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Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH số 11 - B1 - ĐH KTQD Chuyên Photocopy - Đánh máy - In Luận văn, Tiểu luận

: 6.280.688
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Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH sè 11 - B1 - §H KTQD Chuyªn Photocopy - §¸nh m¸y - In LuËn v¨n, TiÓu luËn

: 6.280.688
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2
Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH số 11 - B1 - ĐH KTQD Chuyên Photocopy - Đánh máy - In Luận văn, Tiểu luận

: 6.280.688
Chơng 1. Tổng quan tài liệu
1.1. Các mô hình chất lợng nớc
1.1.1. Các giai đoạn phát triển của mô hình
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Giai đoạn 2: 1960 1970 (máy tính)
3
Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH sè 11 - B1 - §H KTQD Chuyªn Photocopy - §¸nh m¸y - In LuËn v¨n, TiÓu luËn

: 6.280.688
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7
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CH sè 11 - B1 - §H KTQD Chuyªn Photocopy - §¸nh m¸y - In LuËn v¨n, TiÓu luËn

: 6.280.688
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CH sè 11 - B1 - §H KTQD Chuyªn Photocopy - §¸nh m¸y - In LuËn v¨n, TiÓu luËn

: 6.280.688
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11
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CH số 11 - B1 - ĐH KTQD Chuyên Photocopy - Đánh máy - In Luận văn, Tiểu luận

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1.3.1.3. HËu qu¶ cña sù phó dìng
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13
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CH sè 11 - B1 - §H KTQD Chuyªn Photocopy - §¸nh m¸y - In LuËn v¨n, TiÓu luËn


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CH số 11 - B1 - ĐH KTQD Chuyên Photocopy - Đánh máy - In Luận văn, Tiểu luận

: 6.280.688
Chơng 2. Đối tợng và phơng pháp nghiên cứu
2.1. Đối tợng
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CH sè 11 - B1 - §H KTQD Chuyªn Photocopy - §¸nh m¸y - In LuËn v¨n, TiÓu luËn

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19
Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH số 11 - B1 - ĐH KTQD Chuyên Photocopy - Đánh máy - In Luận văn, Tiểu luận

: 6.280.688
Chơng 3<Kết quả và thảo luận
3.1. Đặc điểm của hồ tây
3.1.1. Vị trí địa lý, điều kiện khí hậu, thủy văn, địa chất của Hồ Tây
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Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH số 11 - B1 - ĐH KTQD Chuyên Photocopy - Đánh máy - In Luận văn, Tiểu luận

: 6.280.688
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Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH số 11 - B1 - ĐH KTQD Chuyên Photocopy - Đánh máy - In Luận văn, Tiểu luận

: 6.280.688
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Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH sè 11 - B1 - §H KTQD Chuyªn Photocopy - §¸nh m¸y - In LuËn v¨n, TiÓu luËn

: 6.280.688
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( $)9[ C9o 80'081Ž $2
+0 +i 80'00P1B29`
9o<W-+ >!G6'  &90Q  C
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"4K  80'0", 5l$3Y D0( $7
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24
Website: Email : Tel : 0918.775.368
CH sè 11 - B1 - §H KTQD Chuyªn Photocopy - §¸nh m¸y - In LuËn v¨n, TiÓu luËn

: 6.280.688
00• $R0•f $R0 $(Ê4+0 +<W
 .!9;0& "<W .!U=8+0oa]‘ M5
6<6U=89%6(U*+ 
9%"'9 ? &%(U`i+0i]‘q[or<H4 59
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=8<b.85 .!9Jf ", $ 3 Z"'-
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" 6+% *0, +<<<*+ 
=8-9  "N(D-&"4<WY%J-. A
C"5! S" C"5X•)=$&€5"(-F
,"0• $(<=$-U=8904 5 4"P
l'=$R0"3<<<W904 500( 5*<<<W
 6 6U=8$04 5K - 5
$<<<V 69<=U=8W( - 
U=8"# +( $"R  6N>8
:0-]]a &q\r<$8V 7;!"R 
5 $<<< !- "R  668%"8
" MG> 5 <
3.2.2. ChÊt lîng m«i trêng níc Hå T©y
WY !9Y !" +- &0t e
"?0 $!=8"9@+ 'U=81U=[25z8{1U=`2

5|1U=o2J1U=^2J $!1U=]2(!U
=81U=e2q[[r<
W-+ >%iw &Y !A960, 
U=8 C"5M"D%"?0"0TdWdTBdT
]
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U
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b~3,C*-"'0Gf $Z& 
0 C$ 1d
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A
2 C"5C !Of%4 B
3 !O& 0, =Wl]\^`A[\\]<
=04 5"?0"*5z8{1U=`25|1U=o2& A
t""0 3!*%4 B 3 !O& 
0, =Wl]\^`A[\\]<y+ >%iV &U"4 $
- Zew"+w`C?D'Q-'0 Q<
y+ >Y !9Y !6U=8" ?%
iwN]<
B¶ng 6. Tiªu chuÈn chÊt lîng níc mÆt (TVVN 5942-1995) (Nguån:[11])
25

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