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DAI
H(.)C QUOC (ilA
HA
NOI
TRUONC;
DAI
H(.)C
KHOA
HOC XA
HOI
VA
NHAN
VAN
Nguyin
Quy
Thanh
BU6C OAU NGHllN CUU VE
HANH
VINAO
THAI
NGOAl
HON
NHAN
Chuyen
n^anh
: Xa hoi hoc
Mdso : 5 01
09
LUAN AN THAC SY KHOA HOC XA HOI HOC
[
V^.Xi

Nt^i/cxi
hu('fni^
dan
khoa
hoc:
PTS.
Nguy€n
Quoc Trieu
Ha
noi, 1995
LCJI
NOI
DAU
Bao cao
chlnh
tri cua Ban
chdp
hanh Trung uong Dang cong san Viet Nam
(Khoa VI), trinh bay tai Dai
h6i
dai
bi^u
toan quoc
Idn thir
VII
vi^t :"Giam
toe do
tang
dan
so la

m6t
quoc sach, phai
tro
thanh
cu6c
van
d6ng
rong 1cm, manh me
va
s^u
sde
trong toan dan. Tang kinh phi,
phuong
tien, can
be),
dong
thcM thirc
hi6n
dong
bO
cac
bifen
phap
d^'
day
manh
cu6c van dc)ng
sinh de c6
k^'hoach"
.

Di
CO
thi
thirc
hien duoc
chi^'n luoc
nay, cac nha khoa hoc phai
ti^'n
hanh
hang
loat
nhung
nghi^n ciJu nhSm thi^'t
lap
nhiJng luan
cu khoa hoc cho
nhirng
muc
ti6u
dan so cu
th^'.
Da
CO rat nhiCu nhu*ng nghifin
cuu
\i nhiJng
hien
tucmg
va qua trinh dan
so
khae

nhau. Nao thai
ciing
la
mc)t
hien
tuofng
c6
li^n
quan
d6:n
chuong trinh dan so
va
kC
hoach hoa gia dinh duoc
nhi^u
nha dan so hoc, xa hoi hoc, y hoc quan
tam
nghi^n
cihi.
Boi
vi hien
tuong
nao thai c6 tac dong manh
dCn
mUc sinh
ciia
mOt
quoc gia. Nhung mat khac no cung c6 nhung anh huong to
Ion d6n sue
khoe

ciia nhiJng
phu nu nao thai noi
riCng
va boat dong cua toan xa hoi noi chung. Do
do
nhi^u
nha
nghi^n
cuu da
k^u
goi tim mot giai phap
wi
mat khoa hoc va thuc
tifin
cho nghich
ly
nay.
Tire
la giam duoc so ca nao hut, nhung
lai
khong phuong
hai
dCn
cac muc
tifiu
v^
dan so.
Cac nha khoa hoc Viet Nam da thuc hien kha
nhi^u nghiCn
cuu xa hoi hoc,

nhiCu each ti6p
can khac nhau
d^'n
hien
tucmg
nay, nham tim toi mot giai phap
toi uu.
Y
tucVng nghiCn
cuu
ciia
chung toi
\i
hien tucmg nao thai ngoai
hem
nhan
xua't
hien
tir
nam 1993. Khi
tiCn
hanh
nghiCn
cuu
vc^
sinh
vifin,
chung
tc')i tha'y a4
xu

hircmg tir
do tinh due trcmg tinh
yCu
da bat
dfiu xua't
hien. Mat khac hien
tucj
V;ln
kiCn
Dai
hAi
dai
bic'u
loan quoc Lin
Ihu
VI.
NXH
SinhAt.
Wa Noi
\W\,
uJU
NOI DUNG
LOI
NOI DAU
CHLfQNG
Q
:
Nhiinsi
ket
qua va

phdn
tick ban ddu
2.
Nhung
nguyen
nhin
cua
viec
mang
thai
ngoai
hOn
rih:ln-_
n.
Ve
viec
nao
thai
n^oai
hOn
nhiln
2.1.
Nhung
yeu
to
xa
hpi
tdc dpng
den
quye'i

Jinh
nao
thai
cua
nguai
phu nu
khOng
chOng
Trans
CHL/QNG
I.
NhUng
ca
sa
ly
ludn
ciia
viec
nghien
cuu
ve nao thai ngoai
hon
nhan 4
1. Tinh cap bach
ciia
van
de
nghien cuu 4
2.
Y

nghia
ly luan va thuc tien
ciia
luOn
an 7
3.
Doi
tuong, muc dich va
^la thiet
nghien cuu S
4.
Phuong phap
luOn
va phuong phap he nghien cuu
ve hanh vi nao
thai
ngoai
hOn nhan
!()
5.
Tc^ng
quan nhung nghien cuu hanh
vi
nao
thai
Hizoai
hOn
nhan
i
"^

[. Ve hien
tircTng
mang
thai
ngoai
hOn
nhin
."^2
I. Tinh hinh chung 32
2.2.
Mot sO dac diem
ciia
nhom phu nu
co
hanh
vi
nao
thai
ngoai
hOn
nhan 62
K£TLUAN
^3
DANH MUG
TAI
LEU THAM
KHAO
SO
PHU LUC
<^

LC)I
NOI DAU
Bao cao chlnh tri cua Ban
cha'p
hanh Trung
uofng
Dang
cc)ng
san Viet Nam
(Khoa VI), trinh bay tai Dai
h6i
dai
bi^u
toan quoc
Idn
thu VII
viet :"Giam tcSc
do
tang dan so
la m6t
quoc sach, phai
tro
thanh
cucic
van dc)ng rong 1cm, manh me
va
sau sdc
trong toan dan. Tang kinh
phi,
phuong tien, can

be),
dc^^ng thcM
thuc
hien dong
be)
cac
bien
phap
d^'
day manh cuc)c van dc)ng sinh de
ccS ke
hoach" .
Di
CO
th^'
thuc hien
ducyc chie'n luc^c
nay, cac nha khoa hoc phai tien hanh
hang loat
nhirng
nghien
curu
nham thiet lap nhirng luan cu khoa hoc cho
nhiJng
muc
tiCu
dan
sc)
cu
the'.

Da cc)
rat nhieu nhiJng
nghien
ctJu ve nhiJng
hien tucmg va qua trinh dan s6
khac nhau. Nao thai cung la
mc)t
hien tucmg cc) lien quan den chucmg trinh dan
sc)
va ke hoach hoa gia dinh duoc nhieu nha dan so hoc, xa hoi hoc, y hoc quan
tam nghien
ciJu,
Bai
vi hien tucmg nao thai
cc")
tac dc)ng manh den muc sinh
ciia
mc)t
qucK^
gia. Nhung mat khac no
cilng
cc^
nhung anh hucmg to
Ic'm
den
sue
khoe
ciia
nhung phu nu nao thai noi rieng va boat dc)ng
ciia

toan xa hoi nc)i chung. Do
dc)
nhieu nha nghien cuu da keu goi tim mot giai phap
ve
mat khoa hoc va thuc
lien cho nghich ly nay. Tuc la giam
ducyc sci
ca nao hut, nhung lai
khC^ng
phucmg
hai den cac muc tieu
ve
dan
sei.
Cac nha khoa hoc Viet Nam da thuc hien kha nhieu nghien cuu xa hoi hoc,
nhieu
each
tiep can khac nhau den hien tucmg nay, nham tim
tcM
mc)t giai phap
iCn
uu.
Y tucmg nghien cuu cua chung toi ve hien tucmg nao thai ngoai
hc'^n
nhan
xuat hien
tir
nam 1993. Khi tien hanh nghien cuu
ve
sinh vien, chung tc)i thay

c6
xu
hirc'mg tir
do tinh due trong tinh
yeu
da bat
dfiu
xuat hien. Mat khac hien
lucmg
VAn kiOn
Dai
hCti
dai
biCu
loan quoc
lAn thir
VI. NXH
SuthAt.
I
la Noi
1*;91.
uJO
thay
CO
xu hucmg
tir
do tinh
due
trong tinh yeu da bat ddu xuat hien. Mat khac
hien tuong

nO
sinh vien do
yeu
qua
he\
minh phai mang thai va nao thai cang
trcV nen phcS
bie'n.
Nhirng
dieu
nay da
cuon
hut chung
tcM
thu tim mot each thuc
de'ngan
chan.
Chung t6i thay rang giua mang thai va nao thai
c6 mcSi
quan he nhan-
qua,
rat
phu
hctp vofi
mc^^
hinh ly thuyet cua
trucVng
phai hanh vi luan
(Behaviorizm). Cho
nen

chung
tcM
da thiet lap mc)t nghien cuu - phan tich
ve
nao thai ngoai
hc^n
nhan
dira
tren ly thuyet nay.
Nhiem vu
ciia
chung
tf^
trong nghien cuu nay la phac thao nhung luan
cu khoa hoc va tren
ecr
scV
dc')
de xuat nhirng giai phap
cc)
the
de'
giam thie'u
hien tucmg nao thai ngoai
hem
nhan.
Viec xac dinh chinh thuc day la de tai
ciia
luan an Thac sT khoa hoc xa
hAi

hoc
duetc tie'n
hanh vao thang 5 nam 1995. Do
dc)
chung tc)i
ccm ml it
thoi
gian de' thuc hien cac y tucmg nghien cuu
ciia
minh. Do vay cac van de
ducrc
xem xet
hfiu
nhu cung
chi
dung lai
cV mirc
do ban ddu.
Tuy vay chung
te^^i
cung hy
ve^ng
nghien cuu
ciia
minh se dong
gop
mot
phrin nhc)
be vao viec nghien cuu cac hien tucmg - qua trinh dan
sd,

nhfim
thuc
hien
tcM chii
tructng,
dueVng
leSi ciia
Dang ta.
Nghien cuu cua chung
tr)i khe^^ng the
thanh
ccmg ducrc ne'u
nhu thieu
nhung
ge)p
y quy bau
ciia
giao vien huong
ddn,
ciia
GS Le Thi Nham Tuyet
Giam
deSc
Trung tam nghien cuu
Gioi
- Gia dinh -
Me'^)i
trucmg trcmg phat trie'n
(CGFED), Trung tam nghien cuu Phu
niJ

va Gia dinh (CFWS)
sir he') tret ve
mat
ui
chuc
ciia
Ban
chii
nhiem khoa Xa he)i hoc, Tam ly
hex-
thuc)c trucmg Dai hoc
Khoa hoc Xa hc)i va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi,
sir
ho tro trong
vice
thu thap cac tai lieu nghien cuu
ciia
TrucVng khoa,
Phc')
khoa San Trung lam y
te
Tir
Liem va Nhan dip nay chung
tc')i
xin gui
loi
cam
(m
chan thanh va sau
siic

nhat tc'ti
ho.
Luan an Thac sy xa
h6i hcic ve
de tai
"Bueifc
ddu nghien cuu ve hanh vi
nao thai ngoai
h6n
nhan" ngoai Ldi noi ddu
ccNn
bao
gcSm
:
Chuong 1 :
NhGng
ce^
sa
ly luan cua vice nghien cuu
ve
hanh vi
nao thai ngoai hon nhan.
Chuemg 2 : Nhung
ket
qua va phan
tich
ban ddu.
Ket luan.
Va cac phu
luc

va danh muc cac tai lieu tham khao.
Day la me)t nghien
cjjfu
nhe^
va
cc)
tham vcmg
nhc>.
Do vay chdc
khc)
tranh het
duofc
nhirng
thie'u
sot. Kinh mcmg
sir dc'mg ge)p
chan tinh
ciia
cac nha
khoa hoc.
Chiromg
I
NHUNG CO
S6
LY LUAN CUA VIEC NGHIEN
ClTU
VE HANH VI NAO THAI
NGOAl
HON NHAN
1.

Tinh
cap bach cua van de nghien
cuti.
Kie'm soat
sir
phat trie'n
ciia
dan
scS
la mc)t trong nhirng muc tieu hang
ddu
ciia nude
ta nham dam bao
sir
phat trie'n on dinh
ciia
xa he)i. Viec tu do
hoa nao thai la mot trong cac bien phap
nhdm
tac de)ng
de'n
muc sinh
a nude
ta. Tuy nhien
sir
gia tang manh me
s6 luemg
cac ca nao thai hang nam da lam
cho nhieu nha khoa hoc quan tam den hien tucmg nay phai
len

tieng bao dong.
Theo cac chuyen gia y
te,
dii vcn
ky thuat
tcM
nhat,
vice
mao thai
vdn
c6
the'
de' lai nhiJng hau qua xau cho
sire
khoe
ciia
mot ty le nhat dinh phu nu.
Mat khac do me)t
se^
luemg kha 1cm phu
niJ
hang nam phai
nghi
de' nao thai,
nen
xa he)i
mat
hang chuc trieu ngay
ceing lao
dong,

gay teSn
that
ve
kinh
le
cho xa
he)i va chinh
nhe^m
phu nu nao thai. Mac ddu vay
so
luemg
Idn
phu
nir
nao thai
hang nam vdn tang len. Cuc)c dieu tra nhan khau hoc giua ky nam 1994 cua
TeSng
cu
theSng
ke da cho ta con
se1
la 12,8%
tcSng sc1
phu nu trcmg do
tucSi
sinh
de da tung nao pha thai.
Cc)
me)t nghich ly de quan sat thay la, cang tuyen truyen nhieu
ve

chucmg trinh dan
sf) ke'hoach
hoa gia dinh, cang
ca'p
phat nhieu cac bien phap
ngua thai, thi ty le nao - pha thai
khcmg
nhung khcmg giam ma lai tang len.
Vi du theo s6 lieu dieu tra
ciia
Bo Y
te
thi nam 1993 ty le ngucVi chap
nhan su dung cac bien phap tranh thai la
49,3^/r
nam 1994 la
49,1%,
trong khi
dc)
scS
ngucVi nao hut
ciia
26
tinh
thanh duoc dieu tra nam 1993
hi
611.173,
1994 la 680.173, eon tinh tren ca
nude
thi nam 1992 c6

1.336.017
ca nao hut
thai*
Viec cho phep
tir
do nao - pha thai da lam giam dang
ke'
muc sinh
a
Viet
Nam (theo u6c
tinh
thi giam gdn 1/2 muc sinh). Nhung
nhirng
hau qua tam ly,
sinh ly, xa hc)i sau nao thai voi ngucVi phu
n\i
khien chung ta phai quan tam
den viec tim nhung
each
thirc,
nhdm
lam giam
sf)
ca nao thai hang nam nhung
lai
kheing
anh hucVng
de'n
cac muc tieu

ciia chuctng
trinh dan
se'>
KHHGD.
Trcmg so nhiJng phu niJ nao thai hang nam c6 mc)t ty le dang ke la
nhiJng phu nir
khc^ng chr^ng
nao thai. Theo so lieu dieu tra
ciia
Uy ban dan
so
Ha Noi 1993 thi
eo
11%;
se1
phu nir trcmg mSu dieu tra la chua
ccS
gia
dinh Scl
lieu cua
Temg
cue
The^'ng
ke nam 1994, cung cho thay phu nir
cV
dc) tucSi
15-19
nao thai la
6,1%;
va d

dd lucii
20-24 la
16,3%^
tcSng
sc) phu nir trcmg dc) tuoi sinh
de.
Se) phu nir chua sinh ccm nao thai la 14,2%.
Nhii'ng
phu nir
khe^mg chc)ng
nao thai chiu nhirng anh
hucVng
nghiem
trcmg
hem
nhieu
ve
cac mat sue khoe, tinh thdn, sinh ly, xa hoi so
vcVi
nhom
phu nir
cc)
chemg.
BeVi vi ho la nhirng ngucVi thucmg la chua
cc)
ccm. Va ho se
phai sinh ccm trong mot tucmg lai gdn. Khcmg ai dam chdc rang
vice ngueVi
phu
nir nao thai

sc'tm,nhieu,
khCmg cc)
anh
hue'mg
gi den the he tucmg lai
ciia
ho.
Tai sao
sc^^
luemg phu nir khcmg chemg nao thai ngay cang tang len ?
Hien tucmg nay chiu
sir
tac dc)ng
ciia
cac yeu tc) nao ? Lieu day
ccS
phai la
khiem khuyet
ciia
chucmg trinh truyen
throng ve
dan sc) hay
khc')ng
7 Do la
nhirng cau
hen
cdn cd
sir
tra
IcVi.

Nhin chung nao thai la mot
sir lira
chcm bat ddc dT cua ngucVi phu nir.
Vay nhirng
ye'u id
nao
giiip
cho ngucri phu nir
c6 duetc
me)t quyet dinh toi uu.
NcM each
khac nhirng
ngucti
phu nir, dac biet la phu nir khong
chong
chiu su
IVio
cao
ciia IV>
Y
to'lai hCn lh;io vO sire khoe
sinh
s;in.
Il.i
Noi.
H-\')')^.
NguyOn CJuoc TriCu
va cac lac
gi;i
kkhac.

ITiirc
(rang nao
ph.'i ih.ii a fla Noi
v;i
c(^ng
i.ic
dan sn
ko ho.tch
hoa gia dinh. I!a
N(»i.
\W^.
./•
.y
tac
d6ng
cua nhiJng
yeu
to nao trong qua trinh
lira che^n
mot hanh vi thich
herp
nhat trong tinh huong eu
th^.
Chiing
t6i cho rang
ne'u
phan tich
duc^c
qua trinh
lira che^n

va thuc hien
hanh vi nao thai cua ngueVi phu nu khong
che)ng,
chung ta se tim ra
ductc
nhirng giai phap nham nang cao tinh thdn trach nhiem cua
ngueVi
phu nu
khe'mg
chc)ng
trong viec
lira che^n
hanh vi nao thai. Va dieu nay chdc chdn se ddn den
viec
ge)p
phdn giam (it hay nhieu) ty le nao pha thai
ngcxii hr^n
nhan noi rieng
va ty le nao thai noi chung, ma vdn
khcing
anh
hueVng de'n
cac muc tieu dan sc)
ke'hoach
hoa gia dinh.
Viec nghien ciru
ve
hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hr^n
nhan la

rat cap
bach va
cdn thiet trcmg giai doan hien nay.
BeVi
vi, thir nhat hien tucmg mang thai - nao
thai ngoai
he'^n
nhan dang
IrcV
thanh mot
van
de xa hoi
nc'mg bc'mg
(dac biet la
mang thai - nao thai vi thanh nien).
Thir
hai, vice deii
men nen
kinh te
ciia
dat
nuc'yc ciing ven
qua trinh da phucmg hoa quan he
cc)
lam bien
dCn
nhirng dinh
kien, quan die'm
ciia ngueVi
dan

ve
viec mang thai, nao thai ngoai
hem
nhan hay
khc')ng
la
cau
hen dang cdn
IcVi
giai dap.
TTiir
ba phai chang chucmg trinh dan
so
ke
hoach
he^a
gia dinh chua coi nhom phu nir
khc^^ng cheSng
la dc)i tucmg cua
minh, nen men c6 me)t tinh trang nao - pha
thiii
nhu vay.
Thir
tu nhieu phu nir
trt^
da
tc)
ra thieu
nhii'ng
kien

thure
set dang
ciia
giao
due
tinh
due,
lieu dieu nay
CO
lam anh hueVng
de'n sir lira
chon hanh vi nao thai dung ddn
ciia
ngucVi phu
nir hay khcmg ? Mat khac
ne'u
nhin tir
gcK
do xa hoi hoc, qua nhirng tai lieu
hien cc')
chiing ta thay rang mang nghien ciru
ve
nao thai ngoai
hCm
nhan chua
ductc chu y me)t each thich dang. Dac biet la
cc>n
thie'u nhirng cc) gdng nham
phan tich hien tucmg nay theo nhirng ly thuyet
Ic'm ciia

xa hc)i
hcK\
Vice
thu nghiem, tim
tc^i
mot each tiep can moi trong nghien ciru cac
hien tucmg xa hoi, trcmg
dc)
cc')
hien
tucmg nao thai ngoai hon nhan rat cdn
thiet.
NeS
se
geSp
phdn
nhc^
be vao vice giai quyet mot van de ly luan
ciia
xa hoi
hoe.
Nghien
eiiru
hien tucmg nao thai ciia phu nir khong chc)ng tir
gc'^c
do
ciia
ly
thuyet hanh vi.
Noi torn lai viec nghien

ciru
ve hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hr^n
nhan (hanh vi
nao thai eua nhiing phu nir khong c6
cheing)
dap
iJng
ca nhirng nhu cdu ve
khoa
hcic
va xa
h6i.
Do chinh la ly do cua
sir lira
chon
va'n
de nghien ciru :
'Nao
thai ngoai
hon
nhdn\
2.
V nghla
ly luan va thuc
ti^n
cua luan an.
Trcmg luan an nay, chung
tc')i
cd gdng dua ra me)t thu nghiem

nhdm
nghien ciru
ve
hien tucmg nao thai ngoai
hfm
nhan tren
ect
so
ciia
ly thuyet
hanh vi. Noi each khac chiing toi cc) gdng dua ra mot
mc>
hinh
ciia
hanh vi nao
thai ngoai
hc'in
nhan va tren ect
seV dc')
tie'n hanh phan tich cac
ye'u
to va thanh
phdn cua no.
Chung ten hy vcmg
rdng
luan an nay
s.e
la mc)t
dc')ng gcSp nhc)
vao

vice
irng dung cac ly thuyet cua xa hc)i hoc, cu the' la thuyet hanh vi vao
vice
giai
quyet cac va'n de thuc tien.
Nguctc
lai nhirng ket qua
ciia
luan an nay cung la
su demg
geSp
khiem
idn
lam
phemg phii
them
ve
ly thuyet hanh vi.
Tren ca set
nhiing
phan tich ket qua nghien ciru, chiing
tc')i
hy vong luan
an nay se giup chiing ta
hie'u
rd hem ve hien tucmg nao thai ngoai hc)n nhan
ncM
chung va hanh vi nao thai ngoai hem nhan noi rieng. Chung te)i cung hy vong
rfing
se dua ra ductc mc)t vai ket luan va giai phap

de
giai quyet hien
tuemg
nao
thai ngoai
hc^^n
nhan, nhung
khc^)ng
anh
huc'mg
den cac muc tieu dan so, gop
phdn hoan thien
hem
cc)ng tac dan
so
ke hoach hoa gia dinh.
Chiing
tc')i
cung hy vong rang ket qua
ciia
luan an nay duoc
diing de
giang day cho cac sinh vien xa hoi hoc va dan so hoc.
8
3.
Ddi
tucmg,
muc dich va gia thiet nghien
cuti.
3.1.

Doi tucmg nghien ciru.
Hien tucmg nao thai ductc nhieu nganh
khe^a he;)c
quan tam nghien ciru
nham tim ra cac ky thuat an toan nhat, gay it tai bie'n nhat, it anh hucVng den
sire khoe
ngudi
phu
niJ
nao thai nhat
v.v.
Dan sd hoc quan tam xem tdn xuat
nao thai trcmg xa hoi
the'nao
va vai
trc)
tac dong
ciia neS
den mirc sinh, chucmg
trinh
ke'hoach
hoa gia dinh ra sao thi xa hc)i hoc
chii
trong nhieu den cac yeu
id
xa hc)i tac dc)ng de'n hanh vi nao thai, nao thai trong cac
nheSm
xa hoi, cac
tc'^)n
giao v.v

Trong luan an nay chiing
tc'^)i
khcmg hy vong
cc)
the' lam ro tat ca cac van
de,
tra
leVi
tat ca cac
cau hen ve
hien tucmg nao thai nhin tir
gc')c
do xa hoi hoc.
Trong qua trinh quan sat va phan tich hien tucmg, chiing
tc)i
thay rang hanh vi
nao thai ngoai
he')n
nhan la mot van de dang quan tam nghien ciru boi tinh thoi
sir ciia
no. Chinh vi vay chiing
tr)i
da xac dinh ddi tucmg nghien ciru
ciia
minh
la hanh vi nao thai ngoai hon nhan. Hanh vi nay la mot hanh vi xa hoi
bcVi 10
nc')
chiu
sir

tac de)ng
ciia
vd van cac ye'u
tc")
xa hoi va ben
nc')
c6 y
nghla
voi
ngucVi phu
nQ
thuc hien hanh vi nay.
Nd\
tcSm
lai trong luan an nay chiing toi
muc)n xem xet hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hem
nhan va mot vai ye'u te) quan trong
anh hucVng de'n
neV
3.2. Muc dich.
Luan an nay dat cho minh me)t sd muc dich khiem
tc'^n
nhu sau :
- Lam re') mot sd khai niem tre)ng
deS
quan tre)ng nhat la khai
nicm
hanh
vi nao thai.

- Xac dinh va phan tich mo hinh hanh vi nao thai ngoai
he')n
nhan. Xac
dinh
m6t
so dae
di^m
ca ban cua nh6m phu nir co hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hc>n
nhan.
-
Dijng
cac so lieu
d^
phan tich
ve
cac thanh phdn
ciia mei
hinh nao thai
ngoai
hOn
nhan.
-
Dua ra mc)t
so
ket luan va kie'n nghi tren ca sd cac phan tich nham gop
phdn han
che'
hien tucmg nao thai
nge^ai hcin

nhan noi rieng va nao thai noi
chung nhung
khcing
anh
huctng
de'n cac muc tieu dan
sc'^'
va nang cao trach
nhiem
ciia
ngueVi phu
nQ
khong c6 chong
tre^ng
qua trinh ra quyet dinh nao
thai
3.3.
Gia thuyet nghien ciru.
Khrmg
phai moi hanh vi mang thai ngoai
he)n
nhan deu ddn den hanh vi
nao thai ngoai
hc^^n
nhan. Nhung moi hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hr)n
nhan deu
ce')
ngueSn
gcK'

tir cac hanh vi mang thai ngoai
hc)n
nhan.
Co nhieu nguyen nhan ddn de'n hanh vi mang thai ngoai hem nhan
nhung ect mot nguyen nhan
cer
ban hem ca la su kem hie'u biet
ve
giao due tinh
due.
Cang it hie'u biet
ve
giao due tinh due cang de c6 nguy ca mang thai
ngoai hem nhan va cang nhieu kha nang nao thai ngoai
hr^n
nhan.
NgucVi phu nir ciing se dua ra quyet dinh nao thai
hem
khi ho hie'u biet
met he), hoac khcmg hie'u biet
ve
hau qua den
veti sire
khoe^
ciia vice
nao thai
ciia
he).
Nguetc
lai khi ho hie'u re') cac hau qua thi

vice
dua ra cac quyet dinh cung
khc)
khan hctn. Tuy nhien
dii
phai suy nghT nhieu hem khi dua ra quyet dinh
nao thai rat nhieu phu nir van chap nhan nao thai. Vi nhirng phu nir nay tim
cho minh cac ly do tu an
lii
ban than nhu
vice
nae) thai
kheVng
nguy
hie'm
nhu
ngucti ta vdn nc)i v.v
10
Kh6ng
phai
ta't
ea
men
phu
nH
chua c6 gia dinh deu tu nguyen thuc hien
hanh vi nao thai eua minh, co
mOt
so dang
ke^

bi ep bue)c thuc hien hanh vi nao
thai.
Sir
ep
bu6c
nay
xua't
phat tir ban tinh, gia dinh, xa he)i Ngay ca trcmg
nhiing
trucmg hop ngucti phu nir tu nhan la
hc^
tu nguyen nao thai, ho vdn chiu
sir
chi phcn cua cac ye'u to cac
sir
kiem che' thuc te. NgucVi phu nir chua co gia
dinh chiu sire ep
ciia
nhiJng ngucVi than xung quanh minh manh hem sire ep
ciia
xa he)i
neVi
chung. Khi sire ep ciia xa he)i de'n nhung ngueVi nay
phii
herp veVi y
kie'n ciia
nhiing
ngUeVi than thi ho de dang hem trong vice tuan
thii
theo

sir
khuyen bao tir ben ngoai. Trong cac
trueVng
hctp do ngueVi phu nir chua co gia
dinh de di de'n quyet dinh nao thai hctn.
4.
PhU(mg
phap luan va phucmg phap he nghien curu ve hanh vi
nao thai ngoai hon nhan.
4.1.
Khai niem hanh vi (Behavior) hanh vi nao thai, va hanh vi nao thai
ngoai hem nhan.
Me)t trong nhiing khai niem ca ban ductc dung xuyen sue)t trong luan an
nay do la khai niem hanh vi nao thai
ngcxii
hcVn nhan.
NeVi each
khac
detn
vi
phan tich trcmg nghien ciru cua chung toi la hanh vi nao thai ngoai heVn nhan.
Vice phan tich hanh vi nao thai
ngc^ai hein
nhan dac biet
ceV
hieu qua
neu
chiing
ta tiep can tir goc de) ly thuyet hanh vi.
Ly thuyet hanh vi

ceV ngucin gc^c sau
xa tir nhung thi nghiem
ve
phan irng
ccV
dieu kien
ciia
nha sinh ly hoc vT dai ngueVi Nga
PaplcSp.
Nhirng y tucmg
ciia
PapleSp
trong cac thi nghiem nay da
duetc
mot nha khoa he)c ngUcVi My la
Skinner
diing
trong nhung nghien ciru tam ly hoc. Net can ban cua ly thuyet
hanh vi
thiia
ban ddu la neV
chi
thira nhan
vice
nghien ciru tam ly ce)n ngUeVi
thcmg qua
nhii'ng
bie'u hien hanh vi ben nge)ai (nhirng cai
ceV the
quan sal

ductc).
MeV hinh ly thuyet chu ye'u
ciia
ly thuyet hanh vi da duetc
J.B.
Watson,
11
nha ly luan so
m6t
cua
trueVng
phai nay,
the^
hien qua men quan he het sire
dem
gian : S
^R.
Trong do S la tac nhan, la kich thich (Stimul) ceVn R la phan irng,
la
sir
tra loi (reactions, respones) .
Tre^ng
meV hinh nay Watsem da
bc^
qua,
khe'^ng
de'm
xia deh
vai tro ciia y thirc
trc:)ng

hanh vi
ciia
ca nhan.
Nhu
vay
luc nay khai niem hanh vi duetc hie'u bao
gc)m
toan bo nhirng
bie'u hien
cc)
the' quan sat ductc ct ben
ngc^ai
men ca nhan.
Ly thuyet hanh vi co anh huetng
cue
ky to
letn
de'n
sir
phat trie'n
ciia
tam
ly hoc noi rieng va
nen
khoa
hc^c ve
con ngUeVi tai My noi chung. Y tucmg
nghien ciru
ve
nhiing khia canh

chii
quan trong hanh vi con ngucti
chi
ccV the'
nghien ciru
thc')ng
qua nhirng hanh vi c6 the' quan sat ductc da tao thanh mot
trong nhirng nguyen
t^c
ciia chii
nghTa thuc chirng
meti
rat
phc)
bien trong xa
hoi
hoc.
Tir
nhu'ng
y tuetng kinh die'n
ciia
ly thuyet hanh vi, da ceV rat nhieu
huetng phat trie'n
ciia
ly thuyet nay. Mc)t trong nhirng huetng phat trien la
ciia
E.
Tolman
(1886-1959).
Tolman da dua vao me) hinh cua Watson khai niem cac

bien trung gian (intervening variables). Khai niem nay nham
chi
me)t tap hctp
cac
yeu id
nhan thirc va kich dc)ng, va
meV
hinh meti ciia Tolman duetc
the
hien
nhu sau :
S
—>
intervening
-^
R
variables
Luc ddu Tolman chia cac ye'u
id
trung gian lam 2
loai.
Cac nhu cdu sinh ly va
cac ye'u
id
nhan thirc. Nhung sau
dcV
(1951) Tolman lai chia thanh 3 nheVm gc)m
: he theV'ng nhu cdu, he thcV'ng gia tri, tinh hue)ng thuc hien hanh vi.
I'ir
diOn

\a
h6i
hoc. NXH
C'hinh
tri.Mockv.i.
198*^,
Tir "Chu
nghIa ihirc
chirng
v;i
ihuc
chirng
mtti'
(liong
Nga).
12
N6n
theo eae tac gia kinh
die^m
cua ly thuyet hanh vi thi me)t hanh vi
duoc ung
h6,
lien tucmg thi ductc cung co va nguetc lai. Mc)i quan he nay la
tuye'n
tinh, co hc)e. Nhung theo nhung tac gia
ciia
ly thuyet hanh vi meti nhu
Tolman thi
sir
thuc khcmg detn gian nhu vay. Con ngucti ciing phai suy nghT,

doi ehie'u,
can
nhdc
tru6c
cac tac nhan moi khi dua ra me)t phan irng, mc)t
quyet dinh.
Nhu
vay
de'n Tolman khai niem hanh vi da phong
phii
va phirc tap hctn,
no kh6ng
chi
c6 cac tac nhan (ben ngoai) va cac phan irng (ben ngoai) ma
ngucti ta da neVi de'n nhiing nhan to ben trong
ceV
anh huetng den
qiia
trinh phan
irng.
Ly thuyet hanh vi, dac biet la ly thuyet hanh vi meti
(Nee^behaviori/m
)
ductc su dung kha re)ng rai trong xa hc)i hoc. Me)t trong nhiing irng dung ly
thuyet hanh vi meti vao xa hc)i
hcK
thanh
ceding
nhat la ciia nha xa hoi he)c, tam
ly hoc xa he)i nen tie'ng ngucti My la G.Mead.Ong da cc) gdng xem xet, phan

tich
sir
da dang
ciia
nhirng cai qui dinh hanh vi con ngucti. Mead ciing
ceV
quan
die'm gdn quan die'm ciia ly thuyet hanh vi ct
che\
c)ng cho
rdng
cai tam ly cdn
ductc giai thich thueVng qua hanh vi quan sat ductc. Tuy nhien nguetc lai veti
chii
nghTa ca nhan ciia ly thuyet hanh vi chinh thong,
c>ng
dua ra luan die'm
ve
ban
chat xa he)i ciia hanh vi
ce^n
ngucVi. Ong vie't : "Chiing ta thu giai thich hanh vi
ca nhan theVng qua hanh vi c6 to chirc ciia nhcVm xa hoi, hanh vi xa hc)i kheVng
the'
giai thich duetc ne'u
xay
dung no tir tac nhan va phan irng. NeV cdn duetc
phan tich nhu la me)t
chinh
the'

linh
hc^at,
khong mc)t phdn nao
ciia chinh the
nay ceV the' duetc phan tich thuc hien ductc mot each de)c lap
"G.
Mead,
Sell
and Sociaty Chicago 1939 Mead G). De'n day chiing la thay rang kheVng the
hieu hanh vi detn gian nhu la mot
sir
phan irng deVi veti me)t tac nhan ma phai
hie'u
deV
la Me)t chinh the linh boat bao ge)m cac ye'u te) ben trong va cac bie'u
hien ben ngoai ceV quan he hun
ect
veti nhau.
NeVi each
khac deV chinh la su
13
tuong tae eua eae ea nhan hoac nh6m veti moi trueVng (nghTa rong) xung
quanh, va duoc thue hien
nho
vao tinh tich
cue
ben ngoai (mat van
dc^ng)
va
tinh tich cue

bfen
trong (mat tam ly) ciia ca nhan hoac nhom.
Tir dinh
nghTa
chung ve khai niem hanh vi neu tren, chung ta c6 the'
riit
ra dinh
nghla
v^
hanh vi nao thai nhu sau : Do
Id
mot chinh the linh
hoqt
cua
viec
ngu&i
phu nu mang thai va tham gia vao qua trinh nao thai (voi hdc si)
cung
v&i
nhiing yeu
toxd
hoi
duffc
hoi tu hen trong y
thAc
cua
ngu&i
phu
nH
CO

anh huong den viec ra quyet dinh nao thai cua ho. NhUng yeu to xa hoi
do
CO
the
Id
tdc dong cua gia
dinh,
han
he,
ngu&i
yeu,
ngu&i
tinh du luan xa
hoiy
cdc kiem sodt xa hoi vd thuc
te
v.v
CeVn
hanh vi nao thai ngoai hcVn nhan do la hdnh vi nao thai cua
ngu&i
phu nit khong co chong.
4.2.
Me')
hinh phan tich hanh vi nao thai ngoai he)n nhan.
Tren ect set phan tich
ve
mot mo hinh hanh vi noi chung
a
tren, chung ta
cd gdng

xay
dung mot mo hinh dac trung ciia hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hem
nhan.
Nhu tren, chiing ta thay rang trong men mc)t hanh vi bao gieV ciing ceV 3 thanh
phdn
ndm
trong
sir
thong nhat. Do la cac tac nhan, cac ye'u to trung gian va
nhiing phan irng quan sat ductc. Trong hanh vi nao thai
ngetai hc^n
nhan
re')
rang
tac nhan tiep deV la viec mang thai ngoai heVn nhan. Tat nhien viec mang thai
ngoai
he)n
nhan cung co nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau. Nhung cai thai ngoai
heVn nhan nay cc) the' la nhung cai thai ductc mong deti nhung phdn nhieu la
nhung cai thai ngoai y mue)n. Gia dinh, ban be, ngUeVi yeu, cac dinh kien teVn
giao v.v la nhiing ye'u
id
xa hoi tac dong de'n y thirc
ciia ngUeVi
mang thai
ngoai heVn nhan, anh huetng den
vice
ra quyet dinh nae) thai cua he). Nhirng you
tcV

nay ket tu trcmg y thirc meVi ngucti nay va tae) ra cac nhan
id
trung gian. Cac
14
nhan t6 trung gian nay se suy xet :
nen
hay khong
nen
nao thai ? Ban be
neVi
gi
Gia dinh suy nghT gi ? NgucVi yeu co y kie'n gi ? Nao thi co
Icti
gi 7 v.v Tom h
no dua ra
rat nhi^u
nhan xet, phan quyet nhung cuen ciing phai ra duetc mc)t
quy^
dinh nao hay
kh6ng
nao.
Khi da ra ductc me)t quyet dinh nao (hoac bi ep bue)c ra quyet dinh)
tl
phan
ijrng
quan sat ductc ciia ngucVi nao thai ngoai
he^n
nhan la viec ho di nao
iha]
Nhu

vay mci
hinh hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hc^n
nhan duetc the' hien nhu sau :
Nhu'ng khiing
hoang
cua ca nhan
Muc)n
ccV
con
Do tac
dOng
ciia tu
tucmg tu do
heVa
tinh
due
Hieu qua
tranh thai kem
Thieu kie'n thirc
giao due tinh
due
Ye'u
id
khac
NGUOIPHUNUrVA
VI|C
MANG THAI
NGOAI HON NHAN
Sinh con ngoai

heVn nhan
I—•
NgucVi phu nir
va vice nao thai
ngoai heVn nhan
Cac yeu le) trung gian
lac dc)ng den qua trinh
ra quyet dinh nao thai :
Xa he)i, cac tie'u
mOi
trucmg xa hc)i va cac
kie'm soat thuc te
Thuc
te
trong ly thuyet hanh vi
mcM
tac nhan
S]
deu
ceV
the la mot phan irn
ciia
me)t tac nhan
S^>
khac. NeVi
each
khac mot tac nhan S hay
mr)t
phan irng R vii
dc)ng

theVi da
timg
la me)t phan irng hay me)t tac nhan
thee)
set de) sau :
Si -> R] = S2 ^ R2 =
S^
->
R;
.
15
Qua so do nay, doi ehie'u
v6i
mo hinh hanh vi nao thai ke' tren, chiing ta
tha'y rang viee
mang thai ngoai hon nhan
virala
nguyen nhan (S)
ciia
viec nao
thai ngoai
h6n
nhan, lai vira la hau qua (R) cua cac nguyen nhan gia dinh do
v5,
mudn
co con, do tac
d6ng
cua loi song tu do tinh due, kem hie'u biet ve
giao
due

tinh
due,
v.v
Tat nhien viec mang thai ngoai hon nhan co the' ddn de'n mc)t hien tucmg
khac do la sinh con ngoai gia
thii,
rat
phd
bie'n
cV
cac nuctc phuetng Tay. Tuy
nhien trcmg luan van nay do nhieu ly do chung
te^)i
chi gicti han
eV
viec phan tich
hanh vi nao thai ngoai
he)n
nhan.
Theo G. Mead thi men hanh vi
ciia
con ngUeVi vdn la mc)t hanh vi xa he)i,
do do hanh vi nao thai ncVi chung va hanh vi nao thai ngoai heVn nhan ncVi rieng
ciing la hanh vi xa
h6i.
Va de' nghien ciru co hieu qua ve hanh vi nay thi phai
nghien ciru no trong mat chinh the' thc)ng nhat.
Tire
la hien tucmg nae) thai
kheVng the' nghien ciru tach

reVi khc')i
hien tuemg mang thai ngoai heVn nhan, he)ac
khcM
cac suy tinh, ddn do, deV'i chieu, so sanh
ciia
meVi phu nir khi dua ra
quyet dinh nao thai.
NeVi
each khac cac hien tucmg phai duetc nghien ciru tre)ng
me)i quan he qua lai veti nhau. Tir
mf)
hinh hanh vi nao thai ngoai hcVn nhan
chiing ta co the'
riit
ra 4 cum van de quan trong cdn xem xet trong me)i quan he
khi nghien ciru
ve
hanh vi nao thai ngoai hem nhan.
1.
Cac nguyen nhan
ciia
hien tucmg mang thai ngoai
he'^n
nhan.
2.
Ve thuc trang mang thai ngoai
hc"m
nhan.
3.
Cac ye'u tcV' xa hc)i anh huetng de'n quyet dinh nao thai

ciia
ngueVi phu
nir khcmg
ccV
chc)ng.
4.
QTc
khia canh
ciia
thuc trang nao thai nge)ai heVn nhan.
Vice
lam
re')
cac cum
van
de quan trong
giiip
chiing ta xac dinh duetc
he
phuetng phap cu the
phii
hctp cho de tai.
16
3.
Xae dinh he phucmg phap cu the' trcmg nghien ciru ve hanh vi nao thai
ngoai h5n nhan.
D6'i veti nhiJng nguoi
phu n\i Viet Nam khong che)ng di nao thai thi day
khdng
phai la de tai co the' trao den de dang va thoai mai ductc. Do do trong

trueVng hctp nay viec dung quan die'm nghien ciru ngucti tir ben trong (insider
concept) la quan die'm
phii
hctp hctn ca. Quan die'm nghien ciru nay da duetc
"Care international" diing thanh ccmg trong nghien ciru
ve
nguy cet HIV/AIDS
va tinh due ct Viet Nam nam
1993.
No bao ge)m cac quan sat, treV truyen tir ben
trong.
Trong nghien ciru
ciia
chiing
teVi
nhu'ng ngueVi tham gia thu thap theVng
tin theo quan die'm noi tren la cac nhan vien y te' da duetc tap hua'n
ve
cac
the^ng
tin cdn thu thap. Ho lam
vice
tai cac cet
seV
y
te'duetc
phep tien hanh nae)
thai,
chii
ye'u tai khoa San benh vien Tir Liem va Tram y

te
thi
Iran
NghTa Tan
Tir Liem.
NheVm thir hai thu thap thcVng tin tir ban be than thiet da tirng nae) thai
hoac ceV ban gai da tirng nao thai.
TcSng
se) da phemg van, treV
chuyen
129 phu
nir da nao thai, trcmg
deV ceV
33 phu nir kheVng
ceV
che)ng.
Mot hue'mg thu thap theVng tin khac nira
deV
la phan tich cac tai lieu theVng
ke va cac
seV'
lieu
ve
nao thai da ceV. Do la cac se) lieu
ve
nao thai et Ha Ne)i,
eV
Thai Binh, Quang Ninh, thanh phd
Hd
Chi Minh va tinh hinh nao thai mot se)

nuetc tren the gicti. Ngoai ra
ceVn ceV
cac tai lieu, sach bao
ve
hien tucmg mang
thai ngoai heVn nhan.
Chiing
teVi
ciing tie'n hanh
phe>ng
va'n cac
y,
bac sT san khoa duetc phep
lam nghiep vu nao thai.
DeV'i
veVi mot sd khia canh
ciia
cum van de thir 3, nhu DLXH veti hanh vi
nao thai, chiing ta da
sir
dung phuetng phap trung cdu y kie'n 200 nguoi hang
bang
lirghi
hoac bdng phemg van nhanh.
17
Cac
th6ng
tin thu ductc
m6t
phdn ductc xu ly dinh

lucmg
bdng may tinh
va thu
cAng,
nhu eae phong va'n tir ben trong co chuong trinh, cac trung cdu y
kie'n bdng bang tu ghi,
phe^ng
va'n nhanh, xu ly lai cac se) lieu da co v.v Cac
cu()c
trcV truyen, tam tinh quan sat, me)t set tai lieu duetc xu ly
chii
ye'u thee)
phuetng phap dinh tinh, nhdm ndm duetc xu huetng, quan he va ban chat cac se)
lieu.
Qua trinh thu thap thcmg tin phuc vu cho de tai chinh thirc bdt ddu tir
thang 5/1995 ke't
thiic
thang 8/1995. Qua trinh xu ly va phan tich seV'
lieu
ductc
tie'n hanh gen ddu. Hai qua trinh nay ket thuc
15/9/1995.
5.
long
quan
nhiimg
nghien
ciiru
hanh vi nao thai ngoai hon nhan.
VeVi nhiJng tai lieu

ccV
trong tay, chiing teVi thay rang cho den nay chua ceV
me)t nghien ciru
ccV
he the)ng, ddy
dii ve
hanh vi nae) thai ngoai heVn nhan. Chinh
vi ly do deV vice
idng
thuat nhirng nghien ciru
ve
hanh vi nae) thai nge)ai heVn
nhan rat kho khan. Mac
dii
vay qua nhirng nghien ciru
ve vice
mang thai va
nao thai ngoai
hc^in
nhan neVi chung tre)ng va nge)ai nuetc chiing ta
ceV the
chdt
loc
cac y tuetng khoa hoc phuc vu cho nghien ciru
ve
van de nay
eV
Viet Nam.
1.
Tinh hinh nghien ciru

ve
hanh vi nae) thai nge)ai heVn nhan tren
the
gicti.
1.1. Ve hanh vi mang thai ngoai heVn nhan.
Vice mang thai ngoai
he)n
nhan la hien tuemg rat pheS bie'n
a
cac nuetc
phuetng Tay nhu My,
Dire,
Phap v.v TheVng thuctng ceV hai khuynh huetng
trong nhiing
ngueVi
mang thai ngoai hcVn nhan - Thir nhat dcV la sinh ce)n ngoai
gia
thii.
TTieo
teV TheVi bao Los Angeles thi
ceV
teVi mc)t phdn tu se) tre sinh ra d
My,
rneVt
phdn ba ct Phap va me)t
nira
ct
TTiuy
Dien va Dan Mach la con sinh ra
nge)ai heVn nhan .

TTiir
hai
deV
la nheVm tiep nhan hanh vi nae) thai ma chung ta
nghien ciru trong luan an nay.
ITico
ban dich
ciia tol.os Angeles Time (i;lng trOn
NIK'N.
.So
r.
ng;tv
|()'0'1')*;S.
n IS
v^u/Ul
18
Nhu
vay hie^u
tron ven
ve
hanh vi nao thai ngoai
hc)n
nhan chiing ta
khftng
the^
kh6ng
xem xet
v^
hanh vi mang thai ngoai hon nhan (xin xem
them phdn

).
Trong nhung phu
nii'
mang thai ngoai hctn nhan thi
set
ngucti
tre iu6i va thanh thie'u nien chie'm da
sd.
Do vay chiing ta se tap trung phan
tich
ve
hanh vi mang thai ngoai hon nhan ciia thie'u nir.
Sir
tructng thanh setm
ve
mat sinh ly, deti
semg
kha hctn nhiing quan
die'm giai phcVng trcmg vdn de tinh
due
da khie'n cho cac thie'u nir My boat
dOng
tinh due setm hctn. David Bender va Bruno Lecme trong
Icti
gicti thieu
cue)n "Tinh due thanh thie'u nien" (Teenage sexuality xuat ban nam 1994
taiMy) da dua ra cac sd lieu cho tha'y ty le thie'u nir tham gia boat de)ng tinh
due trueVc
he'^n
nhan tai My nam 1970 la

29%/de'n
nam 1988 con sc) nay len
de'n
52%K
Va nam 1993 cuc)c dieu tra ciia tap chi Time chi ra rdng
19%^
se)
thieu nien My tir 13-15
tucSi
da tirng co quan he tinh due, se) veti 55% cua
liratue^i
16,17".
Hoat de)ng tinh due setm ddn den hang loat cac hau qua ve tam ly, xa
hoi
ddi veti nhom thie'u nir nay nhu va'n de lay nhiem
HlV/AlDS
, cac re)i
loan tam ly, mang thai ngoai
hr^n
nhan.
Ciing D. Bender va B. Leone da tom tdt 3 dac trung ciia
tucSi
tre ma
theo do ho de mang thai, mac
dii
hien nay da ddy day cac phuetng tien tranh
thai.
Dac trung thir nhat do la nhiing thie'u nir hoc kem cV trucmg de tret
thanh ngucti mang thai ngoai heVn nhan hctn. Dac die'm thir hai
deV

la hdu nhu
tat ca thanh thieu nien (My) deu chia se cam giac ddy tu tin vao sire manh
ciia
ban than. DeVi veti ho vice ceV thai la mc)t cai gi deV xa veti chir kheVng
phai la mc)t ket qua leVgic
ciia
boat
deVng
tinh
due.
Chinh vi vay thee) nha
ccVng tac xa hc)i bang Virginia
Cartoof
"Ho kheVng cdn biet den cac giai de)an
sau
ciia cudc
seV'ng. Ho se)ng vi theVi die'm
hien
tai". NeVi
each
khac he) seVng
David
IHender
and
Hruno
Leone. Teenage
se\u;ility.
e'opyrighl
1*'*M
hv ( neenh.tven

Press,
inc
I SA
Sdd.
irang
13.
19
gap
va mu6'n
hudng
thu ngay. Dae
die^m
khac nira la
sir
xem thuctng cac
ki^'n
thiire
v^
tinh due. Tie'n sy Doris Tirado binh luan rdng :"Ra't nhieu
trong sd ho tin tuong rdng ho khong
the^
co thai trong
Idn
giao hctp ddu
tien".
Da'y
la ba dac die'm ciia thanh thie'u nien khie'n cho cac thie'u niJ My
de dang mang thai ngoai hon nhan. Tuy nhien day ciing chua phai la tat ca.
Ciing trong tae pham "Tinh due thanh thieu nien", Suzanne Fields da
neu

ra
m6t
nguyen cet quan
trc)ng ciia
viec co thai ngoai hon nhan. Theo tac
gia
sir
tan vet
ciia
cac gia dinh la nguyen nhan thuc ddy viec cac thie'u nir
mang thai ngoai
he^n
nhan
.Su
tan vd
ciia
cac gia dinh hat nhan tao ra me)t
the'he
thanh thie'u nien phi luan ly va thie'u
sir
chi ddn cua cha me. Nhiing
thieu
nQ
dang nay de mang hoang thai va
ceV
the' lai sinh ra nhiing dira
tre*
ma sau nay
IcVn
len lai lap lai cac veVng deti ma me

neV
da di qua.
Khac veti Suzanne Fields, Mike
Malemc)t
tac gia khac trong cueVn
sach
neu
tren ket te)i nhiing ngucti dan cVng (tren 18), phai chiu trach nhiem
ve
viec cac thieu nir mang thai ngoai hon nhan. Tac gia dua ra mot se)
lieu
the)ng ke cho tha'y rdng
70%^
sc)
tre em My do cac thieu nir sinh ra ceV cac
"cVng be)" et do tudi tren 20, co mcVt phdn sau cac ong bd nay tren 25 tudi .
Dieu nay rat
phii
hctp veVi mc)t qui
luat
la dueVng nhu cac phu nir
tre^
lueVn
tim
ban tinh la nhiing ngucti letn tudi hctn minh.
Tiep can tir mot hucmg khac, Claire Brindis tret ly giao su khoa Su
pham, demg Giam
deVe
Trung tam nghien ciru chinh sach
sire

khoc^
sinh san
DHTH California, cho rang cac phu nir
tre^
it'treVng cheV
vao
vice
hoc hanh
cua ho ducmg nhu de ceV thai hctn nhirng ngueVi phu nir tin rang
vice
he) ket
thiic
Trung hoc va Dai hoc
si^
ceV
Icti
che) ho
.Tire
la
neu
ngUeVi phu
ntf
tre
Sdd,
I
rang 53.
"
Sdd. (rang 58.
Sdd, Irang
63

20
cam
tha'y
chan nan xung quanh viec
hetc
hanh
ciia
minh va nhin tha'y it ceV
trie'n vong
v^
viec lam thi ho
ecV
it ly do de' nghT de'n viec tranh thai hctn. Va
do do ciing de mang thai hctn khi boat dc)ng tinh due. Theo Claire Brindis
trucVc day co nhieu y kie'n cho rdng cac
cc)
gai bc) hoc la vi
hc) ccV
thai, nhiing
nghien ciru gdn day da cho tha'y ket qua
nguetc
lai : Ho bd hoc truetc khi ceV
thai.
Nhung se) lieu thu thap ductc cho tha'y rang trong se) tat ca nhirng thieu
nu'
be') hoc va sinh con da nghien cuu
ceV
28%^
reVi nha tructng truetc khi mang
thai.

Mc)t nghien ciru khac
ve
cac phu niJ 20 tudi chua
ceV
che)ng, ceV thai va
bc) hoc cho tha'y rang
61%^
cac thai nghen xay ra sau khi ho be') hoc .
Cac tac gia ke' tren thucmg chi
neu
ra cac nguyen nhan detn le
ciia
vice
mang thai ngoai heVn nhan. Khac veti ho 2 tac gia Lawanda Rave)ira va
Andrew L. Cherry khang dinh rang hang loat cac
yeu
te) dong theVi tac de)ng
den vice mang thai
ciia
cac thie'u nir chua chong. Nhirng
yCu
te) nay gdm :
1.
Nhirng va'n de
cV
tructng hoc.
2.
Vi the kinh te va chiing toe.
3.
Tudi bdt dau sinh boat tinh due.

4.
Ap luc
ciia
be ban.
5.
Anh huetng ciia cha me va cac quan he gia dinh.
Theo hai tac gia nay khong the' giai thich hien tuemg mang thai
ciia
cac thieu nir chua che)ng bdng mc)t
yeu
td detn le nao
deV,
ma phai xem xet
no bdng mot loat
yeu
tc) lien quan. Me)i quan he giua boat de)ng tinh
due
setm veti
vice
mang thai ngoai hcVn nhan
ciia
cac thieu
nur,
va vice he)c hanh
kem la mdi quan he hay duetc de cap hctn ca. Tuetng tu nhu quan diem
ciia
Claire Bendis, K.Pittman cho rdng
vice
he)c hanh kem ce')i lam giam me)ng
mucVn phcVng

thai
cua cac
ceV gai
rrang
(>5.
Sdd.Irang
77.
21
Khi so sanh eae dae trung van hoa - xa hc)i
ciia
nhcVm thanh nir mang
thai ngoai
h6n
nhan
veti
nhom thanh n\i kheVng mang thai trong ciing mot
viing
tai Santiago, Chi Le cac nha nghien ciru M. Alvarez, R. Burrows,
A. Vaighat, va S. Muzzo da tha'y rdng cac thanh nir mang thai ngoai heVn
nhan
CO
ket qua
hcte
tap tai trueVng va he se)
IQ
thap hctn so veti nheVm kheVng
mang
thai
.
Viec phan tich me)t each

teSng
hctp hien tuemg mang thai nge)ai heVn
nhan
ciia
cac thie'u nQ la
mdt
hueVng di diing ddn. Beti vi mdi hien tuemg
trong xa he)i
khe^ng
tc)n tai mc)t each de)c lap veti nhau. Cach tiep can nay
giiip chung ta hie'u reV hctn
ve
hanh vi mang thai ngoai hcVn nhan va tir do
ddn den vice phan tich hanh vi nao thai
ciia
mc)t se) letn tre)ng se) he).
1.2. Ve hien tuemg nao thai va hanh vi nao thai ngoai heVn nhan.
Stanley K. Henshaw, pheV giam deVc Vien nghien ciru The Alan
Guttmacher Newyork, nam 1990 da viet mot bai
tcSng
thuat ve tinh hinh nae)
pha thai tren
the'gicti
thuc trang va quan die'm
Bdt ddu tir
IcVi
de ddn cho ta biet 87% cac ca nao thai tai My duetc
thuc hien ngoai cac benh vien. Mot phdn letn cac ca nao et Ha Lan, Na Uy,
BaLiin,
Tay Dire, cung duetc thuc hien ngoai cac benh vien.

S. Henshaw cho rang xu hueVng tu
do
hoa nao thai bang luat phap
dang tie'p tuc tren
the
gicti. Tir 1986 de'n 1990 da co them cac nueVc Canada,
Czechoslovakia, Hi
Liip,
Hungary, Rumani, Lien XcV (cu), Viet Nam da cho
phep nao thai chinh thirc, theo cac mirc de) tu de) khac nhau. De'n nam
1990
ce')
4(y/(>
dan scV the'gieVi scVng trong cac queV'c gia cho phep nao thai
theo
yeu
S<ld.
irang 77.
'
Slanlev^
Henshaw. Induced
Abortron;
A world Review,
1*^*){)
22
cdu ciia phu
nO",
va 25% song trong cac
qude
gia chi cho phep nao thai ne'u

eue)e song eua nguoi phu niJ bi de doa ne'u de' mang thai, sinh con.
S. Henshaw tie'p tuc cho biet rdng nam 1987 ueVc tinh
ceV
khoang 26
de'n 31 trieu ea nao chinh
thiJe
va 10 de'n 22 trieu ca bi mat tren toan the
gicti. Ty le nao thai chinh thirc cao nhat la
112%e)
c't Lien
XcV
cu va tha'p nhat
la
5%u)
or Ha Lan so
veti teSng
sd phu niJ trong dc)
tueSi
sinh de.
Trong dai da
sc^
cac nuetc Tay Au va cac nuetc noi tie'ng Anh, khoang
me)t nua cac ca nao thai la
ciia
cac phu niJ tre, chua co che)ng trong khi tai
cac nucVc Dc)ng Au cii va tai cac nueVc dang phat trien nhiing phu nir ceV
hanh vi nao thai
chii
ye'u la nhiJng ngucti co gia dinh va ceV tir hai con hoac
la hctn.

Luat phap
ciia
cac nucVc tren khap
the
gicti dieu chinh hanh vi nae)
thai
ciia
ngucti phu
nU
noi chung trai dai tren mot true veti 1 cue la ca'm gdn
nhu hoan toan
vice
nao thai va cue kia coi nao thai nhu la quyen
ciia
ngueVi
phu nQ mang thai. DeV'i veti cac
queVe
gia va
Ifinh
thd ceV tren 1 trieu dan va
CO
luat phap cho phep nao thai theo tirng mirc dc) khac nhau, thee) S.
Henshaw co the' chia vao 4 nhom letn.
Nhom 1 : 53 qude gia
veti 25%>
dan sc)
the'gicti
reti vao nhom
gieVi
ban

nhieu nhat. Hanh vi nao thai chi ductc cho phep
neu
no nham muc dich ciru
seVng ngucti phu nir mang thai.
NheVm 2 : ge)m 42 quc)c gia,
veVi
12%^
dan
sc) the
gieVi, cho phep nae)
thai vi nhiJng ly do y
te
rc)ng rai nhu :
de
tranh anh huetng den
sire
khe)e
ngucti phu nir
neVi
chung (kheVng nhat thiet chi gieVi ban beti me)i de de)a den
tinh mang), trong trucmg hctp ngucti phu nir bi hiep dam, hoac thai nghen la
ket qua
ciia
hanh vi loan luan.
NhcVm 3 : gdm 14 queV'c gia veVi
23^/'r
dan sd
the
gieVi,
che) phep nao

thai theo cac chi dinh xa hoi hoac y-xa hoi.
Tire
la ngUeVi phu nir co
the
nao