Tìm hiểu khả năng nhận diện từ Hán - Việt của sinh viên ngữ văn cao đẳng

DAI HOC
QUOC GIA
HA
NOI
TRirClNG
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
KHOA NGON
NGU
HOC
*****
LE
THI
THU
HOAI
/?
TIM
HIEU
KHA NANG NHAN
DIEN TlT
HAN - VIET
• • •
CUA
SINH VIEN NGlT
VAN
CAO
DANG
(QUA
DIEU
TRA SINH VIEN CAO DANG
SITPHAM
NINH

BINH)
LUAN
VAN THAC SI NGON
NGlT
HOC
Chuyen
nganh:
Ngon ngu
hoc
Ma so: 60 22 01
NGUGl HUbNG
DAN:GS.TS.TRAN
TRI
DOI
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
I!M:^^5jAmvj2NG
TIN
JHU
VIEN
L
V
/^
HA NOI - 08/2006
MM^
earn
itHtn.
Toi xin cam doan
luan
van khong sao chep
tir

bat cu mot tai lieu khoa
hoc ngon ngu nao. Nhung so lieu trong luan van la chinh xac, no duac dieu
tra
tur
thuc te ca
sof trudng
Cao dang su pham Ninh Binh. Neu sai toi xin hoan
loan chiu trach nhiem.
lac gia
Le Thi Thu Hoai
MUG LUC
Trang
BANG
KY HIEU VIET TAT 5
M6
DAU
6
1.
Ly do chon de tai 6
2.
Lich su van de 7
3.Gi6i
han van de nghien
ciJu 8
4.
Cau
true
luan van
8
Chirong

1:
Tim
hieu
each nhin
nhan
tir
Han Viet cua ngon
ngfi
hoc 9
1.1. Cach nhin nhan ve
tijr
Han Viet
ciia
Gs
Nguyen
Tai Can 10
1.1.1 Khai niem ve
''each
doc Han
Viet"
11
a.Vai tro cua chu Han
b.Khai niem
''each
doc Han Viet"
1.1.2.Khai
niem
tir
Han Viet
13

1.1.3.Khai
niem
tir
c6 Han Viet
14
1.1.4.
Khai niem
tir
Han Viet Viet hoa 14
1.1.5.
YeutdgocHan 15
1.2. Cach nhin nhan ve
tur
Han Viet cua Gs Phan Ngoc
15
1.2.1
.Cach
nhin nhan ve
tir
Han Viet cua Gs Phan Ngoc dua tren
15
quan diem lich
sir.
1.2.2.Cach
xac dinh
tir
Han Viet dua tren cam
thiic
ngon ngu cua 16
ngudi

ban ngu.
1.2.2.1.Muc dich cua viec xac dinh
tir
Han Viet dua tren cam
thiic
ngon ngu.
1.2.2.2.Cam
thiJc
cua nguai ban ngu ve
tir
Han Viet
1.2.2.3.Tinh
hap ly cua viec xac dinh nguon goc cua
tir
dua vao cam
thiic
ngon ngu
L2.3.Xuat
phat diem de xac dinh nguon goc cua
tir
Han Viet dua tren 19
cam
thiic
ngon
ngiJ
ciia
ngu5i
ban ngu
1.2.3.I.Am
tiet la dan vi ca

sade
nhan dien
1.2.3.2.Su
phan chia cac am tiet tieng Viet dua tren cam thuc ngon ngu
1.2.4.Xac
dinh nguon goc
ciia
tu*
dua tren su boat dong cua cac am tiet
21
1.2.4.I.Bon
loai
am tiet trong boat dong
15i
noi
1.2.4.2.Cach nhin nhan ve
tir
thuan Viet doi v6i
ngu6i
ban ngu
1.2.4.3.Cach
nhin nhan
ve tir
Han Viet doi
v6i ngudi
ban
ngiJ
1.2.4.4.TiJf
Han Viet trong cam
thurc

cua
ngu5i
ban
ngii
1.2.5.Tieuket.
1.3.
Nhan
xet 28
1.4.Cach
xep loai nguon goc nhung
tijr
ghep ( co mot thanh to cau tao 29
la yeu to Han Viet) theo
each
nhin nhan
ciia
Gs
Nguyen
Tai Can.
1.5
.Cach
xep loai nguon goc nhung
tir
ghep ( c6 mot thanh to cau tao 40
la yeu to Han Viet) theo
each
nhin nhan cua Gs Phan Ngoc.
1.6.Tieu
ket cho chuang 1. 42
Chirong

2:Kha nang nhan dien
tir
Han Viet cua sinh vien
ngiJ
43
van cao ding (qua dieu tra sinh vien cao ding su pham Ninh
Binh)
2.1.Cach
nhin nhan ve
tir
Han Viet trong giao trinh dao tao giao vien 43
tieu hoc he CDSP.
2.1.1
.Cach
xac dinh khai niem
tiT
Han Viet 43
2.1.2.Nhanxet
43
2.1.3.Nhung
each
nhan dien
tir
Han Viet 45
2.1.3.1.Nhan
dien ve mat hinh thurc 45
a. Nhan dien ve mat ngu am
b.Nhan dien ve mat ngu phap
c.Kha nang ket hap
d. Nhan xet

2.1.3.2.Nhan dien
tir
Han Viet ve mat ngu
nghia
47
a.Nhan dien
nghia
cua
tix
dan tiet Han Viet
b.Nhan dien nghia cua
tir
song tiet Han Viet
2.1.4.Tieuket
49
2.2.Kha nang nhan dien
tir
Han Viet
ciia
sinh vien ngu van cao dang 50
(qua dieu tra sinh vien ngu van CDSP Ninh Binh)
2.2.1.Tieu
chi xay dung phieu dieu tra so 1. 50
2.2.2.Doi
tuang
dieu tra 50
2.2.3.Ket
qua dieu tra viec nhan dien
tir
52

2.2.4.Nhan xet 53
2.2.4.1.Nhan
xet ve kha nang nhan dien
tir
Han Viet khi dua tren
quan diem
ciia
Gs Nguyen Tai Can.
2.2.4.2. Nhan xet ve kha nang nhan dien
tir
Han Viet khi dua tren
quan diem cua Gs Phan Ngoc
2.2.4.3.
Nhan xet ve kha nang nhan dien
tir
Han Viet khi dua vao giao
trinh dao tao giao vien tieu hoc
2.2.5.Ket
qua nhan xet phieu dieu tra so 2 60
2.2.5.1
.Dua
theo
each
nhin nhan ve
tir
Han Viet cua Gs Nguyen Tai Can
2.2.5.2. Dua theo each nhin nhan ve
tir
Han Viet cua Gs Phan Ngoc
2.2.6.Tieu ket 63

Chirong
3: Thu
de
xuat tieu
chi
nhan dien
tir
Han Viet 66
3.1.Casa
ngon
ngu
hoc 66
3.1.1.Phan
tich hai phuang phap nghien cuu ve tu Han Viet Gs 66
Nguyen Tai Can va Gs Phan Ngoc
3.1.2.Nhan
xet ve
each
nhin nhan va phuang phap nhan dien
tir
Han
71
Viet
ciia
Gs Phan Ngoc.
3.1.2.1.Nhan
xet ve each nhin nhan
tijr
Han Viet
3.1.2.2.Nhan xet ve phuang phap nhan dien

tir
Han Viet
3.2.Nguyen nhan
din
den viec xac dinh
tir
Han Viet kho khan doi vai 74
sinh vien ngu van.
3.2.I.Nguyen
nhan do giao trinh day 74
3.2.2.Nguyen nhan tiep thu
ciia
sinh vien 76
3.3.Thir
de xuat tieu chi nhan dien
tir
Han Viet 76
3.4.Tieu ket chuang 3 77
KET
LUAN 78
TAI
LIEU THAM KHAO 80
BANG
PHU LUC 84
4
KY
HIEU VIET TAT
DUNG TRONG LUAN
VAN
Bn: Bo ngu

Cn: Chu
ngiJ
cb:
Chu bien.
CDSP: Cao dang su pham.
Dt: Danh
tir.
Dn: Dinh
ngii.
Dt: Dong tir.
Gs:
Giao su.
Nxb:
Nha xuat ban.
SI:
So lieu.
sv: Sinh vien.
Tc:
Tap chi.
tr: trang.
Vd: Vi du.
MO DAU
1.
Ly do chon de tai.
Co nhieu phuang hu6ng nghien
cuii
ngon
ngir.
M6i
hu6ng

nghien
ciJu
deu
CO
tinh lich su, co qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien
ciia
no.
NhiJng
hu6ng
nghien
ciJu
do deu co muc dich chung la phuc vu cho nhu
c^u
can
nang cao
hieu biet va su dung ngon
ngii ciia
con nguai.
Nhimg
thanh
tmi
trong nghien
ciiti
ngon ngir, cu the a
nu6c
ta la tieng Viet, da duac chon
loc
dua vao giang
day trong nha
trucmg.

Dieu do the hien trong cac bo sach giao khoa, trong cac
giao trinh danh cho sinh vien ngu van cac
tru5ng
dai hoc va cao dang su
pham. Duang nhien
giiia
ngon ngir hoc
v6i
tu each la mot khoa hoc va ngon
ngii
hoc trong nha trudng bao
giof
ciing co mot khoang each. Nhirng luan diem
m6i duac nhieu
ngu5i
cho la hap ly khi dua vao giang day cho sinh vien ngir
van
van
con phai duac tiep tuc ban bac va tranh luan them. Vi trong khoa hoc
tranh luan la chuyen binh
thudng
va la dieu can phai co de dat
t6i
chan ly .
Tiir
Han Viet la mot trong nhieu chuyen de duac giang day cho giao
vien tieu hoc he cao dang su pham. No nam trong bo mon "Tieng Viet va
phuang phap day hoc tieng Viet a tieu
hoc".
No

chiem
khoang mot phan ba
dung
luang th5i
gian danh cho mon hoc nay.
Muc tieu ciia mon hoc tir Han Viet doi v6i giao vien tieu hoc la nam
duac cau tao va
ngii
nghia tir Han Viet. Tir do co kha nang nhan dien, giai
thich nghia, biet duac gia tri va su dung tir Han Viet vao boat dong giao
tiep.Dong
thdi
qua do
ngucti
giao vien biet
each
huang dan hoc sinh tieu hoc
nam duac y nghia, gia tri ciia viec
sir
dung
tir
Han Viet vao giao
tie'p phii
hap
v6'\
Ma tuoi hoc sinh
tieu
hoc.
Nhu vay doi v6i giao vien tieu hoc viec biet giai
thich

nghia
tir
Han Viet
la rat quan trong.
Vi chinh
ban than ho phai
ndm bat duoc \\x
Han Viet
thi mai
CO
the giup hoc sinh hieu
dugfc.
Tuy nhien nhu da noi
a
tren
giiia
ngon ngir hoc
v6i
tu each la mot khoa
hoc va ngon
ngii
hoc trong nha
tru5ng
bao
gi5 ciang
co mot khoang
each nen
nhiJng
phuang phap nhan dien
tCr

Han Viet duac trang bi cho giao vien tieu
hoc can phai duac ban bac them. Muc tieu ciia su ban bac nghien
ciiu
nay la
tim hieu kha nang nhan dien
tijr
Han Viet
ciia
sinh vien ngu van cao dang. Tren
ca sa do co the dua ra nhirng phuang phap nhan tir Han Viet mot
each
co hieu
qua nhat doi
v6i
viec day va hoc.
V6i
muc tieu do
chiing
toi chon de tai
"Tim
hieu kha nang nhan dien tir Han Viet cua sinh vien
ngii
van cao dang (qua
dieu tra sinh vien cao dang su pham Ninh Binh)"
2.
Lich su van de.
Hien nay trong
gi6i
ngon
ngii

hoc Viet Nam co nhieu nha nghien cuu
ngon
ngii
quan tam den
tijr
Han Viet v6i nhirng phuang phap nghien
ciJu,
tiep
can khac nhau. Trong so do co hai nha ngon
ngii
hoc ten tuoi nghien cuu ve tir
Han Viet. Do la giao su Nguyen Tai Can
v6i
cong trinh "Nguon goc va qua
trinh hinh thanh each doc Han Viet", nxb Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Noi, tai ban
nam 2000. Do la giao su Phan Ngoc
\6i
cong trinh "Meo giai nghia tir Han
Viet va chua l6i chinh ta", 2000, nxb Thanh
Nien.Nhiing
cong trinh
ciia
hai
giao su nay
thu5ng
duac
nhiing
nguai bien soan sach day ve tir Han Viet a
Cao dang su pham sir dung . Trong hai tac pham nay, hai nha nghien cuu da
dua ra each tiep can

ciia
minh ve tir Han Viet. Gs. Nguyen Tai Can
dira
tren
tieu chi
ngii
am de xac dinh yeu to Han Viet qua do xac dinh tir Han
Viet.Con
Gs.
Phan Ngoc xac dinh tir Han Viet dua vao cai goi la " cam thuc ngon ngu"
ciia ngudi
ban
ngii.
Ngoai nhiing tac pham nghien curu tren con co mot
loat
cac cong trinh
nghien
ciJu
ve tir Han Viet dual dang tir dien. Dang
chii
y nhat la "Tir dien
Han Viet" ciia hoc gia Dao Duy Anh.
Nhiing cong trinh nghien
ciiu
tren
chii
y nghien
ciiu sir
hinh thanh hay
nguon goc qua trinh hinh thanh each doc Han Viet, mo ta

tii'
Han Viet ve mat
ly thuyet. The nhung tren thuc te tir Han Viet duac sinh vien
ngir
van cao dang
hieu va nhan dien nhu the nao thi hien nay chua co mot cong trinh khoa hoc
ngon
ngii
nao de cap
den.Day
chinh la dieu ma
chiing
toi muon phan anh
trong luan van tot nghiep
ciia
minh . Tir do tim each giiip ho xay dung tieu chi
nhan dien tir Han Viet chon loc nhat lam cong cu giang day cho hoc sinh cua
minh.
3.
Gidi
han van de nghien cuu va
phirang
phap nghien cuu.
O tieng Viet, nhin chung von
til
vung ca ban co tir
lau
dai la tir
virng
Viet

Mu5ng.
Tieng Viet la mot ngon ngir thuoc tieu chi Viet Chut, dai chi Mon
Khame, ho Nam A. Nhung sau do
ciing
nhu a Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban, do co
tiep
xiie v6i nen
van hoa
chii
Han trong mot qua trinh lau dai, lien tuc, sau
rong va co tinh each bat buoc nen da gia them mot khoi luang dang ke cac
yeu
to goc Han trong do co tir Han Viet. Vi vay de nghien
cuii
ve
til
Han Viet
can phai co mot trinh do hieu biet ngon
ngii
nhat dinh. V6i trinh do co han
trong khuon kho luan van nay
chiing
toi chi dat ra nhiem vu tim hieu kha
nang nhan dien
tijr
Han Viet
ciia
sinh vien ngir van cao
dang.Doi
tuang khao

sat
ciia
chiing toi la sinh vien
ngiJ
van cao dang su pham Ninh Binh, nai chiing
toi cong tac . Chung toi lam nhu vay vi thong qua tim hieu kha nang nhan dien
nay ket hap v6i nhiing tri
thiic
ve tir Han Viet chiing toi se
bu6c
dau de xuat
mot so tieu chi
thii
nghiem de giiip cho sinh vien cao ding su pham nhan dien
tir Han Viet mot
each
khach quan va chinh xac nhat.
De lam luan van nay chiing toi
sii'
dung phuang phap dieu tra qua bang
cau
hoi,sau
do nghien
ciJu
thong ke, phan tich, so sanh va riit ra nhan xet ket
qua dieu tra.
4.
Cau
true
luan van gom phan ma dau, phan ket luan va 3

chuang.
A: Ma dau.
B:
Noi dung
Chuang 1:
Tim
hieu each nhin nhan tir Han Viet cua ngon ngir hoc.
Chuang 2: Kha nang nhan dien
tijr
Han Viet cua sinh vien
ngii*
van cao
'J
V.
f
dang (qua dieu tra sinh vien Cao dang su pham Ninh Binh).
Chuang 3: Thu de xuat tieu chi nhan dien tir Han Viet trong giang day
cho sinh vien cao dang su pham .
C: Ket luan.
Ngoai ra, luan van con co phan phu
luc
cung cap hai phieu dieu tra ma
chiing toi da su dung de lam trac nghiem. Ben canh do la 500 tir ghep co mot
thanh phan la yeu to Han Viet.
8
Chuang 1
TIM HIEU CACH NHIN
NHAN
TL/
HAN VIET

CUA NGON
NG0
HOC
Hien nay trong gidi ngon ngir hoc Viet Nam co hai each nhin nhan ve tir
Han Viet. Cach xac dinh
tir
Han Viet dua tren cam
thiic
ngon
ngii
cua Gs.
Phan Ngoc va each xac dinh tir Han Viet dua tren nguon goc lich sir khach
quan, each nhin lich dai ciia Gs. Nguyen Tai Can.
Tru6c
khi trinh bay nhirng each nhin nhan tren chiing toi trinh bay khai
niem
ve tu .
Ba bo phan cau thanh ngon
ngii
la
ngii
am,
tij"
vung,
ngti
phap. Tir la dan
vi ton tai hien nhien
sSn
co
ciia

mot ngon
ngii.
Nhung de dua ra mot dinh
nghia khai quat ve
tijr
duac nhieu
ngucfi
chap nhan khong phai la dieu de dang
. Hien nay co t6i "tren 300 dinh nghia khac nhau ve
"tii"[15;61].
Trong luan van nay chiing toi tam
th5i
chap nhan quan diem ve
til
cua
Nguyen Thien Giap: "Tir la dan vi nho nhat ciia ngon
ngii,
doc lap
ve
y nghia
vahinhthiic"[15;61].
Day la quan diem tam
th5i
duac chap nhan trong luan van nay de lam
viec.
Dinh nghia nay chi ra tinh hoan chinh cua tir, kha nang tach biet
ciia
tir.
Dan vi cau tao
nen

tii*
la
tix
to (hinh vi).Trong
15i
noi tir co kha nang
dugc
tach
biet so
v6i nhiJng
bo phan tao thanh tir nhu phu to. No co kha nang duac tai
hien tu do trong
15i
noi de tao nen
cau
.
Dan vi cau tao
nen tir
trong tieng Viet la tieng. Tieng
ciia
tieng Viet co
gia tri tuang duang nhu hinh vi trong cac ngon ngir An Au . Ve mat
ngii
am
hoe no triing
v6i
am
tiet.
Nen tieng duac goi la cac hinh tiet.
Vd: nha,

nguo^i,
san bay, sach,
biit
Day la cac tir duac cau tao tir cac tieng.
Tir
CO
tinh hoan chinh ve y nghia va hinh
thuc.Tinh
hoan chinh va tach
biet ve y nghia la bit buoc doi
v6i
m6i
tijr
no la ca sa ciia tinh hoan chinh va
tach biet
ve
hinh
thiic.
Tinh hoan chinh ve y nghia ciia
tijr
the hien
a
ch6 m6i
tij"
deu mang mot y
nghia nhat dinh (co the la y nghia
ngii
phap hoac co the la y nghia tir vung)
Vd:tir
"nha",

"ngu5i",
"sach" mang y nghia tir vung
Tir "se", "va",
"v6i"
mang y nghia
ngiJ
phap
Y nghia
tir
vung la y nghia ma tir lien he
v6i
nhiing su vat , hien tuang
ngoai thuc te'.
Y nghia
ngii
phap la y nghia ma
tijr
co duac khi bieu thi nhiing quan he
trong ngon
ngii.
Tinh hoan chinh ve hinh
thiJc ciia
tir the hien a ch6 ta khong the them
mot tir khac vao trong ban than
tijr:
Vd:tir "nha". Chiing ta khong the them mot
tir
nao khac vao ban than no.
Hoac
tijr

"sach vd" ciing nhu vay chiing ta ciing khong the them mot
til
nao khac vao ban than no.
Vi tir doc lap ve y nghia va hinh
thiic nen
no co the ket hap tu do doc lap
vai cac tir khac de tao thanh cau. No co the dong nhiing vai tro
ngii
phap khac
nhau a trong cau.
Vd:tir"
nha" trong cau: "Nha nay dep" thi "nha" dong vai tro la Cn.
Trong cau "Toi mua nha" thi "nha"
lai
dong vai tro la Bn.
LI.Cach
nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet cua Gs. Nguyen Tai Can.
Trong thuc te Gs.
Nguyln
Tai Can khong xac dinh tir Han Viet mot
cachtrue
tiep ma xac dinh tir Han Viet thong qua xac dinh yeu to Han Viet
bang each xac dinh khai niem nguon goc each doc Han Viet.
Dua tren tieu chi
ngii
am Gs. Nguyen Tai Can da xac dinh nguon goc
each doc Han Viet.
Tijr
do ong xac dinh khai niem yeu to Han Viet.
10

1.1
J.
Khai niem ve
^'cdch
doc Han
Vief^
a.,
Vai
trd cua
chii
Han.
Cung nhu nhieu quoc gia khac chiu anh hudng cua
nen
van hoa Han
(Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban), Viet Nam cung
tie'p
thu
chii
Han va sir dung
chii
Han
lam cong cu giao tiep trong mot
thdi
gian lich su nhat dinh. Su tiep thu
chii
Han da de lai mot ket qua la ngay nay trong tieng Viet co mot so luang
16n
tir
goc Han. Tuy nhien vi nhiing nhan to lich sir ma van hoa Trung Quoc va van
hoa Viet Nam co su tie'p

xiic
lau dai va trai qua nhieu giai doan khac nhau.
Ket qua la trong he thong
Idp til
vung goc Han ma nguai Viet tiep thu duac co
nhiing tir goc Han tiep thu a giai doan lich sir nay, co nhirng tir goc Han tiep
thu d giai doan lich
sir
khac. Su khac nhau nay the hien d vd
ngii
am, d
each
doc
chii
Han
ciia
ngudi Viet.
Vi
chiJ
Han anh hudng den nhieu quoc gia khac nhau
nen
co nhiing
each
doc khac nhau ve
chii
Han, co each doc
chii
Han
ciia
ngudi Trieu Tien,

each
doc
chii
Han
ciia
ngudi Nhat Ban, cua ngudi Viet Nam. Cach doc chir Han cua
ngudi Viet duac goi la "each doc Han Viet". Cach goi nay de phan biet vdi
nhiing each doc
chii
Han
ciia
nhiJng quoc gia khac nhu each doc Go-on (Ngo
am),
Kan-on (Han am) d Nhat Ban, each doc
chiJ
Han
ciia
ngudi Trieu Tien.
Nhu vay thuat
ngii
Han Viet
diing
de chi each doc
chii
Han cua ngudi Viet.
Den day ta co the hieu duac: each doc Han Viet la
each
doc
chii
Han cua

ngudi Viet.
Neu chi
dtag
lai d day thi chiing ta mdi chi phan biet duac each doc
chii
Han cua ngudi Viet vdi each doc
chii
Han
ciia
cac quoc gia khac. No chua the
giiip ta phan biet duac su khac nhau giiia tir co Han Viet, tir Han Viet Viet hoa
va
yeu
to goc Han. Nhung tiir nay ciing co nguon goc
tir
tieng Han va ciing
chiu su tac dong cua quy
luat ngii
am tieng Viet.
Nghia la no cung la each doc ve
chii
Han
ciia
ngudi Viet. Do do hien nay
trong tieng Viet cd nhiing
chii
Han ton tai nhieu each doc.
Vi du: Ve
chii
Han vira cd each doc Han Viet vira cd each doc co

Han Viet
11
Chu Han
f^
.^
*
Cach doc Han Viet
Phong
Vi
Bon
Cach doc co Han Viet
Buong
Mill
Von
Do vay khai niem "each doc Han Viet" can phai duac xac dinh ro
ban, de phan biet the nao la tir Han Viet, tir Han Viet Viet hoa, tir co Han
Viet.
h.
Khai niem
each
doc Han Viet.
"Cach doc Han Viet": theo
each
dinh nghia cua Gs Nguyen Tai Cain
"La each doc von bit nguon tir he thong ngir am tieng Han ddi Dudng duac
day d Giao Chau vao giai doan bao gom khoang hai the ky VII; IX"
[7,19].
Sau khi Viet Nam danh duac doc lap (938)
each
doc nay dudi su tac

dong ciia quy luat ngir am lich sir
tie'ng
Viet da tach xa each doc
ciia
ngudi
Han va trd thanh mot each doc rieng biet
ciia
ngudi Viet. No la each doc tao
thanh he thong, doc lap cd dac trung rieng cd lich sir dien
bien
rieng
ciia
minh.
Nguon goc xuat phat diem cua "each doc Han Viet" hien nay chinh la he
thong ngir am tieng Han day d Giao Chau
trude
khi Viet Nam
diing len
danh
doc lap. Cu the la he thong Dudng am.
Trudc the ky X (trude khi Viet Nam danh doc lap 938). Tieng Han
duac
diing
d nude ta nhu mot
thii
tieng
nude
ngoai. Tieng Han duac
diing
d

Viet Nam vdi tu each la mot sinh
ngii.
No
vSn
gin lien mat thiet vdi tieng Han
d Trung Quoc. Dieu nay duac the hien la tieng Han d Trung Quoc dien bien
thi tieng Han d Giao Chau chiu su tac dong ciia quy luat
ngii am
tieng Han d
Trung Quoc.
Sau the ky X (sau khi Viet Nam gianh doc lap) vi ly do chinh tri tieng
Han d Viet Nam da each ly khdi tie'ng Han d Trung Quoc. Khi gianh duac
doc lap, do nhu cau xay dung dat nude can phai cd mot van tu trong khi ngudi
Viet chua cd mot chir viet rieng, tang
Idp
tri
thiic
phong kien Viet Nam van sir
dung
chii
Han tieng Han lam cong cu giao tiep chinh thuc. Tuy nhien
liic
nay
12
viec hoc
chir
Han d Viet Nam da doi khac. Ve mat
ngii
phap,
til

vung tieng
Han ngudi Viet vin giir nguyen hau nhu khong thay doi nhung ve each doc
ngit am
da cd su thay doi.
Liic
nay tie'ng Han d Viet Nam da mat dan tu each
la mot sinh ngii. Cd nghia la sau
the'
ky thur X tieng Han d Trung Quoc vSn
tiep tuc bien doi qua cac trieu dai lich sir nhung no khong con true tiep tac
dong den tie'ng Han d Viet Nam duac
niia.
Tieng Han d Viet Nam chiu su tac
dong
ciia
quy luat
ngii
am lich sir tieng Viet.
Liic
nay ngudi Viet tiep thu hoc
tieng Han vdi tu the'
chii
dong la mot quoc gia doc lap va bit dau ap dat hinh
thanh each doe
chiJ
Han rieng
ciia
chinh ngudi Viet. Do chinh la each doc
Han Viet.
Nhu vay khai niem Han Viet la chi each doc

chii
Han
ciia
ngudi Viet,
each
doc nay bit nguon tir he thong ngu am tie'ng Han ddi Dudng duac day d
Giao Chau bao gom hai the ky
thiJ
VIII,
IX.Vdi
khai niem nay,cach doc Han
Viet cho chiing ta phan biet ro rang nhiing khai niem khac. Do la cac khai
niem each doc co Han Viet,
each
doc Han Viet Viet hoa,cach doc Han Viet
qua dudng truyen mieng (nhu hoc 1dm , phuang
ngiJ)
1.1.2. Khdi niem
titHdn
Viet.
TiJ
Han Viet duac cau tao tir ye'u to Han Viet. No co the duac cau tao
tii
mot ye'u to Han Viet (tir dan)
Vd:
tiiyet,
ngoc,
hoc.
Hoac no cd the duac cau tao
tijr

hai yeu to Han Viet trd len (tir ghep)
Vd: giang san, hieu
trudng,
cong nghiep hod.
Xet ve mat
ngii
phap, d day cd
sir
phan biet giiia yeu
id
Han Viet va tir
Han Viet. Yeu to Han Viet va tir Han Viet deu la nhiJng dan vi muan tir tieng
Han va cd each doc Han Viet. Tuy nhien yeu to Han Viet bao gom nhiing dan
vi vira la tir vira la tie'ng va nhiing dan vi chi la tie'ng. Trong khi do noi den tir
Han Viet la chi nhiing dan vi tir nhu
each
dinh nghia tren va cd each doc Han
Viet. Hay noi mot
each
khac nhiing ye'u to Han Viet nao cd kha nang van
dung doc lap trong tieng Viet da duac Viet hoa cao do thi trd thanh tir dan.
Liic
nay yeu to Han Viet vira la tieng vira la tir. Con nhiing yeu to Han Viet
13
nao khong cd kha nang van dung doc lap trong tie'ng Viet thi boat dong vdi tu
each la dan vi cau tao
tijr ciia
tieng Viet (tieng) cau tao
nen
tir ghep.

Liic
nay
ye'u to Han Viet chi la tie'ng ca'u tao
nen
tir ghep Han Viet.
Nhu vay ye'u to Han Viet la dan vi cau tao nen
til
Han Viet. Con tir Han
Viet la mot bo phan trong
Idp
tir vung tieng Viet. No cd tinh hoan chinh
ve
y
nghia va hinh
thiJc
do vay no cd kha nang boat dong doc lap d trong cau.
1.1.3.
Khdi niem
tit
co Hdn
Viet.
La nhung tir Viet goc Han duac ngudi Viet muan trudc thdi ky cd
each
doc Han Viet. Day la nhiing
til
kha ca ban trong von tir tie'ng Viet . NhiJng tir
nay thudng cd dang
thiJc
tuang
iing

vdi
til
Han Viet sau nay.
Vd:
Tir
CO
Han Viet
Bia
Bua
Buom
Buon
Buong
Tir Han Viet
Bi
Phu
Pham
Phien
Phong
Ldp
tiJ
nay duac vay muan le te, so luang it.
Hien nay trong he thong
tiJ
vung tie'ng Viet nhirng tir co Han Viet noi
tren duac su dung nhu la nhiing tir dan doc lap.
1.1
A.
Khdi niem
titHdn
Viet Viet hod.

La nhiing tir Han
Viet,
sau khi nhap vao he thong tir vung tieng Viet do
chiu tac dong cua quy luat
ngii
am lich sir tieng Viet da bien doi theo quy
luat
ngii
am lich sir tieng Viet.
Day la nhiJng tir da thay doi dien mao ciia minh no khong gidng vdi
dang ngiJ am ban dau
niia
. Dang ngir am Han Viet
ciia
tir cd khi vin ton tai
trong tie'ng Viet tuang
ling
vdi dang
ngii
am cua tir Han Viet Viet hoa . Vi vay
trong he thong tir vung tieng Viet vin cd nhiing cap
tii'
song song ton tai .
14
Vd:
TO Han Viet
An
Bao
Bich
Ttc

Han Viet Viet hoa
In
Bau
Biec
l.l.S.Yeu
to goc Hdn.
Theo Gs Nguyen Tai Can "Khi noi de'n yeu to goc Han la noi den nhiing
yeu to da duac du nhap vao trong tieng
Viet,
bat luan dd la nhiing yeu to nhu
the'
nao xet ve mat quan he vdi van tu
:
nhiJng yeu to ngudi Viet cd the lien he
true tie'p ngay vdi mot
chii
Han nhu quoc
/^ ,
gia
^^
,san
Jv
, thuy
J<|C
hay
nhiing yeu to khong gay ra su lien he nhu the, vi du
miia(vdn
do vu
/>
ma ra),

gan
(von do can
fJT
ma ra) hoac my
chinh,(v6n
do vi tinh
^
ma ra)"
[8;20]
Day la nhiing ye'u to khi thi la thanh to
ciia
tir Han Viet khi la tir Han
Viet (vd:qudc , gia, san , thuy), khi la tir Han Viet Viet hoa (Vd: von , van ),
khi la tir duac muon thong qua phuang
ngii
Han ( Vd: my chinh, min thin)
1.2. Cach
nhin
nhan ve
tir
Han Viet cua Gs. Phan Ngoc.
1.2.1.
Cdch nhin nhan ve
titHdn
Viet dua tren quan diem lich su.
Khi dua tren quan diem lich sir Gs. Phan Ngoc cd each nhin nhu sau khi
xac dinh tir Han Viet.
"Xet ve mat lich sir, mot tir Han Viet la mot tir duac viet ra bang
chii
khdi vuong

ciia
Trung Quoc, nhung lai phat am theo each phat am Han Viet,
ngudi Viet vin dung de doc moi van ban viet bang
chii
Han, du dd la cua
ngudi Han hay ngudi Viet"
[33,11].
O day Gs. Phan Ngoc xac dinh: each phat am Han Viet: "dd la
each
phat
am ciia
ddi Dudng ve
chii
Han" [33,11]. Ket luan nay chua that chinh xac
nhung chiing ta cd the hieu day la each doc
ciia
ngudi Viet
ve chii
Han
, each
doc nay bit nguon tir he thong
ngii*
am tieng Han ddi Dudng.
15
Nhu vay, thuat
ngiJ "each
doc Han Viet" va "each phat am Han Viet"
gidng nhau ve noi dung chi khac nhau ve hinh
thiic
ngon

ngii
bieu hien. Nd
deu chi each doc chu Han
ciia
ngudi Viet dua tren he thong
ngii
am tieng Han
ddi Dudng. Do vay each nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet cua Gs. Phan Ngoc va Gs.
Nguyen Tai Can deu gidng nhau neu
diJng
tren ciing mot phuang phap nghien
ciJu
so sanh lich sir. "Ne'u ta ddi chie'u cac
chii
doc theo am Han Viet vdi cac
chiJ doc theo am Dudng ma ngon ngu hoc da phuc hoi thi su khac nhau chi
bieu 16 d phu am dau,
am
dem ma khong bieu hien d phu
am
cudi
am
tiet, d
thanh dieu,
edn
d van tuy cd khac nhau nhung khong to
Idn"
[33,13].
1.2.2. Cdch xdc dinh tit Hdn Viet dua tren cam thitc ngon
ngii ciia

ngudi ban
ngU.
1.22.1.
Miic
dich cua
viec xdc dinh tii
Hdn Viet
dua
tren cam
thi/c ngon
ngu
Day la quan niem, theo Gs Phan Ngoc, la phu hap vdi nhan
thiJc
cua
ngudi ban
ngii
ve tir Han Viet Ho la nhiing ngudi binh thudng khong cd tri
thiJc
ngon
ngii
hoc. Ho chi dua vao boat dong
true
quan cua cac tir trong he
thong tiJ vung tie'ng Viet de nhan dien dau la tir Han Viet dau la tir thuan Viet
va cac
tiJ
nguon goc khac. Nghia la thong qua su boat dong cua cac tir trong
qua trinh giao tiep ma ngudi Viet xep loai nguon goc cac tir. Gs. Phan Ngoc
dung thao tac ngon ngu hoe de ly giai hay hinh thuc boa cai cam thuc ay.
Tir Han Viet chie'm mot so luang

Idn
trong tir vung tie'ng Viet. Nd tham
gia vao cac qua trinh giao tiep
ciia
ngudi Viet, vao moi
linh
vuc ddi song xa
hoi nhu kinh te, chinh tri, xa hoi, Ddi vdi nganh khoa hoc xa hoi nhan van
thi thuat ngir khoa hoc
chii
ye'u la tir Han Viet. Mac
dii
sd luang
Idn
nhu vay
nhung de hieu duac nd khong phai la dieu de dang. Lam the' nao de hieu duac
diing nghia tir Han Viet that chinh xac va dung diing nd trong qua trinh giao
tiep la dieu dang duac quan tam. De lam duac dieu dd ngudi sir dung trudc
tien phai nhan dien diing duac tir Han Viet theo
each ciia
ho sau dd mdi xac
dinh duac nghia tur Han Viet. Xep loai nguon goc cac tit dua tren cam
thifc
ngon ngit
tifc
la
dita
tren
sU hoqt
dong cua cac

tir.
Cach nhin nhan
ve
tir Han
Viet dua tren cam
thiire
ngon ngir duac Gs. Phan Ngoc trinh bay trong cong
16
trinh "Su tie'p
xiic
ngon
ngii
giiia tieng Viet va tieng Han", sau nay duac sira
chiia
va in lai trong cong trinh " Meo giai nghia tir Han Viet". Viec nhan dien
tir Han Viet dua tren cam
thiJe
ngon
ngii
theo Gs Phan Ngoc se giiip ngudi sir
dung tie'ng Viet de dang nhan dien
tiJ
Han Viet. Qua dd ho se giai nghia diing
tiJ
Han Viet,
tiJ
dd ho cd thao tac dung diing tir Han Viet trong qua trinh giao
tie'p.
Cach nhin nhan ve
tiJ

Han Viet dua tren cam
thiic
ngon
ngii
trudc tien
phuc vu nhiing ngudi sir dung tieng Viet trong ndi va giao tie'p hang ngay.
Nhiing an tuang ma ngudi Viet cd duac ve
til
Han Viet la cd that nhung ho
khong ly giai duac dieu dd. Gs. Phan Ngoc da ly giai an tuang ay bing thao
A
^
tac ngon
ngii
hoc. Ong viet nhu sau: "Chinh cac quan he ay tao nen nhiing an
tuang ma ngudi Viet cam thay, nhung ho khong ly giai duac, ke ca ngudi thao
chii
Han. Bdi vi viec ly giai la cong viec
ngiJ
nghia hoc hien dai. Cong trinh
nay se giiip ban nhan duac chinh nhiing an tuang ma minh vin cd. Va khi
thiJc
nhan
dugc,
ban se hieu tir Han Viet sau sic va dimg tir Han Viet mot
each
chu
dong, tao cho ngudi doc nhiing an tugng tham my ma ban cho la can thiet"
[33,6].
1.2.2.2.

Cam thuc cua ngudi ban
ngit ve
tit Hdn Viet.
Dd chinh la each cam nhan hay an tugng ciia ngudi ban ngu ve tir Han
Viet. Trong nhan thuc
ciia
ho khong ton tai quan niem ve nguon goc khach
quan cua
tU.
Ho khong can biet den nguon gdc khach quan cua tir nay la Han
Viet, tir kia la gdc Phap. Ma ho xac dinh nguon gdc
ciia
tir thong qua each sir
dung tir dd trong qua trinh giao tiep cua chinh ho. Hay ndi mot each khac
ngudi Viet khong quan tam de'n tir nay tir kia cd nguon gdc tir tieng nao ma
chi can xem tir do giiip ho bieu dat noi dung nhu the' nao, cd dat dugc hieu
qua giao tiep hay khong. Bdi vi ngon ngu la cong cu de thuc hien qua trinh
giao tiep, day chinh la cam thuc ngon ngir cua ngudi ban
ngii
hay each thuc sir
dung
tiJ ciia
ngudi Viet,
each thiic
sir dung tir trong he thong giao tiep hang
ngay. Qua qua trinh sir dung, each
thiic
sir dung tir trong tieng Viet thi chiing
ta biet dugc
tiJ

nao ho cho la Han Viet tir nao la thuan Viet. Con viec xac dinh
chinh xac nguon gdc khach quan
ciia
tir la viec
ciia
cac nha ngon ngir hoc chu
17
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA
NOi
TRUNG
rAfV,
THONG TIN THU
ViEN
khong phai cua ngudi sir dung ngon ngiJ. Viec lam nay
ciia
ngudi sir dung
ngon
ngii
khong chi diing vdi cac
t^
gdc Han ma edn diing vdi bat
ciJ til
thuoc
nguon gdc tie'ng khac khi trd thanh mot phan
ciia
he thong tir vung tieng Viet.
"Ngay ca nhiing ngudi thao tie'ng Phap thira biet sam, ba, xang, ldp, vin
cu*
cho dd la tir thuan Viet" [33,17].
Quan diem ve tir thuan Viet hay ngoai lai cua ngudi sir dung khong dua

tren quan diem lich sir khach quan ma dua tren gdc do sir dung tir trong ndi va
giao tie'p. Bdi vi that dan gian la khong phai ai ciing la nha ngon
ngii
hoc,
khong phai ai cGng bie't chinh xac
til
nay thuoc nguon gdc gi ma dd la cong
viec cua ngudi nghien curu ngon
ngii.
Cdn ddi vdi ngudi binh thudng ho
chi
can quan tam den gdc do van dung tir
ngii
dd nhu the nao de dat dugc hieu qua
giao tie'p. Tir gdc do sir dung
til
trong qua trinh giao tiep se cho ta hieu dugc
nguon gdc ciia tir: "ngudi binh thudng ndi nang va viet
lach
khong he quan
tam de'n lich sir. Anh ta ndi va viet dua vao cai cam
thiic
ngon
ngii ciia
minh.
Anh ta cam thay
til
nay thuan Viet,
tiJ
kia Han Viet, tir nay de hieu, tir kia kho

hieu, tir nay nghe sang trong, tir kia nghe qua mgc mac, tir nay nghe keu, tir
kia it am hudng nghe khong keu, tir nay nghe budn, tir kia nghe vui v.v
Nhirng a'n tugng ay that ma ho nhung cd that" [33,14].
O day ta can hieu viec xac dinh tir Han Viet hay tir thuan Viet la dung
tren each sir dung cua ngudi Viet
chu*
khong phai
diJng
tren quan diem lich sir
ve tir, Gs. Phan Ngoc khi xac dinh nguon gdc
ciia
tir la diing tren
each
nhin
nhan
ciia
ngudi sir dung,
ti^
cai nhin dong dai. Mac du tren quan diem nghien
curu so sanh lich sir ong cung cd cai nhin lich sir khach quan ve tir Han Viet.
Song vi muc dich
ciia
Gs. Phan Ngoc la tim ra meo giai nghia tir Han Viet,
nghia la cung
diJng
tren quan diem can sir dung tir Han Viet nhu the nao cho
hieu qua
nen
ong da khong
chii

trong den nguon gdc cua tir ma
chii
trong de'n
"tinh trang hien tai
ciia
tieng Viet". Gs. Phan Ngoc da dung tren quan diem
dong dai de nhin nhan nguon gdc
ciia
tir Han Viet. Day la mot each tiep can
dua vao thuc te ton tai, sir dung tir Han Viet
ciia
ngudi Viet "tuy ma ho nhung
cd thuc". Va nhiem vu
ciia
ngudi lam meo la phai quy nhiing an tugng ma ho
18
a'y thanh cong
thiJc:
"Xin cac ban dirng trach toi bd quen lich sir, nhung vi toi
di tim cai a'n tugng Han Viet trong tam hdn toi
chii
khong phai di tim cai tir
nguyen Han Viet khach quan cho
nen
danh phai lam the" [33,14]. Nhu vay la
Gs.
Phan Ngoc da xac dinh tir Han Viet dua tren cai nhin dong dai, gdc do sir
dung
ciia
ngudi ban

ngii,
gdc do hanh
chiJc
cua tir.
Vay "cam
thiJe
ngon
ngii"
chinh la kha nang nhin nhan su ket hgp cua
cac am
tiet.
Kha nang nhin nhan boat dong tu do hay khong tu do
ciia
cac am
tiet trong nhiing mdi quan he nhat dinh .
Vd: Mot am tiet dugc goi la am tie't Han Viet khi nd khong the lam tir
doc lap va nd chi cd the tao nen mot loat
til
song
tiet.Trai
lai mot am tiet dugc
goi la am tiet thuan Viet khi nd cd kha nang dirng doc lap de lam tir dan.
1.2.2.3.
Tinh hap ly
ciia
viec xdc dinh nguon goc
ciia
tit dua vao cam
thuc ngon ngit.
Trong thuc

te'
lich sir tie'ng Viet hien nay
tu*
thuan Viet bao gom nhiing tir
gdc Mon- Khamer nhu dot, chdy, man ; cd the la gdc Thai nhu vit.v.v. . Nhu
vay khai niem nguon gdc cua tir
ciing
chi dugc xac dinh trong mot thdi gian
lich su nhat dinh. Dieu dd cd nghia trong thuc
te'
khd cd khai niem nguon gdc
cua tir mot
each ciing
nhic.
1.2.3. Xuat phdt diem de xdc dinh nguon goc cua tit dua tren cam thitc
ngon ngii cua ngudi ban ngit.
A
^
9
J
.2.3.1.
Am tiet la dan
vi
ca sa de nhan dien.
Tie'ng Viet la ngon ngu dan lap tir khong bien doi hinh thai
nen
viec xac
dinh ranh gidi
ciia tiJ
la rat khd. Dieu nay khong chi khd khan ddi vdi nha

ngon
ngii
hoc ma cdn khd khan ddi vdi ngudi ban
ngii.
Ddi vdi ngudi ban
ngii
ho de dang nhan dien dugc am tie't va tieng ban la tir. Va dieu quan trong ban
ca la ddi vdi ngudi ban ngir tir dugc cau tao tir am tiet, cau nay gom may am
tie't thi ho de dang nhan dien ban la hdi cau nay gom may
tii*.
Ngudi binh
thudng khong cd tri
thiJc
ngon ngir hoc cho rang
am
tiet la dan vi cau tao nen
tiJ. Xet ve mat ngir nghia hoc thi nd la dan vi mang nghia. Xet ve mat hinh
thiJc
cau tao thi nd la dan vi khong bie'n ddi hinh thai. Vi vay day la dan vi
19
dau tien ma ngudi Viet cho ring nd la dan vi cau tao nen tir. Xet ve gdc do tri
thiJc
ngon ngu hoe la diing. Do vay trong cam
tbiJe ciia
ngudi ban
ngii
am tiet
la don vi de dang nhan dien ban so vdi nhan dien tir.
1.2.3.2.
Si/phan

chia cac dm tiet tieng Viet
di/a
tren cam thuc ngon ngu.
Can
cii:
vao su ket hgp
ciia
am tiet tieng Viet ta cd am tiet khi boat dong
trong
cau
cd the la tu do hay khong tu do. Am tie't tu do la
am
tie't "boat dong
mot minh lam thanh dan vi
ngii
phap" [33,40] nd cd the dong vai trd la
chii
ngii,
vi ngu, tan
ngii,
dinh
ngii
d trong cau. Hay ndi mot each khac nd cd the
ddng vai trd la
tiJ
d trong cau . Cdn
am
tie't khong tu do la am tiet khong cd
dugc nhiing dac diem nhu tren.
Vd:Am tie't "nhan" va

am
tiet "ngudi".
Am tie't "ngudi" la am tie't tu do vi nd cd kha nang ddng vai trd chu
ngii,
vi
ngii,
bd
ngiJ
d trong cau.
Trong cau : "Ngudi nay cham hoc" : thi "ngudi" la chu
ngii.
"Toi biet mot ngudi" : thi "ngudi" la bo
ngii.
Trai lai khong the ket hgp am tiet "nhan" vao nhiing vi tri tren thay cho
am tiet "ngudi".
Am tie't khong don nha't la am tie't xua't hien trong nhieu
ke't
hgp vdi cac
am tiet khac.
Vd:
am
tie't "nhan" la
am
tie't khong dan nhat. Nd cd the tham
gia nhieu ke't hgp khac nhu
:
nhan dan, nhan dao, gia nhan, nhan nghia.
Am tie't dan nha't la am tiet chi xuat hien trong mot ket hgp:
Vd: am tie't "do" trong ket hgp "do dd".
Mot am tiet tie'ng Viet cd the cd bdn hinh

thiic
boat dong can cu vao
sir
ket hgp.
Am tiet tu do: (ky hieu la A): vd: am tiet "ngudi".
Am tiet khong tu do ket hgp khong dan nhat: (ky hieu la B):vd: am tiet
"nhan".
Am tie't khong tu do ket hgp dan nhat, lay am (ky hieu la C): vd: am
tie't "do" trong "do dd",
20
Am tie't khong tu do, ket hgp dan nhat, khong lay am" (ky hieu la D):
vd:
am
tie't "a" trong "a xit".
Cach phan chia nay dua theo hinh
tbiic
"tinh hinh
thiic ciia
su phan
loai nay bieu hien d ch6
chi
can xem xet am tiet boat dong tu do hay khong,
giiia cac am tie't cd quan he lay am hay khong
ture
la dua tren nhiing quan he
ddng dai, cd trong de ngudi Viet" [33,142].
Thuc chat
ciia
su phan chia nay la dua tren kha nang ke't hop
ciia

cac am tiet.
1.2.4.
Xac dinh nguon gdc cua tir dua tren su boat dong
ciia
cac am tiet.
1.2A.I.Bon
loai dm tiet trong
hoqt
dong
Idi
noi.
Dua vao su boat cua bdn loai am tiet nhu tren trong tieng Viet cd bdn
loai tir theo cam
thiJe
ngon
ngii
cua ngudi ban
ngii.
TiJ thuan Viet
.Vd:
da, dot, chay .
TiJ
Han Viet
.Vd:
giang san, thien menh, phuang thao.
Tir lay am.Vd: lung tung, lai nhai, xinh xin.
Til
phien am.Vd: a- xit,
a-mo-ni-ac,
a-mi-dan.

Nhu Gs Phan Ngoc da
nha'n
manh ddi vdi ngudi ban
ngii
khong ton tai
khai niem tir co Han Viet, tir Han Viet Viet boa hay tir goc An Au. Ho
khong quan tam den nguon gdc khach quan cua tir.
1.2.4.2.Cdch
nhin nhan ve tit
thuan
Viet doi vai nguai bdn
ngit.
"Ba't ky am tiet nao boat dong tu do deu dugc xem la thuan Viet bat ke
nguon gdc lich sir
ciia
nd".[33;143]. Nhu vay cd the thay ring tir thuan Viet la
tir cd hinh
thiJc
dan tie't hoac la tir lay am. Do vay bat
ciJ
tiJ nao la
til
dan
tiet (cd mot am tie't) hoac lay am deu la tiJ thuan Viet bat ke nguon gdc lich sir
cua nd "Ro rang chir thuan Viet ddi vdi cam thurc khong lien quan den lich
sir". Khi ngudi sir dung ngon
ngii
tie'n hanh qua trinh giao tiep ho thay nd cd
kha nang van dung ket hgp tu do thi ho cho nd la thuan Viet. Do vay trong
khai niem thuin Viet nhu tren bao gom rat nhieu tir khac nhau ve mat

nguon gdc.
21
Gdc Nam A : Vd : mot, hai, ba.
Gdc
Thai:
Vd : tiJ chi bo phan ca the : bung, co, lung.
Nhirng am tie't gdc Han dugc xem la thuan Viet thuoc vao bdn loai.
a.Nhiing
til
song
thiirc
: cd ca hinh
thiJc
A va hinh thuc B ddng nghia
vdi nhau va ciing nguon gdc, tuang
iJng
vdi nhau thanh tirng cap.
Vd : cudi (ky); giri (ky).
(am tie't B d trong ngoac dan).
b.
Mot
am
tie't B cd mot loai
am
tie't A cung gdc di song song vdi nd :
Vd : hoach (B) tuang
ling
vdi, vach , gach, ke.
c. NhiJng am tiet doc theo each phat
am

Han Viet cd the viet thanh
chti
khdi vuong nhung cd the boat dong tu do thanh tir dugc goi la tir thuan Viet
cac
am
tie't nay bao gom nhieu ldp nghia : Vd: Tir chi sd dem : van,
iJc,
trieu ; tir chi phuang hudng (ddng, tay) cac danh tir chi ngudi (ong ,ba co,
cau,) cac dd vat thudng
diing
nhu (nhung,ni) cac tir chi tinh chat ( cao ,thap),
cac tiJ chi hanh dong ( hoc, tap ). Rd rang day la nhiJng tir neu xet ve nguon
gdc khach quan la tir Han
Viet.
d. Moi am tiet lay am deu dugc xem la tir thuan Viet bat ke nguon
gdc lich
sii
khach quan.
Vd : thu
thap,
tir te, l6i lac, sung sudng.
Ngay ca nhiing
tCr
gdc Phap ma ngudi Viet biet hien nhien nguon gdc
cua nd ciing dugc xem la thuan Viet chi can la dan
tiet.
Khi da dugc dan
tiet boa thi nd duac coi la tir thuan Viet.
Vd : xang
,

sam, lip, met, phanh.
Nhu vay ddi vdi viec xac dinh tir thuan Viet chi can dua vao hinh thuc
am tie't
ciia
til,
dua vao kha nang ket hgp tu do
ciia
am tiet la biet dugc
dau la tir thuan Viet. Tai sao lai cd the dua vao dac diem nay . Ro rang cd
mot sd
lugng Idn
tir Han Viet nhap vao he thong tir vung tieng Viet
nhung lai duac tach ra lam hai loai, mot loai cd vd
ngii
am la tir dan am
tie't thi duac coi la
til
thuan Viet cdn mot loai ket hgp khong tu do thi
22
A
A
duoc coi la tur Han
Viet.
Va ngay ca giai doan sau nay khi mot tir gdc An Au
(tie'ng Phap) muon duac coi la tir tie'ng Viet ciing phai duac dan tiet boa. Bdi
vi " cai thdi tie'ng Han Viet hinh thanh d Viet Nam .
Liic
dd qua trinh dan
tie't boa da xong xuoi
til

lau. Tat ca cac am tie't tieng Viet khong ke am tiet
A^
A
lay
am
deu boat dong doc lap"
[15;
145]
. Sau nay mot tir gdc An Au muon
trd thanh tir thuan Viet
ciing
phai tuan thu nguyen tic nay . Day la ly do giai
thich vi sao ngudi ban
ngii
quan niem he la tir dan tiet thi dd la tir thuan
Viet. Do vay nhiing am tiet A dugc goi la am tiet tieng Viet. Ket luan nay
cho ta nhan tha'y khong phai
til
thuan Viet nhung khong the khing dinh ngugc
lai duac.
1.2.4.3.Cdch
nhin nhan ve
titHdn
Viet doi vai ngudi bdn ngu.
Theo Gs Phan Ngoc, trudc bet de hieu the' nao la tir Han Viet chiing ta
phai hieu the' nao la
am
tiet Han Viet trong cam
thiJc
ngudi Viet.

Am tiet Han
Viet.
Trong su ddi lap vdi
am
tiet thuan Viet chiing ta cd
am
tiet Han Viet
Neu
am
tiet thuan Viet boat dong tu do thi am tiet Han Viet
ngirac
lai "bat
ky am tie't nao c6 the ket hgp vdi nhiJng am tiet khac de tao
nen
nhirng tir
Viet cd mot net nghia nhu nhau thi deu la am tiet Han Viet"[33;143]. Va
am
tiet Han Viet nay dugc ky hieu la B. Da'y chinh la
nhiJng
am tiet khong tu
do ke't hgp khong don
nhat.
Vd: am tiet "nhan". Nhu vay ddi vdi tir Han Viet
phai la tiJ song tie't trd len. Nhung khong the cho rang
tiJ
song tiet la tir Han
Viet dugc. Bdi vi cd nhiing tir thuan Viet ciing cd tir song tiet.
Theo Gs Phan Ngoc mot am tie't Han Viet cd hai dac diem :
Dac diem
1:

Nd khong the lam tir doc lap.
Vd: am tiet "nhan".
Cd the ndi:T6i biet mot ngudi.
Khong the
ndi:T6i
biet mot nhan.
Day chinh la dac diem giiip chiing ta khang dinh duac tir Han Viet
phai la tir song tie't trd len.
23
Dae diem 2: Nd cd the tao
nen
mot loat tir song tie't cd quan he vdi
nhau do quan he ngu nghia cua nd.
Vd:am tie't "nhan". Ta cd the tao nen mot loai ket hgp : nhu :
nhan vat, quan nhan , cong nhan.
" Chinh dieu dd khien cho ngudi Viet biet "nhan dan", "nhan dao" la
tir Han Viet Ciing chinh cai quan he thuan tuy hinh thiire nay ma ngudi
Viet nao ciing cd trong de khien cho ho nhan dien diing cac
til
Han Viet mac
d^u
ho khong biet mot chu Han nao va khong hoc
chii
Han" [33,143].
Va mot dieu quan trong trong dac diem cua am tiet B dd la " Tat ca cac
am
tiet B deu gdc Han
Viet,
va khong cd am tie't nao ngudn gdc khac lai
la B" [33,150]. Day la ngudn gdc lich sir khach quan

ciia
am tie't. Nhu
vay la d day giiia cam
tbiJe
ngon
ngii ciia
ngudi Viet va ngudn gdc khach
quan
ciia tur
cd su gap nhau. Va'n de can phai giai thich d chd tai sao ngudi Viet
lai cd cam
thiJc
ngon
ngii
nhu vay vdi ngudn gdc khach quan ve ngon
ngii.
Trong cam
thiic
ngon ngiJ
ciia
ngudi Viet nghia
ciia
am tie't A khac
nghia cua am tiet B.
O day ciJng can phai ndi them ve khai niem "nghia". Khai niem nghia
cua tir dugc hieu la binh anh ciia vat quy chieu.
Khi ndi de'n "cd" ngudi Viet Nam
nghi
ngay den cd ma khong thong
qua mot trung gian ngon tir khac.

GiQa
tir "cd" va su vat cd thong thudng cd
mdi quan he true tiep. Vi am tiet "cd" cd kha nang boat dong doc lap tu do
nen
nd cd kha nang tao thanh tir. Trong khi dd tieng Viet la ngon
ngii
dan
lap khong bie'n hinh
nen
the' gidi y nghia
ciia
cac
til
trong de ngudi Viet
ddng nhat vdi the gidi y niem, the gidi cac su vat cu the. Ngugc lai am tiet
"thao"
khong ton tai doc lap de tao thanh tir nen nd khong ggi len hinh anh
true tie'p
ciia
vat quy chieu nghia cua am tiet "thao". Chi cd "cam thao",
"thao moc" mdi ton tai trong de ngudi Viet vdi tinh each
nhiJ'ng
khai niem
va nhiing hinh anh su vat cu the nen ngudi Viet
dii
khong hoc
chii
Han
ciing biet "thao" la am tiet Han Viet cdn "cd" la am tiet thuan Viet . Su
phan biet thuc te' la ddng dai ,thuan tuy dua tren quan he, tuy each ndi Han

24