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:=z #R(61s"#%3?%#2%*#$N2%*>(>T Ny% #Ii%:=1%*%)(E$O{%*G
:G
I%#J% w%*N?%#k%*3TQ #NG w%*:13?%F2G:GF$%*36(-N?94
"#8::=i% R$%0%P%#:7N2 1%%*>s:#|F):N!%(0(8%*31%*6(}:=$32N!%
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.

Đ
(0G%#~FFG:=>%*N2:$%6%*$1:#G%**,I:#p:#6N0:29q%N2 1%
%*>
#H1:#-%*PJ R$ 8 %>? :=1%*%#k%*%*IJ%%#,%*,I=$:$%6%*$1
:#G%*(>%*O):#| :?A•.€U1#>#•%*F8IF :=V :=} N0P‚:#y:
=1%*( #p:#-%*q%##>r%*:=4 :7"(7%94$%:12%P#uHNy%#2%#:=J%
(>%*(32#p:#-%*"#$%#N2#p:#-%*38$%6%*$1:#G%*U1#p:#-%*
"#$%# #7F:ƒ3p3?%%#!::=1%* 8 :$%6%U1P‚:#y:*,I%J%#Q%#N|NyI
#p%%$I#p:#-%*"#$%#%*2I 2%*(>T  q:7%s:J #„%N0:#7:P7 #7:61
N29jUV%*#p:#-%*"#$%#%*2I 2%*%*#JF%*}:N2 #}: #…} Op:N? 8
uH:q3?%#p:#-%*"#$%#32NG w%*†$%:=X%*U1uH :=X%*3>T%*3?%%J%P#
uH #6I*}" 8 :=>?%*%*6Ny::=J%(>%*F2#p:#-%*"#$%#P132FNp :-:9…
=!:%*I#iF+|:#7HF†I7:(E%#34$ #X%(0:2:#7:P7#p:#-%*"#$%#P#Q
%‡%:=J%uH:q
0:2(>T :#4 #p%:6O)FG%G:GN2uH #IJ%UV%*:=>%*6#X
/8 ##1$2)f$#%:#8%*:#4 #p%N?94 -*o%*s%ˆ34  R$Oq%
:#,%HFN2N?94*m"(‰:y%:|%# R$:#I*81#>?%*U'%HF(t#12%:#2%#
%#pFNV R$F|%#I%#J%N?%#k%*#iO7:N2P%#%*#pF z%#6% #7
%J%P#G%*:=8%#P#•%#k%*:#79:sHF=!:F1%*(>T  8 :#I #vOq1:#JF
(iHF%*2I 2%*:=r%J%#12%:#p%#%

ŠFu% #,%:#2%# qF% 8 :#I*81:=1%*O)FG%G:GN2uH #IJ%
Uw%*N2(} Op:32:#I*81Nguyễn Tiến Dũng(t:y%:|%# #vOq1*m"(‰N2
:61(0Pp%:-:%#!: :#i(iHF#12%:#2%#(Y8%:-:%*#p" R$F|%#‹
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
;
Đ
2)s%*2I:#8%*%<F
f%#NJ%:#4 #p%Z12%\%#7%
CHƯƠNG I
TỔNG QUAN VỀ HỆ THỐNG PHANH
1. Công dụng, phân loại, yêu cầu
1.1 Công dụng
p:#-%*"#$%# %#pFNV*qF:- () #Ii%()%*sUŒ%*#•%uHG:G
#1} *kG:G(x%*IJ%:=J%(>%* F):()U- %#!:(E%#+2(qFOq1uH #6I
$%:12%r:- () $1
1.2 Phân loại
Y'+(>$
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
.
Đ
#H1 G%*UV%*#p:#-%*"#$%#(>T  #$:#2%# 8 3169$Z
^ p:#-%*"#$%# #Q%#K"#$%# #,%M
^ p:#-%*"#$%#UŒ%*K"#$%#:$IM
^ p:#-%*"#$%# #yFU%K"#$%#O{%*()%* s:#ƒ34 #1} (p%:ŒM
;Y'+  
#H1P7: ! R$  !"#$%##p:#-%*"#$%#(>T  #$:#2%##$3169$
^ p:#-%*"#$%#N?  !"#$%#*- 
^ p:#-%*"#$%#N?  !"#$%#(Ž$
Y'+>? 
#H1U'%()%*"#$%##p:#-%*"#$%#(>T  #$=$

^ p:#-%*"#$%#U'%()%*O{%* P#Q
^ p:#-%*"#$%#U'%()%*O{%*:#ƒ34 
^ p:#-%*"#$%#U'%()%*O{%*P#Q%‡%
^ p:#-%*"#$%#U'%()%*P7:#T"P#Q%‡%•:#ƒ34
^ p:#-%*"#$%#U'%()%*  >%*#18
>Y'+0Z<W!(!+ X 
#H1P#q%<%*(0 #v%#FGFH%"#$%#r  !"#$%# #m%*:$ #p
:#-%*"#$%# O)(0#1234 "#$%#
+Y'+0Z#;[\;*+ 
#H1P#q%<%* #-%*O x%*O8%#uHP#"#$%# #m%*:$ #p:#-%*
"#$%#N?O) #-%*#tF x%*O8%#uH/f
1.3. Yêu cầu
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
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Đ
p:#-%*"#$%#:=J%G:G"#q(qFOq1 8 IJ 9$Z
• _t%*(>%*"#$%#%*o%%#!:P#"#$%#():%*)::=1%*:=>%*#T"%*I
#iF\-% †t%*(>%*%*o%%#!::#|"#q(qFOq1*$:-  #yFU%
4 (6
• #p†q"#$%# $1%#!:r:!: q 8 O8%#uH%*#Ž$32(qFOq1†t%*
(>%*"#$%#32%*o%%#!:P#"#$%#():%*)::=1%*:=>%*#T"%*I#iF
• #$%#JFUE:=1%*FX:=>%*#T"(i(qFOq194S%(E%# #Ii%()%*
G:G
• 0P#i%%#•%#2%*s %*#Ž$3234 :8 UV%*3J%O2%(6""#$%##$I(z%
(0P#i%P#G%*3?%
• &'%()%*"#$%# ()%#6I $1
• qFOq1Np "#,%O-FGFH%"#$%#:=J% 8 O8%#uH"#q(qFOq1:y%
UV%*#7:P#q%<%*O8F R$O8%#uHP#"#$%#r%#k%* >%*()P#8
%#$
• #G%* #p%:>T%*:4u7:P#"#$%#

•  !"#$%#:#18:%#p::-:
• #p9-F$98:*k$:=-%*"#$%#N2 8 F8"#$%# $1N2S%(E%#:=1%*
(0Pp%9jUV%*
• k(>T :v3p:#y%*k$:=J%O2%(6"N?34 "#$%#:=J%O8%#uH
• P#q%<%*"#$%#G:GP#G:G(ˆ:=J%U- :=1%*:#*$%U2
1. Cấu tạo chung của hệ thống phanh
p:#-%*"#$%#O$1*YF#$"#% #Q%#
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
W
Đ
] Z2O)"#y%:=4 :7":J#$1()%*%<%*G:G:=1%*†8:=|%#
"#$%# !"#$%#(>T O-:=Qr 8 O8%#uH%#{F:61=$FGFH%#tF:=J%
O8%#uHP#"#$%#G:Gp%%$I:#>%*Uw%*  !"#$%#U6%*F$98:KP#G
#1} >?:M:61=$F$98:*k$#$"#%Z†$IN2P#G%*†$I
]-? Z32:y"#T" 8  #:7:Uw%*(i:=I0%%<%*3>T%*:Œ 
!(0P#i%(7% 8   !"#$%#N2(0P#i%†8:=|%#:=I0%%<%*3>T%*
%2I:=1%*†8:=|%#:=I0%N?FV (Q #"#$%#O8%#uHN? 8  >%*()P#8
%#$=J%G:G9jUV%* 8 "#>%*"#8"(0P#i%:=4 :7"#$I*8%:7"
0P#i%:=4 :7"32†8:=|%#:61:Q%#p(0P#i%s(Y%*:#:=4 :7"
%* !"%<%*3>T%* %:#7: #1#p:#-%*"#$%#(i:#4 #p%94"#$%#<%*
3>T%*%2I:=1%*†8:=|%#:=I0%N?FV (Q #"#$%#uHN? >%*()P#8
%#$
0P#i%*8%:7"32†8:=|%#:61%J%:Q%#p(0P#i% z%%<%*3>T%*
U1  !P#8 (qF%#y%
2.1 Cơ cấu phanh
=J%uHG:G%*>:$:#>%*9jUV%*  !"#$%#U6%*:$%*:=-%*#1}
 !"#$%#(Ž$
a. Cơ cấu phanh tang trống
 !"#$%#:$%*:=-%*(>T "#,% #$"#V:#) N21
^#H1U6%*O-:=Q*- "#$%#Z(-ux%*†$:=V (-ux%*s(-ux%*†$:,F

†$Is 8   !"#$%#:434$Os*- "#$%#:4 >%*#18
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
l
Đ
^#H1"#>%*"#8":=I0%%<%*3>T%*(0P#i%Z"#$%#:#ƒ34 s"#$%#P#Q
%‡%s"#$%#:$I
   5##*\S 5$
 !"#$%#(-ux%*†$:=V  %*#Ž$32#$*- "#$%#O-:=Q(-
ux%*†$(>%*:=V :#•%*(x%*(>T :#i#p%:=J%#|%#=1%*(9(Y
#|%#$323169jUV%* $F‡"(i‡"*- "#$%#N21:=-%*"#$%#Zf(YO
323169jUV%*u3$%#:#ƒ34 (i‡"*- "#$%#N21:=-%*"#$%#!:61
#%* R$  !"#$%#316%2I32#$ #-: -(E%# O-:=QO6 3p #:,F(i
(0 #v%#P#H#r*k$F2"#$%#N2:=-%*"#$%#r"#Q$U>?sP#H#r"#Q$:=J%
(>T (0 #v%#O{%*:=V  $F‡"
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
5
,T  5##*\5$
†$:,:=V
Đ
  ##*\S E!
,T  5##*\E!
G* ^G#*0^&G !2E!^
1G#*0^%G#99
 !"#$%#*- (-ux%*†$:,F(>T :#i#p%:=J%#|%#94(-
ux%*†$:,Fr(,I:#i:=J%F,F"#$%# w%*O-:=Q#$ #-:*- "#$%#s#$u
3$%#O8%#uHs#$*- "#$%##12%:12%*-%*%#$N2 #m%*(-ux%*%#$:,F
\ˆ*- "#$%#(>T 3o":#JFF): #-: -(E%#rF,F"#$%#N2 ‘%* O6 #
3p #:,F(i(0 #v%#P#H#r"#Q$U>? R$F8"#$%#N?:=-%*"#$%#\):
"#Q$ R$"::G%*3G%:|N21u3$%#O8%#uH%#3zu1*- "#$%##H#r"#Q$
:=J%*k$F8"#$%#N2:=-%*"#$%#(>T (0 #v%#O{%*  !:4()%*(0

#v%#P#H#r3o":=1%*"::G%* R$u3$%#
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
A
Đ
 !"#$%#316(-ux%*†$:,F:#>%*(>T U'%()%*O{%*:#ƒ34 N2
(>T O-:=Qr :=>?  R$G:GU3E ##1} G:G:q%#•
  #;
%*#Ž$32*- "#$%#P#G%*:4$:=J%F): #-:†$I -(E%#F2 q#$
(0:4$:=J%F}::4$U:=>T:#$Pi  !"#$%#316O316#$F}::4$
:8 UV%*(%316#$F}::4$:8 UV%*P‡"
]N !J7 >$
’316%2IF):( R$*- "#$%#(>T :4$:=J%F}::4$U:=>T::=J%
"#%N•u3$%#s( z%36:4$N21F}::4$U:=>T::=J%"#%N•u3$%#s(
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.

,T& #;
Đ
z%36:4$N21F}::4$U:=>T: R$":G%* !"#$%#316%2I:#>%*(>T
O-:=Qr 8 O8%#uH:=>?  R$G:GU3E #N2G:G:q%#•
]N !J7 >$C
’316%2I:=1%*Fˆu3$%#O8%#uH #$":G%*N2 q#$( R$Fˆ
*- (0:4$:=J%#$F}::4$U:=>T: R$#$":G%*  !"#$%#316%2I(>T
9jUV%*r 8 O8%#uH9$ R$G:GU3E #N2G:G:q%#•
  #7M[ 
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.

,T1 7M[ 
Đ
  ^ !"#$%#*- :4 >%*#18 %*#Ž$32P#"#$%#O8%#uH:#|
*- "#$%#:#x%#!:9…:<%* >%*34 :8 UV%*3J%*- "#$%#:#x#$

#$316  !"#$%#:4 >%*#18Z !"#$%#:4 >%*#18:8 UV%*(%
K|%#.$M  !"#$%#:4 >%*#18:8 UV%*P‡"K|%#.OM
^ !"#$%#:4 >%*#18:8 UV%*(%
 !"#$%#:4 >%*#18:8 UV%*(% #$( R$#$*- "#$%#(>T
3J%P7:N?%#$†$#$F}::4$U:=>T: R$  !(0 #v%#U()%*$(
z%36 R$#$*- "#$%##$( z%36 R$#$*- "#$%#:#|F):(>T :4$
N21F}::4$U:=>T::=J%N•u3$%#O8%#uH z%F):(:#|:4$N21F}::4$U
:=>T: R$"::G%*u3$%#O8%#uH !(0 #v%#Uw%*(i(0 #v%#P#H#r
*k$F8"#$%#N2:=-%*"#$%# R$ q#$*- "#$%# !"#$%#316%2I
:#>%*(>T O-:=Qr 8 O8%#uH:=>?  R$G:GU3E #N2G:G:q%#•(7%:=%*
O|%#
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 !"#$%#:4 >%*#18:8 UV%*P‡" #$( R$#$*- "#$%#(>T :4$
3J%#$F}::4$U:=>T: R$#$":G%*:=1%*F):u3$%#O8%#uH !"#$%#
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b. Cơ cấu phanh đĩa .
*2I%$I  !"#$%#(Ž$%*2I 2%*(>T 9jUV%*=)%*=t"#SO7%:=J%
uH 1%N2uHU3E # ‰%#•:#yF #Q% z%(>T 9jUV%*:=J%uH:q ‰3?%
 !"#$%#(Ž$(>T :#i#p%%#>9$Z
8 O)"#y% #Q%# R$  !"#$%#(Ž$O$1*YFZ
^\):(Ž$(>T (>T 3o"N?F$I R$O8%#uHN2†$I w%*O8%#uH
^\):*8(‰ -(E%#:=J%UF :=1%*( (}: 8 u3$%#O8%#uH
^$F8"#$%#U6%*:#•%*(>T (}:r#$OJ% R$(Ž$"#$%#N2(>T U'%
()%*Or 8 ":G%* R$u3$%#O8%#uH#$316  !"#$%#(Ž$Z16*8
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“NU>Z’316%2I*8(‰P#G%*Oo: -(E%#F2 :#iU:=>T:
%*$%*(>T :=J%F):9- #-:Oo: -(E%#N?UF =1%**8(‰U()%*
%*>:$ #vO-:=QF):u3$%#O8%#uHN?F):":G%*:|N21F):F8"#$%#\8
"#$%#r"#Q$(-Up%(>T *8:=4 :7":=J%*8(‰
]NU#9G’316*8%2I*8(‰(>T Oo: -(E%#:=J%UF =J%
*8(‰O-:=Q#$u3$%#O8%#uHr#$"#Q$ R$(Ž$"#$%#=1%* 8 u3$%# 
"::G%*F2F):( R$%3G%:|N21F8"#$%#\):(>%*U:Œu3$%#
#Q%#(>T U'%(7% q#$u3$%#O8%#uH
2.2 Dẫn động phanh
=J%G:GU'%()%*"#$%#:#>%*32:#ƒ34 #1} P#Q%‡% ‘%* :#i32
94P7:#T"*k$P#Q%‡%N2:#ƒ34 
a. Dẫn động phanh chính bằng thuỷ lực
!:61 #%* R$#p:#-%*"#$%#U'%()%*O{%*:#ƒ34 O$1*YFZ
/2%(6""#$%#su3$%# #Q%#K:S%*"#$%#M 8 -%*U'%s 8 u3$%# G%*:8 
&'%()%*"#$%#O{%*:#ƒ34 :x 32Uw%* #!:3•%*(i:61N2:=I0%8"9!:(7%
8 uI3$%# G%*:8  R$ 8   !"#$%#(i:613J%34 ‡"F8"#$%#N2:=-%*
"#$%##1} (Ž$"#$%#&'%()%*"#$%#U (} (iFP7: !(%*q%U~O-
:=Q()%#6I $1:I%#J%% ‘%* %#>T (iF32:v9-:=I0% R$U'%()%*
U32P#G%*3?%%J%P#G%*:#i:<%*34 (0P#i%:=J%  !"#$%#+|NyI#p
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(>%*UUI%#!:U'%(7% 8 u3$%# G%*:8  R$ 8 O8%#uH&'%()%*F):
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#p%r#$O8%#uH R$Uz%* z%36
’9(YlO:#|F):Uz%*(>T U'%:?F):O8%#uH"#Q$:=>? N2F):

O8%#uH"#Q$9$913H%#$z%F):Uz%*(>T U'%:?#$O8%#uH"#Q$913H
z%36=1%*:=>%*#T"%2IP#F):Uz%*OE=z=v:#|Uz%* z%36N'% z%:8
UV%*N234 "#$%#N'%9%#=$r#$O8%#uH913H:=>? N29$
b. Dẫn động phanh chính bằng khí nén
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
W
Đ
=1%*U'%()%*"#$%# #Q%#O{%*P#Q%‡%34 (0P#i%:=J%O2%(6" #R
I7Uw%*(i(0P#i%N$%"#,%"#- z%34 :8 UV%*3J%  !"#$%#U18"
9!:P#Q%‡%:8 UV%*3J%O"#$%#:#4 #p%&'%()%*"#$%# #Q%#O{%*P#Q
%‡% >(iF*qF(>T 34 (0P#i%:=J%O2%(6""#$%##>%*36 
%#>T (iF32()%#6IP‡FK:#*$% #yF:8 UV%*3?%MU1P#G%*P#QOE%‡%
P# #E34 
,T. >? C
GbC^ G;B^ &G;T\ 
 1G; ^%G E#^ =G 
& -? ;cd6
&'%()%*"#$%# #Q%#O{%*:#ƒ34  >(iF()%#6I $1%#>%*#6%
#73234 (0P#i%:=J%O2%(6" z%3?%*>T 36(-N?U'%()%*O{%*P#Q
%‡%36 >(iF3234 (0P#i%:=J%O2%(6"%#•%#>%*()%#6IP‡FK:#
*$% #yF:8 UV%*3?%U1P#Q%‡%OE%‡%U1 #E8"9!:M
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
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Đ

i:y%UV%*>(iF R$#$316U'%()%*:=J%%*>:$9jUV%*#p:#-%*U'%
()%*"#-#T"*k$:#RI34 N2P#Q%‡%16U'%()%*%2I:#>%*(>T 8"UV%*
8 uHG:G:q:=%*O|%#N2G:G:q3?%
,TA)e2#>?d6
f(Y !:61 #%* R$#p:#-%*"#$%#O$1*YF#$"#%U'%()%*Z
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
5
Van phanh
xả ra ngoài
Bình khí
Bình
chứa dầu
Máy nén khí
Xi lanh chính
Bình
chứa dầu
xi lanh bánh xe
Xi lanh chính
Trống
phanh
Trống
phanh
Guốc
phanh
Guốc
phanh
Bánh xe
trước
Bánh xe sau
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Đường
dầu
Xi lanh bánh xe
Đ
^ &'%()%*:#ƒ34 Z#$u3$%# #Q%#U'%#$Uz%*U'%(7% 8 u3$%#
O8%#uH"#Q$:=>? N2"#Q$9$
^ &'%()%*P#Q%‡%ZO$1*YF:ŒF8I%‡%P#QsO|%# #x$P#QN$%"#,%"#-
P#QN2 8 u3$%#P#Q%‡%
#%F8I%‡%P#QN2N$%"#,%"#-#12%:12%  !:61N2%*IJ%3Q32F
Np %#>:=1%*#p:#-%*U'%O{%*P#Q%‡%
#%u3$%# #Q%#316(%N2 8 u3$%#O8%#uH P7: !N2%*IJ%3Q
32FNp %#>:=1%*#p:#-%*U'%()%*O{%*:#ƒ34 ,I32U'%()%*:#ƒP#Q
P7:#T"#$Uz%*%J%N$%"#,%"#-P#Q32316N$%P‡"s #$u3$%# #Q%#N2
#$u3$%#P#Q
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.
A
Đ
CHƯƠNG 2
LỰA CHỌN PHƯƠNG ÁN THIẾT KẾ
2.1 Chọn phương án thiết kế
2.1.1 Cơ cấu phanh
  !"#$%#:=J%G:G #RI7 #$U6%*Z"#$%#*- N2"#$%#(Ž$
#$%#*- 9jUV%* #RI7:=J% 8 G:G :q:=X%*3?%ZG:G:qsG:G #rP#8 #
N2F):9-316G:G 1%#$%#(Ž$(>T 9jUV%*:=J%%#0316G:G 1%s:=1%*(
#RI732r 8   !"#$%#:=>? 
&1uH:#7:P732uH:ql:!%sFGFH%"#$%#9%#=$:6 8 O8%#uH323?%s
#%%k$363G%"#q32FNp :=1%*FG:=>%*P#o %*#p:N2OVO„%7:$
Uw%*"#$%#(Ž$ #1uHs:#x%#!:Z\-%FGFH%"#$%#9%#=$:6 8 O8%#uH3?%
% 8"9!:U=!: $1(i(qFOq1(R34 UŒ%*uH %:#7:s#1} (>%*PQ%#
"9::G%*:=1%*u3$%#O8%#uH"#q3?%#%91N?"#$%#*- s#1} "#q:=$%*OE

:#JF#p:#-%*:=T34 #x#$8"9!:9%#=$:=J%O0F}:F8"#$%#32=!:3?%s
%7Uw%*#p:#-%*"#$%#(Ž$ #1uH:q:#|P#"#$%#FGFH%"#$%#9%#=$=!:
3?%9…*,I%#$%#Fz%F8"#$%#s#%%k$uH36"#q32FNp :=1%*FG:=>%*
OVO„%9…32F #1(Ž$"#$%#OE#$%=vK#p:#-%*"#$%#(Ž$ #H #o%OV=!:P#s
:#G%*:#>%*:#|P#G%* :#7:OE #H #o%OVMsN2F8"#$%# #%*Fz% #1
%J%=!:%#$%#"#q:#$Is:#xO$32*8:#2%# R$"#$%#(Ž$36(o:+|NyI(i(8"
x%* 8 (0Pp%32FNp  R$uH:q:#|  !"#$%# R$uH%J%Uw%*  !
"#$%#*- 
2.1.2 Dẫn động phanh
*2I%$I:=J%uH:q%*>:$9jUV%* 8 U'%()%*9$ZU'%()%*:#ƒ
34 sU'%()%*P#Q%‡%sU'%()%*3J%#T"
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.

Đ
&'%()%*:#ƒ34  %#>T (iF32P#G%*:61(>T 34 („I*- "#$%#
3?%s #1%J% #v9jUV%* #1 8 G:G ‰%#•
&'%()%*3J%#T"P#o "#V (>T  q#$%#>T (iF R$#$U'%()%*
:=J%s%#>%**8:#2%# R$ 8  VF #:7:=!:(o:sP#G%*"#w#T"N?(0Pp%
9jUV%* R$%*>+p:$F
Œ%#k%*"#,%:Q #:=J%sHF34$ #X%U'%()%*O{%*P#Q%‡% #1  !:#7:
P7
Sinh ViJ%ZC[\?"Z]]^.

Đ
2
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2
7
2
6

2
5
2
4
1
2
3
4
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6
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8
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2
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5
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2.2 Cấu tạo và nguyên lí hoạt động của một số cụm chi tiết chính
2.2.1 Van phân phối
Van cöa x¶
a
b
c
d
e

q
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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