mgt trong so dd da
tinh cd rai vao gdc cay da rdi dugc re
ca\
dm
la>'.
Mgt cay Sdi dugc dat ten la "cay Sdi qua" d
Erie
(Dtrc) cd hinh dang rat ghe
gain.
Ngay trudc dd la noi dat mieu thd than chim
Wotan.
Nd ndi tieng \i vao the
ky
13,
hoang de xtr Westphalie da lap mgt toa an bi mat dudi gdc cay de xtr tgi
nhung ke chdng doi. Den the ky 19. than
ca\
bi muc rudng boan toan. Ben trong dd,
Ba

tudc Cleves md tiec dai 20 quan khach. Gdc cay cd dudng kinh
12
met, va hien
nay cay phai sdng dya vao nbtrng gia da.
Mgt cay Da d Sri Lanka la cay tbieng lieng nbat the gidi. Nd xuat xtr tir chinh
cay da ma
dtic
Phat da ngdi tu vao the ky
thti'
6 trudc Cdng nguyen. Trudc khi cay
nay chet di. mgt cdng chtia Sri Lanka da cho chiet canh dem ve trdng tai
Anuradhapura. Mdi day, phe
"Nbtrng
con bd
Tamil"
d An Do dinh cho nd min cay
da mi bg cho la bieu tugng cita "sy ip btrc
ctia
Phat giao" dd.
Tai Madagascar, cac re cay tu mgt cay Da duy nhat da mgc len thanh nhieu
cay da con. Cich day 200 nam, mgt tran han ban da de dga ca dat nudc. De lam diu
can gian dtr
ciia
than linh, cac thay tu da hien te mgt trinh ntr. Cay da mgc len ttr
than xac cua cd gii dd.
Gia trj
ciia
cac cay cd thy
Idn
li vay nhung bien nay cbting dang dti'ng trudc

cac nguy co lam suy giam nghiem trgng tai nguyen nay. Cd rat nhieu nguyen nhan
dan den tinh trang tren trong dd nguyen nhan
chti
yeu la do sy tan pha
ctia
con
ngudi nhu: Cac boat dgng khai thic chat pha cay cd thu dd lay gd. cac san pham
ngoai gd va de lay dja diem xay dyng cac cdng trinh Ngoai ra cac tac dgng
ciia
thien tai nhu gid bao, ban ban, chay rtrng xay ra hang nam cung da lam mit di hang
loat cac cay cd thu quy.
.\'dy dirng
Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
Mdt nguyen nhan chu yeu
niJa
cung khdng kem phan quan trgng lam suy
chat lugng cung nhu sd lugng cay cd thu tren the gidi la sau benh bai cay.
Trong khi ban than cay cd thu la nhirng cay gia cdi kha nang sinh trudng,
phat trien va chdng chju cac dieu kien bat lgi cua mdi trudng kem thi cac ca quan
chtrc nang va da sd ngudi dan lai chua be cd y djnh quan ly chain sdc bao \
e
cbting,
sy tac trach
ctia
cac nha quan ly cung nhu sy thd a
ctia
nhieu ngudi dan cting gdp
phan lam suy giam tai nguyen nay.
1.1.4.
Nguon goc cay co thu Ha Noi

a.
Cdy
CO thu
gdn lien vdi cdc di tich vdn hda lich sd
Hi Ngi cd hang tram Dinh, Den, Chtia va hang
nam
cung cd hing tram le hgi
ghi dau an cdng on
ctia
cic anh
hting
dan tdc bio ve va gin giu ling xdm que buong.
Gan lien vdi nhung ngdi Dinh, Den cd la nhung cay cd thu nhu mgt nhan
chirng cho ci qui trinh Ijch su phit trien.
Nbtrng cay Mudm trong den Quan Thanh ghi dau an nhirng ngay trting tu
Den 300 nam trudc day.
Cay Thi, Mudm. cay Rudi d dinh
Chein
la nbtrng cay cdn lai den ngay nay ttr
khi xay dyng Dinh
each
day ban 300 nam.
Cay Dai chtia Mgt Cot, Cay Doi den Vua Ba - Lang Thugng, Cay Mudm dinh
Giip Nhat - Lang Thugng, Dinh Ung Thien - Lang Ha cting cd tudi tren 300 nam.
Dac biet Cay Mit d san Dinh Cy Chinh da cd tudi tren 200 nam. Chung ta cdn biet
den cay Da trong san tda bao Nhan dan cung da cd tudi tren 300 nam, dau tich cdn lai
ctia
chtia Bao Thien da bj thuc dan Phap phi chtia di de xay nha Thd Ldn d Ha Ngi.
Ngoai ra cdn cd rat nhieu cay cd thu tren
100

tudi d cac dinh den trong Thanh
phd Ha Ngi. Nhirng loai cay cd thy nay mang ban sac rieng
ciia
Viet Nam. Nbtrng
cay Da, Si, Sanh, Cay Bd De, Cay Mudm, d dau cd Dinh, Den, Chtia la d dd cd
nbtrng loai cay nay. Bdi ban than nhung loai cay nay ed tudi thg kha cao, cay to cao,
tan la xde rgng che bdng mat cac san Dinh Chtia.
b. Gdn lien vdi qud trlnh xdy dung vd phdt
triSn
Hd Ngi
De biet dugc cay nao dd cd tudi ttr
100
trd len, ta cd thd can cir vao thdi didm
trdng, hay ndi mgt each rgng rai ban la thdi didm xay dyng va phat tridn Ha Ngi.
Xdv
dim<'
Atlas cdv cd thu Hd Nd
oi
Ngoai nbtrng cay d trong cac Dinh. Den. Chtia cd the biet lai lich qua thai ky
\a>
dyng Dinh Chtia, cdn lai ta phai thdng qua cac thdi diem
xa\
dyng Ha Ngi.
Rieng vdi cay cd thu. tam chia lam 3 giai doan:
- Giai doan ttr cudi the ky
19
trd ve trudc.
- Giai doan ttr dau the ky XX den nam
1954.
- Giai doan tir nam 1954 den nay.

* Giai dogn tir cudi the
k\'
19 tra ve trudc:
Trudc khi
Thye
dan Phap danh chiem Ha Ngi lan thtr nhat
nam
1873,
Ha Ngi
la mgt cd dd vdi rat nhieu Dinh. Den, Chtia gan lien vdi be thdng cac cay bdng mat
dugc trdng ttr nhieu nam trudc trong sd dd mgt sd cay cdn tdn tai den ngay na\.
Trong cudn sich "Thang Long - Ha Ngi mgt nghin sy kien
Ijch
sir"
(Vu Van
Quan - 2007) trich dan mgt sd sy kien cd lien quan. Nam
1882 thye
dan Phap danh
chiem Ha Ngi lan thtr 2 va cung la thdi diem Phap bat dau dat che do dd hg va khai
phi xay dyng Ha Ngi. Khdi dau Phap pha chtia Bao Thien nam 1884 de xay Nha
Thd Ldn, ngdi chtia da dugc xay dyng ttr nam 1056 thdi nha Ly. Di tich cdn lai la
cay Da cd thy gan Hd Hoan Kiem trong san tda bao Nhan dan. ,
'
Nam 1885, Phip bat dau san nen
thye
hien dy an dudng xung quanh Hd
Guam, den nam
1888
con dudng co bin hoin thinb. Nam
1885

Phip cung bat dau
quy hoach mgt sd tuyen dudng chinh d Ha Ngi ngoai khu phd cd theo budng hien
dai.
Ngudi dan quen ggi la Phd Tay va bien nay ta ggi la khu phd cu de phan biet
vdi khu phd cd va nhirng dudng phd mdi xay dyng.
Di theo sau cdng viec khai phi md mang dudng xa, ngudi Phap da
chti
y den
viec trdng cay tren be dudng. De xay dyng be thdng cay bdng mit, hg da dua rat
nhieu loai cay ttr rtrng ty nhien d Ddng Duong va mgt sd loai cay tren the gidi cd
ciing dieu kien khi hau nbiet ddi nhu Ha Ngi ve trdng thtr nghiem. Trong dd cd mgt
sd loai cay nhu Xa cir, Dai ngya, Phugng vT, Seu, Giang buong An Do Nbtrng loai
cay nay ciing vdi thdi gian van cdn tdn tai den ngay nay, nhung sd lugng cdn lai
khdng dugc bao nhieu.
Nam 1889 toan quyen Ddng Duong ra Nghi dinh chuyen dia didm Trudng
Canh ndng Ha Ndi thanh Vudn Bach Thao Ha Ngi, vdi muc dich sidi thieu
nhtrns
.Vdy
dung Alias cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
loai cay cd gii trj d Ddng Duong va mdt sd nai tren the gidi cd ctmg dieu kien khi
hau. Cung ttr day mgt be thdng cic loai cay gd dugc trdng bang nam dugc trdng bd
sung them va cho den ngay nay van cdn dugc trdng them mgt sd loai cay mdi. Mgt
sd loai cay trdng ttr nbtrng nam dau cdn tdn tai den ngiy nay cung da tren
100
tudi
va cung dugc coi la nbtrng cay cd thy cua
Ha
Ngi.
* Giai dogn tir ddu the ki' XX den
1954:

Den nam 1905 Hi Ngi da cd
81
km dudng, trong dd cd 57 km dudng da rai
da. Ben canh dd he thdng cac cdng trinh dan dung nhu Phti Thdng str,
Phti
Toin
quyen, Nha hat
Idn,
Vien Vien ddng Bac Cd, Ngan hang, Khach san Metropole
dugc xay dyng. Kem theo cic cdng trinh ha tang co sd dudng xa, xay dyng la he
thdng cay bdng mat cay xanh dugc trdng. Hi Ngi da cd
each
nhin mdi bien dai vi
van minh ban khac vdi cic khu phd cd. Nhung hing cay tren dudng phd, trong cac
khu nha cdng sd, trai qua bao bien cd thang tram
ciia
Ijch str. nhung tic dgng khac
nghiet cua thien nhien nbiet ddi va tic dgng
ctia
con ngudi, den ngiy nay chi cdn lai
mgt phan nhd. Mdt sd cay cdn sdng cung dugc coi la nbtrng cay cd thu Ha Ngi.
* Giai dogn
tic
ndm 1954 den nay:
Trong thai ky niy, chung ta vtra xay dyng dat nudc, vtra chdng My va sau
ngay thdng nbat dat nude cting cdn gap nhieu khd khan nhirng cdng viec trdng cay
xanh, cay bdng mit van tiep tuc phit trien.
Tuy khdng cdn nhirng cay dugc coi la cay cd thu ntra, nhung mgt sd cay do
cac danh nhan van hda trdng cdn tdn tai den ngay nay. Tuy tudi cay mdi tren 50
nam

nhung dugc trdng ky niem bdi cic danh nhan van hda dugc coi li nbtrng cay
dac biet cdn dugc bao tdn. Vi du nhu cay Bd de mang ttr dat Phat trdng d chtia Tran
Qudc
ciia
Tdng thdng An Do Parasat, cay Da d Vudn hoa Tay Hd, cdng vien Thdng
Nhat do Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh trdng
1,2.
TONG QUAN VE ATLAS
1.2.1.
Djnh nghTa va phan loai
Atlas khdng phai la td hgp cac loai ban dd lai mgt each may mdc, ma dd la
mgt he thdng hoan chinh cac ban dd, bai viet va cac tranh anh minh hoa cd lien
quan
hiru
co vdi nhau va bd sung cho nhau. Atlas la mgt tdng the dugc tao nen dya
12
Xdy
dimg
Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
tren muc dich nhat dinh, cd chu de va nguyen tac thiet ke va thanh lap rd
rang,
cd
tinh tu
tirdng
thdng nhat, cd cac phuong phap bieu thj boan chinh va cd sy sap xep
trinh ty cac ban dd, bai viet chat che.
Thiet ke, thanh lap va xuat ban cac atlas, ndi chung la mgt cdng viec to Idn
va phirc tap. can phai cd sy hieu biet sau sac cac ddi tugng va hien tugng
ctia
lanh

thd va nhung thanh tyu phit trien khoa hgc cd lien quan. phai tmg dung ly luan ban
do hgc va trinh do ky thuat hien dai thi mdi cd the thanh lap dugc atlas cd chat
lugng cao. Tu duy
ciia
cac nhi bin do truyen vao atlas thdng qua ky thuat thinb lap
atlas,
bd cue
atlas,
ngi dung, mau sac the bien Vi vay, atlas khdng cbi phin anh
trinh do
ciia
nha bin dd ma cdn bieu hien mirc do tiep can khoa hgc ky thuat tien
tien
ciia
nhieu nganh khic nhu do dac, thdng ke, in an
Cic atlas dugc phan loai
chit
yeu theo 3 loai:
1) Theo pham vi lanh thd: lanh thd dugc the bien trong cac trang ban dd cd
the la ci the gidi, ttmg qudc gia, ttmg thanh phd Vdi cac ban dd bien cung phan
theo atlas dai duong, cac bien, cac vinh
2) Theo ngi dung: gdm cac atlas dia ly chung. cac
atlas-
chuyen de va cac
atlas phirc hgp. Atlas cay cd thu Ha Ngi thugc nhdm atlas chuyen de, phan inh ngi
dung theo mgt chuyen de nio dd. Trong nhdm nay cd the phan chi tiet ban thinb 2
nhdm: atlas chuyen de ty nhien va atlas chuyen de kinh te - xa hgi.
3) Theo muc dich sir dung: phan ra thanh atlas tra ciru, atlas giio khoa, atlas
du lich, atlas quan sy vi cic atlas vdi muc dich
sir

dung khac.
1.2.2.
Dac tinh
ciia
atlas
Atlas la tie pham boan chinh vdi nbtrng dac tinh chu yeu la: tinh tu tudng
chinh tri, tinh hoan chinh cua ngi dung, tinh thdng nbat, tinh hien dai va cd chat
lugng cao ve in va trinh biy.
1) Tinh chinh trj tu tudng: la tieu chuan quan trgng de danh gia chat lugng
cua atlas. Lap trudng, quan diem, thii do cua qudc gia ddi vdi nbtrng van de Ijch str,
van de lanh thd, quan he qudc te, thii do ddi vdi mdi trudng deu dugc phan anh
tryc tiep hoac gian tiep tren
cac
trang ban dd, bai viet.
Xdy dung Atlas cdy co
ihu
Hd Ndi
' "^
2) Tinh hoan chinh cua ngi dung: atlas cd ngi dung hoan chinh cd nghTa la
cac ban dd trong atlas can phai lam sing td tat ca cac \an de do de tai.
mtjc
dich str
dung va nhiem
VIJ
ctia
atlas dat ra.
3) Tinh thdng nhat: the hien qua hien tugng cac ban do. bai viet trong atlas cd
sy tuang hd va bd sung lan nhau, cd the de dang so sanh. ddi chieu ban dd niy vdi
cac bin dd khac, cic danh muc trong atlas; tren co sd dd dam bao cho sy phan anh
diing dan nhung mdi quan he tuang bd gitra cac bien tugng va nhung

qu\
luat
ctia
sy phan bd
ctia
chung. De dam bao tinh thdng nbat va sy
phti
hgp ngi tai atlas cin
phai str dung cac bien phip sau day:
- Can cir vao de tai, muc dich sir dung vi pham vi khu vyc the hien tren cac
ban dd de lya chgn dugc nhirng ca sd toan hgc thich hgp. Can ctr vao kich thudc
trang ban dd va dac diem binh
dang,
kich thudc
ctia
khu \ yc de chgn ra he thdng
cic ty le ban dd don gian va de so sanh.
- Viec thiet ke ngi dung cac ban dd phai dya tren nhung nguyen tac thdng
nhat. Ddi vdi hien tugng, ddi tugng cting loai thi phai str dung phuong phap thd
hien gidng nhau vi vdi cac chi tieu thdng nhat. Ngi dung cac ban do phai thdng nhat
thugc vao mgt thai gian xic dinh, cd nhu vay mdi cd the so sanh.
- Can phai
sir
dung
nbUng
nguyen tac tdng quit boa thdng nbat. Sy phan loai,
phan cap va khai quit ngi dung trong cic ban chu giii phai cd sy
phii
hgp.
- Can phai sir dung cac phuang phap trinh bay thdng nbat. chang ban nhu can

phai sir dung cac tdng mau thdng nhat. Ddi vdi cac ddi tugng va hien tugng cd tinh
chat gidng nhau nhung d tren cic ban dd khac nhau thi phai str dung cac ky hieu
gidng nhau va cic kieu chir gidng nhau.
- De dam bao tinh thdng nbat cua cic ban dd thi can cd cac ban nen ca sd dja
Iy thdng nhat va
phii
hgp. Nhirng ban do khic nhau nhung the bien cting lanh thd,
cimg ty le, cd lien quan mat thiet vdi nhau thi phai cd cac yeu td ca sd dia ly nhu
nhau. De dam bao tinh thdng nhat ctia co sd dia ly, ddng thdi coi trgng tinh dac
thti
cua cic trang ban dd, cac atlas chi nen sir
dt.ing
ban che sd lugng nen co sd dia ly.
Xdy dung Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
4) Tinh hien thdi
ctia
atlas; la tieu chi quan trgng de danh gia chat lugng
atlas.
Cbi khi nao str dung nhti'ng tu lieu mdi nhat va cd do tin cay cao thi mdi cd
the dam bao cho gia trj khoa hgc va y nghTa
thye
tien cao
ctia
atlas.
5) Atlas phai dugc trinh
bay
dep. str dung ky thuat in vi ky thuat ddng tap
tdt nbat nham nang cao gii tri cita atlas nhu mgt tic pham nghe thuat hoin chinh,
dau tu tap trung vi thye hien cdng phu.
1.2.3. Bai viet thuyet minh trong atlas

Trong atlas thudng cd mgt sd lugng nhat dinh cac bai viet. thuyet minh, bang
bieu, danh muc va cd the cd ca cac tra ctru dia danh. Cic bai viet cd the phan thanh 3
loai:
loai thtr nbat lien quan den gidi thieu atlas nhu cdng bd ban quyen, Hgi ddng
Bien tap, chi dao xuat
ban.
Ban bien tap va thiet ke in.
Idi
ndi dau, Idi tya ; loai thtr
hai la nhung thuyet minh cho ban than td ban do nham hd trg ngudi dgc hieu rd ban
ve ddi tugng, hien tugng the hien tren ban dd; loai thir ba li he thdng bing bieu, danh
muc nham chi tiet hda, be thdng hda mgt sd ngi dung
ctia
atlas.
Nhung bii viet, thuyet minh trong atlas cd tic dung rat quan trgng, la phan
khdng the thieu trong mgt atlas. Nhd lgi the ve str
dijng
ngdn
ngti"
chtr viet truyen
thdng cita con ngirdi (ngdn ngti' than thugc). cic bai viet thudng dugc lim sinh ddng
bdi tranh, anh, bieu dd, dd thj minh hga, bien nbtrng khai niem trtru tugng trd thinh
de hieu, trd thanh giai phap hiru ich khi mudn md ta dac diem bien ddi, qua trinh
phat trien va tinh dac
thii
cua ddi tugng. Thuyet minh cho mgt td ban do hoac mgt
nhdm ban dd cting loai la kieu bai viet ngan ggn, cd dgng, bim sat ngi dung bin dd,
vi vay thudng nam d trang ke ben. Thuyet minh cho mgt ddi tugng dac biet hoac
nhdm ddi tugng dac biet thi chiem ngay mgt chd tren trang ban dd, the hien theo
kieu "Text box". Nguge lai, cic bang tra ctru dia danh, tra ctru ddi tugng the hien

tren cac trang ban do
ciia
atlas thudng do so, thudng dat d cudi atlas, cd khi dugc
coi la mgt tic pham dja ly dgc lap.
1.2.4.
Ngon
ngu'
ban do
Ban dd la mgt loai cdng cu truyen dat thdng tin, trong dd ngdn ngtr ban dd
trd thinh cdng cu truyen tin. Trong ngdn ngtr ban dd, quan trgng nbat la ky hieu ban
do va he thdng ky hieu dudi dang do hga. Cung nhu ngdn ngtr van ty, ngdn ngtr ban
Xdy dung Atlas cdy co thu Hd Not
dd cd hai chirc nang la de "viet" va "dgc". "Viet" la qua trinh nha ban dd thiet ke ra
cic ky hieu, dting cbiing de the hien cac ddi tugng ngi dung ban dd. Ngudi ta ggi
day la qua trinh ma hda thdng tin, su
diang
cac ky hieu quy udc de lam ban dd.
"Dgc"
la qua trinh ngudi str dung ban dd thdng qua sy nhan biet cic ky hieu de bieu
dugc ddi tugng, chinh li qua trinh giai ma thdng tin.
So vdi ngdn ngu van ty thi ngdn ngtr ban dd tryc quan ban, cd dgng hon. Nd
the hien dugc ket cau khdng gian
ciia
ddi tugng nhu vi tri khdng gian, mdi lien he
tuang hd gitra cic sy vat vi bien tugng, nhirng dac trung sd lugng vi chat lugng cua
cbting, ddng thdi cd the phan inh dugc ca sy bien ddi
ctia
cbiing trong khdng gian
vi thdi gian.
Cting vdi ky bieu ban do, mau sac la bg phan cau thanh ca ban

ctia
ngdn ngtr
ban dd, ciing dam nhiem chtrc nang nhu la ky bieu, ngoai ra cdn lam dep ban dd.
Trong
tir
nhien cd nhieu loai miu
sac
khac nhau nhung cbiing deu cd chung 3 yeu
td: tdng mau, do sing va do bao hda. Lgi
dijng
hien tugng mau sac gay cho con
ngudi nhilng cam giic khic nhau nhu ndng - lanh, gan - xa, gat - dju , cic nhi ban
do phdi hgp cac loai miu
sac
nham dat do bieu cam cao nhat. Mat khac, tap quan sir
dung mau sac
ciia
con ngudi da mang lai cho mau sac tinh tugng trung rd ret: xanh
li ma tugng trung cho sy tre trung, day sire sdng; xanh da trdi tugng trung cho sy
phdng khoang, ty do; xanh tham tugng trung cho sy tram tTnh, gia lanh
Thanh phan thir ba cua ngdn ngtr ban dd li ghi
chti.
Thye chat
ctia
ghi
chti
bin do li dting binh thtrc chtr viet
ctia
ngdn ngu ty nhien de lam tang bieu qua
truyen dat thdng tin. Ban do khdng cd ghi

chti
li ban dd cam. Tren ban dd cd 2 loai
ghi chu chinh la ghi
chti
dja danh va ghi
chti
ddi tugng the hien. Trong khi ghi
chti
dja danh ndi len ten
niii,
ten sdng, ten diem dan cu, don vj hanh chinh nen thudng
gan vdi cac yeu td cua nen dja ly co sd, thi ghi chu ddi tugng the hien gan vdi ngi
dung chuyen de cua ban do, dien giai ten ddi tugng va cac dac tinh
ctia
chiing. Ban
than ghi
chti
ban dd cung dugc the hien da dang bdi kieu chtr, cd chtr, miu sac chir
va bd cue chtr.
.\'dy dung Atlas cdy co thu Hd
.Xdi
CHUONG II: DOI
TUONG,
NOI DUNG, DIA DIEM vA
PHUTOTVG
PHAP NGHIEN
ClTU
11.1.
MUC TIEU NGHIEN CUU
- Xac dinh cac cay cd

thiJ
cd gia trj khoa hgc, lich sir van hoa va mdi
trudng
ctia Thii
dd Ha Ngi nham xay dyng cudn Atlas cay cd thu phd bien
rgng rai cho cdng ddng nhan djp ky niem 1000
nam
Thang Long - Ha Ngi.
- Dting de tra ctru va phuc vu cho cdng
tie
nghien ctru khoa hgc
ctia
cac
vien nghien ctru, trudng dai hgc
11.2.
DOI TUONG
vA
PHAM VI NGHIEN
ClTU
11.2.1.
Doi tugng nghien ciiu
Cay cd thu d Ha Ngi la ddi tugng nghien ciru cua De tai nghien ctru da
dugc phe duyet, vi vay viec dieu tra, khao sit cay nham thu thap cac thdng tin
CO
bin cho viec thinb lap Atlas Cay cd thy li mgt trong nhting nhiem vu quan
trgng nhat, tdn kem nhieu thdi gian, cdng sire va tien
ciia.
Toan bg qui trinh
nghien ctru lap ban dd ve phan bd cay, the hien cic thdng tin thugc tinh quan
trgng nhat cua cay, lya chgn cac btrc anh cd gia tri nbat cho Atlas, viet cac bai

thuyet minh cd dgng nhat, lap danh
kic
cay deu
pbij
thudc vao qua trinh tien
hanh dieu tra, khao sat nay. Cdng tic dieu tra, khao sat dugc trien khai d ca
trong phdng va ngoai thirc dja vdi nhung nhiem vu
chti
yeu sau:
- Thu thap cac thdng tin ve ngudn gdc chung cay cd
tbia
d Ha Ngi.
- Thu thap cac thdng tin ve sy phat trien cay cd thy Hi Ngi.
- Thu thap cac thdng tin ve vai trd, tam quan trgng cua cay cd thu trong ddi
sdng ngirdi dan va Ijch sir Thu do.
- Nghien ciru, xac djnh cic phuong phap dieu tra
phti
hgp.
- Dieu tra, xac dinh vj tri va cac thdng tin thugc tinh chinh
ctia
cac
ci}
cd thu
cd gia tri.
- Chup anh, lay mau tieu ban nhirng cay dac biet.
11.2.2.
Pham vi nghien cii'u
Theo ngi dung da dang ky. dugc phe duyet va ket qua hgi thao khoa hgc ve
cay cd thu Ha Ngi, viec dieu tra, khao sat dugc khoanh ggn trong pham vi nbat dinh
17

Xdy dung Atlas cdy cd thu Hd Ndi
nham
phti
hgp vdi kinh phi dugc cap ma van dam bao cic
\
eu cau
cbu\
en mon da
de ra. Pham vi dieu tra bao gdm:
- Tai lieu ve Ha Ngi trong thu vien Qudc gia, thu \ien Ha Ngi.
- Tai lieu ve cay cd
thij
d Cdng ty Cdng vien Cay xanh Ha Ngi.
- Tai lieu ve cay cd thu ctia cac nha Ha Ndi hgc. cac can bg Cdng
t}
Cdng
vien da nghi buu.
- Dieu tra thuc dia tren dia ban
14
quan buyen, tap trung vao khu vyc Ndi
thanh vi cic cay cd
tht,i
cd gii trj.
11.3.
NOI
DUNG NGHIEN CUU
- Thu thap cac thdng tin, tai lieu ve cay cd thu Ha Ngi va thim cay xanh
Hi
Ngi.
+ Thdng tin chung: thai gian. ten. ma cay, ngudn gdc xuat xtr, dan vj

quan li.
+ Vi tri cay: theo don vi hanh chinh, theo toa do dia li.
+ Thdng tin thugc tinh: do cao, chu vi, tudi. dac diem sinh thai.
+ Gia trj canh quan, kinh te, tham
inT,
van hoi, lich
sir,
ngudii
gen
- Thanh lap cic bin bd cbi tiet ve cay cd thu Ha Ngi.
+ Xay dyng Maket bd cue cho toan bg Atlas cay cd thu Ha Ngi.
+ Thanh lap cic loai bin do nen.
+ Xay dyng ngi dung chi tiet cho tirng trang ban do.
+ Thiet ke va bd tri cic ngi dung bai viet, anh va bang sd lieu.
+ Thiet ke trang vi phan chuang cic ban do.
- Bien tap khoa hgc Atlas cay cd thu Ha Ngi.
11.4.
PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN
ClTU
Dac diem chung
ctia
cay cd
thij
d Ha Ngi la chua dugc nghien ctru day
dii,
cac
thdng tin thudng rdi rac, nang ve mieu ta ma thieu cic sd lieu do dac chinh xac,
khdng gian phan bd rgng tren 900
km^
Vi vay de

thye
hien dugc nhiem vu dat ra,
qui trinh dieu tra, khao sat cay cd thu phai giai quyet dugc 3 yeu cau co ban: thu thap
dugc cac thdng tin chung, xac dinh dugc vj tri cay ngoai thye dia cting nhu tren ban