Phát triển nguồn nhân lực phục vụ công nghiệp hóa - kinh nghiệm của một số nền kinh tế đang phát triển khu vực châu Á.PDF

PHAT
TRIEN
NGUON NHAN
LlTC
PHUC VU CONG NGHIEP HOA -
KINH
NGHIEM CUA MOT SO NEN
KINH
TE DANG PHAT TRIEN KHU
vac
CHAU A
Phgm
Thi
Hong Diep
Eg mon Kinh
te
- Khoa GDCT
Trudng
DHSP
-^DHQG
Ha Ngi
Tdc dd tang tmdng cao
ciia
mdt sd nude va
lanh
tbd chau A trong vai
thip
ky gin diy da
dugc tbd gidi nhin nhin nbu mdt "hien tugng thin ky". Di dat duge sy tang tmdng nhu
viy,
cac

nude va lanh tbd chiu A (Ddng va Ddng Nam A) da cd chidn luge phit tridn kinh td - xa hdi
thich
hgp, trong dd cd chidn luge phit tridn ngudn nhin lye. La mdt
qude
gia di sau, Viet Nam
cd tbd tham khao va vin dung nhitng kinh nghiem vd phit tridn ngudn nhin lye
phue
vu cdng
nghiep hoi.
Tmdc hdt, cic nude dd da cd
nhifng
nhan
thiic
mdi vd vai trd cua ngudn nhan lye ddi vdi
tang tmdng kinh td. Trong tbdi dai mdi, ein giai quydt bai boa cic ydu td eung va ciu
hen
quan
ddn chidn luge phit tridn ngudn nhin lye. Khdng tbd xem xet
khia
canh ngudn nhan lye theo
quan he mdt
phia.
Cich nhin khoa hge vd vai trd cua ngudn nhin lye trong san xuit
chinh
la v3h
dd cdt
loi
cua hge thuydt vd "vdn eon ngudi" ciing vdi vai trd tieu
diing
cua eon ngudi dugc tbd

hien bang chit
lugng cude
sdng. Co ehd ndi
lidn
bai vai trd la
viee
tra
luong
cho ngudi
lao
ddng
tham gia cic boat ddng kinh te va thu
nhip
dd diu tu trd
lai
nhdm ning cao
miie
sdng. Sy diu tu
cho con ngudi trong viee nang cao chit
lugng
cude sdng cua ttmg ci nhin tao nen vidn canh
ning cao chit lugng cude sdng cho ea xa hdi va ttr dd tao ra kha nang ning cao ning suit lao
ddng. Garry Becker, ngudi My duge giai tbudng Ndben vd kinh td nam 1962 da khdng djnh:
Khdng cd diu tu nio mang lai ngudn lye
Idn
nhu diu tu cho giao due. Bdi vi tmdc hdt, hang hoi
san xuit ra se cd gii trj cao.
Thii
bai, no lam cho san xuit tang nhanh, cudi ciing la lam giam
mure tang din sd.

Tdc dd tang tmdng cao
ciia
cic ndn kinh td Ddng A va Ddng Nam A, dac biet
li
Han
Qudc, Hdng Cdng, Singapo, Malaixia, Thii Lan la nhd vao phit tridn ngudn nhin lye trong miy
thip ky qua. Cd sy
chenh
lech rit Idn vd thu nhip binh quin diu ngudi gitra khu vyc Ddng A va
Ddng Nam A (khdng kd Tmng Qudc), la do diu tu vao phit tridn ngudn nhin lye d cic
nude
Ddng A sdm hon va manh me bon.
Khi nghien ciiru quan be giiia
chi
tieu tdng san phim qudc din vdi cic ydu td cua ngudn
nhin
lyc
nhu chit lugng ky thuit, trinh dd hge vin, ngudi ta di ddn kdt
luin
la chiing cd quan he
chat che vdi nhau. Sy phit tridn ngudn nhan lye cang sdm thi tdc dd tang tmdng kinh
td^
dat dugc
cing nhanh.
Phan
ti'cb tinh binh cu tbd cua ttmg nude ta thiy ty
le
ngin sach diu tu cho giio due
la
khac nhau keo theo tdc dd tang tmdng kinh te eung rit khic nhau. Tdc dd tang tmdng kinh td

cua cic nude Ddng A cao hon cic nude Ddng Nam A vi ty le diu tu cho giio due d Ddng A cao
hdn Ddng Nam A.
Kinh nghiem cua
nbthig
nude chiu A cho thiy, xuit phit diem ciia hg la
ntithig
nude
ngheo khd,
chi
cd lao ddng ddng va re. Mudn ning cao
miic
sdng, diy nhanh tdc dd ting tmdng
kinh td chi cd mdt con dudng la bien nude hg
thanh
mdt xa hdi cd bgc vin cao. Bang 1 se cho
59
thiy diu tu ngan sich cho giio due va sd hge sihb dai hge d cic nude li rit khic nhau, din ddn
tic ddng cua giio due ddi vdi tdc dd phit tridn d cic nude eung rit khic nhau.
Bang
1:
Ngdn sdch ddu
tif cho gido due
vd ty le
hge
sinh a nhdm tuoi 20-24
vdo dai hoc a
mot
sd
nudc
Chdu A

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ten nude
Singgapo
Malaixia
Inddnexia
Thii Lan
Phihppin
Han Qude
Hdng Cdng
Tmng Qude
AnDd
Nbit Ban
Ngan sach giio due
(%)
1979
15,7
19,4
7,4
19,9
16,3

15,8
2,3
1980
18,1
19,4
8,4
20,1
16,9
16,2
16,8
14,6
2,5
16,2
1992
22,9
19,6
9,8
21,1
15,0
19,6
2,1
Ti le
hge sinh vao dai
hge
(%)
1970
8
4
4
13

28
16
11
1
31
1992
8
7
10
16
18
40
18
2
1
31
Nguon:
Asia
1995
(PEER),
Asia week, march
10,1995
Cd tbd thiy ngin sach gianh cho giio due d Singgapo la rit cao va tang hen tuc tii 15,7%
nam
1979 len
22,9% vao nam 1992. Malaixia diu tu cho giio due d
miie
cao va khdng thay ddi
trong nhidu nam. Han Qude tang ttr 15,8% nam 1979 len
19,6%

nam 1992. Thii Lan ngin sich
danh cho giio due tang hen tuc ttr
19,9%
nam 1970 len 21,1% nam 1992. Cic nudc thudc khu
vyc Chiu A diu tu cho giio due thip la
An
Dd, Pakixtan chi d
miic
ttr 2% ddn 2,5%.
Xet chi tieu ty le hge sinh d do tudi ttr 20 - 24 vao dai hge ta thiy Han Qudc, Nbit Ban,
Thii Lan la
nbihig
nude cd
ty-le
cao. Ty le hge sinh vao dai hge cua Han Qude tang ttr 16%
nam
1970 ddn 40% nam 1992; Thii Lan tang
ty
12% ddn 16% trong ciing tbdi ky. Nbit Ban vin duy
tri d
miic
cao lien
Uic
vdi
ti
le
31%.
Pbilippin tmdc day da dat ty le khi cao
28%o
nam 1970

nbung da giam xudng
18%
nam
1992,
cd thd la do trong tbdi ky dd kinh td Phihppin mit dn
djnh va tang tmdng thip so vdi cic nudc trong khu vyc. Gin day
ti
le hge sinh vio dai hge cua
Han Qudc cdn cao ban d nude Phip. Mdt sd nude Chau A cd ty le vio dai hge tuong ddi thip la
Tmng Qude, An Dd, Bangladet, Pakixtan va Viet Nam.
Phai tbira
nhan ring Hdng Cdng, Dai Loan, Han Qude da cd khi nang dio tao
eung
cip
ngudn nhin lye cao cho dit nude hg phit tridn. Vao thd ky XIX khi tien binh cdng nghiep hoi,
Hoa Ky dugc thtra budng ngudn nhan lye ttr nudc Anh va cic khic di cu
tdi.
Tit nhien cic nudc
Chau A
eung
dugc bd trg ngudn nhan lye
ty
nude ngoai, nbung trong bdi canh cua bai thip ky
qua, dd dat dugc tdc do cao nhu vay, sy nd lyc
ciia
cic qude gia dd la
eye
ky to
Idn.
d

Han Qudc, md binh giio due dai hge theo md binh
ciia
My. Nam 1946, thanh lap
tmdng dai hge Seoul, ddn nay Han Qude da cd hon 250 tmdng dai hge. Di giio
due
phit buy vai
60
trd tfch eye cho sy nghiep cdng nghiep hoi,
cbi'nb phii
da dua ra cic bien phip cu tbd sau:
- Phit tridn giio due khoa hge va cdng nghe vi hg nhin thire duge ring nhin lye cd trinh
dd cao la ddng lyc rit quan trgng thiic day cdng nghiep hoi. Thyc td viee tuydn chgn sinh vien
vao cic
Ilnh
vyc khoi hge cdng nghe rit nghiem ngat.
Ben
canh dd ngudi ta eon tang eudng dua
sinh vien ra nude ngoai dio tao.
- Coi trgng giio due nang khidu va
lya
chgn tai nang. Giio due nang kbidu khdng don
thuin
chi
la giio due mdt sd ci nhin ma phai phit hien ra nbung ngudi cd kha nang tu duy va cd
kha nang thyc sy. Do dd Han Qudc da cd viee phit tridn nang khidu, ti le hge sinh nang khidu d
mire
3%.
- Phin cip rd rang trong td
chii'c
va quan

ly.
Sy phin cip lam cho dia phuong cd quydn
ban cao bon. Toan bd boat ddng giio due duge thd ehd hoi thanh Luit giio due.
- Ting sd lugng va ning cao chit lugng tuy tinh binh va trinh dd phit tridn cua dit nudc.
Giai doan ttr 1960 ddn 1970 la tang sd lugng. Giai doan tidp theo la nang cao chit lugng. Di
ning cao chit lugng giio due,
ehinh phii
dd ra ehuong trinh
cai
cich giio due dudi sy chi dao
trye
tidp cua Tdng thdng.
6
Inddnexia, giio due dai hge bit diu ttr
nhihig
nam 1940. Hien nay cd hon 250 tmdng
dai hge vdi khoang 1/5 la dai bgc cdng, cdn lai la nhung tmdng dai hge tu. He thdng giio due
dai hge
ciia
Inddnexia cbia ra bai
loai:
Thir nbit, tmdng dai bgc tdng hgp thyc hien dao tao va
nghien
cihi
da nganh. Thir bai, cic hge vien dai bgc thdng nbit nhiem vu dao tao va nghien
ciiu
khoa bgc theo kidu lien
he;fp
d mdt sd nganh: khoa bgc ky thuit, nganh cdng, ndng nghiep va su
pham.

Nhiing nam 1980 eo ciu dao tao mit can ddi nghiem trgng. Cic ky su trong
llnh
vyc ky
thuit va trong nganh ndng nghiep khdng
dii
dip
ling
nhu ciu ngay cang tang cua dit nude,
chinh
phii da thanh lip them 6 tmdng dai hge nhdm dao tao them ddi ngu cin bd ehuyen nginh cdng
nghiep vat
lieu,
khoa bgc vd bidn, ky thuit van tai bidn, tu ddng hoi vi tin hge.
Luit phip
ciia
Inddnexia quy dinb phii cd mdt he thdng quan ly, kidm tra va phit tridn
giio
due
dai bgc cdng va tu. He thdng cic tmdng dai hge dat dudi sy kidm tra
ciia
nha nudc. Ndu
mdt tmdng dai bgc nio dd duge Hdi ddng thanh tra nha nude danh gii la tot 3 nam lien tuc thi
se dugc Nha nudc bd trg kinh phi.
Singgapo xuit phit la mdt nude ngheo khd va la thudc dja. Ngay sau ngay giinh ddc lip,
Thu
Wdng
Ly Quang
Dieu
da dd ra mue tieu bidn Singapo tbinh mdt xa hdi cd bgc vin cao, coi
giio due la cbia khoi dd ning cao ddi sdng va li ddng lye dd phit tridn. Quan didm vd giio

due
da dugc chinh
phii iing
bd tren nhidu phuong dien. Tmdc hdt la uu tien vd ngin sich, tmdng bgc
md rdng
ctra
cho tit ea mgi ngudi cd didu kien hge tap,
viee
dao tao cd kdt hgp
giira
van hoi,
khoa bgc ky thuit vdi ndn van hoi truydn thdng. Cic tmdng Dai bgc cdng la do nha nudc tai trg
kinh
phi.
Sy phit tridn kinh td ddi hdi Singapo phai mau chdng cd ddi ngu cic nha khoa bgc va lyc
lugng lao ddng cd trinh do ehuyen mdn cao. Vi viy d Singapo he thdng cic tmdng dai bgc phin
bd trong ca nudc. Tuy la mdt nude nhd, it din nbung
ebi'nh phu
xiy
dimg
mang
ludi
diy die cic
tmdng dai bgc, cao ddng va vien nghien eiru. Trong dd cd tmdng Dai hge Tdng hgp ndi tidng
ciia Singapo vdi 52 nganh, Dai hge ky thuat Nanyang, Hge vien Su pham Qudc gia va Vien
nghidn
cdn
Ddng Nam A thanh lip ttr nam
1968,
mdt cd quan nghien ciin rit dang chii y.

61
d
Thii Lan, giao
due
dai
hge
da
phiit irien
manh
ifr nhiTng
nam
1960.
Trong
Iberi
ky ttr
I960
ddn 1970, mdi nam
Ihcm mgl liirimg
dai bgc mdi.
Giiio
due dai hge trd thanh ddng
lire
quan trgng cho sy
phai
tridn
ciia
dat nudc. Nam
1969
Luat dai hge dugc ban
hanh

va ebo pbdp
thanh lip cic
tmetng
dai hge
lir.
He thdng dai bgc d Thai Lan bao gdm:
- Cic Vien dai
hi?e,
cac
tnrimg
dai hge cdng, cic tmdng dai hge tu do Bd quan ly.
- Cic tmdng eae) ddng va
Iririmg
day nghd do Bd dai hge quan ly.
- Vien Cdng nghe Chau A cd hien ehuong ricng nhung do Thai Lan tai trg kinh pbf.
- Cudi eung la cac vien dai hge md, nhdm lao mgi eo hdi cho bit eir ai cd nhu ciu va didu
kien hge tap.
Net ndi bat
eiia
giao due dai hge b Thai Lan la cac
irirdng
dai hge tu phit tridn manh. Bd
Dai hge la eo quan didu phdi cac boat ddng
ciia
cac tmdng dai hge tu trinh len Chinh
phii
nhirng
quydt djnh thdng qua Thu ky hoi ddng cac trudng dai hge tu.
Thuemg
thu ky bdi ddng la

nguoi
ciia
Bd dai bgc.
d
cic nude Chiu A tien hanh cdng nghiep boa, sy phit tridn ngudn nhin lye tip tmng vao
bai loai trinh dd: Loai thu' nbit, phd cap giao due cho loan xa hdi mdt each toan dien (khoa hge
ty nhien, khoa hge xa hdi, nhan each dao dire, my hge va nhan van). Cic nude Ddng A tap tmng
diu
tumanh
cho phit tridn giao due tieu
hge
va tmng hge. Loai thir bai, phit tridn giao due hie
cao dd lam chii tri thire mdi
ciia ihdi
dai. Ddi vdi tbdi ky chuan bj cho giai doan cdng nghiep hoi
phai
chii
y ea bai loai
nhimg
lap tmng manh
hitn
vao loai
ihir
nha't. Trong giao due bae cao, cic
ndn kinh
tdedng
nghiep boa Chau A
im
tien cho giao due khoa
heic

ky thuat, cdng
ngbfi
dd tao ra
kha nang thfeb nghi va
lie'p
nhan cdng nghe mdi va chi tap tmng vao loai nay trong tmdng hgp
nhay vgt ma tbdi.
Khdng gidng
vi'ri
ndn giao due
ciia
Hoa Ky
ehi im
tien cho loai giao due bae cao, cac nudc
va lanh tbd Ddng A nhu
Nhfit
Bim,
Hein
Queic,
Dai Loan va Hdng Cdng
ehii
y md rdng dien giao
due trong mgi ting
Idp
dan
ehiing.
Cfmg vi cd ndn giao due dien rdng ma bien nay khoang 2/3
sd lao ddng bae thip
ciia
Nhat Ban,

Hiin Que'fc
dirge danh gia la eo lay nghd cao
xi'p xi
Hoa Ky
trong mdt sd nganh nhu dien
li'r,
che tao may.
Thyc td cho thiy, chi phf giao due
ciia
cac
nue'(c
va lanh thd Han Qude, Dai Loan,
Singgapo
khe^ng
cao hon chi
|ihf ciia
cac nueic cdng nghiep phit tridn
nbimg
hg biet tap tmng vao
trinh dd tieu hge va tmng bgc eld binh
ihanh
de)i ngu cdng nhan
hmb
nghd phue vu cdng nghiep
hoi.
Tbap ky 1980, Han Qudc da gianh cho giao due phd thdng khoang
80%.
ngin sach giio
due.
Cho ddn gin day (thap ky

1990)
giao due dai
hge me'ti
duge lap tmng diu tu kinh pbf. Do dd
Han Qude da tao ra ddi
ngii
cdng
nhim
trong dd hon 90%; cd trinh do tmng hoe.
Cd thd khdng djnh he
ihd'ng
giao due
hirdng
vao phue vu eeing nghiep boa
ciia
cac cic
nude va lanh thd Chau A nhu Nhat Ban, Han Queic, Dai
Le)<m,
Malaixia va Thai Lan ddu md
rdng qui md. Hg cho rdng b
ihiti
ky dan cdng nghiep boa
chira
ein nhidu nha khoa bgc lai nang
ma tmdc bet cin phai
lidp ihu
cdng nghe
ciia phirmig
Tay,
irien

khai img dung nd. Rd rang cac
nude Chiu A ddu nhan manh den trinh do giio due ehuyen nghiep va coi dd la eon
diremg
di ddn
phit tridn va binh thanh ddi ngu cdng nhan lanh nghd.
62
Con dudng phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc phue vu cdng nghiep hoi cua cac nude dang phit
tridn Chiu A ddu dang
chii
y ea bai binh dien. Tbiir nbit la md rdng qui md dao tao, thii' bai la
ning cao chit lugng. Ndu khdng dat duge cic mue tieu dd diu tu cho giio due se ling
phi.
Trong kd hoach 5 nam
lin thur
siu 1991 - 1995, Malaixia da gianh 2,6 ty Ringgit cho giao due
dai bgc va 580 trieu Ringgit ebo giao due lao ddng phue vu yeu ciu
eiia
eae nganh cdng nghiep,
ciing vdi Malaixia, Thii Lan eung rit quan tam ddn giao
due
dai hge va do dd hg tang ngan sich
cho cic tmdng vi cic eo quan nghien eiru. Trong bon 3 thip ky giio due dai bgc md rdng khdng
ngtmg, sd sinh vien tang len dang kd, hang
loat
eo sd dao tao ra ddi. Nhin vd the ky XXI, xu thd
tang vd lugng vin tidp tuc dugc duy tri va phit tridn.
Sy chuydn budng giio due da di ttr ndn giio due chii ydu phue vu thieu sd sang ndn giao
due dai chiing, ttr chidu siu sang
chidu
rdng, tap tmng nang cao dan tri va dao tao nhin tai phue

vu phit tridn dit nudc, da chuydn giao due cd tinh
4ic
quydn dae
Igi
sang ndn giio due binh
ding va din
chii,
ttr ndn van boa khu vyc ddng cira sang ndn van boa toan ciu.
Cbirc nang giio due da ddi
mili,
mdt mat giao due dd ning cao trinh dd, mat khic giio
due mang cbirc nang nghien eim. Md hinb giao due da gdn lidn vdi san xuit va ddi sdng xa hdi,
phue
vy cdng nghiep hoi.
Nhung kinh nghiem phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc d mdt sd nude trong khu vyc neu tren ggi
md mdt sd suy
ngbl
van dyng vao hoan canh Viet Nam:
Tmdc hdt, vd tbd che
chi'nb
sach: Kd hoach hoi cao do qui trinh dao tao bao gdm ttr khiu
xac djnh qui md, eo ciu nganh nghd, phin phdi hge sinh tdt nghiep va cap kinh
phi
ttr mdt
ngudn duy nbit li ngin sich Nha nude khdng eon
phti
hgp vdi hoan canh thyc td hien nay eung
nhu yeu ciu ting nhanh qui md va etdi mdi ndi dung giio due, dao tao ngudn nhin lye. Theo
budng niy ein da dang
beia

ngudn vdn va hinb thire giao due - dao tao. Ngoai he thdng
ciia
Nha
nudc se khuydn khfch
phai
Irien eae khu vyc tu nhan,
do<uib
nghiep, cdng ddng, td
chtre
phi
chinh phii trong
ITnh
vyc giao due - dao tao. Khu vyc Nha nude ebu ydu se bio dim cho viee
phit tridn giao
due
phd thdng, nbit la trong phd cap giio due tidu hge d mdt
mtirc
dd nbit djnh,
cho viee phit tridn dao tao dai bgc, cdn viee dao tao nghd phai ebu ydu dya vio cic doanh
nghiep, khu
vire
tu nhan, ban than ngudi lao ddng. Cai thien thd ehd va ehfnh sich theo budng
tren
vtra
dam bao tang kinh phf cho phit tridn ngudn nhin lye, vira tao ra dugc he thdng dao tao
mdm, nhanh chdng thfeb nghi va
thoa
man nbu ciu nganh nghd dang thay ddi nhanh.
Thir bai, cai tidn cdng tie kd hoach hoi phit tridn ngudn nhan lye: ein xay dyng kd hoach
tdng hgp phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc cho ea nude va cic don vj lanh thd. Kd hoach nay cd y

ngbia
budng din, chi dao didu phdi. Nhidu bd phan
eiia
kd hoach nay phai
Idng
ghep vdi nbimg kd
hoach thudc nganh,
ITnh
vyc khic. Nhdm phit buy vai trd
ehii
ddng sang tao
ciia
cip co sd, qui
trinh lap vi thyc bien kd hoach phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc cin dugc phi tap tmng hoi. Vi ngudi
din tbudng sinh sdng vi lam vice tren mot lanh tbd nbit djnh, nen trong qua trinh nay vai trd
cua chinh quydn dja phuong cic cip phai dugc dd cao hon nfra.
Thii
ba, ting hdn nira cic ngudn vdn cho phit tridn ngudn nhin
lire:
Mac du thyc hien da
dang hoi cic ngudn vdn va binh thire ebo phit tridn nhung
linb vire
chu ydu cua pbat tridn ngudn
nhin lyc nhu giio due, dao tao nhung trong vai nam tmdc mdt chua tbd tang nhanh tdng ngudn
vdn dugc. Do dd cin
tthig birde
tang ngudn ehi ngan sach cho pbat tridn ngudn nhin lye sao cho
63
sau nam 2000, ty trgng chi ttr ngan sich cho phit tridn giao due, dao tao phai tidn din tdi trinh
dd Wong duong vdi cac nudc trong khu vyc.

Tdi
lieu
tham
klido
1.
Bd Kd hoach va Diu tu - Vien chidn luge phit tridn: Cdng nghiep boa va chidn
luge
tang tmdng dya tren xuit khiu. NXB Chi'nb trj qude gia, H., 1997.
2.
D6
Dire Djnh
(chii
bien): Cdng nghiep hoi phit buy
Igi
thd so sinh: Kinh nghiem ciia
mdt sd ndn kinh td dang phit tridn Chau A, NXB Chi'nb trj qude gia, H.,
1998.
3.
Tap chf pbat tridn kinh td sd 76
(1997).
SUMMARY
Human resource development on industrilization Some experiences from Asian
developing economies
It is recognized that human resource development constitutes a strategic factor responsible
for rapid growth in some Asean developing economies. Primary, secondary and technical
education, on the job training, and motivational incentives constituted the elements of human
resource development. It this not just the large share of GDP to be devoted for human resource
development but the areas in which this expenditure is incurred and the constant monitoring of
the effectiveness of this
expendimre

that determine the pace and partem of human resource
development. In the East and South East Asian economies, it was the commitment of both the
pubhc sector and the household sector that contributed to the development of human resource.
The pohcy to promote education was made by Government. On the one hand, education scale
was expended; On the other hand, the quality of education was kept up.
Being a developing country in South East Asia, Vietnam should reseach and apply the
human resource development experiences lor our own
industrihzation.
64