Tiểu luận môn Báo chí và Thông tin Đối ngoại BÀN VỀ TỰ DO BÁO CHÍ

Môn Báo chí và Thông tin Đối ngoại

 
 
  ! "
 #$%&'()**++,
 -$%
 ./01
 #$2 3
 (-4-56'78-

Chủ đề 6: BÀN VỀ TỰ DO BÁO CHÍ
I. KHÁI NIỆM VỀ TỰ DO VÀ TẤT YẾU
/7%9: ;/< <=>-8%?@A4-B
2 >=8%-C=DEF G"G7: @AH "0IJ I
B;
1. Tự do là gì?
? K4A  "8K=>-LM1LMDML;
N 5-O--45&%PQ MR 4S+T), “ Tự
do là khả năng con người có thể làm bất cứ điều gì mà mình mong muốn
mà không gặp bất kì cản trở nào”.
/7%LUVW?8K=>-Q8%=>-XLPH2
Y; VQLU%I:?LQ< "XZ=
>-S.B7%42Y-MR <7%H?0L K-F
%4[\H?4]2X%-C^? KMR >=>-L<_
`I-F8AWQA-: E=6`@ Q
8%>-LQ7%MJ: LC=A <WZ AaM2@
Lb;
N 5-( -c&%-AQ MR $%8%-4S+T,Q“ tự do
là sự nhận thức được tính tất yếu”
dL`LKEL=>--F G"8 A ?)-MR %

E0@AP6AQe%8%-%> "8KA ?H- V
%=>-H? V;
SL 'A5  Se@A4-8%?LA-8K
\: %;$LKELf=>-N?g-F G"8
fA "g;h5Se: “không thể bàn luận về đạo đức và quyền hạn
nếu không bàn tới vấn đề về khả năng chịu trách nhiệm của con người, về mối
quan hệ giữa tất yếu và tự do …”N-MR %E0LM1A "
%=>-Q8%4 =>-2 i7 K8 A ";
/7%F G"F?H "08 ;
9; Cái tất yếu
N A ?LM1 <7%AG7E= V8%6`@
N ?&? V,7%>-A H2?Q>-IVHV-W
C=8EQ "M1GL8%-IL K4 "?LC^62
LBM04[<4ALM1;
N P>j)k`@ C= %  ?LF 4A?L2
L?  ?;
3. Mối quan hệ giữa tự do và tất yếu
N =>-8%?7% : 2AF G"H "0
 I-:L@jLPW-MR 8 G7E4AGW=
 V8%6`@ ;QA% M'LK- =>-8%?
V7% 4A  "LF 7EQ7-: D;l.7A%>
WU- mP=>-7%%L@4[j@8%--%2
4AG;M17: QL"-WU>8EA
WE=>-mP8%-n %L@W-MR LK>--%
2HV-% GL;WU'NV VA2 G
L <=L- V8%4oLn=>-EC=7%>=VC=E
0LM1?4AGb: >M 0AG7EW=
 V8%6`@ QLA ALBL K4 "4AG8%FWG
W-MR ;
N =>-7%?LM1E08%H %-:L@= #2 :-

  8%2 :-H2-MR ;%E0CCi8%-%> "G
7E?H- VQ-:L@W-MR %=>-8%CA:-
H? V;!M WU6`@ 8%WU@C2>-L[L2-
>7-L@= A6>=@A7`L:-8%p0LBLiQ
-MR  L K4 "E0P?7Cq@A-%
> "QCCiQ8% =C==>-8%CA:-;
II. TÍNH GIAI CẤP CỦA BÁO CHÍ
5 )fr  ?7%IEL-%-7bIMR 4A8KL8
W-@"FC26?6`@ ?L-7CqQ4A8K
quan hệ của họ đối với những tư liệu sản xuất, về vai trò của họ trong tổ chức lao
động xã hội8%M8E7%khác nhau về cách thức hưởng thụ về phần của cải xã
hội ít hoặc nhiều mà họ hưởng;g
-k$b: A  ?4AQGK71 4A %L@
W-MR -k$>P KLK7 VGL  ?;
A-P7%-:L@m08%jLPW-MR Q7%-:L@PN
6`@ Hn "8jQ8 s-7-LR CFn%WA.7
>;A-P4[S7 VGL  ?%sP  ?;
!M LQC^?IH < "WP  ?-HA-P)
N 'Z RHA-LKj VL<b: Q4[4A7%Ij V6`@ )
 2 GA8?LK6`@ Q IA  ?;/7%MJM-:L@
WZ RHA-;%>U VQ< "P  ?e";
N P  ?WHA-P< "e?[GH2%HA-;0
?QZ MR 7%HA-LK@@  ?8%Fi-8[0-\
ImH2-8"71 P  ?Wt8%< "L KLHnI K
MLA AuPCI%[4AG;0 QC=7=
8% KMLA A8?LKWZ MR 7%HA-LKH F HX m
0  ?;
%HA->F4[a2 L08K@  ?%-L8%-:
L@>M C= F W  ?L;vK71 8E?8% .Ls _
%HA-2 < "e%8KMMX8%%L@;w0LM1L K%Q

%HA-C^. "G2J8%-@L?8GK71   ?%
j8j;
 7: Q-6`@   ?HA-PaP  ?;A-P7%
[jL?6`@ QL?  ?;A7=PQAp06`
@ QAEL-%4 LKCq>jHA-PM@[jCiHxj8j-
71 PW;8EQHA-PG"\^8 A  ?6`@ ;
 TÍNH GIAI CẤP CỦA BÁO CHÍ VIỆT NAM
-GA7`L:-L?MQ/27[- HA-P7%8a4PCiHxL<
VKQE1p08% A->j>;A-PA:D
EP  ?8%-H2?A:Q4-W  ?
[Q[>8%.7 0>M C=7`L:-W/(;
N A-P7%  W/2Q%MQWAp0L-%<6`@ 8%
7%> #L%W>;
N A-PM 4oLL@7E>@i7 K8 k$;
N A-P 2AQ< "4F L: L-%4-%> VK27 V
   ?[Q  ?[>8%.7 0>M C=7`
L:-W/2;
N A-P7% [jpL@QVK8%p0 A.7>
= "LMR7F W/28%-@CFQA  KY8%
b7=W-%6`@ L<6>=8%H2-8"L?M;
N A-P7% 8a4PCiHx L<L?F7: A "M1 V=Q
aQ7`P-k$LbR F7: A7=2L@
-8%-% ML<H2-8"71 PW/28%>;
N $ "QGA-%.L> #V 7U8=WLR CF
GF;-HF 2LQP  ?WHA-PM < "G
L <?GAW/28K“đường lối đối ngoại, độc lập, tự chủ, rộng
mở, đa dạng hóa, đa phương hóa các quan hệ quốc tế, VN sẵn sàng là bạn,
là đối tác tin cậy của các nước trong cộng đồng quốc tế, phấn đấu vì hòa
bình, độc lập, phát triển”.
III. QUAN ĐIỂM VỀ TỰ DO BÁO CHÍ

1. Quan điểm chung
5-GL <WWU'AV QHA-P7%7U8=@
A m06`@ 8%P  ??ex;y 6`@ s %
A  ?GK71 4AQEPLF 7EQHA-P4<
-A7P  ?Q4=>-"LF ;X Q=>-HA-P-  ?
%?2 :=>-HA-P8 A  ?4A;!-LQf=>-HA-
P7%j V?L?W-MR n %-GKLM1[
 Q-Lp Q - Q< "mP8%"8W@A[4
GAMJ "[ L: BQ4[KH@C=7"@Q@C=:
%-g;
5-lr(;(:?Qf/F 8 WU6`@ Q=>-HA-P7%@
j V?L?L<7%- %8 V-6`@ IL K4 "_
`%%-A.8 HA-QLHA-QHA-Q07%Cq>jA
MJ "[ L: B@A=>-?QLM1A7E8%>M7E6`
@ L2H2-g;
5-r(;O5y 75&( 78K/:-L0K[8%7E:
MRA-P8%K[L: B@/: ' 5C-,QL<=>-
HA-P2 HFJH27%)
N Thứ nhất,@KHA-P=>-8%L@7E7%L K WH?4]6`
@ =>-%-;/ KLU7%Q@KHA-P4[2 I
4 <C-A8%GL4[1WPWQ@KHA-P4[
2MX% PD48=MQ-LA[G2
A-QIA7=4 8%4 >-DA[M;'@K
HA-P=>-8%L@7E2 L5L-L@ 2Q4A 28%P 2
I[ %.L<< L.LW8 MA7%[>
W@6`@ =>-;
N Thứ hai,@KHA-P=>-2 7%KHA-P>a28%C^LM 
8KI"GLF 8 L@ 28%4A 2%4[2
C1C"L K4[ V8@HV%-;KHA-PLC^A0
A 2LQC^ 8?%0AQ8%C^SH L C=EQ->

C=4 LC^>zLL<LEIJ GK7=-
?QLEIMR CXIAJGHA-PQ8%EP2
4 L KL>zLA ;
N Thứ ba,@KHA-P=>-2 7%@KHA-PA ";v
L <8KA "4AXDMQ8%EP7%4A5-
DY;/F 8  KMR Qu=-R H8%pL<
?4A8 u=-R  7BGF ?;
 VQ@CFViYH28z4[KLp ;'@KHA-P=
>-2 H L C=E8%2 LM 8KL KL;KHA-PLC^
4[H "_ -8 "4 8%L:LPP6A;A-P
4[H- RLM1xLM C C=E-4 H eL KL;
=>-HA-P=>-[ 7%@-IGKYH2?
W-MR QLM1.AGF [EHn8YH27EQEP
$ A;/7%GKLM1[4 AH <m4 W%4[H
4 <>"-\%:; VQ8 "= "GK=>-HA-PXZ
GF = 28%0L@-%-%4A;
vK=>-[7EL`LM1 V$ "vF[E-V
[vFGK8FLM1.AMV  uE;
Cách nói khái quát khác:=>-HA-P7%@-IGKYH2
?W-MR t< "GL <QmPQ2WQ  ?
MA8?LKWLR CF6`@ GMJ "[ L: B%
4[H@C=7"@Q:%-tLM1.A[MGFQ 
A8%A7EGF [E; VQ-6`@ sb:   ?Q
s %GK71  IAGF QEL-%=>-HA-PXM%
M4AQL@%L@4A0L@4A;
2. Quan điểm của Việt Nam
{Q?2AL@-7U8=K[n>M C=G27m
W%M8%>M C=7`L:-W/2;/27`L:-8%%MG27m
-7U8=K[8%[ VKLF -: G"\^
8 8%LM1<HnAGL8%"FA7EL<L2H2-

GK=>-HA-PQGKLM1:-L K4 "8%LM1H2-8"4 %K;fA-
P7%[jW/2QLbR 7%> #L%W>gQ7%7EL <P
6VCF-C=SL:-W/2-7U8=G%;
vK=>-[7EQ=>-HA-P7%@-IGKJH2W
-MR 7[LM1/2Q%M657%@@PQ@H2?W
L@;
N DH2$ AL. VY+|}~Q/ K+*L` e)f[>
GK=>-[7Eg;
N / K+•Q$ AY+|•|HpC)f[>MAGK=
>-[7EQHA-Pg;
N / K~TQ$ AY+|* j4oL)f[>AGK
=>-[7EQ=>-HA-Pg;
N 8 GK=>-[7EQ=>-HA-PQ/ K~|Q$ AY
+||9HpC)f[>GKLM1[ ;g;
N yD@ >AH2$ AMQ/ K9~@MJ€€fvK
-MR QGK8%U8jJH2W[>g!=2-CqLp $ 
AY+||96AL)f[>GK=>-[7EQ=>-HA-
PQLM1[ Q@ Q7E@ QH <5-GLWA7Eg;
M8EQVMJ> "A7mQ?2AH2$ AWMD4
LR LLK4oL?GAQMCM@GK=>-[
7EQ=>-HA-P7%@-IGKJH2?W-MR QW
[>;M@CFGK4AW-MR LM1LKEQHpCQA
 <XAH2$ AC%QGK=>-HA-PL`LM1%M
DEQ[QH2-L2C4 L@>W8%PGK
>LM16A7E;/ K%M@ 0C L@L<4oL%
MD4 LR L7[- GK=>-HA-PPW
>;
V8%-LQEHA-PY+||aL`GLH2-8"-GK
=>-HA-PQGK=>-HA-PW[>QDL7%YMR8 sW
MR 7%HA-;/ K9EHA-PY+||L`V)

fN%M:-L K4 "E71 L<[>= "GK=>-HA-PQ
GK=>-[7EVHA-P8%L<HA-PALB8 sW;
NA-PQ%HA--:L@-4[4pA7E8%LM1%MH2-@t
4[@p0QA%-LM1:Q2XHA-PQ%HA--:L@;
y[ LM17:>jGK=>-HA-PQGK=>-[7EVHA-P
L<6:71 PW%MQE<8%[>;g
$ "S.L@-4[4pA7EQ4[F71
>j>WQ=>-[7EQ=>-HA-PL<H%_[4 F/2Q%
MQ6: 71 PGF >@Q6:71 PWp08%[>
4A MR > %HA-  VLK<H%_m4 
W;
-GA@ EGF "Q/28%%M7[E
0CCin=>-HA-P4[S7%@-IGKJH2W-
MR Q%s7%@-IL@7=GL<X@QA>
W@b7=@ C .BLuL?MA <HK8I;!-
8EQ4[<Lp  Q>W8%A <4[[8%A
L.LWGK=>-HA-PQ=>-[7EW>;
IV. THỰC TIỄN TỰ DO BÁO CHÍ
1. Ở một số quốc gia
1.1. Mỹ
N ?2AHA- QL% AQK8%HA-:L "qX'•b
: 8jLP4 Q71 Et4[71 EQ7Zi
i2 Lq;71 EQ-VHA-P'•SEM V
I[  2 PQA8jHVHF WA[ C-Q E4A
%PGLI8?LKC 6`@ Q%P[ AC=
4 "8%8?LKR C=PQGFn_`.PLA
W[B;
N =>-HA-PX'•H F HX AEL-%K[8%C0:
GK7=P;
N A-P'•6M7 V48 :-%IEL-%7;

$ "X'•4-2EL-%K[7?8% F |*‚
.K[GF;IEL-%%LDHM7%Lp
KP8%LMA A6`@ )ƒ7! C5Q 5ƒ5Q
r 75Q3 Q' -C-„Q -Q5…C-- -Qr557†75 ;
N '@CFRHA-W'•p  8%CF7M1H2  K?V4i
  M) 5ƒ77(55O-7Q5‡(->Q55…3-4
 5CQˆ8%}`K[7)QQQ(;
1.2. Nhật Bản
N AMJ "K[E2LM14 <C-A V\8%?
EL<4[Lj:LL2.GK;@ >MR 
PL KQLF 7E;
N A-PELM1 7%H7-: )HA-P7%  WAL2A
PQHA-P7%  WAp0PN6`@ QHA-P7%
  8K@7U8=V%
1.3. Trung Quốc
N y[HA-PM
N  "8jWHA-P7%nj8jLMR7F 7`L:-W%M;
 V "QH??C= ACAi-WPWQK
[vF%%XVMJ: Q:Y-Q
@ >%%-B8% YCF7M1WAHA-A-L K
1.4. Úc
N vK=>-HA-PXC7 <LM1657%@j@WK>
W‰8FLM1[2M7%ŠvK7=0M‹&5Œ-†C5,C
$%AQEA8%MA;
N r  K[‰65[8 " 8%MRE8KC=4 "Q
H-b[8 "WPWQA[Q@ L-%QAGKQ
8;8;;;7%A "WL<L2H2-P[Hn->M7EQ8%C=
 H:-?2A-:L@QL<H2-L271 PG.B;
N A-P‰MR>=8%-4A  "Š[BGKLM1H ‹
&H7  -4-…,:-J@ F LL<[BH%7E8KI

7 VGLL?M8%LR CFW;
N A- LK>-MCXI
N lAKH-b4F )4F MJ: >-AEL-%M
H2MG27mQ4F K[LM1%M?CAQ
4F @LbLM1%7E8%L K%HX AMWA@
Lb: ‰;
2. Ở Việt Nam
5-BWp0Œ55>-$-C5[HF%+•••9*+9QK=
>-HA-PXLM16:0+9•+|TMLM142-CAN@0:
?Q< "GL <-n.M4[f=>-HA-Pg;<
 nL7%7E7E4[P6A=;
yA  "báo chí VNHiL.D4 RGia Định báoLa7%RHA-
L. VWMi8%-%+••*}•+~•: (% rs;CqHA-P
A <G K  L-:4A8 4A KY.>-AL@W
AL K4 "7CqQ6`@ ;
N MY+|*)-  L-:L.Q?2HA-PLK>-MR lA
%7E8%L K4 <;B4[.: VHFjLPW
HA-P7%>L<A8Y60CXQ BLŽ>H260;M=
?B>HA-PL<j8j-GK71 8%pLP
8@L;'@CFRHA-A:L`LM1LR M V
&+|9•,M8zs-:L@HPE;
N DY+|*+|}•)(4 /2@C2LM1%7EQHA-P
R 4%L`KHAIMMXWA: 2 Qp8aQ
L@8 V7sVMQY=>QLGF67M18%  ?
-4 H7@Q.p0G.BA:QuH-
p4X U;
N M+|T•)A-Pj8jC= "L?A: 2 >
@QF=>QLGF67M1
N (Y+|T• IE4•|*)A-P.L?AHH-
8Q?8E

N R 4]Lp  )A-P= " "8jW[@Lp  L?
MQj8jC= "[ "Q "L: L?MQf@ E
GFg&/: @ k€,-%> "QCCiV?2A7U8=;
8 C=A <W6`@  "L: Q%QMR L4[S>#
>% E[ VA7-: HA-PKF%s<
4 [ GA…5HC 5QH7-A8%:6`@ MŒ5H 4Q
… 5Q;;;< nQ6MWHA-PV  IY
.LL`C=<M?JH2;lA <HA-L "q "7%6
MpH V  QXa8E;5-@% 7 "L K6`@ 
W@JG V08%A <[ K[S7"MR >
 E[ GAMJ "K[XMC)~•‚DK
Q9}‚D€55Q~‚DHA- Q•‚DL% A;
D4  %[@Lp  -%> "L?MY+|~LQ
/28%%M7[>%C=GL\H "LA <HA-P8%
AMJ "[ L: B;PLAN9*+9Q2M.
+T;***%HA-LM1?•%KQY?7.C-8 Y+|~Q%
8 V4AL-:L@HA-PuHLR :LM1?•
%HA-;5-HA-A- L?8K-:L@HA-PXQP A
9•9*+QCF7M1JGHA-P V2M7%+98 +*}?u &-
L+|TJGHA-P 8%~+•:P,;-% Q~TL% AQK
ƒ8%LMJ;-7U8=[ L "qQ2MT}HA-Q:
PL "q;<- L7%I> #L%[7EPF;X AJ
GHA-PL-:L@%LKLM1%M?xQJGW
G2QL@ a8 VLM1[E8%LS-:L@e%;-%
Q "4-2D+***+•**8 VM-% Z Y8%-Q
4-2  *  `  [  ?  HA-  P  MR  B  :    M  55  Œ5N
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-% AJGHA-PLM 0PFQ5-p1F4V
 LQP V7U8=[ L "qQ2M++T}[ L "
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-:L@M@JGHA-P;$.MI[ p14 <
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R  .LQ@CF7=DHV-% s V7EI
…5H8%H7-:->7%[ AW KLbP7`L:-
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%F=@MJ;5-ls[ L "q@jlA
NK8%[ L "q&@[ 8%K[,QL
4-2*…5HQH7-:->ALbP7`L:-QMLS
:QAW7MI[ LKL\XM-% 8%LM1 ?WCXIV
 K;R  L.QA:%F7[ 4x-8%:-LM1C= EW
MR LVL`WL@?I[ Q:QP6AM
AJGHA-PPFQPW;%8KC8%L@7B%-
LQ4 MR LL`G5LQL` EQWWA: 2>
ALbP7`L:-<% L\I[ ER7% #[ Q
>M7E6`@ 8%IEG24[7MR;
$-:L@HA-PXL`-?=>-HA-PX4[SLM1H2-
L2Hn"F7EAQIJQPCA[-AQE71 %
sLM1< "C L@-=@CF;Ip0fl
8 V4[H V  gQp0Œ55>-$-C58%@CFp0QAXM
-% -n4[=>-HA-Pe%A M18 =;
I[ HL\%%-?A7=2L@%%C0
Cq>j MJ0QWL-:FAV7U8=MMXQ8Y-A
n:C=A <8%@ EW;
-HF 2GF8%-MI> #H 0:
M< HA-PL`7%F8 sQA "7%JG[7EW
/2Q%M8%> #L%W>Q8 I4G2LA E;
<4oLnQHA-PXL`C=A <8M1HE8%%%=
 "L.LW0YQ "8jQLA0V.%%-WC= "
6>=8%H2-8"pGF; VQa V4iE?n@CF

 CQ4L <QEP7%I4L < VQ4x->% -
-:L@HA-PELM14ijQ?7%-8 "G27HA-:;$J
7B%-QB2 YMRG27m :QWL@ V0Q
6>=IJQPCAQ-% "%7A7mL<8 "H2-L2
=>-HA-PQ=>-[7ELM1 "=C@J-@CFt
LbR .LMIGLQ% e%QP42 -L<G27m
"FHA-P\^Q "G2Q. I8I MMXQ[ Q
8Y8%H2-L2pLPQE=-%6`@ ;