Giáo án môn tiếng anh lớp 11

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PHẦN I. PHONETICS – STRESS – TRỌNG ÂM
Buổi 1 - Bài 1. RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM
I. Definitions:
1. Phoneme: The smallest part of sound (vowel and consonant sounds) Âm tố - là thành phần nhỏ
nhất của âm thanh (gồm nguyên âm và phụ âm)
2. Syllable: The sound made when one or clusters of phoneme are articulated. Âm tiết – là tiếng
phát ra khi một hoặc nhiều âm tố được phát âm.
3. Stress: The degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced.
Độ lớn hay thống trị về âm của một âm tiết khi một chùm âm của một từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở
lên) được đọc, nói hay phát âm.
II. Rules to mark stress:
1. Di-syllable words:
a. Usually on the second syllable if it is a verb whose second syllable doesn’t contain the vowel
sounds of /ә/, /I/, and /әu/, on the first syllable of the other words. (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm
tiết thứ 2 đối với động từ - trừ các âm tiết thứ 2 chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, hoặc /әu/, rơi vào âm tiết
thứ nhất đối với các từ loại còn lại). As: mother, ready, color, palace, student, teacher, tonight,
afraid, people, money, enjoy, paper, begin, provide, summer, abroad, noisy, success, enter,…
b. Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes (đối với những từ có mang
tiền tố, hậu tố, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc). As: become, react, foretell, unpleasant,
begin, failure, threaten, daily, treatment, ruler, unknown, builder, lately, quickly,…
c. Be careful with words with different word-class. (đối với những từ mà bản thân có nhiều chức
năng từ vựng ta áp dụng qui tắc a). As
Verb Other words Verb Other words Verb Other words
rebel rebel record record conflict conflict
progress progress export export permit permit
suspect suspect conduct conduct
PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
1. Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.
1. A. paper B. tonight C. lecture D. story
2. A. money B. army C. afraid D. people

3. A. enjoy B. daughter C. provide D. decide
4. A. begin B. pastime C. finish D. summer
5. A. abroad B. noisy C. hundred D. quiet
6. A. passion B. aspect C. medium D. success
7. A. exist B. evolve C. enjoy D. enter
8. A. doctor B. modern C. corner D. Chinese
9. A. complain B. machine C. music D. instead
10. A. writer B. baker C. builder D. career
11. A. provide B. adopt C. happen D. inspire
12. A. result B. region C. river D. robot
13. A. constant B. basic C. irate D. obvious
14. A. become B. carry C. appoint D. invent
15. A. engine B. battle C. career D. rabies
Exercise 1/30
1. We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money.
If it hadn’t been for my father’s money, we couldn’t have managed.
2. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
 Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back
3. It was Walter Raleigh who introduced potatoes and tobacco into England.
 The English owe the introduction of potatoes and tobacco to WR
4. “If my members agree to that, I’ll be very surprised,” said the union delegate.
 The union delegate observed that he would be very surprised if his members agreed
5. While I strongly disapprove of your behavior, I will help you this time.
Despite my strong disapproval of your behavior, I will help you this time
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6. I’m sorry I missed Professor Baker’s lecture.
 I’m sorry not to have heard/attended Pro Baker’s lecture.
7. We may not be able to give the concert.  The concert. may have to be cancelled.
8. I was not surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test.

It came. as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 1
Buổi 2 - Bài 1. RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM
2. Words with more than two syllable:
a. Usually on the 3
rd
syllables from the end (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thư ba kể từ âm tiết
cuối): As. family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory, recognize, demonstrate,
qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…
b. Usually on the 2
nd
syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”,
“ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”(đối với các từ có tận cùng như đã liệt kê, trọng âm
thường rơi vào âm tiết liền trước của các tận cùng này – thứ 2 kể từ âm tiết cuối). As: physician,
experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, delicious, familiar,…
(Except for: Television)
c. Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque” (đối với các từ có tận
cùng như liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào chính các âm tiết chứa các tận cùng này). As:
Portuguese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequate, picturesque, cigarette,…
PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
1. Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.
1. A. interesting B. surprising C. amusing D. successful
2. A. understand B. engineer C. benefit D. Vietnamese
3. A. applicant B. uniform C. yesterday D. employment
4. A. dangerous B. parachute C. popular D. magazine
5. A. beautifully B. intelligent C. redundancy D. discovery
6. A. comfortable B. employment C. important D. surprising
7. A. variety B. irrational C. industrial D. characterize
8. A. colorful B. equality C. dictionary D. vegetable
9. A. elegant B. regional C. musical D. important

10. A. difference B. suburban C. internet D. character
11. A. beautiful B. effective C. favorite D. popular
12. A. attraction B. government C. borrowing D. visit
13. A. difficulty B. individual C. population D. unemployment
14. A. biology B. redundancy C. interviewer D. comparative
15. A. conversation B. isolation C. traditional D. situation
Notes: - Trên thực tế không có một qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm của từ.
- Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực hiện cùng cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm.
- Những bài tập được cung cấp là những bài tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi.
2. Exercise 2/30
1. John inflated the tyres of his bicycle. (blew) John blew up the tyres of his bicycle.
2. We’d better leave them a note, because it’s possible they’ll arrive later (case)
We’d better leave them a note in case they arrive later
3. Before he came here he worked for Mr. Smiths. (previous)
Before the came here, his previous boss/employer was Mr. Smiths.
4. He speaks German extremely well (command) He has an excellent command of German
5. His criticisms are quite unfair. (justification) There is no justification for his criticisms
6. I can’t understand why they are reluctant to sign the contract (baffled)
I am baffled by their reluctance to sign the contract
7. I always find chess problems like that quite impossible. (defeat)
Chess problems like that (always) defeat me!
8. This must be kept secret. (know) You mustn’t let anyone (else) know (this)
9. I can’t afford a new dress, that old blue one will have to do. (make)
 I can’t afford a new dress. I’ll (have) to make do with that old blue one
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Buổi 3 - Bài 2. PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)
A. NHỮNG QUI TẮC CƠ BẢN VỀ CÁCH PHÁT ÂM.
Để phát âm tiếng Anh tương đối chuẩn, các nhà chuyên môn đã nghĩ ra một hệ thống ký hiệu phiên
âm, để người đọc dựa vào đó mà đọc cho dễ. Phiên âm quốc tế được hiệp hội Phiên âm Quốc Tế đặt ra

gọi tắt là I. P. A. đã được Bộ Giáo Dục Việt Nam dùng một cách chính thức trong các sách giáo khoa.
B. BỘ KÝ HIỆU PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ.
I. NGUYÊN ÂM (VOWELS)
[i] âm có trong từ sit, hit
[i:] âm có trong từ seat, leave
[e] âm có trong từ bed, get
[æ] âm có trong từ map, have, bank, back
[a:] âm có trong từ far, car, star
[ɔ] âm có trong từ not, hot
[ɔ:] âm có trong từ floor, four
[ʊ] âm có trong từ put
[ʊ:] âm có trong từ blue
[ʌ] âm có trong từ but, cup
[/∂/] âm có trong từ again, obey
[ɜ:/ ∂:] âm có trong từ fur
Ghi chú: Dấu [:] là ký hiệu cho ta biết từ phải đọc kéo dài.
Dấu [:] đặt sau nguyên âm nào thì nguyên âm đó phải đọc kéo dài.
II. NGUYÊN ÂM ĐÔI (DIPH THONGS)
[ei ] âm có trong từ : lake, play, place.
[ai ] âm có trong từ : five, hi, high
[ɔi] âm có trong từ : boy
[aʊ ] âm có trong từ : now, how
[∂ʊ ] âm có trong từ : nose, so
[i∂] âm có trong từ : near, hear
[e∂] âm có trong từ : hair, pair
[u∂] âm có trong từ : sure, poor
III. NGUYÊN ÂM BA (TRIPTHONGS)
[ai∂] âm có trong từ : fire, hire [au∂] âm có trong từ : flour, sour
[ei∂] âm có trong từ : player.
IV. PHỤ ÂM (CONSONANTS).

[ŋ]: âm có trong từ : long, song
[ð]: âm có trong từ : this, that, then
[θ]: âm có trong từ : thanks, think
[∫]: âm có trong từ : should, sure
[t∫]: âm có trong từ : change, chin
[d∂]: âm có trong từ : just
[r]: âm có trong từ : red, read
[l]: âm có trong từ : well, leader
[h]: âm có trong từ : hat, hot
[t]: âm có trong từ : tea, take
[k]: âm có trong từ : cat, car.
[∂]: âm có trong từ : usual.
[z]: âm có trong từ : zero
[g]: âm có trong từ : game, get
[ju:]: âm có trong từ : tube, huge.
[s ]: âm có trong từ : sorry, sing
Chú ý: Những ký hiệu [w] và [ju:] không còn coi là phụ âm nữa mà coi là bán nguyên âm.
Có 2 cách viết âm u: [u] hoặc [ʊ]
Exercise 3/30
1. I only recognized him when he came into the light.
 Not until he came into the light did I recognize him
2. That rumor about the politician and the construction contract is absolutely false.
 There is(absolutely) no truth in that rumor about the politician and the construction contract
3. One runner was too exhausted to complete the last lap of the race.
 One runner was so exhausted (that) he couldn’t/was unable to complete the last lap of the race
4. My mother was the most warm-hearted person I’ve ever known.
 I’ve never known a more warm-hearted person than my mother (was)
5. They never made us do anything we didn’t want to do.
 We were never made to do anything we didn’t want to
6. The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the Prime Minister.

Had it not been for the death of the PM the bill would have been passed/got through
7. It is quite pointless to complain. There’s no point in complaining
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 3
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Buổi 4 - Bài 2. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM CỦA MỘT SỐ NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ PHỤ ÂM.
1. Nguyên âm “A”
1.1: A đọc là [æ] Trong những từ 1 âm tiết, tận cùng là 1 hay nhiều phụ âm.
Examples: Lad [læd]: con trai Dam [dæm]: đập nước
Fan [fæn]: cái quạt. Map [mæp]: bản đồ
* Trong âm tiết mang trọng âm của từ nhiều âm tiết và đứng trước 2 PÂ.
Examples: Candle [`kændl]: nến Captain [`kæpt∂n]: đại uý,
Calculate [`kækjuleit] : tính Unhappy [ʌn`hæpi]: bất hạnh
1.2: A đọc là [ei] Trong từ một âm tiết có tận cùng là: A+ PÂ+ E
Examples: Bate [beit] : giảm bớt Cane [kein] : cây gậy
Late [leit] : muộn Fate [feit] : số phận
* Trong tận cùng ATE của động từ
Examples: To intimate [`intimeit]: cho hay To deliberate [`dilibreit]: tính kỹ càng
* Trong âm tiết trước tận cùng -ION và -IAN
Examples: Nation [‘nei∫∂n]: quốc gia Translation [træns`lei∫∂n] : bài dịch
Preparation [prep∂`rei∫∂n] : sự chuẩn bị Asian [`ei∫∂n] : Người châu á
* Ngoại lệ: Companion [k∂m`pænj∂n] : bạn đồng hành Italian [i`tælj∂n] : Người Italia
Librarian [lai`bre∂ri∂n] : thủ thư Vegetarian [ved∂i`te∂ri∂n] : Người ăn chay
1.3: A đoc là [ɔ:] Trong từ một âm tiết tận cùng là “LL”
Examples: All [ɔ:ll] : tất cả Call [kɔ:ll] : goi điện
Tall [tɔ:ll] : cao lớn Small [smɔ:ll]: nhỏ nhắn
1.4: A đọc là [ɔ] (Ngoại lệ: way [wei] : con đường Waste [weist] : lãng phí)
* Trong những âm tiết có trọng âm của một từ , hoặc từ một âm tiết bắt đầu bằng W.
Examples: Was [wɔz] : to be Want [wɔnt] : muốn
Wash [wɔ∫] : tắm rửa Watch [wɔt∫] : xem

1.5: A đọc là [a:] Tận cùng bằng R hoặc R+ PÂ hoặc trong âm tiết của từ khi A đúng trước R+ PÂ
Examples: Bar [ba:] : chấn song Far [fa:] : xa xôi
Star [sta:] : ngôi sao Barn [ba:n] :vựa thóc
Harm [ha:m] : tổn hại Charm [t∫a:m]: quyến dũ
Departure [di`pa:t∫∂] : sự khởi hành Half [ha:f] : một nửa
1.6: A đọc là [e∂] Trong một số từ có tận cùng là ARE (* Ngoại lệ: are [a:])
Examples: Bare [be∂] : trơ trụi Care [ke∂] : sự cẩn then
Dare [de∂] : dám Fare [fe∂] : tiền vé
Ware [we∂] : hàng hoá Prepare [pri`pe∂]: chuẩn bị
1.7:A đọc là [i] Trong tận cùng - ATE của tính từ
Examples: Itimate [`intimit]: mật thiết Animate [`ænimit]: linh hoạt, sống động
Delicate [`delikit]: tế nhị, mỏng mảnh
* Trong tận cùng - AGE của danh từ 2 âm tiết.
Examples: Village [`vilid∂]: làng quê Cottage [`kɔtid∂] : nhà tranh
Shortage [`∫ɔ:tid∂]: tình trạng thiếu hụt Damage [`dæmid∂] : sự thiệt hại
Courage [`kʌrid∂]: lòng can đảm Luggage [`lʌgid∂] : hành lý
1.8: A đọc là [∂] Trong những âm tiết không có trọng âm.
Examples: Aain [∂`gein] : lại, lần nữa Balance [`bæl∂ns] :sự thăng bằng
Explanation [ekspl∂`nei∫∂n]: sự giảI thích Capacity [k∂`pæs∂ti] : năng lực
2. Cách đọc nguyên âm “E”
2.1: E đọc là [e] (Ngoaị lệ: Her [h∂:] : của cô ấy Term [t∂:m] : học kỳ)
* Những từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng 1 hay nhiều PÂ(trừ R).Hoặc trong âm tiết có trọng âm của 1 từ
Examples: Bed [bed] : giường Get [get] : lấy, tóm
Met [met] : gặp gỡ Them [ðem] : họ
Debt [det] : món nợ Send [send] : gửi
Member [`memb∂] :thành viên November [no`vemb∂]: tháng 11
2.2: E đọc là [i:] Khi đứng liền trước tận cùng PÂ+ E và trong những từ be, she, he, me
Examples: Cede [si:d] : nhượng bộ Scene [si:n] : phong cảnh
Complete [k∂mpli:t] : hoàn toàn Benzene [ben`zi:n] : chất benzen
2.3: E đọc là [i] Trong những tiền tố BE, DE, RE

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Examples: Begin [bi`gin]: bắt đầu Become [bi`kʌm] : trở thành
Decide [di`said] : quyết định Return [ri`t∂:n] : trở về
Remind [ri`maid] : gợi nhớ Reorganize [ri`ɔ:g∂naiz] : tổ chức lại
2.3: E đọc là [∂]
Examples: Silent [`sail∂nt]: yên lặng Open [`oup∂n] : mở
Chicken [t∫ik∂n]: thịt gà Generous [`d∂en∂r∂s] : hào hiệp
Exercise 4/30
1. You can’t possibly expect me to have supper ready by 8 o’clock. (question).
There is no question of supper being ready by 8 o’clock
2. It is my opinion that there is no advantage in further discussion. (see)
As far as I can see, there is no advantage in further discussion
3. Please excuse Jane’s poor typing. She’s only been learning for a month. (allowances)
Please make allowances for Jane’s poor typing; she’s only been learning for a month
4. There is no way that young man can achieve success in this test. (bound)
That young man is bound to fail in this test
5. Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous. (contrary)
Contrary to (its) (harmless) appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous
6. If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have played football for England. (represented).
If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have represented England
7. This hotel is inaccessible in winter. (possible)
It’s not possible to get to/to reach this hotel in winter
8. As far as I know he is still working in Bristol. (knowledge).
To (the best of) my knowledge, he is still working in Bristol
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 4
Buổi 5 - Bài 2. PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)
3. Cách đọc “AI”
3.1: AI đọc là [ei] * Khi AI đứng trước 1 PÂ trừ R
Examples: Mail [meil] : thư từ Sail [seil] : bơi thuyền

Wait [weit] : chờ đợi Said [seid] : của say
Afraid [∂`freid]: e sợ Nail [neil] : móng
3.2: AI đọc là [e∂]: * Khi đứng trước R
Examples: Air [e∂] : không khí Fair [fe∂] : bình đẳng
Hair [he∂] : tóc Pair [pe∂] : cặp đôi Chair [t∫e∂] : ghế tựa
4. Cách đọc “AU”
4.1: AU đọc là [ɔ:] * Trong hầu hết các từ chứa AU
Examples: Fault [fɔ:lt] : lỗi lầm Launch [lɔ:nt∫] : hạ thuỷ
Audience [`ɔ:di∂ns]: khán giả Daughter [`dɔ:t∂] : con gái
4.2: AU đọc là [a:] Trong một số từ mà ta phải ghi nhớ
Examples: Aunt [a:nt] : cô, dì thím mợ Laugh [la:f] : cười
5. Cách đọc “AW” * Tất cả các từ chứa AW thường đọc là [ɔ:]
Examples: law [lɔ:] : luật pháp Draw [drɔ:] : kéo, lôi, vẽ
Crawl [krɔ:l] : bò, bò lê Dawn [dɔ:n] : bình minh
6. Cách đọc “AY” AY thường được đọc là [ei] trong hầu hết các từ chứa AY
Examples: Clay [klei] : đất sét Day [dei] : ngày Play [plei] : chơi, vở kịch
Tray [trei] : khay Stay [stei] : ở lại Pay [pei] : trả
* Ngoại lệ cần ghi nhớ: Quay [ki:] : bến cảng
Mayor [me∂] : thị trưởng Papaya [p∂`pai∂] : đu đủ
7. Cách đọc “EA”
7.1: EA đọc là [e] Trong các từ như : Head [hed] : đầu, đầu não
Bread [bred] : bánh mì Breath [breθ] : hơi thở
Breakfast [`brekf∂st]: bữa ăn sáng Steady [`stedi]: vững chắc, đều đều
Jealous [`d∂el∂s] : ghen tuông Measure [`meʒ∂] : đo lường
Leather [`leðә] :da thuộc Pleasure [`pleʒә]: niềm vui, niềm vinh hạnh
7.2: EA đọc là [i:] Trong các từ như: East [i:st] : phương đông
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Easy [i:zi] : dễ dàng Heat [hi:t] : sức nóng
Beam [bi:m] : tia sáng Dream [dri:m] : giấc mơ

Breathe [bri:ð] : thở, thổi nhẹ Creature [`kri:t∫ә]: tạo vật, người
7.3: EA đọc là [ә:] Trong các từ như: Learn [lә:n] : học
Earth [ә:θ] : trái đất Heard [hә:d] : quá khứ của hear
Earn [ә:n] : kiếm sống Pearl [pә:l] : viên ngọc
7.4: EA đọc là [eә] Trong các từ như: Bear [beә] : con gấu
Pear [peә] : quả lê Tear [teә] : xé rách
Wear [weә] : mặc Swear [sweә] : thề
7.5: EA đọc là [iә] Trong các từ như: Tear [tiә]: nước mắt
Clear [kliә] : rõ ràng Beard [biә:d] :râu
7.6: EA đọc là [ei] Trong các từ như: Great [greit]: vĩ đại, to lớn
Break [breik] : làm vỡ Steak [steik] : lát mỏng
Exercise 5/30
1. The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer.
 Only after a new pay offer did the workers call off the strike
2. He was sentenced to six months in prison for his part in the robbery.
He received a sentence of six months for his part in the robbery
3. You can eat as much as you like for 5$ at the new lunch-bar.
There is no limit/restriction to how much you eat at the new lunch-bar
4. She wore a hearing-aid, even though she could hear the phone ring perfectly well.
She wasn’t so deaf/hard of hearing that she couldn’t hear the phone
5. You will never meet anyone more generous than Mrs. Jones.
Mrs. Jones is the most generous person you will/could ever meet/ (be likely) to meet
6. My parents let me go abroad alone for the first time last year.
 I was allowed to go abroad alone for the first time last year
7. It was his incompetence which led to their capture.
 If he hadn’t been so incompetent they wouldn’t have been captured
8. I’m certainly not going to give you any more money.
 I have no intention of giving you any more money
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 5
Buổi 6 - Bài 2. PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)

8. Cách đọc “EE”
8.1: EE đọc là [i:] Trong các từ như: see [si:]: trông, they
Free [fri:] : tự do Heel [hi:l] : gót
Cheese [t∫i:z] : phó mát Agree [ә`gri:] : đồng ý
8.2: EE đọc là [iә] Khi EE đứng trước tận cùng R của 1 từ.
Examples: Beer [biә] : bia rượu Cheer [t∫iә] : sự vui vẻ
Deer [diә] : con nai Career [kә`riә] : nghề nghiệp
9. Cách đọc “EI”
9.1: EI đọc là [i:] Trong các từ như: Ceiling [`si:liη] : trần nhà
Deceive [disi:v]: lừa đảo Receipt [ri`si:t] : giấy biên lai
9.2: EI đọc là [ei] Trong các từ như:
Eight [eit] : số 8 Weight [weit] : trọng lượng
Freight [freit] : hàng hoá trên tàu Neighbour [`neibә]: hàng xóm
* Trong các từ như: Other [`aiðә]: cáI này hay cáI kia Height [hait] : chiều cao
9.3: EI đọc là [eә] Trong các từ như::
Heir [eә] : người thừa kế Their [ðeә] : của họ
9.4: EI đọc là [e] Trong các từ như::
Leisure [`leʒә] : sự nhàn rỗi Heifer [`hefә]: bò nái tơ
10. Cách đọc “EX”
10.1: EX đọc là “eks” Khi EX là âm tiết mang trọng âm:
Examples: exercise [`eksәsaiz] : bài tập Excellent [`eksәlәnt]: tuyệt hảo
10.2: EX đọc là “iks”
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* Khi EX là âm tiết không mang trọng âm, đứng trước 1 PÂ:
Examples: Explain [iks`plein]: giảI thích Experience [iks`piәriәns] : kinh nghiệm
Experiment [iks`perimәnt]: thí nghiệm Expensive [iks`pensiv] : đắt đỏ
10.3: EX đọc là “igz” EX là âm tiết không mang trọng âm, đứng trước 1 nguyên âm hoặc âm H câm
Examples: Examine [ig`zæmin]: sát hạch, kiểm tra Existence [ig`zistәns]: sự hiện hữu
Exhibit [ig`zibit] : trưng bày, triển lãm Exhausted [ig`zɔ:stid] : kiệt sức.

11. Cách đọc “EY”
11.1: EY đọc là “ei” Trong các từ như:
They [ðei] : họ Prey [prei] :cầu nguyện
Grey [grei] : xám Obey [∂`bei] : vâng lời
11.2: EY đọc là “i:” Trong các từ như: Money [`mΛni:] : tiền
Storey [`stɔri:] : tầng, lầu Key [ki:] : chìa khoá
Exercise 6/30
1. I don’t think there will be any applicants for this post. (likelihood)
There is little/no likelihood that there will be applicants for this post
2. It was difficult for Susan to believe the good news (hardly)
Susan could hardly believe the good news
3. You must make allowances for his inexperience. (account)
You must take his experience into account/ You must take account of his experience
4. This contract is not binding until we both sign it. (bound)
Neither (one) of us is bound by this contract until we both sign it
5. He wasn’t to blame for the accident. (fault)
 The accident was not his fault.
6. You shouldn’t take his help for granted. (assume)
You should /do not assume (that) he will help you
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 6
Buổi 7 - Bài 3. PHẦN II. TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP
I. The simple present tense:
1. The form
(+) S + V (-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V (?) Do/ Does + S + V?
2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly. (She never comes late)
- To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord street)
- To denote a true fact. (The earth moves around the Sun)
3. The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/… - always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/
occasionally/… - the proof of constant truth.
4. Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)

- The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…
II. The present progressive tense:
1. The form:
(+) S + am/ are/ is + V-ING (-) S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING (?) Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING?
2. The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking. (She is teaching Maths)
- To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon)
3. The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/…
- follow a command, request,…
4. Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)
- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/
want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the simple
present instead )
III. The present perfect tense:
1. The form:
(+) S + have/ has + P.P (P2) (-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + P.P (P2) (?) Have/ Has + S + P.P (P2)
2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still
happening at present. (We have lived here since 1990)
- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just”.
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(She has just come from New York)
- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet”. (He hasn’t come yet)
- To denote past actions; no certain time expression, using “already”. (We have already seen that film)
3. The recognition: - just = recently = lately. - ever/ never (comments)
- already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present).
Notes: - Past participles: (regular verbs adding “ed”./ irregular verbs “learn by heart”)
- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.
- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will happen. The
tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/…
→“S + have/ has + been + V-ING”

IV. The simple past tense:
1. The form: (pV = the past form of verbs)
(+) S + Pv (-) S + didn’t + V (?) Did + S + V?
2. The usage: - To denote a finished past action. (We went to the park together)
- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past.
(She did all the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)
3. The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/… - yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…
4. Notes: - The past form of the verbs: ( regular “V-ED”/ irregular (2
nd
column in the irregular
verbs list)) - “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/.
V. The past progressive tense:
1. The form:
(+) S + was/ were + V-ING (-) S + was/ were + not + V-ING (?) Was/ Were + S + V-ING?
2. The usage: - To denote past happening actions. (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night)
- To denote past interrupting actions. (She was watching T.V when I came)
3. The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…
- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.
Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only. (When I heard a knock at the
door, I came to open it. When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)- this is a timed action.
VI. The past perfect tense:
1. The form:
(+) S + had + P.P (P2) (-) S + (hadn’t) + P.P (P2) (?) Had + S + P.P (P2)?
2. The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain
point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense). e.g: She had sold all the
baskets before 9.00 yesterday. She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.
3. The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…
- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”
VII. The simple future tense:
1. The form:

(+) S + will/ shall + V (-) S + will/ shall + V (?) Will/ Shall + S + V?
- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses.
- The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t”.
2. The usage: - To denote future actions. (They will build more hospitals)
- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in-time)
3. The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…/ - next week/ month/ year/
4. Notes: “shan’t” is not used in conditional sentences./ “shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/….
Exercise 7/30
1. Our hotel booking hasn’t been confirmed.
 We haven’t received confirmation of/about our hotel booking (yet).
2. The sales man told me that my new car would be delivered next Wednesday.
 According to the salesman my new car would/will be delivered next Wednesday
3. The Yeti has very rarely been seen at this altitude.
 There have been very few sightings of the Yeti at this altitude.
4. It’s not certain that Jones will get the job.
 It is open to question (as to) whether Jones will get the job.
5. Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made.
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 No sooner had the announcement been made than everyone started complaining
6. As I get older, I want to travel less.  The older I get the less I want to travel.
7. A house in that district will cost you at least 100,000$.
 You won’t be able to buy/get a house in that district for less than/under $100.000
8. Alan worked too hard at the office, and this led to his illness.
 Alan’s illness was caused by/ due to/the result of his working too hard at the office.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 7
Buổi 8 - Bài 4. PHẦN II. TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP
VIII. Various forms of the future tenses:
1. The future progressive tense:
1.1. The form:

(+) S + will be + V-ING (-) S + won’t be + V-ING (?) Will + S + be + V-ING?
1.2. The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”.
e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.
We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.
- To show the future happening actions with “when”.
Eg. She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow.
2. The future perfect tense:
2.1. The form:
(+) S + will have + P.P (P2) (-) S + won’t have + P.P (P2) (?) Will + S + have + P.P?
2.2. The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”.
e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then.
- To show a future schedule-finished action. e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn.
3. Other forms:
a. The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…
e.g: A: When does he leave? B: He leaves tonight.
b. The present progressive: To denote an intention.
e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon.
c. The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement.
e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday. They are going to get married.
NOTES: CHÚ Ý THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES
Main clause Subordinate clause
Simple present tense.
- simple present tense./ - present perfect tense.
- present progressive tense./ - simple future tense.
- “be going to V” form./ - simple past tense (certain point of past time).
Simple past tense
- simple past tense./ - past progressive tense.
- past perfect tense./ - “would + V” form.
- “be going to + V” past form./ - simple present tense (showing the truth).
Present perfect tense Simple present tense.

Past perfect tense Simple past tense.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time)
Present tenses Present tenses When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ after/ as soon as/…
Past tenses Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/….
Future tenses Present tenses No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/….
Exercise 8/30
1. Mr. Bill managed to repair the garage roof only because his neighbor helped him. (without)
Without the help of his neighbor, Mr. Bill would/could not/never have repaired the garage roof.
2. Nobody is infallible. (mistakes)
We all make mistakes/ Everyone makes mistakes/Everyone can make mistakes.
3. The last Olympic Games were held in Seoul. (took) The last Olympic Games took place in Seoul.
4. He talked about nothing except the weather (sole)
His sale topic/subject of conversation was the weather.
5. In the end, I felt I had been right to leave the club. (regrets)
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 I had no regrets about/on/over leaving the club in the end
6. It is stupid of you to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan. (idiot)
You are an idiot to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan.
7. The company has decided to replace this model. (intention)
It’s the company’s intention to replace this model.
8. In the next few years we’ll probably hear a lot more about environmental pollution (likely)
We’re likely to hear a lot more about environmental pollution in the next few years.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 8
PHẦN III. PHRASES VS. CLAUSES – CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ
Buổi 9 - Bài 5. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES WITH CONJUNCTIONS – MĐ PHỤ VỚI LIÊN TỪ
1. The implication:
not only _____, but also ____ = not only ____ , but _____ as well
Hoặc: Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb

L u ý : sau but also/ sau not only.
Eg. He is not only handsome but also talented./ Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.

tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ
He writes not only correctly but also neatly./ Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science.

Adv adv

ngừ giới từ ngừ giới từ
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.

động từ động từ
b. As well as
subject + verb + as well as + verb
Eg. Robert is talented as well as handsome./ Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin.
tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ
He writes correctly as well as neatly. / Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science.

Adv adv

ngừ giới từ ngừ iới từ

Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music.
động từ động từ

c. Both and
Eg. Robert is both talented and handsome./ Beth plays both the guitar and the violin.
tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ
He writes both correctly and neatly./ Marta excels both in mathematics and in science.
Adv adv

ngừ giới từ ngừ giới từ
Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music.
động từ động từ
2. The norminal clause: Mệnh đề danh từ (tương ứng như danh từ, có thể làm S, C, O trong câu)
a. That – clauses: Theo sau các động từ có ý giải thích với that, có thể đảo lên đầu câu làm chủ ngữ.
Eg. The reason she left was that she dissatisfied with her work.
= That she dissatisfied with her work was the reason she left.
b. Wh – clauses: Đây là hình thái mệnh đề danh từ khá phổ biến, thường theo sau các ngoại động từ,
ngoại động từ đa, đặc biệt ở cấu trúc câu gián tiếp.
Eg. He didn’t know what to do first. They told them how to deal with the problem.
Ha asked where he was going. She wanted to know what time the next train arrived.
c. Whether/ if – clauses: Dùng với cấu trúc câu hỏi nghi vấn ở câu gián tiếp.
Eg. She asked if I could answer the phone. They wanted to know whether the train was any late
Exercise 9/30
1. Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test.
 As long as you (can) keep/stay calm, you will/should/ought to pass your driving test.
2. Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill.
No sooner had he been/was he appointed to the post than the new editor fell ill.
3. The protest has been so vociferous that the committee has had to reconsider.
 There has been such a vociferous protest that the committee has had to reconsider.
4. You think that fat people are always jolly but you are wrong.
 Contrary to your belief/opinion, fat people are not always jolly.
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5. My boss works better when he’s pressed for time.
 The less time my boss has, the better he works.
6. The patient recovered more rapidly than expected.
 The patient made a more rapid/a quicker/faster recovery than expected.
7. There isn’t a pair of thermal socks left in the shop, Madam.

 We are completely (sold) out of thermal socks, Madam.
8. Their chances of success are small.  It is not very) likely (that) they will succeed.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 9
Buổi 10 - Bài 2. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE – CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH
1. The phrases of purpose: to V/ so as to V/ in order to V và dạng phủ định
S + verb + to/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb = To/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb, S + verb
Eg. To be better at English, he attended an evening class = He attended an evening class to be better at
English. In order to be better at English, he attended an extra-class.
He attended an extra-class so as to be better at English.
2. The clause of purpose with “so/ therefore”
S + V, so S + V hay S + V, therefore S + V
Eg. It rained so heavily, so we cancelled the trip.
He learned hard, therefore he got better and better grades
REWRITE SENTENCES
1. “ Why don’t you put better lock on the door, Barbara”? said John
=> John suggested__________________.
2. Although his both legs were broken, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded.
=> Despite his__________________.
3. I haven’t eaten this kind of food before.
=> This is the first__________________.
4. The architect has drawn plans for an extension to the house.
=> Plans__________________.
5. It isn’t necessary for you to finish by Saturday
=> You__________________.
6. “ How many survivors are there?”, asked the journalist.
=> The journalist wanted to know__________________.
7. It was such rotten meat that it had to be thrown away.
=> The meat was__________________.
8. It is essential that Professor Van Helsing is met at the airport
=> Professor Van Helsing __________________.

9. You can’t visit the USA unless you have a visa.
=> If you__________________.
10. “ Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet”? asked Peter.
=> Peter asked if__________________.
11. She started working as a secretary five years ago.
=> She has__________________.
12. She knows a lot more about it than I do.
=> I don’t know__________________.
13. My French friend finds driving on the left difficult
=> My French friend isn’t__________________.
14. They think the owner of the house is abroad.
=> The owner__________________.
15. We didn’t go on holiday because we did not have enough money
=> If we__________________.
16. The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was rough.
=> The sea was too__________________.
17. The mechanic serviced my car last week
=> I__________________.
18. I’m always nervous when I travel by air.
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=> Travelling __________________.
19. He couldn’t afford to buy the car,
=> The car __________________.
20. “Why don’t you put your luggage under the seat?” he asked
=> He suggested__________________.
21. Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
=> In spite of__________________.
22. I’m sorry I missed your birthday party
=> I wish__________________.

23. They haven’t cleaned the streets this week.
=> The streets__________________.
24. Apples are usually cheaper than oranges.
=> Apple are not__________________.
25. I advice you to put your money in the bank.
=> You’d__________________.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 10
Buổi 11 + 12 - Bài 3. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION – NHƯỢNG BỘ
1. Phrases of concession with: despite / in spite of
Despite/ In spite of + danh từ/ ngữ danh từ
Eg. Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades.
Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.
2. Clauses of concession with: although, even though, though
Although/ Though/ Even though S + V, S + V = S + V although/ though/ even though S + V
Eg. Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades.
Eg. He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though.
In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to.
Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections.
Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
She attended the class although she did not feel alert.
3. Clauses of concession with: despite/ in spite of the fact that
Despite/ In spite of + the fact that S + V S + V =S + V despite/ in spite of + the fact that S + V
Note: In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie despite the fact that his mother had told him not to
Exercise 10/30

1. Their problems are all self-inflicted. (making) Their problems are all of their own making.
2. The travel agent was able to offer a 50% reduction on holidays to the Costa Brava. (half)
The travel agent was able to offer half-price holidays to the Costa Brava.
3. If you take that job, you’ll have to get up at 6 a.m every morning. (mean)
 Taking that job will mean (that) you’ll have to get up at 6a.m every morning.
4. The only thing they could do was to look for a new flat. (alternative)
They had no alternative but to look for a new flat.
5. His last letter to me was written three years ago. (heard)
I haven’t heard from him for 3 years/I last heard from him 3 years ago.
6. If only one could rely on what she says. (pity)
It’s a pity (that) one/we cannot rely on what she says.
7. An open fire can’t be compared to central heating. (comparison)
There is no comparison between an open fire and central heating.
8. I remember very few things about my childhood. (scarcely)
I can scarcely remember anything /a thing about my childhood.
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KẾT THÚC BUỔI 12
Buổi 13 - Bài 4. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
I. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN CƠ BẢN – MAIN FORMS: (gồm 3 loại)
1. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1- REAL CONDITION)
a. form: If S – V(hiện tại), S will V. = S will V if S – V(hiện tại).
b. usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hay tương lai.
- gọi là câu điều kiện có thực.
c. examples: - If it stays nice, we will go out. = We will go out if it stays nice.
d. notes: Unless = If ____ not
- If you don’t study harder, you will fail the exam. = Unless you study harder, you will fail the exam.
- He will fail the exam unless he is more industrious. = He will fail the exam if he isn’t more industrious
2. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2- UNREAL PRESENT CONDITION)
a. form: If S – V(quá khứ/ riêng với to be = were với mọi chủ ngữ), S would V.

b. usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại vì điều kiện ở mđ đk chỉ là giả định.
- gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại.
c. examples: - If it were nice, we would go out. = In fact, it is not nice so we don’t go out anymore.
d. notes: có thể đảo were lên đầu thay cho if
-If I were ten years younger, I would marry her. = Were I ten years younger, I would marry her.
3. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3- UNREAL PAST CONDITION)
a. form: If S had P.P, S would have P.P.
b. usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ vì điều kiện ở mđ đk chỉ là giả định.
- gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở quá khứ.
c. examples: - If it hadn’t been for your help, we would not have overcome those problems. = In fact, we
overcame those problems, thanks to your help.
d. notes: có thể đảo had lên đầu thay cho if
-If I had been there, I would have helped her. = Had I been there, I would have helped her.

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
1. If I ____ a lot of money now, I ____ a new car.
A. have/will buy B. have / would buy C. had/ will buy D. had/ would buy.
2. If I ____ you, I ____ do that.
A. am/ will B. were/would C. were/ will D. had been/ would.
3. If I were offered the job, I think I ____ it.
A. take B. will take C. would take D. would have taken.
4. I would be very surprised if he____
A. refuses B. refused C. had refused D. would refuse.
5. Many people would be out of work if that factory____ down.
A. closes B. had closed C. closed D. would close.
6. 6. If she sold her car, she ____ much money.
A. gets B. would get C. will get D. would have got.
7. They would be disappointed if we____
A. hadn’t come B. wouldn’t come C. don’t come D. didn’t come.
8. Would John be angry if I ____ his bicycle without asking?

A. take B. took C. had taken D. would take.
9. She ____ terrible upset if I lost this ring.
A. will be B. would be C. were D. had been.
10. If someone____ in here with a gun, I would be very frightened.
A. would walk B. walks C. had walked D. walked.
11. What would happen if you ____ to work tomorrow?
A. don’t go B. didn’t go C. won’t go D. wouldn’t go.
12. We‘ll get wet if we ____ out.
A. go B. did go C. went D. had gone.
13. If I go shopping, I ____ some food.
A. buy B. will buy C. would buy D. would have bought.
14. If I find it, I ____ you.
A. will tell B. would tell C. had told D. told.
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15. What would you do if you____ a million dollars?
A. would win B. win C. had won D. won.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 13
Buổi 14- Bài 5. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. Dùng “or else”/ “otherwise”/ “or”
Examples: - Cut your hair, or they won’t let you in. (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t let you
in, hoặc Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in)
- Cut your hair, otherwise they won’t let you in. (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t
let you in, hoặc Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in)
2. Special uses of “if” clauses – Một số cách sử dụng của mệnh đề “If”
If you will /would.
Eg. If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr. John is here.
I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.
If you could + verb in simple form.
Eg. If you could fill in this form. If you could open your books.

If + S + will / would.
Eg. If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.
If + S + will.
Eg. If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.
If + S +should.
Eg. If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.
If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
Eg. Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
Should it be cloudy and gray, the ground hog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign
that spring is near.
3. Special conditions:
even if + negative verb
You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
Whether or not + positive verb
He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god.
unless + positive verb = if not
If you don’t start at once, you will be late. = You will be late unless you start at once.
But for that + unreal condition
Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)
present would V
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
past would have V-ed
otherwise + conditional sentence
Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here.
present would V
I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer.
past would have V-ed
Provided/ providing (that)
You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess.
Suppose/ supposing ? = what if ?

Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?
What if I’m-
or
If only + simple present / will V = hope that s will v
If only he comes in time / If only he will head your advice.
If only + simple past/ past perfect = wish that
If only he didn’t smoke. (but he doesn’t) If only she had come in time. (but she didn’t)
if only + would verb - chỉ khi, mong sao
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4. Mixed conditions: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp đăc biệt.
a. For a true action: Với khả năng thực tế, câu mệnh lệnh.
Eg. If she comes, call me. (= Maybe she is coming or she has promised to come)
If the weather stays fine, we can arrive on time. (= The weather is now fine and there’s no sign
of the bad changes)
b. For a suggestion: Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn.
Eg. If she comes, you should call me. (= I suggest calling me when she comes)
You’d better cancel the project if it is possible. (= It’s best for you to cancel the project)
c. For a present subjunction but past unfulfilled result. Với giả định hiện tại mà kết quả không thể
xảy ra ở quá khứ. Điều giả định này luôn đúng ở hiện tại.
Eg. If I were you, I would have agreed with him yesterday. (The action hadn’t been done in the past
but the subjunction is at present. Mãi mãi tôi vẫn không thể là cậu được, đây là thực tế nên không cần
chuyển điều kiện về quá khứ hoàn thành)
c. For a past subjunction but present unfulfilled result. Với giả định quá khứ mà kết quả không thể
xảy ra ở hiện tai. Điều giả định này được coi là quá khứ của quá khứ, nhưng kết quả là phi lý.
Eg. If I had been there last time, I would agree to lend him the money. (The action hasn’t
been done up to now, this is only my regret. Sự tiếc nuối của tôi khi nghe bạn thuật lại vụ việc giả
định của tôi rơi vào hoàn cảnh quá khứ, nhưng kết quả này đã không xảy ra trước đó
Give the correct form of verbs in these sentences
1. If Jonathan met his uncle yesterday, he (know) ______ the truth about his parents.

2. Supposed that there (be) ______ no money, how would people live?
3. He will be playing in the garden with his friends now if he (finish) _______his work.
4. His parents (not be) ______ disappointed if he had passed the entrance examination.
5. I (buy) ______ a new house if I have much money next year.
6. Providing that he didn't tell lie, many friends (believe) ______ in him.
7. Linda will go to visit Vietnam next year on condition that she (save) ______ now.
8. Our life (be) ______ improved unless there were no technological development.
9. If you has been learning English for a long time, you (communicate) ______ with the foreigners.
10. If Jimmy went to Moscow last week, he (visit) ______ many famous sight-seeings.
11. Unless he was not working at midnight yesterday, he (sleep) ______ now.
12. He prepared for his exam very carefully. Otherwise, he (not, pass) ______ that important exam.
13. He finished his home assignment. If not, the teacher (be) ______ very angry.
14. Were he to remember her birthday, she (not, say) ______ goodbye to him.
15. Should you work hard, you (not, succeed) ______.
16. I have to inform him the news. If not, he (be) ______ very bad-tempered.
17. John would have been staying with us this month if he (not, have) ______ a bad quarrel with my
younger brother.
18. Had she returned home from her business trip, she (visit) ______ me tomorrow.
19. The temple would be in better condition now on condition that it (rebuild) ___ for many years ago.
20. If my father went to Manchester last week, he (visit) ______ Real next week.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 14
Buổi 15 - Bài 6. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON – NGUYÊN NHÂN, LÍ DO
1. Because/ because of
- Because
Because S + V, S+ V = S + V because S + V
- Because of
because of + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
Notes: Jan was worried because it had started to rain. = Jan was worried because of the rain.

Subject verb

noun
The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam.

verb subject
The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.

noun phrase
We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage.
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verb subject
We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage.
noun phrase
2. Special verbs
a. have/ get / make
to have sb do st = to get sb to do st
e.g. Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car). Mary got John to wash the car. (John washed
the car.)
to have / get st done
Eg. Mary got the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.)
Mary had the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.)
I have the laundry washed. (the laundry is washed by someone)
to want / like something done
Eg. - What do you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned
- I want it repaired and cleaned.
to make sb do st = to force sb to do st
Eg. The robber forced the teller to give him the money.
= The robber made the teller give him the money.
to make sb do st = to cause st +P

2
Eg. Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged.
b.
to make sb / st + adjective
Eg. Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.
to find + sb/ sth + adjective (P
1
- P
2
)
Eg. I found her quite interesting to talk to. My sister found snakes frightening.
We found the boy frightened.
c. Let.
let sb do st = to allow/ permit sb to do st
Eg. John let his daughter swim with her friends. (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.)
(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)
The teacher let the students leave class early./ The policeman let the suspect make one phone call.
Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday.
Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend./ We are going to let her write the letter.
Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.
d. Help.
to help sb do/ to do st
Eg. John helped Mary wash the dishes. Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a
taxi. The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials.
Eg. This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly.
Eg. The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation
Exercise 11/30
1. The rail workers do not intend to call off their strike.
 The rail workers have no intention of calling off their strike.

2. Mrs. Scott is proud of her cooking.
Mrs. Scott prides herself on her cooking/on being a good cook.
3. It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us.
 If it hadn’t been for the goalkeeper we could/would have lost the match.
4. It wasn’t a bit surprised to hear that Karen had changed her job.
It came as no surprise (to me) (to hear) that Karen had changed her job.
5. You can try to get Tim to lend you his car but you won’t succeed.
 There’s no point in) (you/your) trying to get Tim to lend you his car/to borrow Tim’s car.
6. John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing.
 Not until John (had) received the offer of promotion in writing did he celebrate.
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7. I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements.
Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her.
8. It’s thought that the accident was caused by human error.
 The accident is thought/believed to have been caused by human error.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 15
Buổi 16 - Bài 7. COMPARISON – SO SÁNH
1. Các cấp so sánh thông dụng với tính từ và trạng từ: (so sánh bằng, hơn, hơn nhất)
1.1. Positive degree: so sánh bằng as + adjs + as
Eg: - She is as tall as my wife. - Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).
1.2. Comparative degree: so sánh hơn
1.2.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết adjs-ER + than
Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na - She was better at English than we were (us)
1.2.2. Multisyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết more + adjs + than
Eg: - She was more hard-working than us. - We are more intelligent than him.
1.3. Superlative degree: so sánh hơn nhất
1.3.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết the adjs-EST
Eg: - Nam is the best in our class. - She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.
1.3.2. Multisyllable- adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết the most + adjs

Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.
- She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:
Adjective Comparative Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative
clever cleverer the cleverest bad worse the worst
pretty prettier the prettiest far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest
happy happier the happiest little less the least
silly sillier the silliest man / much more the most
good better the best old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest
1.4. Parallel: so sánh song song và so sánh thăng tiến
- “The… the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become.
- And: It’s getting darker and darker. She has now more and more free time.
- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.
It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go
alone
1.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill. Tom and Bill are alike.
1.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish. You look like a ghost. Do as I told you.
1.7. Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).
He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).
1.8. The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…
2. Practice test:
1. Sarah is ____ at chemistry than Susan.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
2. I don’t work so hard ____ my father.
A. so B. as C. than D. more
3. Sam is the ____ student in my class.
A. tall B. most tall C. taller D. tallest
4. No one in my class is ____ beautiful ____ her.
A. as/as B. more/as C. as/than D. the/more
5. Going by train isn’t ____ convenient as going by car.

A. so B. as C. more D. A & B are correct.
6. The test is not ____ difficult ____ it was last month.
A. as / as B. so / as C. more / as D. A & B are correct.
7. Peter usually drives ____ Mary
A. more fast B. fast than C. faster than D. B & C are correct.
8. She cooked ____ than you.
A. well B. more good C. better D. more well
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9. This film is ____ interesting than that film.
A. most B. less C. as D. so
10. My salary is ____ his salary.
A. high B. more high C. higher than D. more higher than
11. He works ____ we do.
A. harder B. as hard as C. harder D. so hard as
12. No one in this class is ____ Jimmy.
A. so tall as B. tall than C. the tallest D. more tall than
13. Apples are usually ____ oranges.
A. cheap than B. more cheap C. the cheapest D. cheaper than
14. I know him ____ than you do.
A. better B. more well C. good D. the best
15. ________ you are, ____________ you concentrate.
A. Tired/the least hard B. The more tired/the harder
C. The tireder/the harder D. The tired/the harder
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 16
Buổi 17 - Bài 8. SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES – GIẢ ĐỊNH
1. The use of “as if/ as though”
a. The present sense:
S + verb (simple present) + as if/ as though + S + verb (simple past)
Eg. The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter.)

hiện tại giả định quá khứ
Angelique walks as though she studied modelling. (She didn’t study modelling)
hiện tại giả định quá khứ
He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich)
hiện tại giả định quá khứ
b. The past sense:
S + verb (simple past) + as if/ as though + S + verb (past perfect)
Eg. Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. (She didn’t win the grand prize.)
Past simple past perfect
Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. (She didn’t see a ghost.)
Past simple past perfect
He looked as though he had run ten miles. (He didn’t run ten miles.)
Past simple past perfect
2. The use of with and hope:
Eg. I hope that they will come. ( I don’t know if they are coming.)
We hope that they came yesterday. ( We don’t know if they came.)
a. The future sense: Would / could + verb or were + Ving.
S+ wish + (that) + S* + could/ would/ were + verb/ V-
ing
Eg. We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can’t come.)
I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably won’t stop.)
She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)
b. The present sense:
S + wish + (that) + S* + verb in simple past
Eg. I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I don’t have enough time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)
c. The past sense:
S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/ could have + P
2

Eg. I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didn’t wash the clothes yesterday.)
She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldn’t be there.)
We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didn’t have more time.)
Notes. He wished that he could come to the party next week.
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quá khứ giả định quá khứ tương lai
The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now.
quá khứ giả định quá khứ hiện tại
to wish somebody something
Eg. I wish you a happy birthday.
Exercise 12/30
1. Some people say that Tsiolkovsky invented the space rocket. (credited)
Tsiolkovsky is/has been credited with the invention of the space rocket.
2. I daren’t turn on the TV because the baby might wake up. (fear)
I daren’t turn on the TV for fear of waking up the baby.
3. Some people will do anything to lose weight. (lengths)
 Some people will do any/great lengths to lose weight
4. The two theories appear to be completely different. (common)
The 2 theories (appear to) have (got) nothing in common/no common ground
5. Several members of the committee said they were worried about the chairman’s proposals. (concern)
Several members of the committee expressed concern about/at/over the chairman’s proposal
6. The river Volta overflowed last year. (burst) The river Volta burst its banks last year
7. He doesn’t appreciate his wife. (granted) He takes his wife for granted
8. The number of people out of work has been going down little by little. (gradual)
 There has been a gradual decrease/decline/fall in the number of people out of work.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 17
Buổi 18 - Bài 8. SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES – GIẢ ĐỊNH
1. Một số động từ dùng dạng giả định
To hear

O do something
To hear
O doing something
To watch To watch
To see To see
eg. I didn’t hear the telephone ring OR I didn’t hear the telephone ringing
2.
advise
ask
command
decree
demand
insist
move
order
prefer
propose
recommend
request
Require
stipulate
suggest/urge
or
S
1
+ verb + that + S
2
+ [verb in simple form]
Eg. We urge that he leave now. Eg. We urge him to leave now.
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.

The university requires that all its students take this course.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking./
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
We proposed that he take a vacation./ I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
b.
advised
important
mandatory
necessary
obligatory
proposed
recommended
required
suggested
imperative
urgent
or
It + be + adjective + that + S + [verb in simple form ]
( any tense)
It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once./ It has been proposed that we change the topic.
It is important that you remember this question.
It has been suggested that he forget the election.
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
c.
It + be + noun + that + S + [verb in simple form ]
( any tense)
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Eg. It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.

d. Eg. God save the queen !. God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)
Curse this frog! Come what may:
Come what may we will stand by you. If need be:
If need be we can take another road.
If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
e. it is time
It is time (for sb) to do st :
Eg. It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time).
It is time
subject + simple past
It is high time
It is about time
Exercise 13/30
1. House prices have risen dramatically this year.
 There has been a dramatic increase in (the) house prices this year.
2. This affair does not concern you.  This affair is no concern/business of yours.
3. You must submit articles for the magazine by June 18
th
.
The final date for you to submit articles for the magazine is June 18
th
.
4. Although Jimmy was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him.
Despite his(superior) strength Jimmy was (soon) overpowered by his attacker.
5. What a surprise to see you here! Fancy seeing you here.
6. I don’t intend to apologize to either of them.  I have no intention of apologizing to either of them.
7. It was only when I left home that I realized how much my father meant to me.
Not until(after) I (had) left home did I realize how much my father meant to me.
8. The only reason the party was a success was that a famous film star attended. Had it not been for
the attendance/appearance of a famous film star the party would have been a failure.

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 18
Buổi 19 - Bài 9. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT – KẾT QUẢ
1. Phrase of result: Thường dùng với “TOO”/ “ENOUGH” theo cấu trúc sau:
S + be (look/ seem/ get/ become/…) + too ADJ (for O) + to V
S + V + too ADV (for O) + to V
Eg. He is too short to play football./ He ran too slowly to become the winner of the race.
S + be + ADJ enough (for O) + to V hay S + V + ADV enough (for O) + to V
Eg. She isn’t old enough to drive a car. / He spoke English well enough to be an interpreter.
2. Clause of result:
S + verb + so that / in order that + S + verb
He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sister’s birthday.
Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance.
I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer.
Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money.
Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?
3. Cause and effect:
Subject + verb + so + adj/ adv + that + S + verb
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation.
Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.
The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more.
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him.
The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
4. khác
S + verb + so + few/ many + pl N + that + S + verb
Eg. The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
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I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one.

S + verb + so + much/ little + N+ that + S + verb
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
S + verb + such + a + adjective + pl N + that
S + verb + so + adjective + a + N + that
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors/ It was so hot a day that we decided to stay
indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down/ It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t
put it down.
S + verb + such + adjective + N đếm được số nhiều/ N không đđ+ that + S+ verb
Eg. She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

danh từ số nhiều
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
danh từ số nhiều
Perry has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble.
danh từ không đếm được
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
danh từ không đếm được
4. Khác
Eg. It has been such a long time since I’ve seen him that I’m not sure if I will remember him
He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel.
Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano.
Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never boring.
This is such tasty ice cream that I’ll have another helping
Exercise 14/30
1. Gerald never had enough to live on until he married that rich businesswoman. (short)
Gerald was (always) short of money until/before he married that rich businesswoman
2. William decided that an actor’s life was not for him. (cut)
William (decided that he) was not cut out to be an actor

3. The President arranged for me to use his chauffeur-driven car whenever I liked. (disposal)
The president put/placed his chauffeur-driven car at my disposal
4. My cat has lost its appetite. (off) = My cat has gone/is off its food
5. The children made every effort to please their father (best)
The children did/tried their best to please their father
6. His behavior was rather a shock to me (aback)
His behavior took me aback/ I was taken aback by his behavior
7. They decided not to go by boat because they thought they would be seasick. (fear)
For fear of being/getting seasick they decided not to go by boat.
8. The bank robbers escaped in a stolen car. (getaway)
The bank robbers made/effected their getaway in a stolen car.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 19
Buổi 20 - Bài 10. RELATIVE CLAUSES – MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
1. Relative pronouns:
Subject Object Possessive
For persons who whom/who whose
that that
For things which which whose/of which
that that
a. WHO: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ
của mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg. The man who told you I was out met me in the park.
The person who you wanted to see died days ago.
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This is the lady who helped my mom.
That’s the one who we need to contact.
b. WHOM: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ của mệnh
đề quan hệ.
Eg. That’s the one whom we need to contact.

The person whom you wanted to see died days ago.
The one to whom he wanted to talk was out.
Mr. Ba, from whom we got news, was escaped yesterday.
c. WHOSE: Là tính từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu, kết hợp với một danh từ,
làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg. This is the lady whose son cheated me.
The country whose people were struggling against floods announced the situation of
disasters yesterday.
d. WHICH: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ
của mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg. The book which you liked was sold. This is the bike which is my birthday present.
The house, which was on fire, was built long ago
e. THAT: Là đại từ quan hệ thay thế, dùng để thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ như WHO, WHICH, làm
chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ, ngoài ra còn được sử dụng trong câu chẻ.
Eg. The book that you liked was sold. This is the bike that I want to buy.
The one that told you I was out met me in the park./ The person that you wanted to see
died days ago
f. WHEN: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
Eg. The day when she left was rainy.
The time when we reunite is uncertain.
g. WHERE: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn.
Eg. This is the house where he lived in his childhood.
The place where we play football is a football ground.
h. WHY: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do, nguyên nhân, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ
nguyên nhân.
Eg. The reason why she left was unknown.
That’s why we are worrying now.
Exercise 15/30
1. Alice and Charles did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second child.
Only when A and C (had) had their second child did they decide to move to a bigger house

2. You’re under no obligation to accept their offer.
 You can please yourself/yourselves about whether you accept their offer or not
3. Martin may not be very well but he still manages to enjoy life.
Martin’s poor health does not stop/prevent him from enjoying life
4. The company presents a gold watch to each of its retiring employees.
Each of the company’s retiring employee is represented a gold watch
5. The only thing that kept us out of prison was the way he spoke the local dialect.
 But for his command of (the) local dialect we would have been jailed/put into jail
6. The Pacific Ocean is on average deeper than the Atlantic.
The average depth of the Pacific (Ocean) is greater than that of the Atlantic
7. My father finds maps hard to follow.  My father has difficulty/difficulties in following the maps
8. Under no circumstances should you phone the police.
 The last thing you should/must/ought to do is to phone/phoning the police.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 20
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Buổi 21 - Bài 10. RELATIVE CLAUSES – MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
2. Relative clauses:
a. Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây là loại mệnh đề cần thiết có mặt để câu có nghĩa, nếu không có nó
câu không đảm bảo về ngữ nghĩa (Chủ từ chưa được xác định)
Eg. The man who keeps the library is Mr. Green. (The man is Mr. Green thì rõ, nhưng The
man keeps the library thì không rõ là ai)
That is the book that I like best. (là cuốn mà tôi thích trong vô vàn cuốn sách)
b. Non- Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết có mặt mà câu vẫn có
nghĩa, nếu không có nó câu vẫn đảm bảo về ngữ nghĩa vì tiền ngữ (chủ từ) đã xác định. Loại mệnh đề
này thường cách mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phảy, hoặc thường có các tính từ hay đại từ chỉ định hay
sở hữu như: this, that, these, those, his, my,…
Eg. That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr. Pike
This is Mrs. Jones, who helped me last week./ Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar.
3. Reduced clauses:

a. Present Participle Phrase: (V-ING phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ danh động
từ V-ING để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể chủ động.
Eg. The man who is sitting next to you is Mr. Mike. = The man sitting next to you is Mr. Pike.
Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday? = Do you know the boy breaking ….?
b. Past Participle Phrase: (V-ED phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ tính từ V-ED
để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể bị động.
Eg. The man who was arrested by the police is Mr. Mike. = The man arrested by the police is Mr. Pike.
Do you know the boy who was punished by the headmaster yesterday? = Do you know the boy
punished by the headmaster yesterday?
c. Infinitive Phrase: (to V phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ động từ to V để thay
thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ trong trường hợp mệnh đề có chứa các từ FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, LAST,
ONLY có thể dùng với cấu trúc “for O + to V”, hoặc một số mệnh đề mang tính ràng buộc nhiệm
vụ…
Eg. English is an important language which we have to master. = English is an important
language to master/ for us to master.
He is the only one who know the answer. = He is the only one to know thư answer.
d. Noun Phrase: : (Noun phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một hoặc một cụm danh từ để
thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu mệnh đề đó mang ngữ danh từ (thường chỉ nghề nghiệp).
Eg. Mr. Ba, who is our new form teacher, is a B.A. = Mr. Ba, our new form teacher, is a B.A.
The man who is a new manager of the office is still young. = The man - a new manager of the office
- is still very young
Exercise 16/30
1. People don’t want to buy cars with large engines any more. (call)
 There isn’t much call for cars with large engines
2. Twenty years ago this region produced twice as much coal as it does now. (halved)
 Coal production/The coal produced in this region has (been) halved in the last 20 years
3. The prime Minister is unlikely to call an early general election (likelihood)
 There is little likelihood of the PM calling a(n) (early general) election
4. Nobody could possibly believe the story he told us (beyond)
 The story he told us is/was beyond belief

5. The project received the unanimous approval of the committee. (favour)
 The whole committee was/were in favour of the project
6. Scientists say forests are being destroyed by air pollution. (blame).
 Scientists blame our pollution for the destruction of the forests
7. His reactions are quite unpredictable (knows)
 One never knows how he is going to/will/may/might react
8. There are several categories of people who do not have to pay the new tax. (exempt)
 There are several categories of people who are exempt from (paying) the new tax.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 21
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Buổi 22 - Bài 11. CLEFT SENTENCES – CÂU CHẺ
1. Subject focus: Nhấn mạnh tới chủ ngữ, chủ thể của hành động hoặc đối tượng được đề cập.
S + V → It be S that/ who V
Eg. Nam helped me a lot. → It was Nam who helped me a lot.
The book tells us a romantic story. → It is the book that tells us a romantic story.
2. Object focus: Nhấn mạnh tới tân ngữ, chủ thể nhận hay chịu tác động của hành động.
S + V + O → It be O that/ whom S + V
Eg. She bought the dictionary. → It was the dictionary that she bought.
We saw Mai at the party. → It was Mai who we saw at the party.
3. Adverbials focus: Nhấn mạnh tới trạng ngữ, đề cập tới thời gian, nơi chốn, cách thức, phương pháp
của hành vi.
S + V + A → It be A that S + V
Eg. We first met in this park. → It was in this park that we first met.
She left on a rainy day. → It was on a rainy day that she left
Exercise 17/30
1. The film star wore dark glasses so that no one would recognize him.
The film star avoided recognition/being recognized by wearing dark glasses
2. I am amazed by the mistakes he makes. What amazes me is/are the mistakes he makes.
3. We weren’t surprised by his success.

 It came as no surprise to us (to hear) (that) he was/had been successful.
4. “That’s a lovely new dress, Jean” said her mother.
 Jean’s mother complimented Jean on her lovely new dress.
5. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had gone home.
 Only after/when all the guests had gone home/could we relax/were we able to relax.
6. We couldn’t find George anywhere. George was nowhere to be found
7. Customs officials are stopping more travelers than usual this week.
An increased number of travelers is/are being stopped by customs officials this week.
8. She listens more sympathetically than anyone else I know.
 She is a more sympathetic listener than anyone else I know.
Exercise 18/30
1. The minister’s popularity suffered as a result of the scandal. (effect)
 The scandal had a bad/negative effect
2. The teachers agreed to introduce the new methods. (agreement)
 There was (an) agreement among the teachers to introduce new methods
3. Jenny didn’t feel like going to the party. (mood)
 Jenny wasn’t in the mood to go to the party/for (going to) the party
4. The councilor answered every question frankly. (frank)
 The councilor gave frank answers to every question
5. It is said that he has been to prison several times (reputed).
 He is reputed to have been (sent) to prison
6. Most stores will accept a credit card instead of cash. (alternative).
 Most stores will accept a credit card as an alternative to cash
7. Our opinions on the subject are identical. (difference)
 There is (absolutely) no difference in/between our opinions on the subject
8. Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme. (disapproval)
 Local residents expressed/voiced then disapproval of the new traffic scheme.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 22
Buổi 23 - Bài 12. INDIRECT SPEECH – CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, GIÁN TIẾP
1 . definition:

Eg. He said “ I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday”
Eg. He said he had bought a new motorbike for myself the day before.
2. Changes:
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a. tenses
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
simple present simple past
present progressive past progressive
present perfect (progressive) past perfect (progressive)
simple past past perfect
will /shall would / should
can / may could / might
b. Others;
this, these that, those
here, over there there, over there
Today that day
Yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
Tomorrow the following day/ the next day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
next + thời gian (week, year ) the following + thời gian (week, year )
last + thời gian (week, year ) the previous + thời gian (week, year )
Time + ago Time + before/ the previous + Time
Eg. At breakfast this morning he said “ I will be very busy today”
At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today.
Eg. I’m leaving the day after tomorrow.
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
Jack said he was leaving today.
3. introductory verbs:

bring, build, buy
cut, draw, feed, tell
find, get, give
hand, leave, lend, write
make, offer, owe
paint, pass, pay
promise, read, sell
send, show, teach
S + V + Od + for/ to + Oi
S + verb + Oi + Od
Eg. Correct : They gave it to us./ Incorrect: They gave us it.
4. notes
John gave the essay to his teacher.
John gave his teacher the essay.
The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother.
The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers.
I fixed Maria a drink./ I fixed a drink for Maria.
He drew a picture for his mother./ He drew his mother a picture.
He lent his car to his bother./ He lent his brother his car.
We owe several thousand dollars to the bank./ We owe the bank several thousand dollars
Exercise 19/30
1. No one has challenged his authority before.
This is the first time that) someone has challenged his authority
2. “If Brian doesn’t train harder, I won’t select him for the team,” said the manager.
 The manager threatened not to select Brian (if he didn’t train harder/unless he trained harder).
3. The hurricane blew the roof off the house.
 The house had its/the roof blown off by/in/during/because of the hurricane
4. You’ll certainly meet lots of people in your new job.
 You are bound/sure/certain to meet lots of people
5. I left without saying goodbye as I didn’t want to disturb the meeting.

 Rather than disturb the meeting, I left without saying goodbye
6. There aren’t many other books which explain this problem so well.
 In few other books would one see this problem so well- explained
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