Phương pháp học chữ Hán của người Việt Nam học tiếng Nhật

PHUONG
PHAP
HOC
CHQ
HAN QUA
NGUOI
VIET NAM
HOC
TIENG
NHAT
THAN
THI
KIM
TUYEN
Khoa
Ngdn ngff
vd Van hda
Phuang
Dong,
Trudng DHNN
1.
Dat van de
Ddi vdi ngudi
bgc
tie'ng Nhat,
bgc
ehfl viet la mot
viee
khd khan,
can nbieu thai gian va
edng

sfle vi tieng Nhat sfl dung 4
loai
ky tfl:
ehfl Han, ehfl Hiragana (ehfl
mdm),
ehfl Katakana (ehfl cflng) va ehfl
Romaji. Trong dd viee bgc ehfl Han, dac biet ddi vdi ngudi bgc
khdng
thude
cac nude cd dung ehfl Han nhu Trung Qud'c, Han
Qudc tdn rat nbieu tbdi gian va edng sfle. Hgc mot ehfl Han ngudi
bgc
phai
nam
duge
3 yen td: each dgc, each vie't va y
ngbia.
Ngoai
ra, ngudi bgc
edn
phai nhd mot
lugng Idn
ehfl Han va cac tfl ghep tao
thanh tfl cac ehfl Han dd. Theo Isbida (1995), 2500 ehfl Han va 7000
tfl ghep tfl cac
ehfl
Han - dd la
mfle yeu
eau ddi vdi ngudi bgc tieng
Nhat trinh do

cao
ca'p. Hgc vie't ehfl Han da khd, ben canh dd ngudi
hgc edn phai nhd
each
dgc cac ehfl Han dd. Da so cac ehfl Han trong
tie'ng Nhat cd nbieu each dgc. Vi vay viee tim ra mot phuang phap
bgc ehfl Han cd hieu qua cho ngudi bgc la mot van de cd tinh flng
dung cao.
Trong nhung nam gan day, da cd cac edng trinh nghien cflu khao
sat va dieu tra ve phuong phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi hgc tieng Nhat
d trong nude Nhat va d ngoai nude Nhat, nhung chua cd
edng
trinh
nghien cflu ve phuong phap hoc ehfl Han
ciia
ngudi hoc tieng Nhat d
Viet Nam. Hon nfla, hien nay Viet Nam tuy khdng
nam
trong he thd'ng
cac
nude
dung ehfl Han, nhung la mot trong nhung nude thude nen
513
van hda ehfl Han. Tfl Han-Viet chiem sd lugng nbieu trong tie'ng Viet.
Theo cac nha nghien cflu nd chiem khoang 70% trong cac van ban
chinb
tbflc. Vi vay, mot trong cac muc
dich eiia
nghien
eiJu

nay la de
tim hieu xem dae diem nay cd anh hudng tdi phuong phap hgc cua
ngudi Viet Nam kbi bgc ehfl Han trong tie'ng Nhat hay khdng.
Cudi cflng, viee bgc tieng Nhat d Viet Nam
g^n
day mdi duge ehfl
trgng, vi vay be thd'ng
sach
giao khoa va giao trinh
van
edn
nhidu
va'n
de,
dac biet la sach ehfl Han
danh
cho ddi tugng la ngudi Viet Nam
bgc tie'ng Nhat. Van de nay gay ra khd khan cho ngudi hgc tie'ng Nhat.
Vi du, trong qua trinh day tie'ng Nhat, mot trong nhflng eau hdi ma
bgc sinb
thudng
dua ra la lam the' nao de bgc duge ehfl Han mot each
hieu qua. Vi vay qua nghien cflu nay ngudi vie't by vgng cd the dua ra
mot
Idi
khuyen bd
ich
ve phuang phap bgc cho nhflng hgc sinb bgc
ehfl Han va cd the ap dung ket qua trong viee day va bgc ehfl Han cho
ngudi Viet Nam hgc tieng Nhat.

2.
IVluc
dich nghien
ciru
Gdm 2 muc dich chinb:
a.
Tim
ra phuong phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi Viet Nam va xem
su tdn tai cua
am
Han-Viet, mot dac trung cua tie'ng Viet, cd anh hudng
gi de'n phuang phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi Viet Nam bay khdng.
b.
Cd su
khae nhau
trong phuong phap bgc ehfl Han gifla cac hgc
sinb thude cac nam (nam thfl
1,
nam thfl 2, nam tbfl 3 va nam thfl 4)
hay khdng.
3.
PhUdng
phap nghien ciiru
Tien hanh dieu tra khao sat 416 ddi tugng la sinb vien tfl nam thfl
1 de'n nam tbfl 4 cua 4 trudng dai hgc d Ha Ndi: Trudng Dai hgc
Ngoai
thuong,
Dai bgc KHXH & NV thude Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi,
Dai bgc Ngoai ngfl Ha Ndi, Dai bgc Ngoai ngfl thude Dai hgc Qudc
gia Ha Ndi.

Sd lugng dieu tra nhu sau:
514
Tmomg
DH
Ngoai
thuong
Nhan van
Ngoai
ngu,
DH
Qudc gia
Ngoai ngu
HaNoi
T6ng so
Nam thfl 1
41
(9.9%)
20(5%)
47(11.3%)
17(4%)
125 (30%)
Nam thfl 2
30(7.2%)
22(5.3%)
46(11.1%)
19(4.6%)
117(28%)
Nam thfl 3
22(5.3%)
18(4.3%)

25(6%)
17(4%)
82(19.&%)
Nam thfl 4
38(9.1%)
15(3.6%)
21
(5%)
18(4.3%)
92(22%)
Tdng
sd
131(31.5%)
75(18%)
139(33.4%)
71(17%)
416(100%)
Bang eau hdi dieu tra ve phuong phap bgc ehfl Han gdm 2
phan,
phan 1 la cac
eau
hdi nham thu thap tbdng tin ve ddi tugng dieu tra
nhu tudi, gidi tinh, nam thfl may, trudng nao. Phan 2 gdm cac eau hdi
cu the ve phuong phap hgc ehfl Han. Tat ea gdm
66 eau
hdi, duge
chia
theo 9 nhdm nhu each nhd each viet, each nhd each dgc, each nhd y
nghia
Kbi lam bang

eau
hdi dieu tra, ngudi viet tham khao bang
eau
hdi cua Bourke (1994) viet ra ve cac phuong phap hgc ehfl Han. Ngoai
ra, cd them mot sd eau hdi do ngudi viet tu dua ra. Cac
eau
hdi nay cd
tham khao ket qua thu duge tfl mot
cude
dieu tra tbfl ngbiem duge tien
hanh
trude
dd ma ddi tugng la cac bgc sinb Viet Nam bgc tieng Nhat.
Cau tra
Idi
duge chia thanh cac cap do: thudng xuyen su dung, tbinb
thoang sfl dung, it kbi su dung va khdng bao gid su dung. Ddi tugng
tra
Idi
se khoanh trdn eau tra
Idi
tbich hgp ddi vdi minb. Ngoai cac eau
hdi trae ngbiem, edn phan tu
luan,
cac ddi tugng dieu tra se tu viet ra
cac phuong phap ma minb sfl dung, nhung chua duge neu ra trong
bang
eau
hdi.
Ke't qua thu duge tfl cude dieu tra duge phan

tich
bang phan mem
thd'ng ke (Version
11).
Dd la phuong phap so
sanh
trung binh ehung
gifla tan xuat sfl dung cac phuong phap bgc cua cac ddi tugng dieu tra
thude cac trudng, cac nam. Neu cd su khae biet mang tinh y
ngbia
thi
se dung phuong phap phan tich de
chi
ra su khae biet dd
nam
d trudng
nao,
nam nao.
4.
Ket qua phan
tich
4.1.
Ket qua chung ve
viee sCe
dung cac
phUdng
phap hoc
chu'
Han cua hoe sinh Viet
Nam

515
Bang 1: Ket qua phan tich thd'ng ke mieu ta nhiirng
phirong
phap hoc
chiir
Han hay
duge
sit dung va it
duge sir
dung
Sd
IT
1
2
3
4
5
62
63
64
65
66
Ndi dung
Tra tfl dien nhung chu Han
minb khdng biet
Viet di viet
lai
nbieu
Ian
Gbi nhd

am
Han-Viet
Chu y de khdng mac lai
Idi Ian
nfla
Lien tudng vdi am Han-
Viet
Su dung giao trinh bd trg
ngoai giao trinh
chuyen
cho ehfl Han
Dung nbimg cau chuyen
sSn
cd de gbi nhd ehfl Han
Tim hieu ngudn gdc cau
tao cua
ehfl
Han dd
Sfl dung internet
Tu minb
nghi
ra
nbirng
cau chuyen de nhd ehfl Han
Sd lugng
411
415
412
411
406

407
411
411
306
409
Trung
binh
3.68
3.61
3.57
3.44
3.43
2.27
2.16
2.09
2.06
2.04
Do lech
chuan
0.67
0.69
0.73
0.74
0.81
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.99
1.04
4.2. Ket qua so sanh

sutdung
cac
phUdng
phap hgc
chu"
Han
va
cac nam
Bang 2: Ket qua phan tich phuong phap hgc
chuf
Han va cac nam
IT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Npi dung
Lien
tuong
de'n cac
bflc
tranh hoac hinh
anh cu the
Chii
y t6i thfl tu cac
net vie't cua chu Han
Tim
hieu ngu6n goc

ca'u
tao cua chu Han
Nhd theo bo
Nho am
Kun va am
On dong
thdi
Dean each
doc cua
chu Han qua hinh dang
Nam 1
2.74#
3.39#
2.32#
2.60@
2.97@
2.15
Nam 2
2.51
3.05
2.05
2.96
3.21
2.21
Nam 3
2.26
3.17
2.02
2.86
3.16

2.58
Nam 4
2.32
3.08
1.94@
3.12
3.30
2.91
F
5.453
2.724
3.371
5.142
2.770
1.201
P
0.001**
0.044*
0.019*
0.002**
0.041*
0.000**
1
1
516
"7
8
9
10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Doan y ngbia
ciia
chu
Han tfl hinh dang
hoac
bg
chu
Lien he vdi nhung
ehfl
Han dong nghia
Lien he v6i am Han-
Viet
Ghi nhd am Han-Viet
Doan nghia
ciia
tfl
ghep bang am Han-Viet
Dung nhflng cau chuyen
da

CO
de nhd chu Han
Tu minh
nghl
ra
nhung cau chuyen de
nhd chu Han
Dat
cau
va tao ra tfl
ghep ma su dung chu
Han
Nha't dinh on va
chu^n
bi bai
trudc
khi
den 16p
Tra tfl dien lai nhung
chu Han da hgc
Hang ngay hoac hang
tuan hoc mot sd lugng
chu Han nhat dinh
Dinh ro sd lugng chu
Han se hgc
Tu minh tao ra card
chu Han hoac he
thong vao sd tfl
Cling vdi ban
luyen

tap chu Han
Hoi thay
c6
giao
nhflng chu Han minh
khong biet
Tra tfl dien nhung chu
Han minh khong biet
2.86
2.57@
3.15@
3.36@
2 97@
2.31#
2.13
2.58
3.42#
2.99
2.99#
2.68#
2.55
2.69
3.59#
3.46@
2.77
2.92
3.58#
3.74#
3.38#
2.22

2.21#
2.70#
3.38
3.27
2.81
2.51
2.62#
2.70#
3.45
3.80
2.52
2.76
3.39
3.58
3.29
2.09
1.97
2.26
3.21
3.33#
2.51
2.10
2.25
2.41
3.36
3.77
3.01
2.84
3.44
3.61

3.30
1.95@
1.81@
2.35
3.14@
3.00
2.63
2.24
2.18@
2.33@
3.31@
3.74
4.379
2.941
4.669
5.761
3.843
2.806
3.043
4.746
3.554
4.693
4.724
7.523
4.280
3.770
3.106
6.654
0.005**
0.033*

0.003*=*
0.001*='
0.010*
0.039*
0.029*
0.003*=!
0.015*
0.003*^
0.003*'
0.000*=
0.005*=
0.011*
0.026*
0.000*
='':
Co y ngbia tbdng ke, P <0.05
=*==*=:
Cd y ngbia thd'ng ke, P < 0.01
#: Ke't qua cua so sanh da lugng theo
binh khae cao hon.
@: Ke't qua cua so sanh da lugng theo
binh
khae
tha'p hon.
Turkey, so vdi cac gia tri trung
Turkey, so vdi eae gia tri trung
517
5. Ket qua khao sat
5.1. Viee
su"

dijng
cac
phirang
phap hoe
chO
Han cua hoc sinh
Viet Nam
Ngudi Viet Nam khi bgc ehfl Han dung ra't nbieu phuang phap.
Cflng nhu ket qua cua cac cude dieu tra nghien cflu trude Kano (1998),
Bai (1989), Okita (1995), Nakamura (1997), cac phuong phap ma
ngudi hgc bay dung dd la "Viet di viet lai nbieu
Idn",
"Tra'tfl die'n de
nhd ehfl Han", "Chu y de khdng
mk
lai
Idi".
Ngoai ra, 2 phuong phap
ma ngudi Viet Nam hay dung kbi bgc ehfl Han la sfl dung am Han-
Viet khi hgc ehfl Han nhu: "Ghi nhd
am
Han-Viet" va "Lien tudng vdi
am Han-Viet".
Phuong phap ma duge sfl dung nbieu nha't la "Tra tfl dien de nhd
ehfl Han". Cac nghien cflu khae nhu Kano (1998), Chin (2003) cflng
dua ra ket qua tuang tu nhu vay. Cd
le ly
do ma tfl dien duge sfl dung
nbieu khi bgc ehfl Han la do trong dd cd nbieu tbdng tin nhu
am

Han-
Viet, so net, am On va am Kun
Phuong phap cd tan suat sfl dung cao tbfl 2 la "Viet di viet lai
nbieu
Ian".
Trong nbieu nghien cflu ve phuong phap bgc ehfl Han, day
la phuang phap
duge
ngudi bgc thudng sfl dung. Vie't di vie't lai nbieu
Ian
lam cho quen viee viet ehfl Han dd, trd thanh phan xa khdng dieu
kien. Ngoai ra, ly do nd duge sfl dung nbieu
Ian
la vi nd cd the ke't
hcfp
de dang vdi cac phuong phap
khae.
Trong 5 phuong phap cd tan xua't sfl dung cao, cd 2 phuong phap
lien quan tdi
am
Han-Viet la "Ghi nhd
am
Han-Viet" va "Lien tudng
vdi am Han-Viet". Day la mgt diem dang ehfl y, dieu nay chflng td
rang am Han-Viet cd anh hudng tdi phuong phap hgc ehfl Han cua
ngudi Viet Nam.
"Chu y de khdng mac lai
Idi \an
nfla" la phuong phap dflng thfl 4
trong cac phuong phap duge sfl dung nbieu tuong flng vdi nghien cflu

cua Nakamura (1997). Dieu dd
khang
dinh rang, cac
Idi
mac phai, ne'u
duge chi ra rd rang thi se giup ngudi hgc tranh mac lai ve sau.
Cac phuang phap it duge sfl dung la "Sfl dung giao trinh bd trg
ngoai giao trinh dung chuyen cho ehfl Han", "Dung nhung cau chuyen
da cd de nhd ehfl Han",
"Tim
hieu ngudn gdc cau tao cua ehfl Han
518
do ,
"iu
aung
iniernei
,
lu minn nghi
ra nhflng cau chuyen de nhd
ehfl
Han". Cac giao trinh bd trg de hgc ehfl Han cho hgc sinb tieng
Nhat
edn
it la ly do vi sao cac phuong phap nay it duge su dung.
Ngoai ra, sd lugng cac ehfl Han cd the nhd qua nhflng eau chuyen vdi
xua't xfl rd rang de cd the giup ngudi bgc nhd duge chung cflng chi cd
gidi ban. Ve
tdn
suat sfl dung internet thap, cd the ly giai bang ly do la
hien nay d Viet Nam cd it may tinh cai pbdng tieng Nhat. O cac

trudng dai bgc thi viee dung internet edn ban
che.
5.2.
Sir
khae biet trong phUdng phap hoe
chOr
Han
giOra
cac nam
Thfl nha't, ke't qua dieu tra chi ra su khae biet gifla phuong phap
bgc ehfl Han cua sinh vien thude cac nam khae nhau.
Sir khae
biet rd
nha't tap trung vao phuang phap bgc cua sinb vien nam tbfl 1 va nam
tbfl 4. Cac phuong phap nhu "Lien tudng vdi cac bflc tranh hoac dd
vat cu the", "Chu y tbfl tu cac net", "Dua vao ngudn gdc hinh thanh
cua ehfl Han", "Sfl dung nhflng eau chuyen vd ehfl Han", "On bai va
chuan bi bai trude", "Hang ngay, bang tuan
len
ke'
boach
hgc mot sd
lugng ehfl Han nha't dinh", "Len ke' boach ve so lugng
ehfl
Han can
bgc"
cd tan suat sfl dung cao d cac ddi tugng thude nam thfl 1. Ndi
tdm lai, nhflng phuong phap bgc cd lien quan tdi ngudn gdc ehfl Han,
tranh anh, tbfl tu net viet, ke' boach hgc tap thudng duge hgc sinh
nam thfl 1 dflng. Len nam tbfl 2, cac phuong phap nhu "Sfl dung

am
Han-Viet", "Tu
nghi
ra nhflng cau chuyen, tu lam ra nhflng sd tay de
hgc ehfl Han", "Hgc
ehfl
Han qua cac cau van, cac tfl ghep", "Hgc
ehfl Han cflng vdi ban" la nhflng phuong phap
duge
nam tbfl 2 dung
nbieu ban ban so vdi cac nam khae. Ke't qua nay cho thay rang,
tuong flng sd lugng ehfl Han tang len, bgc sinh cd
khuynb
hudng dua
vao
am
Han-Viet de hgc ehfl Han. Den nam thfl 3, cung gidng nhu
ke't qua dieu tra cua Okita (1995) bgc ehfl Han, tfl dien
duge
sfl dung
dung nbieu. Dieu dd cd the ly giai bdi le trong tfl dien cd nbieu tbdng
tin
ddy
du cho hgc sinh. Len nam thfl 4, cac phuong phap nhu la:
"Hay nhd dong thdi
am
ON va
am
KUN", "Doan each dgc va y
ngbia cua chu Han qua bd" thudng duge dung. Tdm lai, tuy theo

lugng ehfl Han, thdi
Iflgng
hgc ehfl Han ma phuong phap hgc hoac
tan sua't sfl dung thay ddi.
519
6. Ket luan
Trong de tai nay, ngudi vie't da tien hanh nghien cflu ve phuong
phap hgc ehfl Han cua hgc sinh Viet Nam qua
viee
dieu tra khao sat
sinh vien cua 4 trudng dai bgc d Viet Nam va da rut ra mot sd ket luan
sau day:
a. Ngudi Viet Nam khi hgc ehfl Han sfl dung ra't nbieu phuang
phap.
Nhflng phuong phap cd tan suat sfl dung cao la: "Vie't di vie't lai
nbieu
Ian",
"Tra tfl dien de nhd ehfl Han", "Chu y de khdng mac lai
Idi".
Ngoai ra, su tdn tai cua
am
Han-Viet cd anh hudng tdi phuong
phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi Viet Nam. Ngudi Viet Nam khi hgc ehfl
Han thudng chu y tdi
am
Han-Viet.
b.
Cd mdi tuong quan gifla nam hgc va phuong phap bgc ehfl Han.
Dua vao cac ket qua nghien cflu thu duge, ngudi viet xin de xuat
mot sd suy

nghi
ve vice giang day ehfl Han va viee bien soan giao
trinh ehfl Han cho hgc sinh Viet Nam nhu sau:
- Ve phuang phap giang day:
Tbfl nha't, cd rat nbieu phuong phap bgc ehfl Han. Cac ddi tugng
hgc khae nhau thi sfl dung cac phuang phap tbich hgp cho minh. Vi
vay, ddi vdi cac ddi tugng mdi hgc ehfl Han, phai chang ngudi day
nen
gidi tbieu cac phuong phap bgc ehfl Han de ngudi bgc cd the dua vao
dd de kiem ngbiem tren
thue
te' nham tim ra phuong phap tbich hgp
cho ban than minb.
Thfl bai, diem chung trong nbieu edng trinh nghien
eiiu
cho thay
rang, phuang phap viet di viet lai nbieu
Ian
mot ehfl Han cd tan suat sfl
dung rat cao trong viee hgc ehfl Han, vi vay, khi day ehfl Han
nen yeu
cau hgc sinb vie't di viet lai nbieu
Ian.
Dieu dd se giup binh thanh phan
xa khdng dieu kien trong viee viet ehfl Han.
Tbfl ba la am Han-Viet duge sfl dung rat nbieu trong viee bgc ehfl
Han, vi vay khi day ehfl Han cung
nen
day cho bgc sinb
am

Han-Viet.
Khi cd su khae biet ve nghia trong tfl Han-Viet va tfl tie'ng Nhat thi
cung
nen
hudng chu y cua bgc sinh ve dieu dd.
Tbfl tu la ddi vdi cac sinh vien thude cac nam khae nhau,
nen
cd
phuang phap day
ehfl
Han phu hgp vdi tflng nam. Vi du nhu ddi vdi
nam thfl nha't, nen sfl dung nhflng tranh anh minh hga, gidi thieu
520
nhflng
ehfl
tugng hinh, ehfl y thfl tu cac net viet, gidi thieu nhflng cau
chuyen ve ehfl Han.
-
Ve giao trinh:
Hien nay chua cd giao trinh chuyen day ehfl Han cho hgc sinb
Viet Nam bgc tieng Nhat, vi vay
viee
cd mot giao trinh chuyen day
ehfl Han nhu
the'
la rat
edn
thiet. Giao trinh nay
eSn
gidi thieu ehfl Han

mot each cd he thd'ng cho bgc sinh va
tinh
tdi cac dac diem cua hgc
sinh Viet Nam khi bgc ehfl Han. Nen gidi thieu nhflng am Han-Viet cd
tan suat sfl dung cao trong tie'ng Viet hien nay. Ne'u cd su khd hieu ve
ngfl nghia thi
edn
phai giai tbich ve nghia.
Thfl bai, vdi mdi trinh do hgc sinb can cd giao trinh rieng. Vi du,
ddi vdi hgc sinh trinh do so ca'p, cd gang dung nhung tranh anh cu the,
cau
chuyen ve ngudn gdc ehfl Han, thfl tu cac net viet. Len cac trinh
do cao thi
ndn
cd su lien be vdi nhflng ehfl Han da hgc va chu y tdi
each sfl dung ehfl Han dd trong van canh.
Tai
lieu tham khao
1.
^mm'?-{i988)fB^mmmmiizmtmj^
2.
^mm^il995)fB^mmW^L
PP.82-89±fl^lt»/^
3.
f^:^1*gl^(1993)
r0*ff^l#(7)^^^^h7Xv^-ilKjr©^^B
^mm^-^y^-'mmn9^.
pp.77-92 0 ^fggcw^#
4.
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it t:jm#W0*fS^WJ5.pp.
105-
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0
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5.
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6.
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^lft t:(:i^;t5f^Sjre#(7)0^fg|!cWJ8.
pp. 31-
45.
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7.
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mm^^y:^i^isii^mmm^imi^±^^s^±±y^~
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8.
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9.
m±mmm^pjf{i988)m^ff^^^smm{^mi-^Ty^-hmm
10.
i^^t^^i^
(1993a) ^mu^^B^m^^^(Dm^^'^imi-^m
mm^i\)—^^nmm^^^^my^/\^'^'(Di^mim^^mm
A^M^f^SJ.
pp.

169-185,MS^HIf^^.
11.
m^mm{i997)^Q^m^^^^(Dm^^'^^hyr-i^-i^mi-?im
^t^m^f
B^mm^W^l33,
PP.
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12.
Thonglim
Pakkinee(2001)
r#r||^ll
H;z^ff
^^#(Dr||^^^:^y'i,t
13.
^^Lir(2003)
r-^'/f
AB*f&^l#roy||^-rI^^^J;^h7xv=-i^
isn^mmm^Rv^^m]^B^mm'^tmxitmmM,
PP.
50-59
14.
^ummii997)iBm^^''s^<^m^^^s^hyy^iy-\cm-r^m
^<ir#^jrB^i§^ww^j33,
pp.
m-mnmxitm^^jf
15.
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522