Những từ cái khác nhau trong tiếng Việt

NHUNG
TU CAIKHAC
NHAU
TRONG TIENG
VIET
THS.NGUYEN
THI
THU HUONG
Bg mdn
Ngdn
ngu"
Van hod Viet Nam
''Cdi
ed ma di an dem "
"Cdi
ed, cdi vac, cdi ndng "
" Cdi tdm, cdi tep di dua ba
edng "
''Cdi
ngu may ngu cho ngoan "
" De quen cdi ao tren
canh
boa sen "
"Cdi net danh che't cdi dep"
"Nay anh di dudng cdi quan "
"Chem cha
cdi kiep lay chdng
chung "
Cac cau
tho,
ca dao, tuc ngfl, ddng dao tren ed mot diem gidng

nhau la trong mdi cau xuat hien it nhat mot tfl cdi. Tuy nhien tat ca
nhflng tfl cdi dd ed gidng nhau ve
nghia,
ve vi tri, kha nang ket hgp,
each su dung, tfl
loai
kbdng? Hoa ra tfl cai tfl cdi ra't quen thudc, ed
phan binh di sudng sa, cd tan so xuat hien kha cao trong ddi sdng giao
tie'p,
su dung ngdn ngfl bang ngay cua ngudi Viet Nam
lai
hoan toan
kbdng don gian. Bai vie't nay dat va'n de khao sat cac
nghIa,
cac each
dung
khae
nhau cua tfl cdi, tfl dd xe'p chung vao cac nhdm ed quan he
vdi nhau ve
ngbia
hoac ve am.
1.
TCr
cai trong tie'ng Viet co c6 nghTa la "me"
- Hau bet cac con sdng
Idn
d Viet Nam xa xua deu duge mang
ten "sdng Cdi" - cd
nghIa
la sdng Me.

- Tfl cdi trong tudc bieu cua Phung Hung "Bo cdi Dgi vuang" ed
nghia
"vua
Idn
cha
me".
- Tfl cdi vdi
ngbIa
me van edn tdn tai trong mot sd cau ca
dao.
490
thanh ngfl ngay nay nhu: " ndng ve nudi cdi edng con"/ "Con dgi
cdi mang"
- Tfl cdi trong
"Cdi
ed md di an
dim"I
"Cdi cd
Idn Idi
bd
sdng" chinh la mang y
ngbIa
nay: ed me.
2.
TCr
cai la mot thanh to cau tao tCr
Tfl cdi mat
ngbIa
cua minh khi trd thanh mot thanh to tham gia
ca'u tao tfl ghep ddi "con cdi" vdi y

nghIa
khai quat cua ca tfl la eon,
ede eon (do bd me sinh ra) ndi chung, ngay ca khi tfl nay dugc
tach
ra
dung vdi y
ngbIa
bieu cam "con vdi ehd
cdi".
3.
TCr
cai
chi
gidi
Tfl cdi ket hgp vdi ten rieng cua ngudi de chi gidi nfl: cdi Hong,
cdi Sen Thong
thudng
dugc dung vdi y
ngbIa
ngdi ba sd it trong giao
tie'p than mat, sudng sa: "Bdo cdi Hong ggi diin cho
td" ;
dac biet
con dung dugc nhu ngdi bai: "Cdi Lan
Igi
day me bdo "
Ggi mot ngudi thudc gidi nfl (kbdng phan biet tudi tac) la cdi cd
le
nham chi kha nang va thien cbflc lam me trdi ban.
4.

TCr
cai
CO
y nghTa phai sinh
chi gidng
- giong cai
Tfl cdi di sau danh tfl ten ggi ddng vat chi gidng cai trong ddi lap
vdi gidng
due:
bd cdi
I
vit cdi
I
ed cdi Nhflng
kd't
hgp
Ignl
trdu -t- ndi,
gdl
chim+ mdi cd le la
each
dgc bie'n
am
cua tfl cdi nay.
- Tfl cdi con ke't hgp ca vdi danh tfl ten ggi
thue
vat: hoa cdi (ddi
lap vdi boa due), du du cdi (ddi lap vdi du du due) Thue ra gidng
trong gidi tu nhien la mot
pham

trfl ban chat cua ddng vat (va ngudi)
chfl kbdng phai cua thue vat. Tuy nhien cd mot sd loai thue vat sinh
san bang con dudng thu phan hoa,
tfle
la tuong tu nhu
ludng
pbdi d
ddng vat. Cd le chinh vi vay ma dugc ggi mot each
^n
du bang cac tfl
chi
gidng ddng vat due - cdi. Trudng hgp du du duel du du cdi thi cd
chut khac biet:
cay
du du cai hoan toan cd kha nang tu sinh san (no cd
ca bai loai hoa due va cai tren minh) ddi lap vdi cay du du
due
kbdng
cd kha nang sinh san, du la gian tiep tham gia vao qua trinb sinh san
nhu gidng
due
cua ddng vat hay cua hoa.
491
5.
TCr
cai vdi y nghTa vat lieu
chii
Tfl cdi trong cdi bia, cdi bSng, cdi
gid'm,
cdi me mang net

nghIa
phai sinh da rat xa so vdi y
nghIa
chi gidng nhung kbdng phai la
kbdng the nban ra. Cdi a day la vat lieu chu tao ra su
len
men trong
qua trinb san xuat mot
cha't
nao dd. Dem so sanh thi cai vat lieu chu
dd eung kbdng khac ma'y eon gidng trong qua trinb sinh san cua ddng
vat. Dd chinh la co sd de tao net
nghIa
nay. Tuy nhien cung cd the dat
ra su tranh chap ve
ngbIa
gde phat sinh la
nghIa
6 sau.
6.
TCr
cai
CO
nghTa Idn, chu, chinh, quan trong
Tfl
ngbIa
"me" ed, tfl cdi edn phai sinh them cac net
nghia
Idn,
chu, chinh, quan trgng khi dung sau mot so danh tfl: nhd cdi (vai chu

trong dam bac), thg cdi (ed tai lieu cho la nham vdi tbg ca); chu cdi,
sdng cdi, dudng cdi, may cdi,
trd'ng
cdi, dua cdi, cot cdi, ngdn cdi
7.
Cai la phan dac trong mdn an
Tfl cdi dugc ngudi Viet dung de chi phan dac trong nhflng mdn an
dugc che' bie'n
theo
kieu bdn hgp dac -
Idng
cua minh: an ed nude
Idn
cdi. Cdi trong dd an nay
cbde chan
la phan chinh, phan quan trgng hon
bdi:
khdn an cdi, dgi an nude.
8.
TCr
cai la danh
tCr
loai the
- Tfl cdi la danh tfl loai the trong ke't hgp
"cdi +
danh tfl dd vat/
vat the": cdi bdn, cdi ghi', cdi edy, cdi thuyin Sang de'n net
nghIa
nay thi kbdng edn nban
thay

mdi lien he ve
nghIa
vdi cac tfl cdi d tren.
- Vdi y
ngbIa
chi dd vat tren, tfl cdi dugc dung dgc lap, dai dien
ludn
cho ca danh tfl (da biet hoac
chua
biet) trong cau true "Danh tfl
loai the
-i-
danh tfl su vat" (day chinh la minh chflng cho y
nghIa
tfl
thue edn lai trong tfl "cai" loai the):
-I-
cdi + tfl chi dinb nay, ng, kia, a'y, dd: cdi
(ed'c)
ndy, cdi (bdt) kia
-I-
bao nhieu cai? (bdi sd
lugng
dd vat).
+ cdi (dd vat) nay la cdi gi? (xac dinb loai dd vat).
9.
TCr
cai bieu thj y nghTa khai quat noi dung
sir
viec

Tfl cdi kbdng edn y
ngbIa
chi loai dd vat ma
chuyen
sang y
nghia
khai quat ndi dung su viec trong cac each dung sau:
492
"
cdi ndy khdng
dUdc,
cdi kia khdng xong thi
Idm
thi'ndo!
-
A:
Hoa ail Td bdo cdi ndy!
Hoa: Cdi gi? Bdo cdi gi?
10.
TCr
cai ket hdp vdi mot so
tCr chi
dong vat
Tfl cdi con dac biet ke't hgp dugc vdi mdt sd tfl chi ddng vat nhu:
cdi tdm, cdi tip, cdi kii'n, cdi cd, cdi vge, cdi ong, cdi ve (trong cac
cau
ca dao, tho cd) (phan biet vdi cdi cd = ed me).
Thfl
ly
giai trudng hgp nay thi thay:

- Mdt la: cdi chi dung vdi nhflng ddng vat ra't be nhd. Cd le trong
tam ly ngudi Viet Nam be nhd vao loai nhat trong hang ddng vat nhu
tdm,
tip, kii'n thi khdng cd gi dang ke. Da the' lai la nhflng ddng vat
it
tlnb
each ddng vat nhat, vd tri vd giae trong mdi quan be vdi eon
ngudi,
nen
bi con ngudi chuyen
logi,
dflng an du nhu dd vat.
- Hai la dugc dung de gieu cgt, dua vui
nen
mdi Cdi cd,
cdi
vge,
cdi ndng/ Ba eon edng bio vat
Idng
eon ndo. (Thue ra trong sd cac DT
loai the tfl eon cung ed hien tugng chuyen loai nhu tren, dac biet trong
mdi quan he vdi tfl cdi).
11.
Tit cai
chi
hanh dong ddn le, qua trinh ngan
Tfl cdi edn dugc dung de nha'n manh mdt hanh ddng don le hay
mdt qua trinb ngan ngui nao dd, thudng dung trong
khau
ngfl: Dd'm

cho mdt cdi (bdy gid)/ Ngd mdt cdi (md rdeh cd quan); Nghi cdi da/
hge cdi da/
chai
cdi
dd/
lodng
cdi
(ddbii'n
ddu)
12.
TCr
cai
chi
xuat
Tfl cdi hu boa thanh tfl chi xua't su vat ed tac dung nban manh, trd
dich danh su vat can dien dat va mang y
ngbIa
tinh thai. Vi tri cua tfl
cai la vi tri d2 trong md hinh danh ngfl (d3 - d2 -
dl
- D - d4 - d5). Cd
cac kha nang ke't hgp sau:
- cdi
-I-
DT
-I-
tfl chi dinb ndy, ng, kia, ay, do: cdi ngdy ay/ cdi y
nghi
do/cdi
anh ndy/ cdi chuyen kia

- cdi
-i-DT
loai the
-i-
DT trung tam
-f-
tfl chi dinb: cdi con meo ndy/
cdc em sinh vien ay/ cdi bde anh kia
493
Tfl cdi chi xuat cd the ket hgp vdi tat ca cac DT loai the
chi
trfl
chinh tfl cdi. Mdt tfl kem DT chi loai cdi mud'n dugc nha'n manh bang
tfl chi xuat cdi phai thay DT chi loai neu cd the: cdi
chii'c
bdn ndy (tuy
nhien hau nhu kbdng gap), hoac chap nban dflng don gian: cdi bdn
ndy vdi ngfl dieu nban manh khi ndi. Trong tie'ng Viet khdng cd ke't
hgp "Cdi cdi " bdi theo nguyen tac loai trfl trong ngdn ngfl, hai tfl
ddng am it khi dflng canh nhau, hon nfla neu dat va'n de xet de'n ngudn
gde thi ed le chung la mdt.
- cdi
-I-
DT chat the (khdng can DT chi loai di kem): cdi thip ndy
(thi'
md
tot)/ cdi dd't ndy
(thi'md
Idnh)/
cdi vdi ndy (trong

thi'md lin
do duge day)
- cai
-t-
DT (khdng can dinb ngfl) la each dung trong
kh^u
ngfl
theo each ndi
Iflng):
cdi anh / cdi thdng /edi eon
nhd
- cai +DT rieng (rat it gap): cdi thdng Tien (thi'md khd).
Khao sat tat ca cac trudng hgp dflng tfl cdi chi xuat ndi tren, ta ed
the nban tha'y tuy ban than tfl kbdng mang ndi dung tieu cue, va trong
sfl dung khdng phai
Ifle
nao cung dugc dflng vdi y
nghIa
tieu cue,
nhung do cd tac dung nban manh va cd y
nghIa
tinh thai lam rd thai
do ngudi ndi
nen
ne'u dflng kbdng dung se lam cau ndi trd nen nang
ne,
lam dung se dua de'n nhflng
sde
thai tinh cam kbdng tdt. Hon nfla
cac tfl cdi tfl 9-12 mang cac sac thai khau ngfl than mat, sudng sa nen

rat ban che' dflng trong cac hoan canh giao tiep chinh
tbfle,
gifla cac
vai giao tiep dugc xac dinb bdi cac mdi quan he xa bdi, hay trong cac
van ban vie't.
13.
TCr
cai cau tao tCr
Cdi la yen td md
nghla
chuyen dflng de cau tao tfl (ggi la tfl ghep chap):
- cdi 4- DT = (cum) DT (cd y nghla khai quat): cdi tudi dudi cdi
xudn
(tan sd xuat hien it va khd phan biet vdi tfl cdi chi xua't: cdi sd,
cdi
kii'p).
- cdi + ddng tfl = (cum) danh tfl: cdi an, cdi mac, cdi eudi, cdi khdc,
cdi
ngheo,
cdi duyin/ cdi khd bd cdi khdn/ cdi ni't ddnh chit cdi dep
- cdi + tinh tfl kep = DT: cdi tdng ban, cdi ngheo hen, cdi may
rui, cdi duyin ddng, cdi tot dep
494
Khao sat tfl cdi cho thay cd tdi mudi ba trudng hgp dung khac
nhau cua tfl nay. Qua phan
tlch
tren, bude dau cd the hinh thanh so dd
quan he nghla va
am
cua cac tfl cdi nhu sau:

6
K
M
2
SDl:
Td cdi 1 (td gde) da ngliia.
—•
Bieu thi quan hi phai sinh
0
SD2:
Tdcdi 8
(td gde) da
nghTa
—•
Bieu thi quan hi phai sinh
495
0 000
SD3:
Quan
lie
ddng dm
Cac so dd tren dugc hinh thanh tren ca sd phan tich nghla
nen
cung ed phan nao tuong ddi, tuy nhien viec nban bie't dugc cac nghla
va cac each dung khac nhau cua nhflng tfl cdi giup cho ngudi sfl dung
tie'ng Viet cd kha nang dung tfl chinh xac, hgp canh, san sinh ra nhflng
don vi giao tiep phong phu va thu vi, dac biet bieu duge tfl cdi la mdt
tfl cd ngudn gde
licb
sfl - gan vdi van boa Viet Nam.

Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Nguyen Tai Can, Mot sd
chiing
tieh vi ngdn ngu, van tu, van
/?ofl,
Nxb. DHQGHN, 2001.
2.
Nguyen Thien Giap, Ddn ludn ngdn ngu hge, Nxb. Giao due.
3.
Nguyen Thi Thu Huong, Thim mot ngu lieu chdng minh cho
tinh "trgng me " cua van hod Viet Nam, Ky yen bdi nghi khoa
bgc nfl DHQGHN, 2004.
4.
Tran Nggc Them, Tim vi
bdn
sac
van
hod Viet Nam, Nxb. TPHCM,
1996.
5.
Td dien Tii'ng Viet, Vien Ngdn ngfl bgc,
2003.
496