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Ngô Đức Hảo

Trước tiên, tôi xin được bày tỏ lòng biết ơn chân thành và
sâu sắc nhất đến thầy giáo hướng dẫn Phó giáo sư, Tiến sĩ Võ
Thanh Tú, người đã tận tình dẫn dắt và tạo mọi điều kiện tốt
nhất để tôi có thể hoàn thành luận văn này.
Tôi cũng xin chân thành cảm ơn các thầy cô giáo khoa
Công nghệ thông tin trường Đại học Khoa học – Đại học Huế,
những người đã trực tiếp giảng dạy, giúp đỡ và tạo mọi điều

kiện thuận lợi cho tôi trong quá trình học tập và nghiên cứu.
Xin được cảm ơn trường Cao đẳng sư phạm Thừa Thiên
Huế, Khoa Ngoại ngữ - Tin học đã tạo mọi điều kiện để tôi
được đi học và hoàn thành tốt khoá học.
Xin chân thành cảm ơn gia đình, các anh chị lớp cao học
Khoa học máy tính khoá 2011 và các bạn đồng nghiệp đã luôn
bên cạnh, động viên, khuyến khích tôi trong suốt thời gian
học tập và thực hiện đề tài.
Xin chân thành cảm ơn!
Học viên
Ngô Đức Hảo
MỤC LỤC
Trang
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CHƯƠNG 1 5
TỔNG QUAN VỀ MẠNG MANET 5
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CHƯƠNG 2 20
TÌM HIỀU PHƯƠNG PHÁP NÂNG CAO HIỆU NĂNG CỦA GIAO
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MỞ ĐẦU
1. Tính cấp thiết của đề tài
NMKDFK>ERzDNOFHFDNWXDNOPIDNORoBH|Bj†DNDŠORADNOBD>DRBu<
EADNDNRYG{BPFHoBZMHabETDNghDNZMIOPIDNE<mEWXDN>H~EjBYOLMOPIDN
LwDRZ`EEADNDNRYORADNOBDZMOP<KuDORADN2VERYORXDNOP<KuDORADNH–
dRUPmDN[RqdOPSDOR=NB{BLMGERIEIDDNaoB—[RqdDpBE•OR}ORADNOBD
HabEZ{BDRF<GnBLzEGnBDpB2
FDH„<>EVEORB=OjsOP<KuDORADNHabE[=ODXBZ{BDRF<ORADN\<FRY
ORXDNG|DNE•gJK•‘BP•g‚2YORXDNG|DNE•gJKH–PFHoB[RVLJ<ZME•
DRBu<OVEHmDNOIL{DH=DW`dRVOOPB}DEUFC–RmB2<KDRBSD>Z{BW`dRVO
OPB}DG|DRGrEUF[RIFRnEEADNDNRY>EVERYORXDNG|DNE•gJKg„DjmELm
EVER|DER=2SDE|DRH•>W`PFHoBZMdRVOOPB}DG|DRGrEUFEVEORB=OjsgB
HmDNEVDRJDDRaLFdOId>WGFPOdRID•>OFjL•O>˜LMGD]KWBDRDR<E„<[=ODXB
EVEORB=OjsDMK2YORXDNG|DNE•gJK[RADNOR}HVdTDNHabEDR<E„<DMK
ZM[RADNdRVOR<KR=OHabEDR•DNa<HB}GEUFEVEORB=OjsgBHmDN2MW`PF
HoBEUFG|DN[RADNgJK•‘BP•L•WW‚H–HVdTDNHabEDR<E„<[=ODXBEUFEVE
ORB=OjsgBHmDN2
VEORB=OjsgBHmDNDNMKEMDNdRVOOPB}DG|DRGr>ZMDR<E„<[=ODXB

NB•FEVEORB=OjsDMKE™DNDNMKEMDNHšBR‹BEFIRpDZuOXEHmZM[R]D_DNgB
ER<K}DOPIDN[RB[=ODXBG|DN2|DNO†KjB=DgBHmDNƒ(•IjBL•
gŒRIE•O‘IP[‚LMGmOOPIDNDR•DNEADNDNRYZabOOPmBHVdTDNHabEDR<
E„<H•DRo[R]D_DNRI|OHmDN[RADNdRhOR<mEZMIEpW—R|O„DNEXHsDR>
ERB dRtRI|OHmDN ORkd>OPB}D[RFBDRFDRZME•OtDRgB HmDNEFI2|DN
(LMGmOG|DNjFINcGEVEORB=OjsgBHmDN[=ODXBDNFDNRMDNRQDR
ORMDRDSDGmOG|DNGM[RADNE„DW`OPbNBzdEUFEVEORB=OjsOP<DNOJGRFK
EpW—R|O„DNEXHsDR2›BDzOOPIDNG|DN(ZiFLMORB=OjsOR<>ZiFLM
ORB=OjsdRVO2cDNORoB>G›BDzOHu<E•[R]D_DNgBER<K}DZuGnBRa{DN
5
OR•IEVEOXEHm[RVEDRF<LMGERIOIdIG|DNORFKHŠBLBSDOhE2kDHuHVDN
\<FDOJGEUFG|DN(LMHsDRO<K=D2VENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DOP<KuD
ORXDN[RADNdR†RbdZ{BG|DN(GME„DdR]BHabEORFKOR=jœDNGmO
RYORXDNEVENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DG{B2YORXDNEVENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=D
OPSDG|DN(HabEERBFORMDR@DR•GERtDR+HsDRO<K=DERUHmDN
•PIFEOBZ•‚>HsDRO<K=DjsHmDN•$•FEOBZ•‚ZMHsDRO<K=DLFBNRed•KjPBg‚2
<KDRBSD>RBYDDFKG|DN(Z‰DERaFHabETDNghDNPmDNP–BZMZ‰D
HFDNHabEDNRBSDET<DRœGE]BOB=DRpDD•FEVENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DH}H|O
HabERBY<\<]RI|OHmDNOXORpD2
QZ^K>L<^DZ_DDMKOABOB=dOhEDNRBSDZuZkDHuHsDRO<K=DOPSDG|DN
(2›BNBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DOPSDG|DN(E•DR•DNH~EHB}G
PBSDNZMdR†RbdZ{BGmOGARQDRG|DNDRkOHsDR2mBg<DNERtDREUFL<^D
Z_DWrOQGRB}<ZMDNRBSDET<DJDNEFIdRapDNdRVdRBY<D_DNEUFNBFIORTE
OPSDG|DNFD•O2VENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DOPIDN#$LMW`[=ORbdNB•FNBFI
ORTEHsDRO<K=DERUHmDNZMNBFIORTEHsDRjsHmDN2BFIORTEHsDRO<K=D
#$HabEHuC<kOH}[=ORbdEVEH~EOtDRa<HB}GEUFNBFIORTEHsDRO<K=D
ERUHmDNZMjsHmDN2
2. Mục đích nghiên cứu đề tài
NRBSDET<>OQGRB}<GmOWXNBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DLFBNRedOPSDG|DN
(2

'IWVDR>HVDRNBVRBY<D_DNEUFNBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DLFBNRedOBS<jB}<
g`FOPSDdRapDNdRVdGAdR‹DNjœDN'?2iH•CVEHsDRGABOPaoDNVd
ghDNOXOERIEVENBFIORTEH}H]Gj]IOP<KuDORADNOBDE^KZMRBY<\<]2
3. Phương pháp nghiên cứu
QG[B=G>OR<OR^d>OŠDNRbdOMBLBY<>DNRBSDET<LˆOR<K=OLMGEpW—H}
HaFPFEVEHVDRNBVDR^DCeO2
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'fghDNEADNEhGAdR‹DN'?H}CJKg`DNGARQDRG|DN(>
GAdR‹DNW`RI|OHmDNEUFEVENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=D2i[=O\<]OR<HabE>
OB=DRMDRdRJDOtER>HVDRNBVH}HaFPF[=OL<^D2
4. Ý nghĩa khoa học và thực tiễn của đề tài
BFIORTEHsDRO<K=DLFBNRedLMW`[=ORbdEUFRFBEpER=HsDRO<K=D
ERUHmDNZMjsHmDN2kDHuH~OPFLM[=ORbdDRaOR=DMIH}H|OHabERBY<
\<]EFI>HVDNOBDE^K2VENBFIORTELFBNRedHabEDNRBSDET<Hu<g`FOPSD
DN<KSDOqEER<DNLMG|DNHabEERBFORMDREVEZ†DN>EpER=O<K=DERUHmDN
WfghDNERIHsDRO<K=DOPIDNZ†DNZMEpER=jsHmDNHabEWfghDNERINBFI
OB=dNB•FEVEZ†DN2<KDRBSDG›BNBFIORTEL|BE•EVERORTEOR`ERBYD[RVE
DRF<g‰DH=DDR•DNRBY<\<][RVEDRF<2BYDDFK>EVEDRMDNRBSDET<Z‰D
HFDNOB=dOhEHBWJ<DNRBSDET<ZkDHuHsDRO<K=DLFBNRedH}HuC<kOORSG
EVEOR<^OOIVDE]BOB=DEUFEVENBFIORTEDMK2IH•>ZBYEDNRBSDET<EVENBFI
ORTEHsDRO<K=DLFBNRedOPSDG|DN(LME„DORB=OZMH•LMEpW—H}Hu
C<kOORSGEVEOR<^OOIVDG{BRI~EE]BORBYDDJDNEFIRBY<D_DNEUFEVEOR<^O
OIVDE™2
|DN(PFHoBH–LJ<ZMZBYETDNghDNOPIDNOR`EO=EUFDRBu<
Da{EOPSDOR=NB{BH–GFDNL|BRBY<\<]OIL{D2<KDRBSD>—BYOFGRBYD
DFK>G|DN(Z‰DERaFHabETDNghDNPmDNP–B2IH•>ZBYEDNRBSD
ET<G|DN(ZMEVENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DOPIDNG|DN(E•ˆ
DNRwF\<FDOPnDNOPIDNZBYEW{GHaFG|DN(ZMITDNghDNPmDNP–B—
Da{EOFRBYDDFK2
5. Cấu trúc của luận văn

mBg<DNL<^DZ_DNcG@ERapDN+
Chương 1. Tổng quan về mạng MANET2PIDNERapDNDMKERzDN
OABDNRBSDET<EVEEpW—LˆOR<K=OEUFG|DN(>EVEH~EHB}G>dRJD
LI|B>EVENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DZMEVETDNghDNEUFG|DN(2
@
Chương 2. Tìm hiểu phương pháp nâng cao hiệu năng của giao
thức ZRP với BL và SD trong mạng MANET2PIDNERapDNDMKERzDNOAB
OQGRB}<>dRJDOtERGmOWXNBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DLFBNRed>ZM[RVGdRVgsERZh
O|BO„DNHsDRO<K=D>OiH•WIWVDR>PzOPFa<HB}G>[R<K=OHB}GEUFEVENBFI
ORTEDMKZMGABOPaoDNVdghDNOXOERIOiDNNBFIORTE2
Chương 3: Đánh giá hiệu năng của một số giao thức định tuyến
trên mạng MANET. 'F<[RBDNRBSDET<[•EVENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=D—
ERapDN?>ERzDNOABWfghDNdRapDNdRVdGAdR‹DNjœDN'?H}HVDRNBV
RBY<D_DNEUFNBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DLFBNRed2
<XBE†DNLM[=OL<^DZMHuC<kOGmOWXRa{DNDNRBSDET<OB=dOhE
OPIDNOapDNLFB2PIDN\<VOPQDRDNRBSDET<>gIEšDDRBu<R|DER=Zu[R]
D_DNZMORoBNBFDOR`ERBYDDSDL<^DZ_D[RADNOR}OPVDR[R‹BDR•DNORB=<
W•O2.tDRGIDNDR^DHabEW`ERžj]IEUFEVER„KANBVI>EVEDR^DCeOZM
N•dˆEUFj|DjŸ>HcDNDNRBYdH}L<^DZ_DHabERIMDORBYDRpD2
3
CHƯƠNG 1
TỔNG QUAN VỀ MẠNG MANET
1.1 Giới thiệu về mạng MANET
|DNO†KjB=DgBHmDN(•IjBL•gRIE•O‘IP[‚ 5@¡> 53¡LM
G|DN[RADNE•R|O„DN>(jFINcGEVEORB=OjsgBHmDN[=ODXBDNFDN
RMDNRQDRORMDRDSDGmOG|DNGM[RADNE„DW`OPbNBzdEUFEVEORB=Ojs
OP<DNOJGRFKEpW—R|O„DNEXHsDR2|DN(Z{B[R]D_DNRI|OHmDN
[RADNdRhOR<mEZMIEpW—R|O„DNEXHsDR>ERBdRtRI|OHmDNORkd>OPB}D[RFB
DRFDRZMOtDRgBHmDNEFIH–HVdTDNHabEDR<E„<[=ODXBEUFEVEORB=OjsgB
HmDNDNMKEMDNG|DRGrRBYDDFK2

1.1.1 Mạng MANET
{BDR•DNa<HB}GEUFEADNDNRYOP<KuDORADN[RADNgJKE†DNZ{BW`
dRVOOPB}DDRFDRER•DNEUFEVEORB=OjsgBHmDN>EVEG|DN[RADNgJKHabE
dRVOOPB}DPkOG|DROPIDNORoBNBFDN„DHJK2|DN[RADNgJKE•OR}HabEERBF
ORMDRRFB[B}<+G|DNR|O„DNZMG|DN[RADNE•R|O„DN2PIDN[B}<G|DNR|
O„DN>ZBYEOP<KuDORADNNB•FEVEdR„DOfG|DNdRhOR<mEZMIW`R›OPbEUF
GmOR|O„DNG|DNEXHsDR2PIDN[RBH•>G|DN[RADNE•R|O„DNRI|OHmDN
[RADNdRhOR<mEZMIR|O„DNEXHsDR>EVE[=ODXBOP<KuDORADNHabEORB=OL^d
\<FEVELBSD[=O[RADNgJKHFja{E2
1.1.2 Lịch sử phát triển:
N<KSDLˆLMGZBYEEUFG|DNgRIEjqODN<cDOiD_G5€04[RBEVE
G|DN&HabEOR`ERBYD2<KEVEOP|GLMGZBYELMEXHsDRDRaDNNBFI
ORTE&H–OR`ERBYDZBYE\<]DLˆOP<KE^d[SDROP<KuDga{Bg|DNdRJD
OVD>HJKLMEpW—LˆOR<K=OH}dRVOOPB}D[•OR<^OOP<KE^d[SDRdRJDOVDZMI
G|DNgRIE2
_G5€…@OŠERTE$H–jqOH„<LMGZBYEOPSDG|DNZAO<K=DN•B
OBD$D•O2JKLMG|DNZAO<K=DN•BOBDHFER~DNH„<OBSD2PIDNH•EVEDzO
y
RbdOVEZ{BDRF<H}NfBg•LBY<O{BGmODzODœG—CF[R<Z`E[=ODXBORADN
\<FGmODzO[RVE2•E<DNEkdEpER=ERIZBYE\<]DLˆRI|OHmDNOPSDEpW—
O^dOP<DNZMdRJDOVD2mOLbBHB}GEUFLMGZBYEHFER~DNWIZ{BHpDER~DN
LMOPB}D[RFBHFER~DNO|IOR<^DLbBERIZBYEg†DNL|BOMBDN<KSD[SDROP<KuD
ZuE][RADNNBFD>ORoBNBFDZMNB]GD_DNLabDNdRVOE„DORB=O2
'F<H•E•DRBu<G|DNZAO<K=DN•BOBDdRVOOPB}DDRaDNEVERYORXDN
[RADNgJKDMKZ‰DERaFjFINBoO{BOFKDNaoBg†DNERIH=D[RBER<¢D41?255
PFHoB2(((H–HŠBOSDG|DNZAO<K=DN•BOBDORMDRG|DNgRIE2
1.1.3 Đặc điểm của mạng MANET:
mOG|DN(jFINcGEVER|O„DNgBHmDN•ZtghGmOPI<O•PZ{B
DRBu<RIWOZMORB=OjsOP<KuDORADNZAO<K=D‚>—HJKHabENnBLMEVEDzO>HFDN
gBER<K}DO`gI2VEDzOE•OR}HabEH~OOPSDGVKjFK>O„<ORUK>C•[eI>AOA

RI~EHabEGFDNOR•IDNaoBRFKEVEORB=OjsDR‹>ZME•OR}jFINcGDRBu<
RIWOOPSDGmOPI<O•P2mOG|DN(LMGmORYORXDNEVEDzOgBHmDNO`
OPs2YORXDNE•OR}RI|OHmDNHmEL^dRI~EE•OR}E•EŠDNH}NBFIOB=dZ{B
G|DNEXHsDR2
VEDzOG|DN(jFINcGEVEjmdRVOZMjmOR<WfghDN_DNO•D
GnBRa{DNH}dRVO\<]DNjVRI~E_DNO•DHsDRRa{DNH}dRVOHB}GŒHB}G>E•
OR}HBu<ERžDRHabE>RI~E[=ORbdEVELI|B_DNO•DDMK2|BGmOORoBHB}GDMI
H•>O†KOR<mEZMIZsOPtEUFEVEDzOZMZ†DNdRUW•DNjmOR<ZMjmdRVOEUF
ERzDN>GTEEADNW<kOdRVOZMGTEDRBx<HcDN[SDR>GmO[=ODXBZAO<K=D
ga{Bg|DNDN‰<DRBSD>[B=DOPTEDRBu<ja{ERFKG|DN(OcDO|BNB•F
EVEDzO2.B=DOPzEDMKE•OR}ORFKHŠBOR•IORoBNBFD[RBEVEDzOgBER<K}D
RI~EHBu<ERžDREVEORADNWXOR<dRVOEUFERzDN2
|DN(E•GmOWXH~EHB}GDŠBj^OWF<HJK+
Kiên trúc mạng động: .B=DOPzEG|DNL<ADjB=DHŠBW`gBER<K}DEUF
EVEDzOG|DN2JKLMH~EOPaDN\<FDOPnDNEUFG|DN(2›BDzOOPIDN
G|DNE•OR}gBER<K}DO`gIOR•IEVERa{DN[RADNOR}jB=OOPa{E>g‰DH=DEVE
0
LBSD[=ONB•FEVEDzOG|DNORFKHŠBLBSDOhE2QZ^K>[B=DOPzEG|DNORFKHŠB
LBSDOhELMG]DRRa—DNH=DRI|OHmDNOPFIHŠBORADNOBDNB•FEVEDzOG|DN2
Khả năng tự thiết lập: |DN([RADNdRhOR<mEZMIjkO[l
GmO[B=DOPzEG|DNW£DE•DMIE™DNDRaW`\<]DLˆO^dOP<DNO|BjkO[lGmO
DzOG|DNDMI2VEDzOE•ZFBOPšDNFDNDRF<ZMRI|OHmDNHmEL^dDRF<2VE
DzOdR]BO`ORB=OL^dEVEORADNOBDE„DORB=OERIERtDRGQDR•HsFERžG|DN>
ORADNOBDHsDRO<K=D>˜‚[RBNBFDR^dZMIG|DNE™DNDRaO`HBu<ERžDRORADN
OBD[RBG|DNORFKHŠB2IH•>EVENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DOPIDNG|DN(
dR]BE•EpER=O`ORB=OL^d>E^dDR^OZM\<]DLˆEVEORADNOBDE„DORB=OERIEVE
DzOG|DN2
Khoảng cách sóng ngắn: RQDER<DN>EVEDzOOPIDNG|DN(Wf
ghDNO„DWXPFgBIH}OPFIHŠBg•LBY<Z{BDRF<2<KDRBSD[RI]DNEVERW•DN
PFgBIEUFEVEORB=OjsgBHmDNLMPkOR|DER=2

Năng lượng hạn chế:kOE]EVEORB=OjsgBHmDNHu<WfghDNdBDDSD
[RBORFGNBFZMIG|DN(ERzDNjsR|DER=ZuD_DNLabDN>[R]D_DN
CfLˆEUF>[tERORa{EjmDR{2QZ^KOBS<ERtORB=O[=\<FDOPnDNDRkO
HXBZ{BZBYEOXBa<LMOB=O[BYGD_DNLabDN2
Băng thông hạn chế:VELBSD[=O[RADNgJKE•j_DNORADNORkdRpD
WIZ{BHaoDNOP<KuDEVdZMERzDNEšDERs<]DRRa—DNEUFW`DRBx<>W<KNB]G
OtDRBY<>EVEHBu<[BYDNBFIORIFZQOR=GMORaoDNDR‹RpDOXEHmOP<KuDL{D
DRkOEUFW•DNZAO<K=D2
Bảo mật vật lý hạn chế: VEG|DNgBHmDNZAO<K=DORaoDNORBSDZu
j]IG^OL{dZ^OLˆRpDWIZ{BEVEG|DNR•<O<K=D2.R]D_DNjsDNR•OPmG>
NB]G|IZMOkDEADNOiERXBgsERZhE„DHabEC•GCeOE¢DOR^D2VE[wOR<^O
j]IG^OLBSD[=ORBYDE•ORaoDNHabEVdghDNERIEVEG|DNZAO<K=DH}NB]G
EVEDN<KEpZuj]IG^O2]DERkO[RADNO^dOP<DNEUFHBu<[RB}DG|DNOPIDN
G|DN(E™DNO|IPFDR•DNa<HB}GHXBZ{BDRabEHB}G¤WBDNL•dIBDO
I••FBL<P•¥EUFEVEG|DN\<]DLˆO^dOP<DN2
…
1.2 Phân loại mạng MANET
1.2.1 Phân loại theo giao thức:
Œ 'BDNL•ŒRId+
|DN(HsDRO<K=DWBDNL•ŒRIdLMGARQDRG|DNFgRIEHpDNB]D
DRkO2PIDNH•>OkOE]EVEDzOHu<DœGOPIDNE†DN5Z†DNdRUW•DN>DNRwFLM
EVEDzOE•OR}[=ODXBOP`EOB=dZ{BDRF<GM[RADNE„DEVEDzOOP<DNNBFD2
PIDNGARQDRDMK>EVEDzOE•OR}gBER<K}DO`gIDRaDNERžOPIDNGmO
dR|GZBDRkOHsDRHUH}EVEDzOLBSD[=OOP`EOB=dZ{BEVEDzO[RVEOPIDNG|DN2
Œ <LOBŒRId+
JKLMGARQDRdRŠjB=ODRkOOPIDNG|DN(2PIDNGARQDRDMK>
EVEDzOE•OR}[=ODXBZ{BEVEDzO[RVEOPIDNG|DNGM[RADNE„D[=ODXBOP`E
OB=dZ{BDRF<2VEDzOE•OR}HsDRO<K=DH=DEVEDzO[RVEORADN\<FEVEDzO
OP<DNNBFDOPIDNG|DN2}GARQDRDMKRI|OHmDNGmOEVERRIMDR]IORQE„D
dR]BE•NBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DdR†RbdZ{BGARQDRG|DN(2

Œ IjBL•G<LOBŒRId+
ARQDRDMKLMW`G—PmDNEUFGARQDRORTRFBZ{BGmOERzO[RVEjBYO+
GARQDRDMKO^dOP<DNZMIEVETDNghDNE•OtDRERkOORoBNBFDOR`EDRa+
F<gBI>ZBg•I2
1.2.2 Phân loại theo chức năng của nút:
Œ |DN(H¦DNEkd•ŽLFO‚+
PIDN[B=DOPzEDMKOkOE]EVEDzOE•ZFBOPšDNFDNRMDNZ{BDRF<•d••PŒ
OIŒd••P‚ZMEVEDzOH•DNZFBOPšDRaEVEPI<O•PHsDRO<K=DN•Bg•LBY<OPSD
G|DN2PIDNDR•DNG|DNL{DORQEk<OPzEŽLFO[RADNOXBa<R•FZBYEWfghDN
OMBDN<KSDj_DNORADNEUFG|DNZQDR•DNN•BOBDHBu<[RB}DdR]BOP<KuDOPSD
OIMDjmG|DN2<KDRBSDD•ORtERRbdOPIDNDR•DN[B=DOPzEE•EVEDzOgB
ER<K}DDRBu<2
Œ |DN(dRJDEkd•B•PFPERBEFL‚+
PIDNGARQDRDMKORQG|DNERBFORMDREVEGBuD[RVEDRF<>OPIDNG›B
GBuDjFINcGGmORI~EDRBu<EhGG›BEhGERBFORMDRDRBu<DzO2•RFBLI|B
DzOLMDzOOPa—DNEhGZMDzOORMDRZBSD2
4
zOOPa—DNEhGLMDzO\<]DOPsGmOPI<O•PE•DRBYGZhER<K}Dg•LBY<
EUFEVEDzOOPIDNEhGH=DEVEDzOOPIDNEhG[RVEZMDNabEL|B2zOORMDR
ZBSDLMEVEDzODœGOPIDNE†DNGmOEhG2•E•OR}[=ODXBZ{BEVEDzOOPIDN
EhGRI~E[=ODXBZ{BEVEEhG[RVEORADN\<FDzOOPa—DNEhG2
{BEVEEpER=OPSD>G|DNWfghDNOMBDN<KSDj_DNORADNRBY<\<]RpD
ZQEVEOBDDRqDERždR]BOP<KuDOPIDN5EhG2<KDRBSDZBYE\<]DLˆOtDR
ER<K}DHmDNEUFEVEDzOOP—DSDdRTEO|dRpD2.B=DOPzEG|DNdRJDEkdORtER
RbdERIEVEG|DNE•OtDRER<K}DHmDNORkd2
Œ |DN([=ORbd•NNP•NFO•‚+
|DNHabEERBFORMDRDRBu<Z†DN>G›BZ†DNjFINcGDRBu<DzO2.B=D
OPzEG|DNHabEERBFORMDR?Ekd+.B=DOPzEEkdORkd•EkdDzO‚ZM[B=DOPzE
EkdEFI•EkdZ†DN‚2›BDzOHabEH~EOPiDNj—BDzOZMZ†DN2PIDN
GmOZ†DNE•OR}VdghDN[B=DOPzEH¦DNEkdRI~E[B=DOPzEdRJDEkd2

1.3 Các thuật toán định tuyến:
PIDNG|DN(>EVEDzOG|DNgBER<K}DO`gIDSD[B=DOPzEG|DN
ORFKHŠBLBSDOhENJK[R•[R_DOPIDNZBYEOP<KuDO]BEVEN•BOBD2IH•>ZkDHu
HVDN\<FDOJGEUFG|DN(LMHsDRO<K=D2}HsDRO<K=DOPSDG|DN
(>DNaoBOFORaoDNg†DN?OR<^OOIVD 5@¡> 5y¡+OR<^OOIVDZ•EOIP[RI]DN
EVER•BWOFDE••EOIP‚ZMOR<^OOIVDOP|DNORVBLBSD[=O•&BD[WOFO•‚2
1.3.1 Thuật toán vector khoảng cách (Distance Vector):
R<^OOIVD•LLGFDŒŽIPgOtDROIVDHaoDNHBDNqDDRkOOiDN<cDO{B
HtERHabEGAO]DRaWF<+
Dd<O+cORs•>‘>W‚§
Bellman-Ford-More(G,w,s):
Œ a{E5+.R—BO|IDzODN<cDW§
Œ a{E?+•IPB“5OI ¡gI
ŽIPG›BE|DR•<>Z‚
∈
( ¡gI
•g•Z‚¨g•<‚©‘OR•D{ d(u), d(v) là chi phí được tính từ nút gốc đến
các đỉnh u,v}
g•Z‚+“g•<‚©‘§
Œ a{E@+•IPG›BE|DR•<>Z‚
∈
( ¡gI
€
•g <¡©‘•<>Z‚ªg Z¡OR•D
$•O<PDŽFLW•§
(LW•
$•O<PDP<•§
<Od<O+JKHaoDNHBDNqDDRkOOiDzOWH=DEVEDzO[RVE>[=O\<]RMG
OP]ZuP<•D=<[RADNE•HžDRDMIGMHaoDNHBH=DD•E•NBVOPsL{DRpDOŠDN
HaoDNHBH=DDzO[uHTDNOPa{ED•Z{BOPnDNWXOPSDE|DRDXBRFBHžDR<ZMZ>

DNabEL|BRMGOP]ZuNBVOPsŽFLW•2
R<^OOIVDDMKg†DNOR<^OOIVD•LLGFDƒŽIPg>OPIDNH•ERžHsDRGmO
EIDWX>NnBLMERBdRt•RFKOPnDNWX‚>ERIG›BGmOLBSD[=ONB•FEVEDzOOPIDN
G|DN2VEDzOWrNfBORADNOBDZuHaoDNHBOiDzOH=DDzO\<FEVE[=ODXB
GFDNL|BOŠDNERBdRtORkdDRkO2
I|OHmDNEUFOR<^OOIVDDRaWF<+.RBGmODzO[R—BHmDNL„DH„<>D•ERž
jB=OEVEDzO[uOP`EOB=dZ{BD•>NnBLMDzOLVDNNBuDN>ZMORADNOBDH}HBH=DH•
•ORADNOBDDMKjFINcGgFDRWVEREUFEVEDzOHtER>OŠDNERBdRtH=DOiDNHtERZM
DzO[=OB=dH}NfBg•LBY<H=DH•O|IDSDj]DNHsDRO<K=D>RFKj]DN[RI]DN
EVER‚2›BDzO>OPIDNGmOOB=DOPQDRNfBH=DOiDNLVDNNBuDNOŠDNERBdRtEUFD•
H}HBH=DEVEDzOHtERGMD•jB=O2VEDzOLVDNNBuDNdRJDOtERORADNOBDDMK>ZM
WIWVDRZ{BDR•DNORADNOBDGMERzDNHFDNjB=O§jkO[lHBu<NQE]BORBYDHabE
DR•DNORADNOBDERzDNHFDNE•>WrHabEHaFZMIEVEj]DNHsDRO<K=DEUFDR•DN
LVDNNBuDNDMK2=D[RB[=OORzE>OkOE]DzOOPSDG|DNWrOQGPFja{EOP<KuD[=
OB=dOXBa<H=DOkOE]GnBHtER>ZMOŠDNERBdRtOXODRkO2
.RBOPIDNGmOG|DNE•DzON~dZkDHu>ORQWrRUKEVELmOPQDRHB\<F
DzODMKZMO|IDSDORADNOBDG{BOPIDNj]DNHsDRO<K=D2'F<H•ERzDNER<K}D
ORADNOBDDMKH=DOkOE]DzON„D[uZML~dL|B\<VOPQDROPSD2<XBE†DN>OkOE]
DzOOPSDG|DNDR^DHabEORADNOBDE^dDR^O>ZMWF<H•WrOQGHaoDNHBG{B
H=DOkOE]EVEHtERGMERzDNEšDO{BHabE2
<HB}GEUFOR<^OOIVDDMKLMgxEk<RQDRgI\<VOPQDRCfLˆHpDNB]D
DSDtOOXDjmDR{2<KDRBSD>OR<^OOIVDDMKE•DRabEHB}GLMRYORXDNE<DN
EkdEVEORADNWXEšD\<VHpDNB]DDSDE•OR}C¢KPFZBYEEIDHaoDNOQGPF
51
ERaFdR]BLMOXODRkO2IdR]BE^dDR^OHsDR[lEVEj]DNHsDRO<K=D>DSDGmO
LabDNj_DNORADNHVDN[}WrjsERB=GghDN2NIMBPF>gIEVE$I<O•PRmBOh
ER^G>Wrg‰DH=DZBYEWFBLYEROPIDNj]DNHsDRO<K=DNJKPFRBYDOabDNL~d2
1.3.2 Thuật toán trạng thái liên kết (Link State):
R<^OOIVDOP|DNORVBLBSD[=OHabEg†DNH}CJKg`DNZMOtDROIVD
HaoDNHBDNqDDRkOOiDzODN<cDH=DOkOE]EVEDzOHtEROPIDNG|DN2R<^O

OIVDB«[WOPFHabEVdghDNOPIDNNBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DOP|DNORVBLBSD[=OHabE
OR`ERBYD\<FEVEja{EWF<+
Dd<O+cORs•>‘>W‚§
B«[WOPF•>‘>W‚+
Œ a{E5+.R—BO|IDzODN<cDW§
Œ a{E?+'+“¬-§¬Cuối cùng S sẽ chứa các đỉnh có trọng số đường đi
ngắn nhất từ s-
Œ a{E@+.R—BO|IRMDNHbBa<OBSD‡+“ ¡{Q chứa các đỉnh trong
đồ thị G}
Œ a{E3+’RBL•‡ª¨¬-gI
<+“(®$¯•‡‚ {Chọn ra đỉnh v trong Q lân cận đỉnh u có
trọng số cạnh (u,v) nhỏ nhất gán cho u}
Œ a{Ey+'+“
∪
¬<-§‡+“‡°¬<-
Œ a{E0+•IPG›BHžDRZ
∈
g« <¡gI{v các đỉnh liền kề với u}
•g•Z‚¨g•<‚©‘OR•D{d(u), d(v) là chi phí được tính từ nút gốc đến
các đỉnh u, v}
g•Z‚+“g•<‚©‘§{Quay lại bước 4}§
<Od<O+JKHaoDNHBDNqDDRkOOiHžDRWH=DEVEDzOOPIDNG|DN2
.RBVdghDNEVEOR<^OOIVDOP|DNORVB[=ODXB>G›BDzOWfghDNg•LBY<
EpW—EUFD•DRaLMGmOj]DHcEUFG|DNZ{Bg|DNGmOHcORs2}LMGHBu<
DMK>G›BDzOdRVOHBO{BOIMDG|DNDR•DNORADNOBDZuEVEDzO[RVEGMD•E•
OR}[=ODXBHabE>ZMOiDNDzON•dORADNOBDGmOEVERHmEL^dZMIj]DHc2'f
ghDNj]DHcDMK>G›BDzOWF<H•WrCVEHsDRHabEO<K=DHaoDNOXODRkOOiD•
H=DGnBDzO[RVE2
R<^OOIVDDMKCJKg`DNEk<OPzEg•LBY<ga{Bg|DNEJK>OPIDNH•DzO
RBYDO|BLMNXE>ZMERTFGnBDzO[RVEOPIDNG|DN2qOH„<Z{BGmOEJKjFD

55
H„<ERžERTFERtDRD•2'F<H•L„DLabOOiO^dEVEDzOERaFHabEORSGZMIEJK>
D•WrORSGDzOE•ERBdRtORkdDRkOH}H=DGmODzOH–E•OPSDEJK2B=dOhE
\<VOPQDRH=D[RBGnBDzOHu<HabEORSGZMIEJK2
JKDMKWF<H•dRhEZhH}CJKg`DNj]DNHsDRO<K=D>HaFPFja{E
OP<KuD[=OB=dOXBa<>H}OiGmODzOH=DjkO[lDzO[RVEOPSDG|DN2
R<^OOIVDDMKE•a<HB}GLME•OR}ORtERDNRBHabEZ{BHFWXRYORXDN>
ERIdRedDNaoBORB=O[=E•OR}ORB=O[=G|DNLBDRRI|O>dR]DTDNDRFDRZ{BOQDR
R<XDNC]KPF2I[RADNN—BE^dDR^OHsDR[lDRaZ•EOIP[RI]DNEVER>DSD
OR<^OOIVDOP|DNORVBLBSD[=Oj]IH]GHabEj_DNORADNERIEVEHaoDNG|DN2
RabEHB}GEUFOR<^OOIVDOP|DNORVBLBSD[=OLM\<VOPQDRCfLˆdRTE
O|d>DSDERB=GDRBu<jmDR{2cDNORoB>ZBYEWfghDNEVENBFIORTEHsDR
O<K=DOP<KuDORXDNOPIDNG|DN(Wrg‰DH=DPkODRBu<ZkDHuOP—DN|B
E„DNB]B\<K=ODRaOBS<OXDD_DNLabDNDN<cDD<ABERIEVEE^dDR^dHsDR[l
DRaOPIDNNBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DZ•EOIP[RI]DNEVER>OBS<OXDj_DNORADNG|DN
ERIEVEE^dDR^dHsDR[l>LMG\<VO]BjmZBCfLˆEUFORB=Ojs[RBEVEORADNOBD
E^dDR^O>WXDzOG|DNO_DNLSD>O|IPFDRBu<HaoDNHBgaORiF2
1.3.3 So sánh các thuật toán định tuyến:
VENBFIORTEHsDRO<K=DOR•IOR<^OOIVDZ•EOIP[RI]DNEVERHpDNB]D
ZMRBY<\<]RpDOPIDNEVEG|DNDR‹>HšBR‹BtOW`NBVGWVO2<KDRBSDDRabE
HB}GEUFD•LM[R]D_DNRmBOhER^G[RBG|DNL{DZMORFKHŠB>HBu<DMKg‰D
H=DW`dRVOOPB}DEUFEVEOR<^OOIVDOP|DNORVB[=ODXBO<KdRTEO|dRpDDRaDN
OXORpDH}g†DNOPIDNEVEG|DNL{D2
<HB}GERtDREUFHsDRO<K=DjœDNOP|DNORVB[=ODXBLMdR]DTDN
DRFDRDR|KRpD>ZMOPIDNGmO[RI]DNORoBNBFDE•R|D>HXBZ{BW`ORFKHŠB
[=ODXB2NIMBPF>DR•DNN•BHabENfB\<FG|DNOPIDNHsDRO<K=DjœDNOP|DN
ORVB[=ODXBORQDR‹RpDDR•DNN•Bg†DNOPIDNHsDRO<K=DjœDNZ•EOIP2sDR
O<K=DjœDNZ•EOIPHšBR‹Bj]DNHsDRO<K=DH„KHUdR]BHabEOP<KuDHB>OPIDN
[RBHsDRO<K=DjœDNOP|DNORVB[=ODXBORQERžE•ORADNOBDZuLVDNNBuDNEUF
5?