CÔNG NGHỆ KHÍ HÓA SINH KHỐI ĐỂ SẢN XUẤT ĐIỆN


MỤC LỤC

LỜI MỞ ĐẦU

 !"#$%&%'()*!+!, +/01234
5!67-898+:8;'01
+/0123<5!00=5>81?
: ;/ @A.%,:;B,!6;189:81/
;
C51 =#$(!D7-8+8#/!D7-1E
#F1(.!/G5/;&8@DG+!;G:8%)
%/5H!I+JKL>81!1E(!D7-
8MB/.N&#!
OOP@+J!1E
OOQ%R1!1E
OOL>81!1E(!D7-8
OO010#A(1!1E(!D7-8
OO0ST
Đối tượng, mục đích nghiên cứu.
U R.(@%R*8V?: !1E
U (>81.0W!"#$5:6X>8
*Y *+W8C.V% *G68Z
>8E%/B//
U 68 .$=8!1E
U L$(.$=7A#6.>R8!1E*Y *
+W!1E;2[\]Z

CHƯƠNG 1
TỔNG QUAN VỀ KHÍ HÓA SINH KHỐI
1.1 Tổng quan khí hóa sinh khối.

1.1.1 Năng lượng sinh khối
1E:.&TN^_B/.%-%&#Y(.>D+T
-E!X( !"#$.&?: +
1D?;/`a56+T5bc
1Ed( 7e..&#;%N?: .%fC?
: V.%f gNg:;B,AE@@%R@ *%//;
*%(9H
h3i
C?: !1E!%#/E%60*/(P8X5
(P8!+T:8ENG
hji
`%V5#.kbc
C?: !1E#;%).a595*$*l.>8*
%-5%G.%;5A>5B'.5:/;+k5AAD/.&m?: !
1E#;:k:8!X5#;1B/!
1.1.1.1 Ưu điểm năng lượng sinh khối:
UD.!6*$&+/:8;#;-*
:8
U ;/?: .W/G:5Hl!6*%(
>8*?: %+>8*1

U n%(>>8C..&BJ+NBoN: 9
+8*%(?: !1E5;/>?+8:./f:/
&
h3i
U 1E1D?;/
%p

U L(T#$-D:.:8/+V:.D.: %
+VB0-D!D*l.N

U E!1EZD%Lq
r
ABo: Lq
r
D+/1@(f
%A7-*$HR+T5!1E:; ;/0
/!1E'!"#$EY1>:.?Lq
r
 %/1
@(
hri
Un%(?: !1E:.D.!6P1TB-: 5D.
8 .75D.!=s*+JB'>:-*++
U C+T5*%(?: !1E:>: $(+J10
+.>%f
1.1.1.2 Nhược điểm năng lượng sinh khối:
+W?: ;5?: !1E2**7":^: 
D+RHT#$-D(;/?: 5>8
ZN (.%
U 8E!1Ee/>8Z!%;B$:G:"A>
F.1>1
h3i
U L>8+*)G!/+W0B!"#$:8;
U C0T*%+/!1EaRA&60.>
%f`*%V57.d-5!.;5+NT@D.%X
1c
U t8C.8+-J=?: !1E 
T*%8@D>8dZ+ D05A+-
J>F..>%f1>1
1.1.2 Ứng dụng của năng lượng sinh khối.

U Y(E5!, 5-=?5W5;/G5*!b
U 1E#;%)( (P:8:k(
-*%/7eG5.G1`%/.*8#e!e:c5+
T.%/B&*T!D7->8*[#;:8*P
%j

B0!D7-V!1E:.e/:5e/:5+B/#e!e:
h3i
ue/:
#Y:.-E>/ !"#$%/@%R!D7-
.&!E-15v/%.:#e#ew/:+B/e!e:( 
%&:x+W/ #Y0%60*/#;:8V
:8;7?+##e!e:/%d:.D.-
1D&;
U L>8*PB0-(!1E8?8
E%60*/;/GW>f58*A5E10 *
/v%5150.15!D7-8V1DB'>:-*%
h3i
y#$H>W%/B:8!1E
U 8!1E:8? *%#/@%R#Y!1E:.
:8EA:#;?: ;/8%0W!
8E8!X:W5B/.E!1E%60*515
1z158*A+8E8!Xk
h3i
%/8E
1: =#$J-
U %0W*DE.+WG19/D?: 5>
F..>%f+B0P1T(%8 %R*DR.
% ?: 05D.E&1
@.=8C.%/G:7A#6D**0V

*?: ;5%/@A.W?: ;/+
05P:%/:?: 8 ;/%V@%R
!1E
1.1.3 Khí hóa sinh khối.
:+8(P!1E.&a *1#FB,@
%R/7.&*!1E,8&/5f%/1/D4{{U<{{|L
;/%1#FB/.Lq5
r
+.&: kL
j

hpi
L@%R1
(:%60*`!"#$1>1/>7(;/%8>@*D
=k8c/0*`%J8!:d*D=VB/c
%}
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( E(;/%8/8>8*/1#A5(
;&G/!=.;G1/85/(:.:8P *
LB:/;:d*D=E*#%v5#/~#%v+%/!!#%v
hpi
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*D=!D7-.&•:81:/;1,8&1++W.&
.=&A8.>%f1(.V:/;:d*D=H>
!I%RB,.$rr
1.2 Tình hình nghiên cứu và phát triển khí hóa sinh khối.
1.2.1 Ngoài nước.
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1E+x0.2:8:W`BD33c1!1E+x*
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1E 4p
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?: V!1E!I;€53r…
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4{.8!D7-V!1E+W>!-0}{u‚†.J.
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u‚
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1.2.2 Trong nước.
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B/.!!' !"#$%&%'B,+R%ŠJ5(D.: 1(
.: %%/!D*l.1V@%R1
%3r

U‹H•:1:1.:/;+1.:/;1`
r
Lq
p
/C
r
Lq
p
c‹H
1.:/;1J./*D=%+A-*!D*l.1Z' 
=B,.&!E.=
UC1e,€4{
/
L
1.5 Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới quá trình khí hóa sinh khối.
1.5.1 Ảnh hưởng của áp suất.
Q%R17D%,*!--Ye/:8+.$
!D*l.11.X*!-1601/D3{U
3{{B%Q-*R1>9J181Q/R1>0+R

:.?*0B
1.5.2 Ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ.
C8&9@%R1R :6X%G!,9%;
%/`%;#W(..J.9%/+%(.D972c
hri
(.
D9%/%-/.@%R1,8&@/!I:.?
: /7$9@%R+!ID.8!-9@%R1
L@%R18;J/;&,*!-p{B%+8&%
3p{{
/
LtJ18+T#$:.?%!D7-1P *+
:.D.*.eef(1T: Gfd!"
#$.-7H%/@%R*D=
1.5.3 Ảnh hưởng của nguyên liệu.
L:/;:8&l./9a5.5>5BYf
*D68!-!GB&(l.C0&l.9:8@/R’
NE8+/@%RBEGl.+EGl.08&1
.d:.D.-: 1J.>81f:;*DP
=:W*:8J/ */P0&1
hri

Z:A:.?/.&G+:8l
1.5.4 Ảnh hưởng của nhựa.
%3p

.: 6!11!1E.: 1/+(;
W€“4…019a5B;5/5BYbC6(
;,#;:k/G+D,W-: 1+W.=&1
C8!961/`Wp3j{{1•†1c5+R+T0o.,#;GR

-: 1?:J
h3i
C6,#;:k`#/&l.:8/J/:W*:8P
=1> *:^c:.10#:W*:85D%,!6:>1+
!6:>#d:8C06%%f#x1/,+%
+%f#x!IA)+%%f#x(1)*$J
1BE%+T(1WG!"#$/1s=5f*D#Y
0BB8(%1k1!1E`X:0B:.!;1c
1.5.5 Ảnh hưởng của tro.
.: 1/%/:8!@%RE//!IR
,#;%) X:%/
h3i
%/ %%/@%R1 
(7E*#W9:dR8&;A1/8&%/(
?:C0&D9%/72-*5!I10D72:WD%,@
%R1+(AB1.&*0:d18 
10D727D%5!IT*%+/N+YB#10725_:!6
*ABEA1!IT*%+/+Y510@D:./
A1+ @.=BRf5+.: Lq
r
+C
r
91!I?
:u10@%R0*#F:A;+%58&A!I?
B,8k%#/*D=k8:./%/720*$B#10
:;#xW!6):d:.V@%R1+:.-: 1D.
7E.%X
(%!610#%/725f*D1*f*8+#YB8
**!(7":^
U Y/d*D72

U Y/WB/@A:d(E!610#%/72+/
:d
U Y@(*D%/72;/
%3j

C0*D1:/;:8#F5f(#Y*G**
D72#;:k(%8 %
1.5.6 Ảnh hưởng của kích thước hạt sinh khối.
W:8!1E+%d1(%/@%R1
B0%o01W;kRP#80*7H9;+W
A1?:#/&/;?:5E&*D=%/@%R
1?01W;@k!I#FA):d:.D%,
@%R1
R+T5+8X1W *:^(/@%R17D%T: 
Z^_@07":^:8+/Bo@%Rs*
+:8
%3}
C:8!1E
‹":^:8!1E
CG
B
u*8
C$
8?

CHƯƠNG 2
CÔNG NGHỆ PHÁT ĐIỆN SỬ DỤNG NĂNG LƯỢNG
KHÍ HÓA - SINH KHỐI
2.1 Cơ sở công nghệ.
[2]

L/051J1„T(!1E8?
L>8*PB0-B/.E%60*/;/GW>
f`#%eUv%e#/%/+e/:!e.**%/c5E10 */Uv%51
`!1E!v/c50.1`e%/B#e!/cb
2.1.1 Công nghệ đốt trực tiếp và lò hơi (Direct-fired, Conventional Steam
Boiler).
S>8!"#:8!1Ee.E%60*;/8?
C8;/%f !"#$(-?5!, ,+Y1T:;5/
%d;/GW!"#$/;B1*
A:r*G**;/8V!1E%-*PB0+ +T#$,
0.8?: !1ELDr#;8EJE
%60*:8!X`B/ee%Uvee#!/1c(;/GW
#Y@%B.*8*G** *AB8,-%H
B%/BE/:d;8EE%60*5!1E 
(+/VBE+1>1 -*;B8:d%/1
5,*G**:dG>f51 (+/:dV*B%
!1E+x D7E*#W:dL8EE%60*
%JE:8E*:e`!"#$:dE!/U~/U.Be%/.B!/
.Be%c/:dG!/1e%! (@%Be+@
%Be5+T%//%.*8
 !"#$(E%60*5!1E*D 1>5).D
+$5+s*B`dX:B%@ec
%3ƒ

Rr3UQ%R9>8E%60*+:dG
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u&1@%RlB /-5!1E +/:d†:d
G(;/8†GWC8;/%V@%R5/+8-*/
%B.*85d( !"#$(J8.+>
%R7A#615=:(1E8!-C.#;d

 X:.: *8U?: `L/.Be#en/~e%]Lnc5
=:T#$:x8+GW(1EJ.??: 
 ;/%5%:'*?: 
2.1.2 Phương pháp đốt liên kết – đồng đốt Cofiring.
E:10510 *!1EE:18.1#6
%G!,!"#$ *E-!1E+/8E?: #6%
:8;
%/@%RE:105!1E %&.&*+/:8/
.>f%/@%R5!1E(0.•:83…
%3€
C:8
J9*A
9*A
L-+BG
S.e
QD:^-D
D7-8
[/e/:
8?

U3}…P?: 9.1EZ E%60*%/
:d5G6nG**E:10.&: 010G
E%”%5#/1*902:(%B.&:dE:10.W
/A-*:dE8;%/.88;Bo5=:
*-*GJ!/+W7A#6.&.8!1E
S 9>8E/v%•1E
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U D.>F..>%f#/D.: 1DLq
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5q

7
+Cq
7
U e.:;8@D10#/:8!1E%ŠG
U L>8/*s*!"#$J:81
.&0B!•5Z(!"#$:8!1E.W
.1>*DP#AJ0B5#/+T018.*
0100;/0B*8
%o*G**E:101>: 0RG+J..>%f
!/+W*G**gH!Xg1`+ED.•:81D&;
7E0{*G**0.15:.e51>:-*
`:#v::!c5:;.1D%-:W+RN: %C
15*G**E:10( 7e.:.&:6X8+f/+8
Hl0W!"#$%&%'?: /nG**E:
108 H^@A.B8;@Eu;5
S+/–
2.1.3 Tiêu hóa yếm khí (Anaerobic Digestion).
A:@%R!X%/+T-N +!+T%/.>
%f1>/7*A9;/%1.ee.ee!1
(!"#$(;/%?: 
C:8:-D!X*ANG+-D%)>
5-D +*A9B,+!+T@%R*A95
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@B&*T0*T
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LG!,9@%R!

U /;J9*A:@%R!X%/1.ee 
!%V!6*A9+T-NG9+!+T%/.>
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;/%?: Q%R0.1Z!"#$-D
!X*ANG+-D%)>nA/-D
 +*A9B,+!+T+WQ%RD%
1.+ #x+/.&0B=151.ee
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U t.=&*A"59*A(-"Gf+
./#Q%R:.e+T-!%#-Bs/#F
BGL#-Bs/!;/#%/e5Lq
r
5+ee
%/@%R•#/ee!!LEY5@%R.e/ee!!!D
7-1!X5a *.1.ee5Lq
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+-+
: 
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U 6!%,9+!+T+!D7-1!X:%-T.,8
&BRfQ%R*A90.1f7D%.&6
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1+60.19B'>:-*C?!-9@%R*$
&+/*+1D?J*A9 9
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+!+T5J18!%,9H+8&9@
%R:.e
L+!+T*A90.1 B%%f+W1;

%5H #Y%/%%;.#Y,@.>k8!"#$
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H*+/1>15:.?11+A%!G.Y
2.1.4 Khí hóa sinh khối.
S@%RE:8!1E%/.>%f0>7
(!D!%-1#FB/.L%B/.//7#e`Lqc5#%/`
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ca  *   X : a  *1 
`*%/#e%!U!1c
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 *`!c(-*/%Be1–: */
1„T(P1.8;Bo
L/05@%R1+x =#$%&%/60.
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1E!1E,.&.>%f.;!1E%)*A9
(1#FQ%RT: G!/+W+8E%60*
!X( :.!;+:X(*A:/;+ *-
X(;D*l.1( #Y,.*88!-
/: *%Be1+G(!D7-8?8!-9N8
E#;(:0ƒ{…
%r{

RrpU8E1!1E
2.2 Quá trình khí hóa sinh khối sản xuất điện.
Q%R(P1!1E1#F.:^,=-
D?: B8#8%/!1E%/6058!-

(P15Vƒ{…0<{…:; L@%R1(
:%60*/0*( E(;/%8/>
%r3

8*//1#A5(;&G/0BG1!D7-
85/(:.:8P *
Q%R!D7-1!V:8!1E,8&%3{{{
/
L%/
J188*A0/7D*l.9@%RE//
=C
r
5
r
q5Lq
r
5
r
5168@%R1!I;/%1!
#FB):"*.L%B/.//7#e`Lqc5#%/e`
r
c5.&: k
1uee`L
j
c+B$5)LB1(:d1*PB0
hji
U Œ*#%v
U /~#%v
U L%/!!#%v
@%R1!1E+x*D%D@j/;@8+W


hri
U uJ
U uJ*D=
U uJ8*A
U uJ!-1>.
2.2.1 Kiểu lò phản ứng Updraft.
>1 V*#W:d+1;/%,*%2:d%/
1:8:;0*$7E :;+W#d1;/%1/D1>
%/:d
—(.
U GD5
U 8!-/
U  *+WJ:/;+T:8
U %/.&G+*#%v5!1E ,*%9:d*D=
+1>1 BG.+/#WY9:W*8@D91
*#%v1/D4{U<{…8@D9%/P8 #dN
-1BE:/+-%)D.5:/;)!D7-
B,1*#%v/-%o1*D :.:;%W1
( !"#$%/&GE%/
C (.
U %/@%R8*A-5)5:/;# !%+%,
.&*91!
U ;0D,%-:W0+8=#$91*#%v
%rr

RrjU!1E*#%v
2.2.2 Kiểu lò ghi Downdraft.
%rp


>1 +/V+Y/7`Ec1! :V*
#W5#/:8+1>1YJ%f7E7+
N*6*D7@:W*+R0 (
Lq5Lq
r
5
r
5L
j

—(.%-!;
C (.:;0%3!E:/;:8+!/+WŒ*#%vR8!-
!-*
R+T5%//;&605G+*#%v !"#$/=#$
8%60*%/1#/~#%v !"#$//;&GE%/
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C:8
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u*8
D%/
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>1
8?
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2.2.3 Kiểu lò ghi Crossdraft.

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2.3 Quy trình khí hóa sinh khối sản xuất điện công suất nhỏ.
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