skkn nâng cao chất lượng học tập môn hóa học cho học sinh khối 9 trường THCS cam thịnh tây bằng cách xây dựng tình huống có vấn đề trong dạy học

I. ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ
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UVVWX“Phương pháp giáo dục phổ thông phải phát huy tính tích cực, tự giác,
chủ động, sáng tạo của học sinh; phù hợp với đặc điểm của từng lớp học, môn
học; bồi dưỡng phương pháp tự học, khả năng làm việc theo nhóm; rèn luyện kỹ
năng vận dụng kiến thức vào thực tiễn; tác động đến tình cảm, đem lại niềm vui,
hứng thú học tập cho học sinh.”
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K.6
n1"8$*,o,.-18A,l(0/(
361Y#A#8#R(-".2*:
,51Y#A#8#C#8.RN5"H81"R
*6mZ8He=YE.$2*:"H\N5
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U
E8Q8N(,159((N2<
,(@(B.82*:1.5H$J6
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R(-2^SJR*(C.(b(".:/(
39(2^SJR*'81"p&6
q.*#8Y,`1"=R"`L("'(!(3.
r)2(-H8/(/((-X“Nâng cao chất
lượng học tập môn hóa học cho học sinh khối 9 trường THCS Cam Thịnh
Tây bằng cách xây dựng tình huống có vấn đề trong dạy học”
II. GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ
1. Cơ sở lý luận:
d.8E(.2B.8E18((,
$(;(3.N(:.(81=s,R,.)6>(81H
t.btd. 8X,B.8E(8"R",
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(,L/8((-/1,=RN156H\.)
/(3/12< !5(N,1(:2*(1
@"t2)B.8E(,L/8((-'H\;u
=RXR="#8(C."(81=6
?:*.415(3<$*29(.,H(#
.'(NK2B.8E(,L/8((-58(8"
R,N6
GC(-=R(,L/158(8RE
(K#A#8#,L5(/1"#A#8#(,L/8(
(-/163<,L5(N15,(-J\2
.@(#N15N(>?6
t2)=RNN15,(:./(CB.8E(,L
/8((-/1N6GC;=R15(

3<,(-J\")#21.",.:'(
u
2(:./(C15"3<(:./(C15;
(-'B.H.:'(6
152,H155ls;#8(Y8NC
1B.8E6A85la;#8(Y2
H\,.$.E2#8(C*,;6
q.*#8/8((-#A#8#)3/18,`,.)
! Q 0@*"*.4"3<"( B.@N8
#A#8#!" 2-$#,1(58/12H8
1Y#A#8#9(Z8.CY#A#8#
)3N8/1/86
gA#8#18*2;H81
1(b(@61(@184hK[/#
1,.M(9(#A#8#18"*3E2
Q1,$((81(:./'R(-"/'lPB.6
1(@18#M'>?8#A#8#
A@X.E"B."1(A( ("(3."
.2*:A( (6! Q 0J(C@*"*.4N8#A
#8#.2*:aA((.2(@(B.2*:&6
t0JA@N#A#8#,H,L5((3'B.
J2(@(B.82*:6m@*N.2*:,>?J
982*:/118QY1(@(B.
2*:6
n.2*:aA( (,5M;##A#8##3#"
3,5)#;#(:.#A#8#,(/29(.J\"1
#A#8# (18A( ((Y2(S.N1"[
#A#8#/815-$12j6t2)#A#8#
(18A( (1E.$2*:&(Y."N16
gA#8#.2*:aA( (0A@H.X>?J9

5,1Y(183Y..^(Y8(!(29(8(K
v
#@(E4;*.4,(58H#"(,(18.
2*:A( (6
1B.8EE(C.@*8#A#8#18"5(
.AE18"H(,R,9#w2B.8E)3
N4'()*ZHe=$2( B.@#A#8#
.2(@(B.2*:.2*:A( (&1(@18
EH\1( B.@N("h,#A#8#;.(/(
(@18(-6
2. Thực trạng:
a) Thuận lợi
a ",'2,`."2(-6?9(JP
2)"S(x(*(:.2:<,."#R"#8
182/@<ES(H81C[2Y/(3"o,.-/c
<2#8(C/c @16e=#A#8#nt?G1
C<#8.;HN5"H81"R)
3N351"C(4#9(3."(-
2=2.K.(,*/(39(2:5'6
a K.>?:.lE,nt?G(4#</@<B.
H8"#R"H81N"#8.RR)#N"9
o,.-1/@<".C,$(=5HN5
(,*/(3'B.2(-(@(B.2*:6
a nt?G(4#o,.-1/@<#8(-2(@(B.2*
:6tYE.$2*:*#^H\,34"H'
A"(4#(H(56t.8#=#A#8#nt?G/
B.@$H\(4#1/@<H81N>?6
b) Khó khăn
Cảm nhận chung của HS về môn hóa học
W

Cảm nhận của HS Số ý
kiến
Tỷ lệ Thứ tự
y'B.8/"Q/'(C. _v uz"zw{ U
>?(@(/'*#^"/',(- w UW"VV{ u
y*/(3A@2:"/'34 _| v|"UU{ _
Phản ánh mức độ hoạt động học tập của HS
Hoạt động học tập của HS
Thường xuyên Bình thường Ít khi
SL % SL % SL %
4  `  Q  (@"  #8  (C.  `
/(
| _w"vv UV WW"WW w UW"VV
.r(9/(,9# W _u"zw U| |W"VV v __"__
R,()# } _}"}| _w WU"|z __ uV"W}
GH8/@12:

v __"__ _W v_"}| _| v|"UU
a ~,-He=#A#8#nt?G2^*#,1>?J#(:./
/</(He=67/<,9*$(29(>?,!B.Q29(#A
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3. Các biện pháp tiến hành:
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3.1 Áp dụng dạy học đặt vấn đề và giải quyết vấn đề là một trong những
hướng đổi mới và phối hợp các phương pháp dạy học
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RA6nJ2(@(B.2*:H\##K1RR
.N"[,(:(J/(32."l(E
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3.2. Bản chất của dạy học đặt và giải quyết vấn đề
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2)=/(36
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(@(B.Z;(186
- 12Z8M3(@((18,L5(58
(82R@/(3"@83(@(21;(:2.(H9
NH)3H816
3.3. Xây dựng tình huống có vấn đề
a. Định nghĩa
(-5L11$*6n9(,5
H$L8;4`6
a?G,E.$/(..^/8B.N(18
)3;*#)52*:)#KC(@(
B.;"/B.@,[;(39(61"2*:)#,
YE.$2:,R.(b3..^(-3
(Y8(/(3"/L<"/L @1& !(29(8(#@(E2..^
S(x(#@(;(@(B.6
a?G",(2:R N1(" .*(-/(
(8(@(R(-;H/(-"B.8EN"/(C9(
=RZ835B.Q.56E.$/RR1
(ES(8(@(R59(6?G,B.,.)N1

5)3H81"( B.@6tB.(H/(K.N."
5.RH\(b1B.8E.2(@(B.82*:6
z
a?G,8(,R581N(J#9()
3" .*(-..^5(".K.(@(B...^"/'
#@(Z8((-[9ZES(H81RK
#*"2/(9(RE,L5(;/(3"#A#8#(/(3
2@(:2.(H9N#8(-6
at2)C1(?G1,8(,RJ(-
N/(J#..^/8B.N(18)3(Y8(!(
28(#@(E"*#)2.K."/@<(@(B..
.^ZES("R"H81"/B.@,[;@/(32
#A#8#(/(36
b. Các yếu tố của THCVĐ
?G~ .*(-2l(1`3(1
(bH.CN..^/8B.1(N(18)
3..^NB.1N6€.$N.N?G
,(:.(",(:.#@(;/8#8C14(-2=
J6G(:.(1?G,.';J(5H/8(B.8
35*6.("(:.(/';B.8/1J
B.8b$(29(6
t2)C..$H.N5?G"h,
(:./(-N5?G1X
•..^)3"(:.(KE6..^)
3(Y8(!(28(#@(E6G(:.(C,$(,(-(Y
8(!(28(#@(E6G(:.(C,$(,(-("1J
83(:./(-56GR,/(39(H\;/8
#81?G6
•>.K..$(/(39(6<,RN.K.
)3,5,/(515)3N]H\##K

,1K#*ES(#8(-"H81(@(B.(-2=)
3J6
w
•gP;#29(/@<N12(-#R8(:./(-N
(-2=J212(-(E(:.("L,12(-#8(-
/(39(6?G[K.8(B.Q.5"E"!(
2$/(3hN"Y(-;p&(8(*
/(39(&58*,1(6
c. Cách xây dựng THCVĐ trong dạy học hóa học
(3.,R,.)2(b1*(:.,1(?G2
(:.81, .*(-&8?G16
K..[., .*(-?G1"H.
H\#,1(881?G16
Nguyên tắc chung: n21H/'#P;#(Y/(3!N29(
.K.J1/((@(B.(-2=9(6
Q1.[."C.818?G"
h,/(C.?GA@16
- Cách thứ nhất:
C1?G/(/(3!/'#P;#/'8#
3;&29(S(x(N(-2=)#1J29((-6
‚H\ .*(-E.$/'#P;#h,E.$
,`"[&1JE.$*h,E.$(&6
C1?GQ189H.X
m9_X 8((-/(3h,(B. Z81.,(5
/,.)"5B.[p!6
m9UXG(-; C,R(-"1J.5(-
;"5/((-&..^ 1J8(D29(/,.)2;[
,("(:.H\H(6
m9uXg8(C.2*:"(E.N..^1J(@(
R(-;,6

Ví dụ 1: Tạo ra THCVĐ khi nghiên cứu tính chất hóa học của axit H
2
SO
4

đặc nóng với kim loại đồng (Cu).
_V
m9_X8((-/(3h,(B.Xƒ (8=29(/(,1(1
.$(2/R
U
6
m9UXT .*(-..^X,R(-(C.(b2:8=
N (H.„.(J29(.6*#@3 @67R1
/'#@(,
U
,…
U
6
m9uXg8(C.2*:X
U
…
v
J8=@29(/(,1(.
/R1/'#@(,
U
,…
U
6t.H/'#P;#
29((:.!(2:8=N (29(/(,1(,.†ƒ (H.„.(J
SYR*N (/'YR*E

9(†
>(@(B.2*:X>?9^ 0(:./(-N#@32H@
#rN#@3
U
…
v
8=29(.1†
G(:./(-#@3Xƒ (
U
…
v
XJ"6.,/(,1(.6
@#rX/R/'."P(/.",M(.(*B.‡Rr
x",/R…
U
6n.. ,.N..…
v
6
7,.)XG,1R*J(-N
U
…
v
J6G(:./'
..^29(R*N ((.2R*N.
U
…
v

,1!!(
Ví dụ 2:Tạo ra THCVĐ khi nghiên cứu tính chất hóa học clo tác dụng với

dung dịch NaOH
m9_X8((-/(3h,(B.X,1YR*
N#(/(
m9UXT .*(-..^X!(3.R(-,18
=29(.t…6%.t…2((#Q1,#,Q(
21E/R,1!(:.92)46(-;X.2N
/R,1(*"..l(/'.6
m9uXg8(C.2*:Xg@3N,129(.t….
.^29(R*N#(/(!/'†R(-H(†
(@(B.2*:X,1C#@329(91.1
U (,,2,…6.U ((#=8=29(t…1
__
t,"t,…296G(:.,#P;#29(R*N,12
t…!6
7,.)X,
U
#@329(.(t…1.U.$(6
- Cách thứ hai:
C1?G/(,1Y1C
51.*@1@2(-(@(B.;(-2=J6
7( .*(-E.$,1JE.$8x#@8&6
Ví dụ 1:Quá trình tạo ra tình huống lựa chọn hoặc tình huống bác bỏ công
thức cấu tạo của rượu etylic cũng gồm ba bước sau:
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Ví dụ 2:Quá trình tạo ra tình huống lựa chọn, củng cố tính chất hóa học
của oxit
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- Cách thứ ba:
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T4 .*(-E.$2)=1JE.$(H16
Ví dụ 1:Tạo ra THCVĐ khi nghiên cứu tính chất lưỡng tính của nhôm
hiđroxit
_u
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Ví dụ 2:Tạo ra THCVĐ khi nghiên cứu ứng dụng của khí clo.
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Ví dụ 3: Vì sao khi cơm bị khê người ta thường cho vào nồi cơm một mẩu
than củi?
n1N( $#R*##=*##=P(/0NA/",
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Ví dụ 4:Vì sao khi mở bình nước ngọt có ga lại có nhiều bọt khí thoát ra?
t9/'/89*~/8,/R
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6‚88H@ .*9"(P8#,,9C
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0#…
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U
,)#321
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?:Po(R.$99#,67(.$
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U

6‚1
(-51…
U
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8=/RRj"<2(-
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2'=H1E/'R(;6>?C..x(
/(#KF1G(1 (O(uvX81 (N1&6
Ví dụ 5:Vì sao không nên đổ nước vào axit sunfuric đậm đặc mà chỉ có thể
đổ axit sunfuric đậm đặc vào nước?
7( (H.„.(J#9E,)#3H\#@3 @"
l(H\x5(-,;,96ƒ (H.„.(J($K.2
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B.O(|&
Ví dụ 6:Vì sao ta không thể dập tắt đám cháy của các kim loại mạnh: K,
Na, Mg,… bằng khí CO
2
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6R=X
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Ví dụ 7:Vì sao trước khi luộc rau muống cần cho thêm một ít muối ăn
NaCl ?
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V
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V
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2RA,,.5Z9/'6((.R
R*2((6
Š#=XG,52*:*B.Q.5./'4`EH\
/'(6b,R(-/(*.<6##K1
/((-*.<1"*(1.5H$6>?C.2*
:H./(/4(Fy5H$.$(B.O(_v&

Ví dụ 9:Vì sao ở các cơ sở đóng tàu thường gắn một miếng kim loại Kẽm
Zn ở phía sau đuôi tàu?
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.(C;1Z0#6>0#,;#/(NH["
125H$.$/86G(,((C".(# 4
.29(9(C,.*(-,(H[<S"x6
GC@12-.8#=(-#8#HAZ/'1
0#N.(# 4(#29(9(C6t#R.'(."18
5N2"9/.*5!,(-(-#8#HA,N6
n1#@([*/\21.'(.6
7(H\ @B.8E<S/(,1(67\,/(,1(15
AH[<S"SH[E/'*8E6
.5(((/\<SEH\;Q1/E6
?(-2$/0A(:.H129(HeY.6
Š#=X<S/(,1(<M*)(
1:/(B.$61(,.'$[EY#A#8#
$<S/(,1(6gA#8#P‹C@12-2x.(C*
( B.@2;3=*5!(6>?C.2*:H./( 1
(FŒS/(,1(2@12-/(,1(/'<SO(U}&C1
(@(RZ(4#1(82)=/(3C(@(R(-
;1.5H$6
3.4. Câu hỏi có tính chất nêu vấn đề
F.x(.2*:O,[ R.$(PB.H
(N152(-M3?G6?(- ?G/4f
2*:;.,9(E3F.x(.2*:O
.x(.2*:,.x(2:8((" .*#8#R
A,#R>?6.x(.2*:1(hZ/RRHH.
LES(N".58Q#@(2)=Y18./8
."#@((@(R"3("/,.)6GC@,(Y.x(.2*
:"h#@(8((-/(3h"/'#@(9(F/(3

h. (O#@(('"/;#8/(329(.p
.x(.2*:/829(F.x('81O6tY.x(R
*'81~S(x(H9,(8((-&/(3h!(".K.N
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.R9N/'52(HES(N8Q6D"
!LN1 (">?~x(F1 (,E†O6
Câu hỏi nêu vấn đề phải có những đặc điểm sau:
6g@(35..^)36G(:.~;/(.
x(#@8;$(,(-1(Y(:.!(2(:.#@(E6
6g@(3#A9(@(B.2*:".j##2(E
/(.@,(.tL,#@(1(:./(-, .*(-(@."1(:.
/(-E14[*C(@(B.2*:6
6g@(#@8;(NH( /().
.^)3"/(=9(2*:6
D"H./(2:81 (">?..x(XF(H11
(/'l( (1 (1†O6.x(/829(.x(~
R*'81XF (1 (19/'†O1J (
1 (8=29(9/'†O6
3.5. Dạy HS giải quyết vấn đề
a. Tầm quan trọng của giai đoạn giải quyết vấn đề
>((1,((1(E(:.(1?G6G,
/.N."KB.K.6)#,.-1((@(B.8
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U
6
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U
6
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6
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U
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v
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4. Hiệu quả
Thống kê điểm kiểm tra lớp 9A và 9C
Số
lần
Lớp
Sỉ
số
0  2,5 điểm
3  4,5
điểm

5  7,5
điểm
8  10 điểm
SL % SL % SL % SL %
1 9A 22 ˆ ˆ U w"Vw _v }u"}v } U|"U|
2 9A 22 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ _v }u"}v z u}"u}
Số
lần
Lớp
Sỉ
số
0  2,5 điểm
3  4,5
điểm
5  7,5
điểm
8  10 điểm
SL % SL % SL % SL %
1 9C 14 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ __ |z"W| u U_"vu
2 9C 14 ˆ ˆ _ |"_v w }v"Uw v Uz"W|
8/B.@1*/(>?Z?G"!
 8;9(@(?G,1!,.-)#Q1B.E2
 .2E(C.2(9($A6n1/B.@(C/(C
N1A6t<,2)=/(32/c<C(@(B.
?GNh1A6
?)8/B.@.;!3xX
a ggnZ?G/B.@1AH129(ggn.:$"
(:.3x;( B.@N2(-He=-$8?G!:
.*6
a -$?G@@1;R9"( B.@2/@(6

e=?G1"1A5(.),;(12(-M381
U_
5)#(4##8.RR)#N"</@<
B.H8"#R"H81"9o,.-1/@<6
a *,;N/(Z#A#8#nt?G;,
1AH129(#A#8#.:$6
III. KẾT LUẬN
d.B.8EE(C.23='()*2(-He=8?G
21(@18(-,**#(6q.9(-
,<2(SN5N1B.8E,L5(/(3"
2(-He=?G1"1A5(.),;(12(-M38
15)#(4##8.RR)#N"</@
<B.H8"#R"H81"9o,.-1/@<
6?(-He=?G(4#>?;=(."S(x((
>?/'x("1l(/c<.'2:(-#6n
Z?G##K8/C12(-M(9(ggnZ1
*,;2(.2'((6
nZ?G/'~8#=1/$(,9#wSC
8#=1@/$(,9#z"w6
d.B.8E(3.21M('(5H$:H.X
a<815N1(Z8(-#8#;#
,RC,18NC15X
a9M(9(2(-/(C"8(8Z8(81Y
(C.(-N5H81N6
aG@@18(:./(-.),;(12(-M(9(#A#8#
X
•M3.58FGM(9(#A#8#O58
(-C"(@(R,1(>?(C.2`3KN8(-N
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