CCNARS studyguide toddlammle

CCNA
®

Routing and Switching
Study Guide

Todd Lammle
CCNA
®

Routing and Switching
Study Guide
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Acknowledgments
There are many people that work to put a book together, and as an author, I dedicated an
enormous amount of time to write this book, but it would have never been published with-
out the dedicated, hard work of many other people.
Monica Worthy Lammle was crucial to the nished product this book became, going
over every word of every chapter with me to ne-tune the language and grammar. Without
Monica’s support in all areas of my life, I’d never have nished writing this book.
Next in line to thank is my new technical editor, John Swartz, who also coauthored
the CCNA Data Center study guides with me. His expertise in the Cisco technical eld,
and his history of networking in general, is second to none. His detailed analysis of my
work helped make this my best CCNA study guide ever. Thank you, John, for working
hard under pressure, with tight deadlines, and for staying the course of delivering high-
quality work in a short time frame.
Jeff Kellum, my acquisitions editor, is instrumental to my success in the world of Cisco
certication. Jeff, I look forward to our continued progress together.
Christine O’Connor, my production editor, and Judy Flynn, my copyeditor, were my
rock and foundation for formatting an intense editing of every page in this book. This
amazing team gives me the condence to help keep me moving during the difcult and very
long days, week after week. How Christine stays so organized with all my changes, as well
as making sure every gure is in the right place in the book is still a mystery to me! You’re
amazing, Christine! Thank you! Judy understands my writing style so well now, after doing
at least a dozen books with me, that she even sometimes nds a technical error that may
have slipped through as I was going through the material. Thank you Judy for doing such
a great job! I truly thank you both.
Troy McMillian really helped me on this book (on all books actually!) by working on
the review and bonus questions, ash cards, as well as a 3rd technical edit on the last stage
of editing. He did a high-quality job in a short time! Thanks, Troy! Jim Frey and Paul
Sutton really helped me put together this book’s amazing gures, and an all-around second-

look technical edit. Thank you both!
Also, thanks to Dax Mickelson and Dennis Frye for performing the technical proofread
of the book.
Finally, a big thanks to Craig Woods at Happenstance-Type-O-Rama and to the Sybex
media-development team.
About the Author
Todd Lammle is the authority on Cisco certication and internetworking and is Cisco certi-
ed in most Cisco certication categories. He is a world-renowned author, speaker, trainer,
and consultant. Todd has three decades of experience working with LANs, WANs, and large
enterprise licensed and unlicensed wireless networks, and lately he’s been implementing large
Cisco data centers worldwide. His years of real-world experience is evident in his writing; he
is not just an author but an experienced networking engineer with very practical experience
working on the largest networks in the world, at such companies as Xerox, Hughes Aircraft,
Texaco, AAA, Cisco, and Toshiba, among many others. Todd has published over 60 books,
including the very popular CCNA: Cisco Certied Network Associate Study Guide, CCNA
Wireless Study Guide, and CCNA Data Center Study Guide, all from Sybex. He runs an
international consulting and training company based in Colorado, Texas, and San Francisco.
You can reach Todd through his forum and blog at
www.lammle.com.

Contents at a Glance
Introduction xxvii
ICND1 (100-101) Exam Objectives xxxviii
ICND2 (200-101) Exam Objectives xliv
CCNA Composite (200-120) Exam Objectives xlvii
Assessment Test lviii
Part I ICND1 1
Chapter 1 Internetworking 3
Chapter 2 Ethernet Networking and Data Encapsulation 41
Chapter 3 Introduction to TCP/IP 87

Chapter 4 Easy Subnetting 139
Chapter 5 VLSMs, Summarization, and Troubleshooting TCP/IP 181
Chapter 6 Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 213
Chapter 7 Managing a Cisco Internetwork 283
Chapter 8 IP Routing 331
Chapter 9 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 385
Chapter 10 Layer 2 Switching 425
Chapter 11 VLANs and InterVLAN Routing 459
Chapter 12 Security 501
Chapter 13 Network Address Translation (NAT) 541
Chapter 14 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 569
Part II ICND2 613
Chapter 15 Enhanced Switched Technologies 615
Chapter 16 Managing Cisco Devices 661
Chapter 17 IP Services 699
Chapter 18 Troubleshooting IP, IPv6, and VLANs 741
Chapter 19 Enhanced IGRP 783
Chapter 20 Multi-Area OSPF 847
Chapter 21 Wide Area Networks 897
Appendix A Answers to Written Labs 967
Appendix B Answers to Review Questions 987
Appendix C Disabling and Configuring Network Services 1029
Appendix D About the Additional Study Tools 1041
Index 1045
Contents
Introduction xxvii
ICND1 (100-101) Exam Objectives xxxviii
ICND2 (200-101) Exam Objectives xliv
CCNA Composite (200-120) Exam Objectives xlvii
Assessment Test lviii

Part I ICND1 1
Chapter 1 Internetworking 3
Internetworking Basics 4
Internetworking Models 12
The Layered Approach 13
Advantages of Reference Models 14
The OSI Reference Model 14
The Application Layer 16
The Presentation Layer 17
The Session Layer 17
The Transport Layer 18
The Network Layer 23
The Data Link Layer 25
The Physical Layer 28
Summary 29
Exam Essentials 30
Written Labs 32
Written Lab 1.1: OSI Questions 32
Written Lab 1.2: Defining the OSI Layers and Devices 33
Written Lab 1.3: Identifying Collision and
Broadcast Domains 34
Review Questions 35
Chapter 2 Ethernet Networking and Data Encapsulation 41
Ethernet Networks in Review 42
Collision Domain 43
Broadcast Domain 44
CSMA/CD 45
Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet 47
Ethernet at the Data Link Layer 49
Ethernet at the Physical Layer 55

Co ntents
Introduction














1
Chapter
1
Internetworking 3
Internetworking Basics

xii Contents
Ethernet Cabling 59
Straight-through Cable 60
Crossover Cable 60
Rolled Cable 62
Fiber Optic 64
Data Encapsulation 66
The Cisco three-layer HierarchicalModel 70
The Core Layer 70
The Distribution Layer 72
The Access Layer 72
Summary 73
Exam Essentials 73
Written Labs 74
Written Lab 2.1: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal Conversion 75
Written Lab 2.2: CSMA/CD Operations 79
Written Lab 2.3: Cabling 79
Written Lab 2.4: Encapsulation 80
Review Questions 81
Chapter 3 Introduction to TCP/IP 87
Introducing TCP/IP 88
A Brief History of TCP/IP 89
TCP/IP and the DoD Model 89
The Process/Application Layer Protocols 91
The Host-to-host Layer Protocols 101
The Internet Layer Protocols 110
IP Addressing 118
IP Terminology 118

The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 119
Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918) 124
IPv4 Address Types 126
Layer 2 Broadcasts 126
Layer 3 Broadcasts 126
Unicast Address 127
Multicast Address 128
Summary 129
Exam Essentials 130
Written Labs 132
Written Lab 3.1: TCP/IP 132
Written Lab 3.2: Mapping Applications to the DoD Model 132
Review Questions 134
Chapter 4 Easy Subnetting 139
Subnetting Basics 140
How to Create Subnets 142
Subnet Masks 142
Contents xiii
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 144
IP Subnet-Zero 146
Subnetting Class C Addresses 146
Subnetting Class B Addresses 158
Subnetting Class A Addresses 167
Summary 170
Exam Essentials 170
Written Labs 171
Written Lab 4.1: Written Subnet Practice #1 171
Written Lab 4.2: Written Subnet Practice #2 172
Written Lab 4.3: Written Subnet Practice #3 173
Review Questions 174

Chapter 5 VLSMs, Summarization, and
Troubleshooting TCP/IP 181
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) 182
VLSM Design 184
Implementing VLSM Networks 184
Summarization 193
Troubleshooting IP Addressing 196
Determining IP Address Problems 198
Summary 203
Exam Essentials 204
Written Lab 5 205
Review Questions 206
Chapter 6 Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 213
The IOS User Interface 215
Cisco IOS 216
Connecting to a Cisco IOS Device 216
Bringing Up a Switch 218
Command-line Interface (CLI) 219
Entering the CLI 219
Overview of Router Modes 219
CLI Prompts 220
Editing and Help Features 223
Administrative Configurations 228
Hostnames 228
Banners 229
Setting Passwords 231
Encrypting Your Passwords 237
Descriptions 239
Router and Switch Interfaces 241
Bringing Up an Interface 244

xiv Contents
Viewing, Saving, and Erasing Configurations 250
Deleting the Configuration and Reloading the Device 252
Verifying Your Configuration 253
Summary 264
Exam Essentials 265
Written Lab 6 268
Hands-on Labs 268
Hands-on Lab 6.1: Erasing an Existing Configuration 269
Hands-on Lab 6.2: Exploring User, Privileged,
and Configuration Modes 269
Hands-on Lab 6.3: Using the Help and Editing Features 270
Hands-on Lab 6.4: Saving a Configuration 271
Hands-on Lab 6.5: Setting Passwords 272
Hands-on Lab 6.6: Setting the Hostname, Descriptions,
IP Address, and Clock Rate 274
Review Questions 277
Chapter 7 Managing a Cisco Internetwork 283
The Internal Components of a Cisco Router and Switch 284
The Router and Switch Boot Sequence 285
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco Configuration 286
Backing Up the Cisco Configuration 286
Restoring the Cisco Configuration 288
Erasing the Configuration 289
Configuring DHCP 290
DHCP Relay 291
Verifying DHCP on Cisco IOS 292
Network Time Protocol (NTP) 293
Using Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 295
Getting CDP Timers and Holdtime Information 295

Gathering Neighbor Information 296
Documenting a Network Topology Using CDP 300
Using Telnet 303
Telnetting into Multiple Devices Simultaneously 305
Checking Telnet Connections 306
Checking Telnet Users 306
Closing Telnet Sessions 306
Resolving Hostnames 307
Building a Host Table 307
Using DNS to Resolve Names 309
Checking Network Connectivity and Troubleshooting 311
Using the ping Command 312
Using the traceroute Command 312
Contents xv
Debugging 314
Using the show processes Command 316
Summary 317
Exam Essentials 317
Written Lab 7 319
Written Lab 7.1: IOS Management 319
Written Lab 7.2: Router Memory 319
Hands-on Labs 320
Hands-on Lab 7.1: Backing Up the Router Configuration 320
Hands-on Lab 7.2: Using the Cisco Discovery
Protocol (CDP) 321
Hands-on Lab 7.3: Using Telnet 322
Hands-on Lab 7.4: Resolving Hostnames 323
Review Questions 325
Chapter 8 IP Routing 331
Routing Basics 333

The IP Routing Process 335
The Cisco Router Internal Process 341
Testing Your IP Routing Understanding 342
Configuring IP Routing 346
Configuring IP Routing in Our Network 356
Static Routing 357
Default Routing 362
Dynamic Routing 365
Routing Protocol Basics 365
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 367
Configuring RIP Routing 367
Holding Down RIP Propagations 371
Summary 373
Exam Essentials 374
Written Lab 8 376
Hands-on Labs 376
Hands-on Lab 8.1: Creating Static Routes 377
Hands-on Lab 8.2: Configuring RIP Routing 378
Review Questions 380
Chapter 9 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 385
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Basics 386
OSPF Terminology 389
OSPF Operation 391
Configuring OSPF 393
Enabling OSPF 393
Configuring OSPF Areas 394
Configuring Our Network with OSPF 397
xvi Contents
OSPF and Loopback Interfaces 402
Configuring Loopback Interfaces 403

Verifying OSPF Configuration 405
The show ip ospf Command 406
The show ip ospf database Command 407
The show ip ospf interface Command 408
The show ip ospf neighbor Command 409
The show ip protocols Command 411
Summary 411
Exam Essentials 412
Written Lab 9 413
Hands-on Labs 413
Hands-on Lab 9.1: Enabling the OSPF Process 414
Hands-on Lab 9.2: Configuring OSPF Interfaces 415
Hands-on Lab 9.3: Verifying OSPF Operation 416
Review Questions 417
Chapter 10 Layer 2 Switching 425
Switching Services 426
Three Switch Functions at Layer 2 427
Port Security 431
Configuring Catalyst Switches 436
Catalyst Switch Configuration 436
Verifying Cisco Catalyst Switches 444
Summary 447
Exam Essentials 447
Written Lab 10 448
Hands-on Labs 448
Lab 10.1: Configuring Layer 2 Switches 449
Lab 10.2: Verifying Layer 2 Switches 450
Lab 10.3: Configuring Port Security 450
Review Questions 452
Chapter 11 VLANs and InterVLAN Routing 459

VLAN Basics 460
Broadcast Control 463
Security 464
Flexibility and Scalability 464
Identifying VLANs 465
Frame Tagging 467
VLAN Identification Methods 468
Routing between VLANs 469
Contents xvii
Configuring VLANs 472
Assigning Switch Ports to VLANs 475
Configuring Trunk Ports 476
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 480
Summary 487
Exam Essentials 488
Written Lab 11 489
Hands-on Labs 489
Hands-on Lab 11.1: Configuring and Verifying VLANs 490
Hands-on Lab 11.2: Configuring and Verifying
Trunk Links 491
Hands-on Lab 11.3: Configuring Router on a
Stick Routing 492
Hands-on Lab 11.4: Configuring IVR with a
Layer 3 Switch 492
Review Questions 494
Chapter 12 Security 501
Perimeter, Firewall, and Internal Routers 502
Introduction to Access Lists 503
Mitigating Security Issues with ACLs 506
Standard Access Lists 507

Wildcard Masking 508
Standard Access List Example 510
Controlling VTY (Telnet/SSH) Access 514
Extended Access Lists 515
Extended Access List Example 1 519
Extended Access List Example 2 521
Extended Access List Example 3 522
Named ACLs 523
Remarks 525
Monitoring Access Lists 526
Summary 528
Exam Essentials 529
Written Lab 12 530
Hands-on Labs 530
Hands-on Lab 12.1: Standard IP Access Lists 531
Hands-on Lab 12.2: Extended IP Access Lists 532
Review Questions 535
Chapter 13 Network Address Translation (NAT) 541
When Do We Use NAT? 542
Types of Network Address Translation 544
NAT Names 544
xviii Contents
How NAT Works 545
Static NAT Configuration 547
Dynamic NAT Configuration 548
PAT (Overloading) Configuration 548
Simple Verification of NAT 549
Testing and Troubleshooting NAT 550
Summary 555
Exam Essentials 556

Written Lab 13 557
Hands-on Labs 557
Lab 13.1: Preparing for NAT 558
Lab 13.2: Configuring Dynamic NAT 560
Lab 13.3: Configuring PAT 561
Review Questions 564
Chapter 14 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 569
Why Do We Need IPv6? 571
The Benefits and Uses of IPv6 571
IPv6 Addressing and Expressions 573
Shortened Expression 574
Address Types 575
Special Addresses 576
How IPv6 Works in an Internetwork 577
Manual Address Assignment 578
Stateless Autoconfiguration (eui-64) 578
DHCPv6 (Stateful) 581
IPv6 Header 582
ICMPv6 583
IPv6 Routing Protocols 586
Static Routing with IPv6 586
OSPFv3 587
Configuring IPv6 on Our Internetwork 588
Configuring Routing on Our Internetwork 591
Verifying OSPFv3 594
Summary 599
Exam Essentials 599
Written Labs 601
Written Lab 14.1 601
Written Lab 14.2 601

Hands-on Labs 602
Hands-on Lab 14.1: Manual and
Stateful Autoconfiguration 602
Hands-on Lab 14.2: Static and Default Routing 604
Hands-on Lab 14.3: OSPFv3 605
Review Questions 607
Contents xix
Part II ICND2 613
Chapter 15 Enhanced Switched Technologies 615
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) 616
Spanning-tree Terms 617
Spanning-tree Operations 621
Types of Spanning-tree Protocols 623
Common Spanning Tree 624
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree+ 625
Modifying and Verifying the Bridge ID 631
Spanning-tree Failure Consequences 636
PortFast and BPDU Guard 638
BPDU Guard 640
EtherChannel 642
Configuring and Verifying Port Channels 643
Summary 646
Exam Essentials 647
Written Lab 1 648
Hands-on Labs 648
Hands-on Lab 1.1: Verifying STP and Finding Your
RootBridge 649
Hands-on Lab 1.2: Configuring and Verifying Your
Root Bridge 651
Hands-on Lab 1.3: Configuring PortFast and

BPDU Guard 652
Hands-on Lab 1.4: Configuring and
Verifying EtherChannel 653
Review Questions 656
Chapter 16 Managing Cisco Devices 661
The Internal Components of a
Cisco Router 662
The Router Boot Sequence 663
Managing Configuration Register 664
Understanding the Configuration Register Bits 665
Checking the Current Configuration Register Value 666
Boot System Commands 667
Recovering Passwords 669
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco IOS 671
Verifying Flash Memory 673
Backing Up the Cisco IOS 674
Restoring or Upgrading the Cisco Router IOS 675
Using the Cisco IOS File System (Cisco IFS) 677
xx Contents
Licensing 682
Right-To-Use Licenses (Evaluation Licenses) 684
Backing Up and Uninstalling the License 687
Summary 688
Exam Essentials 689
Written Labs 691
Written Lab 2.1: IOS Management 691
Written Lab 2.2: Router Memory 691
Hands-on Labs 692
Hands-on Lab 2.1: Backing Up Your Router IOS 692
Hands-on Lab 2.2: Upgrading or Restoring

Your Router IOS 692
Review Questions 694
Chapter 17 IP Services 699
Client Redundancy Issues 700
Introducing First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP) 702
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) 704
Virtual MAC Address 705
HSRP Timers 706
Group Roles 708
Configuring and Verifying HSRP 709
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol 715
Comparing VRRP and HSRP 715
VRRP Redundancy Characteristics 715
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol 716
GLBP Functions 717
GLBP Features 717
GLBP Per-host Traffic Balancing 718
Configuring GLBP 718
Syslog 721
Configuring and Verifying Syslog 723
SNMP 726
Management Information Base (MIB) 727
Configuring SNMP 728
NetFlow 730
NetFlow Overview and Flows 731
Configuring NetFlow 732
Summary 734
Exam Essentials 734
Written Lab 3 735
Review Questions 736

Contents xxi
Chapter 18 Troubleshooting IP, IPv6, and VLANs 741
Troubleshooting IP Network Connectivity 742
Troubleshooting IPv6 Network Connectivity 754
ICMPv6 755
Troubleshooting VLAN Connectivity 763
VLAN Troubleshooting 763
Trunk Troubleshooting 768
Summary 776
Exam Essentials 777
Written Lab 4 778
Review Questions 779
Chapter 19 Enhanced IGRP 783
EIGRP Features and Operations 784
Neighbor Discovery 785
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) 790
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) 791
Route Discovery and Maintenance 792
Configuring EIGRP 792
VLSM Support and Summarization 795
Controlling EIGRP Traffic 798
Split Horizon 809
Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP 811
Troubleshooting Example with EIGRP 818
EIGRPv6 828
Summary 833
Exam Essentials 834
Written Lab 5 835
Hands-on Labs 835
Hands-on Lab 5.1: Configuring and Verifying EIGRP 835

Hands-on Lab 5.2: Configuring and Verifying EIGRPv6 837
Review Questions 838
Chapter 20 Multi-Area OSPF 847
OSPF Scalability 848
Categories of Multi-area Components 850
Adjacency Requirements 850
OSPF Router Roles 851
Link-state Advertisements 852
OSPF Hello Protocol 854
Neighbor States 855
Basic Multi-area Configuration 857
xxii Contents
Verifying and Troubleshooting
Multi-area OSPF Networks 859
The show ip ospf Command 861
The show ip ospf interface Command 862
The show ip protocols Command 864
The show ip route Command 865
The show ip ospf database Command 866
Troubleshooting OSPF Scenario 868
OSPFv3 876
Verifying OSPFv3 879
Summary 881
Exam Essentials 881
Written Lab 6 883
Hands-on Labs 883
Hands-on Lab 6.1: Configuring and Verifying
OSPF Multi-Area 884
Hands-on Lab 6.2: Configuring and Verifying OSPFv3 887
Review Questions 890

Chapter 21 Wide Area Networks 897
Introduction to Wide Area Networks 898
Defining WAN Terms 899
WAN Connection Bandwidth 900
WAN Connection Types 900
WAN Support 902
Cable and DSL 905
Cable 906
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 907
Cabling the Serial Wide Area Network 910
Serial Transmission 910
Data Terminal Equipment and Data
Communication Equipment 911
High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) Protocol 912
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 914
Link Control Protocol (LCP) Configuration Options 915
PPP Session Establishment 916
PPP Authentication Methods 917
Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers 917
Configuring PPP Authentication 917
Verifying and Troubleshooting Serial Links 918
Frame Relay 923
Introduction to Frame Relay Technology 924
Frame Relay Implementation and Monitoring 931
Contents xxiii
Virtual Private Networks 942
Benefits of VPNs 943
Introduction to Cisco IOS IPsec 944
IPsec Transforms 945
GRE Tunnels 946

Configuring GRE Tunnels 947
Verifying GRP Tunnels 949
Summary 951
Exam Essentials 951
Written Lab 7 953
Hands-on Labs 953
Hands-on Lab 7.1: Configuring PPP Encapsulation
and Authentication 953
Hands-on Lab 7.2: Configuring and Monitoring HDLC 955
Hands-on Lab 7.3: Configuring Frame Relay
and Subinterfaces 956
Hands-on Lab 7.4: Configuring a GRE Tunnel 958
Review Questions 961
Appendix A Answers to Written Labs 967
Chapter 1: Internetworking 968
Written Lab 1.1: OSI Questions 968
Written Lab 1.2: Defining the OSI Layers and Devices 969
Written Lab 1.3: Identifying Collision and
Broadcast Domains 970
Chapter 2: Ethernet Networking and Data Encapsulation 970
Written Lab 2.1: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal Conversion 970
Written Lab 2.2: CSMA/CD Operations 973
Written Lab 2.3: Cabling 973
Written Lab 2.4: Encapsulation 974
Chapter 3: Introduction to TCP/IP 974
Written Lab 3.1: TCP/IP 974
Written Lab 3.2: Mapping Applications to the DoD Model 974
Chapter 4: Easy Subnetting 975
Written Lab 4.1: Written Subnet Practice #1 975
Written Lab 4.2: Written Subnet Practice #2 976

Written Lab 4.3: Written Subnet Practice #3 977
Chapter 5: VLSMs, Summarization and
Troubleshooting TCP/IP 977
Chapter 6: Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 978
Written Lab 6 978
Chapter 7: Managing a Cisco Internetwork 978
Written Lab 7.1: IOS Management 978
Written Lab 7.2: Router Memory 979