Phát huy tính tự chủ của người học thông qua các hoạt động phản hồi bài viết

PHAT
HUY TINH TLJ CHU
CUA
NGUOI
HOC
TH(!)NG
QUA CAC HOAT
DONG
PHAN HOI
BAI
VIET
NGUYEN MAI HOA
Hoc vien Khoa San Dai hoc - DHNN
Dat van de
Trong tbdi gian qua, ddi mdi
phuong
phap giang day la mot trong
nhflng ndi dung quan trgng trong qua trinh nang cao chat
lugng
giao
due.
Dae biet trong viec giang day cac mdn thuc hanh tieng, trgng tam
cua ddi mdi phuong phap giang day la
nbam
nang cao vai trd va tinh
chii
dgng
ticb cue ciia
ngudi hgc. Day la mot trong nhflng trgng tam
ddi hoi ngudi giao vien phai thiet
kc'

cac boat dgng tao dieu kien
cho
sinh vien cd the phat buy dugc tinh ticb
cue
cua minh.
Theo
Harmer
(2004) phat buy tinh tu
chu
cua ngudi hgc se tao dugc nhflng tien bd
thuc su.
Viet la mot boat dgng san sinh ngdn ngfl, ddi hoi ngudi hgc can cd
mot trinh do ngdn ngfl va tu duy nbat dinb. Viec phat trien tinh ticb
cue
cua sinh vien ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec nang cao kha
nang ngdn ngfl va tu duy. Tuy
nbien,
van de nay
chua
dugc chu y tdi
trong cac boat dgng
phan
hdi bai viet cua sinh vien. Tren thuc te'
dudng nhu cac gid hgc viet trgng tam vao san
pham
viet cua sinh vien
va viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien la cdng viec giao vien. Ngudi
giao vien
danh
nhieu tbdi gian va cdng sflc phan hdi cac bai vie't cua

sinh vien va sinh vien cbd dgi va tie'p nhan su phan hdi cua giao
vien
mot cac
thu
dgng. Tuy nbien, viec phan hdi nhu vay cung kbdng mang
lai
bieu qua nhu mong dgi. Sinh vien
van
lap
lai
nhflng
Idi
minh da
dugc sua.
Chinb tfl thuc te do chung tdi
nghl
rang can phai cd mot each tiep
430
can nao do de phat buy tinh tu chu cua sinh vien trong viec phan hdi
thi viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien kbdng nhflng se giup cac em
chfla
Idi
ma con dem lai dgng
luc
viet va nang cao ky nang viet, va
hon ca la ky nang ngdn ngfl. Do vay, trong pham vi bai viet nay chung
tdi xin gidi thieu mot sd boat dgng phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien
nbam phat trien
tinh
tu chu cua sinh vien.

Quan niem va vai trd cua phan hdi
Penny Ur (1996) cho rang phan hdi la qua trinh truyen tai thong
tin cua ngudi phan hdi den ngudi hgc ve viec hoan thanh mot nhiem
vu hgc tap nao do. Nhu vay, viec phan hdi bao gdm nhflng tbdng tin
danh gia ve ket qua cua viec thuc hien nhiem vu dd va viec chfla
Idi
cua ngudi hgc. Viec danh gia ket qua cua ngudi hgc cd the chi cho
ngudi hgc bie't viec ngudi ay thuc hien nhiem vu hgc tap tdt bay chua
td't, cd gia tri nhu the nao. Trong khi dd, viec chfla
Idi
giup ngudi hgc
cd the thuc hien nhiem vu dd td't ban. Ndi
each
khac, viec chfla
Idi
trong qua trinh phan hdi nbam muc
dich
tao
nen
su tie'n bd trong hgc
tap cua ngudi hgc.
Nhu vay, ve
co
ban, phan hdi bai viet cua ngudi hgc la danh gia
bai viet cua ngudi hgc, chi cho ngudi hgc biet bai viet cua hg da dat va
chua dat dugc nhflng dieu gi va quan trgng ban la hg can phai lam gi
de viet td't ban. Phan hdi bao gdm bai ndi dung chinb la nhflng tbdng
tin danh gia bai viet va tbdng tin giup ngudi hgc viet tdt ban. Nhu vay,
phan hdi ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec danh gia va nang cao kha
nang ngdn ngfl. Ben

canh
dd, phan hdi cd bieu qua con cd tac dung
khuyen khich va thuc day qua trinh hgc tap.
Tuy nbien, neu chung ta nbin nhan viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh
vien chi don thuan la mot boat ddng giang day ngdn ngfl va ky nang
ngdn ngfl do ngudi giao vien dam nhiem thi chua phat buy dugc vai
trd cua ngudi hgc. Ngudi giao vien mdi chi dflng lai d mflc do truyen
tai tbdng tin den ngudi hgc va ngudi hgc ddng vai trd thu ddng trong
qua trinh nay va chua phat buy dugc tinh tu chu.
Quan niem va vai trd cua tinh
ti/chu
cua ngudi
hgc
Khai niem ve tinh tu
chii
cua ngudi hgc da dugc de cap den nhieu
trong nhflng nam qua va trd thanh de tai gay nhieu chu y trong qua
431
trinh day va hgc ngoai ngfl. Cd
nbidu
y kien khac
nhau
ve tinh tu chu.
Cd y kie'n cho
ring
tinh tu chu ddng nbat vdi kha nang tu hgc. Trong
khi,
mot sd ngudi khac lai cho rang tu chu trong lap hgc cd
ngbia
la

ngudi day trao bet quyen cho ngudi hgc va trd thanh mot bd phan du
thfla trong qua trinh hgc. Trong mot mflc do nao dd, tinh tu chu va tu
hgc cd mdi quan he tuang hd vdi nhau. Tuy nbien, quan niem cho rang
tu
chii
tflc la ngudi hgc cd the tu hgc vin cdn nhieu ban che, dac biet
trong dieu kien hgc tap d Viet Nam,
noi
ma qua trinh hgc
phu
thudc
rat nhieu vao ngudi day. Do vay, chung ta can nbin nhan khai niem
nay mot each tdng the hon de' tranh cd nhflng nbin nhan chua chinb
xac va gdp phan ddi mdi phuong phap giang day, nang cao chat lugng
giao
due
mot each bieu qua.
Chung tdi ddng y vdi quan diem cua Houghton, Long and Fanning
(1998) cho rang tinh tu chu kbdng chi la tiem nang thuc su ma cdn la
kha nang dam nhiem qua trinh hgc tap cua ngudi hgc. Qua trinh dd
bao gdm viec tu quyet dinb hanh ddng cua minh, tu hoan thanh nhiem
vu hgc tap cua minh va tu danh gia. Phat buy tinh chu ddng cua ngdi
hgc se lam cho qua trinh hgc trd nen cd muc dich va bieu qua ban do
chinb ngudi hgc tu nhan thuc danh gia va chu ddng tim tdi nhflng
phuong phap de nang cao hieu qua hgc tap cua minh. Tuy nbien day
khdng phai la mot qua trinh tu do nen phai cd
sir
hudng
din
va to

cbfle
ciia
ngudi giao vien. Nhu Hurd (1998) cho
ring
"chung ta khdng the
cho
ring
tat ca hgc sinh deu san sang va cd the hgc mot each thuc
sir".
Chinh vi vay, ngudi
thiy
cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec tao dieu kien
va
CO
hdi cho ngudi hgc nang cao kha nang dd. Ngudi hgc phai dugc
hudng
din
lam the nao de tu nang cao bieu qua hgc tap cua minh, tu
danh gia va tu thuc hien nhflng thay ddi can thie't trong qua trinh hgc
cua rieng minh.
Tom lai, viec phat buy tinh tu chu cua ngudi hgc ddng vai trd
quan trgng trong viec ap dung phuong phap giang day lay ngudi hgc
lam trung tam, dac biet trong cac gid day vie't va viec phan hdi bai viet
ciia
sinh vien. Tuy nbien van de dat ra la phat trien tinh tu chu cua
ngudi hgc nhu the nao. Do vay trong pham vi bai viet nay chung tdi
ggi y mot sd cac boat ddng
nhim
nang cao tinh chu ddng ticb cue cua
ngudi hgc tbdng qua viec phan hdi bai vie't.

432
Hoat
dgng phan
hdi bai
viet
Dudng nhu tfl trudc de'n nay, viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien
la cdng viec cua giao vien. Dieu nay lam cho giao vien gap rat nhieu
khd khan va nhieu trudng hgp sau khi phan hdi sinh vien cung khdng
tie'n bd dugc nhieu. Do vay nang cao vai trd cua sinh vien trong viec tu
danh gia va tu sua bai viet cua minh se tao ra nhflng tie'n bd thuc
sir,
tao dieu kien cho sinh vien phai chu ddng trong qua trinh hgc tap cua
minh. De giup sinh vien phat buy tinh ticb cue va chu ddng, ngudi
giao vien cd the tie'n hanh cac boat ddng phan hdi bai bie't nhu sau:
Chua
Idi
cho nhau - Peer correction activities
Theo Dornyei (2001), Penny Ur (1995), Harmer (2004), viec tao
CO
hdi cho ngudi hgc cung
chia
se trach nhiem trong viec lap
ke'
hoach
va td cbfle nhflng boat ddng day va hgc se lam cho ngudi hgc tham gia
mot each chu ddng vao boat ddng hgc va nhu vay hg se hgc tdt ban.
Viec td
chu'c
phan hdi bai viet theo cap va theo nhdm cung kbdng
nim

ngoai y tudng dd.
Chfla
Idi
theo cap - Pair work correction activities: Sau khi sinh
vien viet bai, giao vien
yeu
cau sinh vien chfla
Idi
cua nhau. Giao vien
luu
y sinh vien mot sd tieu chi danh gia bai vie't cua ngudi khac. Vi du
nhu khi chfla bai khdng chi quan tam tdi
Idi
ngfl phap, cau
true
cau,
ma cdn nen xem bd cue, cac y cd
sip
xep
Idgic
kbdng v.v va v.v
Sau khi da dgc bai cua ban va neu nhflng danh gia cua minh, giao vien
gianh mot it tbdi gian de sinh vien vie't bai va sinh vien chfla bai, trao
ddi vdi nhau. Trong cac boat ddng nay ngudi giao vien ddng vai trd
nhu mot ngudi trg giup trong qua trinh hgc cua sinh vien. Muc dich
cua boat ddng nay
nhIm
nang cao y thflc lam viec chia se, kha nang
danh gia va tu phan ticb van de cua sinh vien. Sinh vien lam chu qua
trinh phan hdi bai vie't cua ban va tu lam chu qua trinh tu sfla

Idi
cho
minh. Ben canh dd, de giup viec phan hdi bai viet cd bieu qua, ngudi
giao vien cd the dua ra
mlu
danh gia bai viet cho sinh vien, giup sinh
vien cd nhflng dinh hudng cu the trong viec phan hdi bai viet cua
nhau. (Xem mlu danh gia)
Chua
Idi
theo nhdm - Group correction activities
Giao vien
yeu
cau hgc sinh viet doan theo nhdm rdi trao ddi vdi
nhdm khac. Giao vien cd the bien boat ddng nay thanh mot writing
433
game. Gilo vien ra mot topic va
yeu
cau cac nhdm viet doan van ve de
tai dd trong khoang mot tbdi gian nbat dinb. Sau dd bai
cua-cac
nhdm
se dugc mot nhdm "trgng tai" sinh vien khac danh gia. Nhdm trgng tai
se
thio luan
vdi nhau de quyet dinb bai vie't nao se dugc danh gia cao
nbat. Nhdm trgng tai cung
phli
dua ra nhflng luan diem cu the khi
danh gia doan van cua

cic
nhdm khac.
Chua
Idi
cho cd
Idp
- Whole class correction activities
Sau khi
yeu clu
hgc sinh viet bai,
gilo
vien cd the' ggi mot hoac
bai hgc sinh
len
bang viet bai cua minh de' ca
Idp
cung chfla. Cd the
gilo vien tu
chep
mot bai cua sinh vien bang, kbdng
neu
ten sinh vien
dd de sinh vien dd ngai khi bai
ciia
minh dugc
neu
len lap. Khi tie'n
hanh boat ddng nay ddi hdi ngudi giao vien phai kheo
leo,
Idi

cudn su
tham gia cua ca lap, tranh su mat mat cua sinh vien viet bai dd.
Cac
liogt
dgng tu chua
Idi
- Self-correction activities
Theo Reid
(1993,
p. 225),
"cIc
sinh vien hgc tieng Anb nhu ngdn
ngfl thfl bai hay tie'ng nude ngoai rat
cin
va danh
gil
rat cao
pbin
hdi
cua giao vien ve bai viet cua minh trong
qui
trinh hgc, ca
vd
ndi dung
va binh thflc cua
bli
vie't". Tuy nbien, giao vien
cln
phat buy tinh ticb
cue

cua sinh vien trong viec tu
dinb
gil bai vie't cua minh. Ve van de
giao vien phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien, mot sd nghien cflu
gin
day
cho thay
ring cIc
thu thuat dua ra
Idi
nhan xet
giln
tie'p cua gilo vien
nhu
dInh
dlu,
gach chan giup sinh vien
phit
trien kha nang tu chfla
Idi
cua minh (Ferris va Hedgcock, 1998). Chung tdi cung cho
ring
khi
tie'n hanh chua bli cho sinh vien, gilo vien khdng sfla bli vie't tflng
cau, tflng tfl ma chung tdi chi gach chan dudi nhflng tfl hay cau true,
bay nhflng y
didn
dat chua dat
yeu
cau. Sau khi

trI
bai cho sinh vien
chung tdi
yeu
clu sinh vien tu dgc bli minh va tu chfla lai nhflng cbd
gach chan.
Sau khi chfla bli cho sinh vien, giao vien cd the tdng ket mot so
nhan xet chung va gbi lai nhflng cau
true,
cau van chua hgp
ly,
hoac
nhflng y kien chua cd sflc thuye't phue dudi dang mot bai tap de sinh
vien tu chfla de cung cd bai vie't. Gilo vien cd the lay ngay mot
bai vie't cua sinh vien ma tap trung nhieu
Idi
phd bien nbat khdng
nhflng ve
cich
hanh van ma cdn bd cue,
cicb sip
xep y v.v de ca
Idp
cung chfla
434
Ket luan
Theo Harmer (2001),
phIt
buy tinh ticb cue cua hgc sinh trong
hgc tap tflc la lam cho hgc sinh cd nhu cau va co hdi hgc tap trong va

el ngoai
Idp.
Nang cao tinh tu chu trong cac hoat ddng phan hdi bai
vie't la can thiet va cd bieu
qui
trong
qui
trinh nang cao chat lugng
day va hgc. Phat buy tinh ticb cue cua sinh vien trong viec
phin
hdi
bai vie't khdng nhflng cd the
gilm
dugc mot phan cdng viec cua gilo
vien ma quan trgng hon ca la sinh vien cd the chu ddng va lam chu
qua trinh hgc tap cua minh.
Phieu danh gia
Your name:
Peer evaluation sheet
Paragraph title / topic:
A. Organization and content
1.
Topic sentence: Is there a clear topic
sentence? Does it have a controlling
idea?
2.
Supporting sentences: Is the main
idea clear? Does the writer need to add
more details to explain it?
3.

Concluding sentence: Is there a
concluding sentence? Does it begin
with an appropriate
end-of-paragraph
signal?
4.
Unity: Do all of the sentences
support the topic sentence?
5.
Coherence: Do the sentences flow
smoothly? Are there any inconsistent
pronouns? Are transition signals used?
B.
Sentence structure
6. Are there any unclear sentences?
7.
Can you suggest a way to improve
them?
435
C. Grammar and Mechanics
8. Are there any errors in grammar and
mechanics?
D.
General comment
9. What do you like best about this
paragraph?
10.
What aspects of this paragraph do
you think need improving?
Tai lieu tham khao

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strategis
in the language classroom.
Cambridge: Cambridege University Press.
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D and Hedgcock J. S. (1998). Teacher response to student
writing: Issues in oral and written feedback. In Teaching ESL
compositions: Purpose, process and practice (pl23-141) Mahwab,
New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ferris,
D.R. (1997). The influence of teacher commentary on student
revision. TESOL
Quarterly,3\
(2), p 315-339.
Haimer,
J.(2004). The
practice
of
English Language
teaching.
London:
Longman.
Reid, J. M. (1993). Responding to student writing. In teaching
ESL writing (p. 205-225). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice
Hall Regents.
Tu, T. C. (2005). Giving learner-friendly written feedback to
students of intermediate level in their writing process. College of
Foreign Languages.
Ur, P. (1996). A course in language teaching: Practice and
theoiy.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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