Vấn đề năng lượng trong mạng Wireless sensor.PDF

CHILICING 1. TONG QUAN VE M4NG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY
1.1. Giai thieu mong aim Min Wiling dly
Cac thiet bj cam bien (Sensor) duct kit noSi thinh mang, phOi hqp voi nhau de
thqc hien cac nhiem vp vii quy mo lem, duqc at nhieu by vong !grim cach mang h6a
trong Rah Arc thu thap thong tin 6 bit Id digu kien vi viing dja ly nio. Mang cum hien
kheong day (Wireless Sensor Network) bao gem mOt top hqp cac thiet bj calm bien sir
dung cac lien ket khong day (v8 tuyin, hiong ngog hocquang hoc)
a
phid hqp thuc
hien cac nhiem vu cum bien phan tan ve doSi Wong muc tieu. Mang nily 0 the lien kit
hvc tiep v6i nut quoin 1y ctia giam sit vien hay gian tiep thong qua mOt diem thu (Sink)
va m8i hieing mang tong tang nhu Internet hay ye tinh. Cac nut Sensor Ichong day c6
the dirge trier khai cho cac muc dich chuyen dung nhu giam sat vi an ninh; kiem tra
m8i truing; too ra kheong gian thong minh; khko sit, chinh zac h6a trong ming nghiep;
y th; Lqi the chit
y611
ctia chung 11 kha clang trier khai hku nhu trong bit ki log hinh
dja 15
,
nao, ke ca cac mid truing nguy hiem !thong the sir dung mang Sensor 0 day
truyen thOng dirge.
Viec ket hop tic bO cam bien thanh mang Wen nay nay a too ra Mien kha ging
nu% cho con ngubi. Cie bO vi cam bien v6i bet th IS
,
gin trong voi cac thiet bi vo tuyen
hoan town c6 the gin trong mOt kith thuac rat nh6. Chang 0 the hog doing trong mOt
m8i truing clay dac v6i Icha firing thc da cao. Do d6, yeti mang cam hien Ichong
day ngay nay, ngtrin to da 0 the khIm phi Sail hien Wong rat Iche thay truck day.
Ngay nay, cac mang cam bien kheong day dirge (mg dung trong nhieu linh vrc
nhu cac ciu true chiong lai dja chin, nghien thu vi sinh v#t Wen, giam sat viec chuyen
chi cac chit gay o nhigm, kiem tra he sinh thai vi m8i tiring sinh vet phirc

1.2. Nen tang phit trier mang
Viec phift trien mang Wireless Sensor duct tren Ong nghe mang Ad hoc kW:mg
day va dugc thuc diy bed hai yen
t6
IA nhu ciu (mg dung va cac
tien
b0 cOng nghe.
1.2.1. Along Ad hoc khang day
Mang Ad hoc Meng day II kieu mang kheong c6
co
s6 ha tang nen tang, dirge
trier khai cho cac muc dich sit dung tam thei can thiet lop nhanh cheng, thu$n tien nhu
de tim
kiem
vi thu hO, phut Ai lien lac cho cic thinh vien trong mOt cuOc hop,.v.v.
Mang Ad hoc kh8ng
can can thinh
phin co set ha tang nhu
tong
dui, tram thu phat
gsfic
hay bit Id mOt trung tam dieu khien nil°. Tit cu cac nut di doing trong mang Ad hoc
duct lien ket doing v6i nhau mOt each tujr y, !dieing a5 bit Id sir dieu khien
nao
tir ben
ngoai. Tit ci cac nut nay deu 0 the hog dung nhu mat bO
djnh tuyen
nha khi rung
Trang 2
tim vi duy 1r1 djnh

tuyin
tai the net khac trong mpg. Ck giao thirc djnh My& trong
mang Ad hoc c6 the chia thenh hai
—
Ccic giao that djnh tuyin theo being:
mai nut
mpg se duy tri va cap nh$t
thong tin djnh tuyen tai mai nut mang khic;
—
Qic giao thus djnh tuyin theo yeu cdu•
Viec djnh tuyen chi doge thin hien
khi to yeu caw chuyen gai, nhe ca the tim dubng.
Hien nay to ben giao thin djnh tuyen doge sir dung trong mang Ad hoc:
a)
Dinh tuyen theo chu6i chi huerng vii dich Man ty
Trong Dinh
tuyen
theo chuei chi Wing tied dich tuin to (Destination-Sequenced
Distance-Vector - DSDV), mai tram di dOng deu c6 mat bang dint)
tuyen
trong de ghi
the dich hien tai,
s6 cac
Were nhay de den dugc dich
vi so
this to doge gin cho not
dich. S6 the to nay dugc sir dung di phan biet the
tuyen
va nhu vay tranh dirge sir
hinh thanh the yang lap. Cie tram djnh lc5r gin bang dinh tuyen ctia n6 cho the nut lan

can cita n6. MOt tram ding giri bimg djnh tuyen
neu
mot thay del ding ke trong bang
so vii Ian gdi Op nh$t
cuoi
cling dirge phut hien. Nhu vOy, viec Op nh$t
dirge thtrc
hien ca theo then gian vi theo sr kien.
Cie bang dinh tuyin c6 the dugs giri Op nh$t theo hai each: chuyen toan b0
("full dump") hay Op nh$t phen gia tang. Theo each chuyen toan Ns, bang djnh thy&
se doge gfri trgn vcn den the nut Ian On vi n6 c6 the bao gem rdau geoi tin. Ngugc
theo each cap Slot phin gia tang, chi nhemg mve ghi men elm bang djnh tuyen so
vii lin cop nh$t
cu6i ming mai
dirge gfri di va phii visa trong mot gOi tin. Kid mpg
Wang dei 6n dinh, cic DM cap nh$t phen gia tang duce sir dung di trinh viec km
lugng tang cao va viec chuyen toan b0 (full dump) it dugs sir dung han. Trong the
mang thay dei nhanh,
se ltrung
cac gOi Op nh$t phin gia tang c6 the trer len nit Ian nen_
vies chuyen tom b0 bang doge thgc hien thueng xuyen han.
b)
Dinh
tuyen
bang thu$t toan tim throng tan ty theo then gian
Dinh tuyen bang thu$t toan tim throng then qr theo then gian (Temporally
Ordered Routing Algorithm - TORA) la mot giao thirc dinh
tuyen tren
ca so mot thu$t
torn "dao lien ket" ("Link Reversal"). NO dugc thief ke de tim cac

tuyen
dueng theo
yeu eau, cung cap
Mau tuyen
tai
mot &eh, thiet 1#p
tuyen
nhanh va giant tai mire ter
thieu phan phy tai (overhead) bang thu$t toan khoanh yang cheng lai tic thay del ve
hinh trang mpg c6 the say ra. Viec
tai
uu djnh WA' (dm throng ngin nhat) doge coi
la thin
yeu vi viec djnh
tuyen vii the duerng dal han dirge sir dung thuerng xuyen de
trinh pha
►

phu tai khi tim throng mai.
Trang 3
Host Ong cea giao thirc TORA duqc hinh dung
gi6ng
nhu dua ntrec chity
dOc
xueing qua mOt mang
cac dubng
Ong
vi huang tai mOt diem dich. Cac dubng
Ong
me

to ck lien kit gifts cac nut mang, cic diem noi cac dubng Ong nay m8 to cac nut mang
va nuec chay trong the
Ong
m8 to cac g6i tin duqc djnh tuyen huang ten dich.
M6i not
mOt dO cao so yea dich duqc firth toil' boi giao thirc djnh
tuyen
va dO cao gam din
tren tuyin, nhb v#y 0
the
chuyin g6i tin mOt cach twin ttr de tai dich.
c)
Giao thirc djnh
tuyEn ngu8n
dOng
Diem ca ban tha giao thirc djnh tuyin ngu6n dOng ( Dynamic Source Routing -
DSR) la viec se dung djnh tuyin nguen. Tic 11, nai giri nhon biet duqc hohn toan
tuyen
dubng dont cac lien kat din tai dich.
Cic tuyen
dubng nay duqc luu trong bO
nha djnh tuyin (Route Cache). Cic g6i de lieu mang theo thong tin djnh tuyen
ngu6n
trong
tieu di gel !Chi met nut trong mpg Ad hoc
muAn
giri mOt gel tin tai met dich
ma no chua then hitt
duqc
tuyen

dubng, n6 se se dung mOt
tier
With tim dubng
(Route Discovery) de xic djnh mOt tuyen. Tien trinh tim dubng se giri tan Ian vio
trong mang cac g6i you au
tuyen
(Route Request-RREQ). Mgi not then duqc RREQ
lai
tiep tic
quAng bit no, trir khi not de II not dich ho#c c6 met tuyen tai dich duqc luu
trong bO nhe djnh tuyen. CAc net nay tra Ibi do g6i RREQ bang cac g6i h6i am djnh
tuyen
(Route Reply-RREP). Cac g6i nay duqc djnh tuyen tra lai ngu6n. Cac g6i
RREQ Nth RREP ding duqc djnh tuyen theo ngu6n. Cite g6i RREQ lep len met thy&
xuyen qua mpg. Gel RREP djnh tuyen tra lai nguOn bang each di nguqc tra lai theo
tuyen
dubng nAy. Thong tin ve
tuyen
duct mang tr6 lai bing g6i RREP vi
ductc km
tai ngugn de se dtmg.
Neu
mOt lien ket tren mOt tuyen bj se 0, net
ngutin
duqc thong bit° bang mOt
g6i Igi (Route Error-RERR). Ngugn se xoa tuyen nay trong b0 the djnh
tuyen
vi bit
d'au met tier tint' tim dubng mei niu tuyin nay con can duet. Trong DSR Itheng can
met ca chi tl#c bit nit) de phit hien cic vong 1#p djnh tuyin.

d)
Djnh
tuyen
dip vao chugi chi huang theo yeu ciu tam thbi
Djnh tuyin dtra vac, chugi chi huang theo you

tam thbi (Ad hoc On-Demand
Distance- Vector Routing - AODV) c6 diem giong DSR la n6 cling tim cac dubng
yeu eau th8ng qua mOt bang mOt tien trinh ten diking tucmg
ti.
Tuy nhien, AODV
sa
dtmg mOt ca chi rat khic de luu gift th8ng tin djnh
tuyen.
NO sir dung cic bang djnh
tuyen
truyen thong,
m6i mac la
met dich. Day IA diem nguqc lai DSR (DSR 0 the I=
gift nhieu mac cho
m6i
dich). Kitting c6 djnh tuyin ngu6n, AODV dtra vAo do mac
trong bang djnh
tuyen
a
truyen mOt RREP trb ve ngu6n va sau de,duqc sir dung de
djnh tuyen
cac gel
so
lieu duqc tai dich. AODV sir dung cac

s6
the ti duqc luu
tai m6i
Trong 4
Bich de xic djnh tinh mai cis thong tin din]) tuyen va chong loi cic yang l#p
djnh
tuyen.
Tit ci cic &Si deu mang theo cic
se
the ty My.
MOt d#c diem quan tong curt AODV Ii lint gift cic tong thai djnh gib can ban
trong
m8i nut de
ten dung cic num trong bang djnh tuyen don. MOt muc trong bang
djnh tuyen c6 the bj xoa nett n6 khang duqc se dung trong th6i gian gin.
Giao thirc DSDV la giao thin djnh tuyen theo bang, cic giao they DSR, TORA,
AODV thuOc loci giao thee djnh tuyin theo you diu.
1.2.2. Nin tong ang nghf
Cac den b0 trong cong nghe chi too cic thikt bj dien ti rat nh6 gia re vai cOng
suit thip va phan Ma chit nang cao, cic but den trong c8ng nghe mong khang day
vi trong linh virc vi dieu Mat de too m dem Sing to 16n trong linh Arc cam Wen va
thu th#p de lieu. Viec sir dung cic bO vi dieu lchien ding suit thip tich hqp kb& thu
phat vo tuyen vi cic duet bj dun bien tuong Ur,
so
khic nhau cho phep mOt mong cic
thiet bj cam bat khong day hoot dOng bing ngu6n acquy c6 the thu th#p de lieu ve
Sol trubng trong phom vi 16n. De lieu nay c6 the duqc tai den mOt may tinh vi duqc
km trong ca s?r de lieu. Sau do, c6 the
duqc
phfin tich thong qua mOt phin mem ling

dung. Ket qui c6 the duqc truy xuit trqc tiep hdic obi mOt trinh duyet Web chuin 6
bit cir din tren Internet. Cic mong Sensor ngiy nay c6 Stang cii lien ding ke so vOi
cic Sensor truyin thong theo hai huOng:
—
Cic Sensor c6 the d#t 6 xa hien num, tic la cic th8ng tin ve hien tiro% c6
duqc nh6 riling lye cam bien vi phan tich. Theo huOng nay, yeu au cic
Sensor lan sir dung mOt s6
ky
thuitt phirc top de nhen hie& duqc cic dich ti cic
top am moi twang 6 khoing cich xa;
—
Nhieu Sensor chi yeti chi hoot dOng cam bien duqc then khai. Vi tri cic
Sensor va hinh tong th8ng tin duqc firth town can then. Ching duqc lien kit
thanh mOt mong de truyen th8ng tin ve cic dign bien cia hien tucmg duqc
them d6 tai cic nut trung tam, nai tiep nh#n va xi
1±
du lieu.
MOt mang Sensor bao
gem mOt s6 !wag lon cic nut
(tut
then khai
day d#c ben
trong d6i Wong can thin' do hdic
6
rat gin no. Vi tri cis cic Sensor }tilting
can
phii
djnh tart. Dieu My cho phep
hien khai nglu nhien trong cic vimg khong the
tiep din

ho#c trong cic hoot dung tninh sq nguy lam. Dieu My ding c6 nghia Ii cic thu$t Wan
vi giao thirc phai c6 khi niing to
to
chirc. MOt d#c trung nfta ciut mong Sensor la khi
Wing cling tic cia cic Sensor. Cic Nit Sensor phii c6
bO xi ly gin trong. Thay
vi
chuyen cic dit lieu th8 din cic nit co nhiem vu
xi
iSr,
de nut
Sensor se sir dung khi
neng tinh tam cis n6 de thqc hien cic xti. 1Sr din gian va chi chuyen di cic de lieu
duqc yeu ciu vi dit qua xir IST sa b0.
Trang 5
Cac dac diem tren dua den met pham vi ting dung lan dui mang Sensor. MOt s6
Arc duqc limg dung la y te, club sir vi an ninh. VI du nhu the Mc si se kiem tra Ut
xa cat du lieu ye sixth
1ST
benh nhan. Dieu My yen thuon tier cho benh shin vita gifip
cac bac si hieu rb hot ve tinh trong benh than. Mang Sensor con duqc se dung de phat
hien citc tic nhan hea hac trong kitting khi vi nu6c. Chting giup chi ra kieu, stir co lai
va vi tri cue the chit. Ve ca ban, the mang Sensor cung ap cho ngtrei sir dung sir hieu
test
hen, thong minh hen
ye
mei trtemg. Chang to c6 the thay ring trong tucmg lai, ac
mang wireles Sensor se 11 met plan kheng the thieu trong cuOc sting, gieng nhu may
tinh
ci nhan Men nay.

Cac

dung thvc to cult mang Sensor yeu au phai se dung cling nghe mang
Wireless Ad hoc. Mkic de vay, c6 nhieu thu$t Wan vi giao that da duce se dung cho
the mang Wireless Ad hoc truyen thing nhung chting kheng phi hqp lim vei the dac
tinh va you eau ting dung cue mpg Sensor, De minh hoe diem nay, sv Ichac nhau gifts
mang Sensor vi mang Wireless Ad hoc
duce
phic hoe dual day:
—
S6 luqng net Sensor tong mpg Sensor c6 the dirge yeu au 6 mire len hen
rat nhieu so
Arai
the mang Ad hoc;
—
Ck nut Sensor duqc trien khai van mat de 16n han;
—
Cac not Sensor thuong gap trot trac;
—
Hinh trong mang Sensor thay dei rat thutng xuyen;
—
Cac net Sensor thuong sir dung me hlnh thong tin quing bai nguqc lai the
mang Ad hoc sit dung truyen thong diem- diem;
—
Cac nut Sensor c6 han chi ve tong xuat, kha nang tinh Wan vi be nha;
—
Cac not Sensor c6 the kitting c6 nhan clang toan cue do se lugng nut Sensor
16n.
VI met se lugng 16n nut Sensor duqc trien khai day 4c net talc net Mn can c6
the rat gin nhau. Do d6, truyen thong da lien kit (Multihop) dirge chen de Gong suit

sir dung thAp hen so vol tray& thong don lien kit truyen thong (Single hop). Han nib,
tong suit truyen dAn c6 the gift
a
mire thap, dieu
my nit can
cho the host dung ngAm.
Truyen thong da lien kit con c6 met se hieu quit truyen tin hieu
test
hen so WA
truyin
th6ng khoing catch xa.
MOt han the quasi trqng rift& mitt the not Sensor la yeu au phai R
I
M thieu tang
suit tieu thu. Cac nut Sensor chi tich trft duce nguen rang luqng han the vi Wong
dirge thay the. VI voy, tong khi the mang truyin thing ludo dat mire tieu cung cap
chat lugng djch (QoS) cao thi the giao thec trong mang Sensor phiti chit trqng den
str bao Mn nguon nang lugng. Ngu&i se dung phai chqn
gifts tool
thq ant mang vii
han the ve thong lugng hay de
to
truyen din 16n.
Trang 6
User
1.3. M8 tit bf thong
1.3.1.
Mo td he thing
ling
quit

Cic
nut Sensor duqc then khai trong mOt truemg Sensor (Sensor field) duqc
mirth hqa tren hinh 1.1. Mei nut Sensor duqc phat tan cet khit nang thu thap thong se se
lieu, djnh tuyen
so lieu ve b0
thu nhAn (Sink)
de
chuyen ten ngubi dimg (User) vi djnh
tuyin cic ban tin mang theo lenh hay you du ttlr nut Sink den cac nut Sensor. SO lieu
&cc djnh tuyen ve phis
be
thu nhfin (Sink) theo du truc da lien kit kh8ng c6 co kr
hit
tong nen fling
(Multihop Infrastructureless Architecture), dm la khong o5 cac tram thu
phat gec hay cac truing tam dieu khien, nhtr trong hinh 1.1. BO thu nhan to the lien lac
tnrc tiep
v6i tram dieu hanh (Task Manager Node) caa ngtriti dimg ho(ic gian
dap
th8ng qua Internet hay ye firth (Satellite).
Ifinh 1.1.
M8 hinh trier khai cac nut Sensor
MOt nut Sensor duqc tao len tir ben think phin co ban lit: b0 cam bien, be xfr it,
be thu phat kh8ng day va nguon. Tut theo ling citing cy the, nut Sensor con c6 the c6
cat thank phAn be xung nhu he thong tim vj tri, bet sinh riling luqng va thiet bj di dung.
Cic thanh plain trong mOt nut Sensor
duqc
minh hog tren hinh 1.2. BO cam bien
thueng thuerng gem hai don vj thanh phiin lit thief bj dm bien (Sensor) vi b0 chuyen
deli Prong Vise (ADC). Cac tin hieu twang to c6 duqc tir cac Sensor trill co so cam

bien cac hien tucmg duqc chuyen sang tin hieu
se
bang bO chuyen di ADC, rei mei
duqc dua tai be xAr 19. BO xar lt
,
thtremg kit hqp voi met be nher the, phan tich thong
tin dm in& vi quan It cac thu tuc Ong tic vei cat nut khic de phei hqp thyt hien
nhiem vv. BO thu phat dam bio th8ng tin eta nut Sensor va mpg bang kit
ad
kh8ng
day, c6 the la v8
tuyen,
hung ngoai hok bang tin hieu quang. MOt thanh phAn quan
Trang 7
Thiet bj di dung
He thing tim vj tri
Rd aim hiin
Rd _cd• hi

1
4
1 BO sinh Ming luqng
BO ngute
Sensor
4
_
-
_;Thiet bj za
ADC
Thiet bj nhe

Bp thu
phdt
twig ctia nut Sensor la bO
ngu6n.
BO ngu6n, c6 the la pin ho(ic acquy, cung cap Ming
luqng cho nut Sensor vi kh8ng thay the duqc nen
nguan
nang Ituyng dm nut thueng 111
giOi han. BO
ngu6n
c6 the duqc ha trq bed cic fiat bj sinh niing luqng, vi dv nhu cic
tam pin m#t tan the.
Hiu het cic ding nghe djnh tuyin trong mpg Sensor vu cic nhiem vy cam bien
you ciu phai c6 sir nh$n biet
ye
vj tri vOi de chfnh xic cao. Do de, cic nut Sensor
among phai c6 he thing tim vj tri. Cic thiet bj di gong den khi cling can thiet de di
chuyen oic nut Sensor theo you tin di dim bio cic nhiem vµ duqc phan c8ng.
Hinh 1.2. Ctie thanh phizn etia nut Sensor
De minh hoa re hop
ye
mpg Sensor lcheng day trong thvc
te, phan tiep
sau day
se giei thieu
met he
thing mang Sensor dien hinh. DO la he thing WISENET.
1.3.2. He thling WISENET
a)
Geri thieu he thing WISENET

WISENET (Wireless Sensor NETwork) la
he
thing thu nhon dit lieu
ye
moi
twang nhu tinh sang, nhiet de vi dO km ttY met
mang gem cic
thiet bj cam bien kh8ng
day c8ng suit thip duqc gqi la cic "hat cam Bien" (Sensor motes). De lieu nay dirge
chuyen ten met may ch6 vi duqc luu trong met ca se de lieu. Met chuang trinh Web
se nii#n de lieu phan tich vi hien thj tren trinh duyet Web.
Mai hat Sensor duqc tich hqp bOi met vi dieu khien, met be thu phat ve, tuyin,
cic phin ter ciun bien mei trubng vi nguen nuoi. Met
he
dieu hinh thai gian thvc duqc
gqi li TinyOS (Tiny Operation System)
duqc s>f
dvng de tan thieu cling suit lieu thy
ma van cung cap !chi niing dieu the ding suit cao vi cho phop cic haat dung t#p trung
deg thin.
b)
Sa d6 he thing WISENET
Trang 8
He th6ng WISENET
gam
hat h¢ thong con chinh la phan tich
so
lieu (Data
Analysis Subsystem) va thu nhen
so

lieu (Data Acquisition Subsystem), ba thanh phin
chinh la tram chit (Server), tram ngtrei clang (Client) va mang cac hat Sensor (Sensor
mote network).
CUBIT

SERVER

SENSOR MOTE NETWORK
DATA ANALYSIS
SUBSYSTEM
j
.
DATA ACQUISITION SUBSYSTEM
j

.

.
Hinh 1.3. Sa do
he
tang WISENET
Cac
he thong con chinh la:
-
He thOng con phan tick so
`
lieu:
He thong con nay chi gam phan mem . Nd dva
tren ca sec ha tang Internet vi Web hien tai (HTTP) de truyen th8ng tin gifts
may firth chit (Server) va may truy 4p (Client). Nhiem vtr cern he thong con

nay la chip ley cac de lieu m8i tnrbng thich hqp chug duqc xir ly
,
co duqc
nh6
he
thong thu nhen de lieu, phfut tich va girt ket qui den ngtr?ri ding theo
yeu au.
-
He
thimg thu nhOn so lieu: Mix
inch ctia he thong con nay thu thap se lieu
m8i trtemg vi luu frit trong ca s6 de lieu de sau do he thong ph& tich se xir
ljr. He thong con bao
g6m mpg cac Sensor duqc ket
hqp vai may tinh chit
duqc cai philn mem
he
thong (TinyOS Daemon).
Cac thanh phim chinh cda he thong bao gam:
-
Trgm ngicai dung (Client):
Client IA thanh phen can thiet nhtmg 11 thanh phan
ben ngolti. CO nghia la chi
can
Client la bet cfr may firth nio co trinh duyet
Web (Web browser) va duqc not mang Internet. Nd chi deng vai fro la giao
dien cM ngtrai se dvng den vai he thong phfin tich
s6
lieu. Nd dim ra yeu
clu

s6 lieu cM ngubi
sir dung vai tram chd vu thu 'Ay cac
s6 lieu
dA yeu ciu.
-
Trgm chi (Server):
DAy 11 thAnh phen then chOt cM he thong, 11
m6i lien lac
gift hat
he
thong con thu nh$n va phAn tich
s6 lieu. va
met phan tich
so
lieu
Trang 9
ne le mOt may chit HTTP (HTTP Server) mang mOt ting doing Web (Web
program). Khi nh#n duqc mOt yeu ciu ye trang Web, may chit HTTP gqi (mg
dung Web My nhon
so
lieu tar ca sa do lieu (SQL Database), phan tich vi due
lei trang theo you ciu den may firth ngubi thing (Client). ye phis he thttng thu
nh#n dO lieu, c6 mOt trinh tien Ich hoot ding ngAm (Daemon) duqc gqi la
wiseDB de trio d6i thong tin
a
ding yeti mang Sensor. WiseDB dam nhon
viec gfri cic lenh qua lien ket not flip 8232 den c6ng giao
tiep (gateway
mote)
de chuyin tee mang Sensor. N6 cOng dim nhen viec thu th$p

se lieu tir mpg
Sensor
(ciing thong qua gateway mote). 56 lieu due
den
duqc 361 lgt rat it vi
duqc chuyin vao ca se do lieu. Nhu v$y, ca sa dtt lieu SQL la au
an gilts
hai he
thong thu nhfut vi xir ly set lieu. Vi ca sa do lieu SQL lien lac th8ng qua
TCP/IP nen chi tram chef HTTP vi chtrcmg trinh Web an phai duqc d#t trong
Mng mOt
to
chtic vet lg. Tram chti HTTP, ca sa dn
.
lieu SQL, wiseDB co the
dtit trong cic t6 chirc vet lt khic nhau vi ket
nei
thong qua Internet. Trinh to
host ding dm Server
duqc tom
tit nhu sau:





Client
yeu
cau
so

lieu
yeti
cac
dieu
kien

Mint tra
cic tham
s6 dieu
lden hqp
le.

Nh#n s6 lieu
tfr
ca sa chit
lieu, tut
theo ring
buOc ctia
tram khich

Tao

Girl
trang

trang
Web vii

Web
de lieu


din
da duqc

Client
yeu ciu







HMI: 1.4. Trinh to hoot tong mia Server
— Ming ccic ho
t
Sensor:
Mang cic Sensor la thanh phin tong tam dm he tilting.
Cac Sensor dim nhen viec thu th$p so lieu
mei truing vi chuyen cic sti
lieu
nay den tram chit. NO can phai nh#n elk lenh tir tram chi, co the 11 you ciu
ve
s6
lieu hay tai chtrcmg trinh mai. C6 hai phin tir thuOc thinh phin nay. Thter
nhAt la cic hat thong thubng (Standard mote). Cale hat My co nhiem thu th$p
cic th8ng tin cam bien tim m8i trtrang, bao gem anh sing, nhiet do, dO
Am vi
truyen cic s6 lieu ntly den gateway. Cluing truyen thong tin qua lien ket v8
tuyen Ong suit thip a dii

tan ISM 900 MHz vi dim him
tat
ci Mc goi
du
duce dua tai Gateway. Cluing can ce phin cimg hieu chinh vi gum sit ding
suit nguOn.
Hut
c6ng (Gateway mote) la phan hi di* hai cue mang Sensor
motes. Muc (Itch chinh cue ne la lien lac gitta tram chit vi mang Sensor qua
lien ket vo thy& RS-232 vi chuyin tit ci cic &Si
so
lieu tin WiseDB. Ca hai
Trang 10
phlin hi' Standard mote vi Gateway mote deu c6 cang phin cimg vi phin
mem, ching chi khic nhau ve chirc nang.
SCUM MOM
Hinh 1.5. Cric thinh plain trong hot Sensor
Ck thinh phin tong hat Sensor throe minh hog tren hinh 1.5, bao
gam:
—
Ck Sensor cim Bien inh sing, dO Am, nhiet do (Light, Humidity, Temp); cic
LED tang thii;
—
Mach thu phit v8 tuyen, mach giao
tiep
RS-232 (UARTS), cic be chuyen
Wong to-so (ADC), vi zit 15
,
18i 8051, be nh6 SRAM vi FLASH (chins he dieu
hinh TinyOS, phtm mem) dirgetich hop ten vi mach CC1010;

—
Phan mem he thong (drivers) giao
tiep
RS-232 (chi trong gateway), be thu
phit vo tuyin vi antent;
—
BO nguon nueii
(Om
acquy, mach giim sit nguOn).
c) Cic tieu chuin dirge ip dung
—
Giao that truyin sieu van bin (HTTP);
—
Ng8n ngit truy yin then eau true (SQL);
—
Lien ket vo tuyin not
tiep
RS-232;
—
Lien
ket not tiep vi
dieu lchien (I2C);
—
Quy djnh FCC (dii tin deg nghiep, khoa hoc, y
to ISM).
1.4. Tong Ewan vi loan frac meng
Ngan xip giao thtc
throe
so doing trong be thu nh$n (not Sink) vi
tat ca

the nut
Sensor dirge minh hod tong hinh 1.6.
Ngan zip giao thim nay phOi hop eac tinh Win ve djnh tuyen vi nang luting, kat
hop se lieu v6i the giao thirc mang, truyen tin veri hieu quit vi Wing Wong th6ng qua
Trang 11
mai twang khong day vi tang cterng sv hqp tic gifts Mc nut Sensor. Nan xlp giao
that bao gem 16p 1mg dung (Application Layer), lop giao von (Transport Layer), 16p
mpg (Network Layer), 16p lien ket s6 lieu (Datalink Layer), 16p v#t 19 (Physical
Layer), mat bang quart 19 Wing ltryng (Power Management Plane), mat bing quip 19 di
dung (Mobility Management Plane) vi mat bang quin 19 nhiem vp (Task Management
Plane).
Appikadon Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physkal Layer
Hinh 1.6. Nen xip giao that mom Sensor
TuS
,
then nhiem cam Bien, dc kik phin mem frng dung c6 the duqc xay dung
vi sir dung tren 16p (mg dung. Lop giao von &up duy tri dang s6 lieu khi cic *rig dung
dm mpg Sensor yeu cau. Lop mpg top trung vio viec djnh tuyen so lieu duqc cung
cAp bari lop giao von. Do mai trutmg c6 nhigu vi cuc Mt Sensor c6 the di dung duqc,
giao Daft MAC phai duqc tinh tour ve Ming luqng vi tdi thieu has va chum trong viec
phit quing bi vei cic nut Ian con . Utp vot 19 stl dung cac
ky
thult die'u che, truyin vi
nh#n cin thiet don giin nhung mph me. Them vio de, cic mat bing quirt 19 ming
luqng,
di dOng vi nhiem vu dieu khien sr phan ph6i Wing luqng, phOi hqp di chuyin

vi nhiem vp gifts cic nut Sensor. Cic mat bing niy glop cho cic nut Sensor c6 the
phai hop trong nhiem vu cam Wen vi giim duqc thng &Mg luqng tieu thy.
Mat bing quin 19 tiling luqng quin 19 viec mOt nut Sensor stl dung &Mg luqng
ctia n6 nhu the nio? Vi du, nth Sensor ce the tit bO phen sau khi nh$n mOt bin
tin M. mOt trong Mc nut Ian On. Dieu My c6 the tranh duqc viec nh#n ban tin teri hai
Ngoii ra, khi mitt Wing luyng caa nut Sensor thip, nut Sensor se thong bio ten tit
cu
cic nut lan On ring mirc Wing luqng thip cua no &I thip nen n6 khang the tham gia
vio viec djnh tuyen cho cic bin tin. Nang luqng can 10 duqc dv tilt cho viec cam
Trang 12
bien. Met bing quin
19
di dung d6 tim vi ghi lai chuyin dOng dm nut Sensor, vi the
mOt tuyen dutmg Wong ten nut user luon dirge duy tri vi cie nut Sensor
co
the theo
dei dirge cic nut Sensor Ian c$n. V6i viec nhen biet dirge cic nut Sensor Ian c$n, nut
Sensor co the can bing gifts nhiem vu vi Ming lugng sla clung. Met bang quirt 19
nhiem vu can bang vi sap xep nhiem vu cim bien cho mOt vfmg cu the. Khong pith
tin
ci cic Sensor
trong vfmg d6
dirge yeu
ciu thgc nhiem vu cim then tai cling mOt thbi
diem. Ket qua la mOt vii nut Sensor thgc hien nhiem nhieu hop cic nit khic tu9
theo mire ning lugng ctla chung. Nhftng met quail
19
nay rat can thiet, nhu
vay,
cic nut

Sensor ce
the lam viec ming yeti nhau de c6 hieu qua ve met nang lugng,
ce
the djnh
tuyen se lieu trong mOt mang Sensor di dung vi chia
se
UM nguyen gitta cic nut
Sensor.
Neu
kitting, mgi nit Sensor
se
chi lam viec mOt each don
le.
Xuat phat quan
diem xem xet trong tan mang Sensor,
se
hieu qui hon neu cic nut Sensor c6 the hoot
dOng
NT
tic vol nhau, nhu the cling c6 the keo dii Si thg cult mpg.
1.4.1. Lop eng dyng
Mgc
db nhieu linh we ling dung cho mang Sensor dirge vach r8 vi dugs
de xuit,
cic
giao thirc lerp ling dung con dem tang cho ming Sensor van con li mOt vOng rung
16n chua dirge Icham phi. Trong phin nay, chting to se khio sit ba giao thirc 16p Ong
dung quan Ming li giao tithe quin
19
Sensor (Sensor Management Protocol-SMP),

giao thirc phan nhiem vu vi quing cio s6 lieu (Task Assignment and Data
Advertisement Protocol-TADAP), giao thfrc truy van Sensor vi phe hien se lieu
(Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol-SQDDP), rat can thiet cho mpg
Sensor tren co set nheng so
a
dirge de mat
ce
lien quan ten nhltng 16p khic vi cic
Milt vtrc (mg dung mang Sensor. Tat ci cic giao that lop Ong dung nay deu la nhttng
van de nghien cfru c6 firth mer.
a) Giao thfrc quail
19
Sensor
Viec thiet ke mOt giao Ogre quin 15
,
16p Ong dung c6 nhieu thuen Igi. Mung
Sensor ce
nhieu linh we ling dung khic nhau vi viec truy nhop den cac Sensor th8ng
qua cic mang ram Internet
duqc
djnh htreng tong mOt se the dtr an hien nay. MOt
giao thine quip
19
lap Ong dung lam cho phin cling vi ph& mem cis
cac
16p thap tat
len trong su6t vdi the ling dung quail ly mang Sensor. Tut li, viec sir dung cac phin
clang vi phan mem nio cho lop thip khong inh Sang tOi hoot dung ctia cic ling dung
(plan IY mang Sensor.
Cic nhi quin tri he theng tic dOng tOi mung Sensor nhb sir dung SMP. Khang

nhu nhieu mpg khac, mpg Sensor bao gem cac nut Icherng as cac se
than
dung ID
(IDentify ) tom cue vi chUng thubng khong
ce
co se.
ha
tang mang. VI the SMP can
Trang 13
phai truy nh$p tei cac nut bing each sir dung d#t ten thuOc firth ca sa va danh die chi
v1 tri ca se.
SMP la met giao thirc quan 13"/ cung cap hoot dOng phen mem
cAn thiat
de thoc
hien nhiem vp quin tr1 mpg sau:
—
Dua ra
cac
guy tic lien quan tea viec t#p hap
se lieu,
d#t ten thuOc tinh
car
so,
t#p hap cac nh6m nut Sensor there), cum;
—
Trao dui so lieu lien quan tel cac thing tan tim vi tri;
—
Deng b0 thei gian cho cuc nut Sensor;
—
Di chuyen cac nut Sensor ;

—
Bet va tit ac nut Sensor ;
—
Truy van
chiu
hinh mong Sensor vi trong thai nut, dinh Bang
loi au hinh
mong
Sensor ;
—
Xac Wien, phew phOi Um% va bao met trong truyen thong
se
lieu.
b)
Giao thirc phan nhiem vu va gang
cao
s6
lieu
Met
hoot dOng quan tang lchac trong mpg Sensor la ph6 hien you au ve se•
lieu.
NguOi sir dung c6 the girl yew au nay tei met nut Sensor, ten met mong con ho#c
tel than mang. Yeu au nay c6 the la ve met thuOc tinh mlo de ciut hien Wang mot lieu
hotic met so kien clang quan tem. Sau de, cac Sensor lien quan se girl cac s6 lieu duqc
you au tai ngutii sir (long. MOt phucmg phap Ichac la quimg
cao
cac se lieu
c6 sin.
Trong phuong phap nay, ac nut Sensor quang cao ac sO lieu c6 sin cho ngtrei dung
va truy

van
ngtrei sir (long ve s6 lieu ma ha quan tam tel . MOt giao thirc lop img citing
cung cap cho nerei clang phin mem yeti giao dien cho viec truyen dot you au h6 trq
rat hieu qua cho cac hoot dung cim lop thip han, nhu dinh
tuyen.
c)
Giao thirc truy van Sensor va ph6 bien
sO
lieu
SQDDP cung
cap
cho nerei sir dyng nherng img (long bao
gem
giao dien truy
van, phan h6i truy vim vi thu thep phitn hei gui tei. Can Iuu
9
rang hAu het citc
truy
vin khan dirge dua ra cho thug nut rieng. Thay vao de, viec det ten thuOc firth co so
va vi tri ca ser duqc sir (long nhieu han. Vi do: "vitt ciut nhttng nut ma cam bien duet
nhiet dO cao han 70 du F " la met truy van thuOc tinh ca se. Tuang to nhu vey, "nhiet
do dac ra bOi nhttng not trong vang A" le met vi do d#t ten v1 tri ca so.
Neon net truy
van Ira ttAt nhiem
vu Sensor (Sensor Query And Tasking
Language-SQTL) la met ing (long cung cap met t$p hap len dich vu. SQTL h6 trq ba
loci so kien duat dinh nghia bing hY khea
receive, every
and
expire.

Tir khea receive
dinh nghia cac so kien duqc to ra bei nut Sensor khi nut Sensor nhem duqc met ben
tin (Message); ttY khea Every dinh nghia tic so kien xiy ra dinh kjr theo met b0 dinh
Trang 14
thei gian (Timer), fir kh6a Expire djnh nghia cic sir kien xAy ra khi mOt b0 djnh thei
gian khong con hieu lye. Neu mOt not Sensor nhon dirge mgt thong bao dinh cho n6
vi bao
g6m
mOt ?loon mA lenh, nut Sensor se thuc hien doon lenh de. Ngoili SQTL, cic
lo3i SQDDP khic c6 the phit trier cho nhttng CEng dung khiic nhau. Cic SQDDP c6
the duqc sir dung duy nhat cho tang img ding.
1.4.2. Lap giao v9n
Lap giao von cung cap cic dich vu
t6
chirc lien loc dsu cuii tir cic nut Sensor c6
bao
coo
can chuyen thi not thu nhon (Sink) vi nut ngtrei sir dung. Lep giao yen d#c
biet can thief khi he thing c6 ki hooch truy nhijp thong qua Internet hok nhttng mang
ben ngorli khic. Giao dike TCP vei ca chi con
s6
truyan din chug phu hqp vei
trung ciut tad trueng mang Sensor hien nay. Do do5, viec thiet lop mOt lien kat tau
cuii tir the nut Sensor tr
►
c
tiep den not quip ly cua ngueri star
dung la Wing hieu qui.
Phuong phip phan tech TCP lil
can

thiet de mang Sensor tuong tic vei cue mpg khic
vi du nhu Internet. Trong phucmg phip nay, kit
noi
TCP duqc sir dung de lien lac gitta
not quan 15
,
cua ngtrei sir dung vi nut thu nhon (Sink) vi mOt giao thee lop giao von
pha hqp vei m8i truimg mang Sensor dirge sir dung cho truyan thong gifta not thu
nhon vi cic nut Sensor. Kit qui la truyan thong gitta nut nguei sir dung vi nut thu
nhOn c6 the sir dung giao thirc UDP ho#c TCP thong qua Internet hok qua ye tinh.
Met
khic, viec truyan thong gifts not thu nhon vi cic nut Sensor chi sir dung hoa
►

tour
cic giao thee
kik
nhu UDP, bei vi cic nut Sensor c6 b0 nhe Milt cho.
Kh8ng
gi6ng the
giao thee kieu nhu TCP, cic phtrcmg phip truyan thing
tau
cu6i
(end to end) trong mang Sensor khong dja chi toin cic. Cic phi:mg phip nay
dya tren viec d#t ten thutjc tinh co s?r de chi ra diem dich cos g6i
s6
lieu. Cic nhan
tO
nhtr tieu thu Wing lugng, khi nAng me rung vi cic d#c flung nhu djnh tuyen top trung
s6 lieu

khien cho mang Sensor can phiti c6 nhttng ca chi khic trong 16p giao von. Yeu
au
nay
nhin mph sir an thiit coo nhftng log giao thirc mei h lep giao 4n.
1.4.3. Lap mgng
Cic nut Sensor duqc phan b6 day do trong mOt trueng h Sri hooch ngay ben
trong cic Men tugng nye tieu nhu trong hinh 1.1. Giao thee
djnh tuyen
kheng day da
buck phu hqp gifts nut Sensor vi not Sink li can thiit.
Icy
thuot
djnh tuyen trong
mpg
ad-hoc thong thu?mg kh8ng pha hqp nhttng you cau ciut mon Sensor. Lop
mang ctia
mang Sensor duac thiet ke theo nhimg nguyen t e
sau:
—
Hieu suAt
nAng lugng luton la yku
to quan tong;
—
Hiu het cic mang Sensor li s6 lieu top trung;
—
Viet top hqp
s6
lieu chi ductc dux thi khi n6 Itheng cin tre hog dOng hqp
tic
cua

cic nut Sensor;
Trang 15
—
MOt mang Sensor ly
twang phai nhen but
duqc viec
Anti dja chi thuOc tinh cc
sa vi vj tri.
1.4.4. Lien kh lien ming
MOt chtic nAng quan trqng khic ells 16p mang la cung
cap sir
lien ket mang v6i
cfic mang ben ngoai
nhu
cic mpg Sensor khic, clic he thong phut lenh vi dieu khien
hay Internet. Trong met me hinh mpg, cac net Sink duce sir citing nhu met Ging
(Gateway) din cac mpg Wm. Trong met me hlnh mang khac, met dubng tine duvc
tao ra bang viec kit
not citc not
Sink yen nhau vi then trim nay duqc truy nh$p ten
cac mang khic thong qua met Gateway.
SMECN
To met kw d6 con all ming Sensor gem duong ME
Trait
Quang ba se lieu ten tit ci clic nut len
can
ma Ichong quan tam din
viec chimg di nhan no hay chua
Day truyin
Gill so lieu tel met nut Ian can duerc Ilya chon nett nhien

Chi gui cac se lieu tei cac nut Sensor nett chimg dirge yeu au; c6 3
lo3i bim tin : ADV, REQ vi DATA
SPIN
SAR
Tao nhanh nhieu nhanh cay yeti gec ells mtii nhinh cay li met by&
ted nut len can tfr nut Sink; chon met cay cho so lieu de djnh tuyen tr6
lai be nhan theo tai nguyen niing Wong vi viec do QoS bit.
LEACH
To cac clue (Cluster) de t6i thieu h6a lieu thp Sing Wong
Truyen tin c6
djnh hmfmg
Thiet lap ate chi hwfmg cho se lieu tir ngu6n tel nut Sink trong qui
trinh phe bien sy quan tem
Bang 1.1. Ring quan ve lop mgng
L4.5. L6p lien kit .4 lieu
Lop lien kit se lieu chili trach nhiem ghep kenh cho cac clang
s6 lieu
vi tech
khung
s6
lieu, dieu khien truy nh$p men trubng vi sira lei. NO dim bao sir tin 4y cho
kit
not diem -diem
(Point to Point) va diem - da diem (Point to Multipoint) trong mang
truyen thong. Hai phin duel se trinh bay
ye
chi& luqc truy nh$p mei trubng truyen
din vi dieu khien sera lei cho mpg Sensor.
a) Dieu khien truy nh$p mod trubng truyen din
Trang 16

Chi djnh
rieng hay ph&
b6 c6 djnh
Phan bi c6 djnh
dugc
xac
djnh fru&
Thich hqp v6i luu
leg lien tic vi cung
cap hp chi tri
Khong hieu qui v6i
ltru leg cao
Tuy the vio nhu
hay yeu

cna ngtreci
dung
Hliu ich dOi vet toe
dO Bien dii vi luu
Mpg da phuang tien
Lam tang phu tai
(Overhead) vi
trg
do
lien trinh Bang ki
fru& lid nguyen
Dtra tren nhu
Cali
Truy nh$p
ngiu nhien

(dull tren
tranh)
Phil hqp v6i Iuu
leg cao
Khong hieu qua yeti
luu Mpg nhay aim
v6i tre
Tranh danh kenh khi
can
chuyen gel
Giao thirc MAC trong mang Sensor to t6 chirc da bu6c !thong day (Wireless
Multihop Self-organizing Sensor network) phi
.
' dot
duqc
hai intic lieu. Thin nhAt
la
phii tao ra co s6 ha tang mang. Vi hang nghln nut Sensor de phan b6 day d#c trong
mOt trtemg Sensor nen giao thirc MAC phii Mitt lop de Wiling lien ket thong tin de
truyen s6 lieu. Viec nay se 1#p
ten
co set ha Ling nen tang can thiet cho truyen thong
IMOng day da buck va tao cho mang Sensor khi nang to t6 chfrc. Nhiem vu thfr hai 11
chia se tai cac nguyen th8ng tin mOt cich hieu qui va can bling gifts cac nut Sensor.
Clic giao that MAC truyen thong ce the duqc phan loci doct tren cac co chi phan b6
tai
nguyen. Bimg 2.3 cung cep mOt so phan tich cac uu, nhuqc diem va pharn vi ling
dung cfm cac loci nay.
Bang 1.2. Phan lopi giao their MAC
b) Dieu khien sus 16i

Mgt chin Ming quan tong khic caa 16p lien ket
so
lieu la dieu khien sira
16i
cho
s6 lieu
truyin
din. Hai phucmg phap dieu khien sfra quan tong trong mang truyen
thong la suit 16i truck (Forward Error Correction-FEC) va yen au lop lai to dOng
(Automatic Repeat Request-ARQ). Phuang phis') ARQ chug duqc ap dung trong mang
Sensor m#c du d8 c6 nhieu dung ARQ c6 kha nang tich ling vi hieu qua da dugc ap
dung cho cac mang di dOng khic. KM Ming (mg dung ciia phucmg phap ARQ trong
mang Sensor bj hart chi do viec tang chi phi truck khi truyen din vi phi tai. M#t khic,
do phirc tap trong ma hot% cern plurong phip FEC tang theo Ichit Wing hieu chinh
Xet ve m#t My, vies su dung cac ma dun gian 111 giii phip
tot nhat
cho mang Sensor.
Trong thiet ke cua phuong phap nay, van di quan tong la phai xem xet
kg
luring doc
diem dm kenh va Icy thuot ma. Phan flip theo se trinh bay dOng loc ling dung vi co s6
thiet ke thu tic FEC theo yeu

colt mpg Sensor.
Trang 17
FEC:
DO
tin
c$y cart lien kit la tham s6 quan trong trong thiet ki bit ki mOt
ming kh8ng day nao, dieu nay dug quan trqng ham veil ming Sensor do tinh chit gay

_git va !thong On dinh caa sy dung dO kenh trong cac ting dung Ichic nhau. MOt
si
cac
ling dung nhu giam sat di dOng vi dieu hanh may mac dbi hOi dO chinh xic
s6
lieu
cao. Ty
s6 16i
bit (BER) la tham s6 quan trung de danh gia dO tin cay ctia lien kit. BER
ty 10 thuon vei toe dO ki hieu R, va tY 10 nghich vai ty
si
tin hieu tree nhieu SNR (E, /
No) vi mire cong xuit phat P. Gil su mOt phuong phap ma hod vai tY 10 R duqc sir
dung.
Neu tic
dO truyin ki hieu
s6 lieu ducrc gift
khong di so yeti tnrec khi ma hoa thi
tee dO truyen ki hieu
t6ng
phii tang din R, / IL Ngoai ra,
neu
cling suit truyin din
khong thl rang luqng thu duqc tren mOt ki hieu giim din RE,. BER do duqc h diu
vito b0 gill ma, BER dm tin hieu chug duqc xi: 1Y, Ian harp BER cim tin hieu sau giii
ma. Dieu nay c6 duqc nhir b0 giai ma bing each khai thic phin du thira vi ciu true
cua
b0 ma de hieu chinh mOt sa 16i dubng truyen. Trong thyc
ti, mOt
ma sirs

161 tait
duqc danh gia qua
mire
de giam BER vi dO lqi Chung. DO lqi ma duqc dart gia bang
cong
suit
phat them via
an
thiet trong truing him khong clang ma sirs
16i
de dit duce
cling BER aia tin hieu sau giii ma.
Viec truyen th8ng
s6 lieu
mOt each tin 4y ca the dirge cung
clip
biing each tang
cong
xuit
phat ra (P
ow
) ho#c sir dung cc chi FEC pha hqp. Vi mOt nut Sensor c6
ngu6n Wing luqng giai hin nen viec tang cong suit phat la khang khi thi. Do de, phai
t#p trung vao FEC vi FEC ca thi
gam
Clang ke BER von bit ki gia tri P dirge cho.
Tuy nhien, cling phiti tinh din cong
suit ictl 1*
tang them do ma hoa va giii ma. CEng
suit

xi 19 My
gay bit lqi do gi6i hart nguOn Ming luqng cua cac nut Sensor. Dieu nay
rat quan frog dOi vol ming Sensor m(ic du c6 the khang ding ke yeti
ac
ming kherng
day
khac.
Neu
cong xuit
)(if 1y
phat sinh nay lhn ham dO lqi ma hofi thi ci qua trinh nay
la khong hieu qua ve 'tang luqng vi he thong ching can phai ma hoa
dm 16i.
M#t khac,
FEC la
rat
quan trong vhf ming Sensor
neu tang cling suit
ma boa va
gill
ma nh6 ham
cong
suit
phat
tilt
kiem dirge.
Gil thiet met kenh c6 Fading Rayleigh ch#m khong chip 19c
tin s6 va sir
dung
ma hoa coin de hieu chinh

16i. Cac
phan tich da dua din kit lu$n
ran
fling lugng tieu
thu trung binh cho mOt bit c6 ich tang ham mu theo do dai hart the ciut ma vi khong
phu thuOc vio tY 10 ma. Ngoii ra, FEC thuang kitting hieu qui
neu giai
ma bang mOt
vi xir ly vi nghien thu
My gist:1'i thieu mOt 1,0
gill ma Viterbi chuyen dyng gin tre'n
bang mach. Cac
kg
thu$t ma don gian c6 the giii
quyet yin
de
hieu qua nang luqng
cho mpg Sensor.
Trang 18
1.4.6. Lop gilt
Lap v#t 19 chju Mich nhiem bra chon tin
s6, to tin s6
mang, tich song, dieu chi
va m8 hoa
s6 lieu. V* tan tan s6
va tach song thuOc pham vi thiet ke phin cting va
b0
thu phut nen se Icherng duqc xem xet 6 day. Cac phin
titp
theo se chi tong ve cuc hieu

ting phut song, hieu xuit fling luong vii cuc phuang phap dieu chi trong mpg Sensor.
Hien nhien IA truyin th8ng v8 tuyen vii khoang each xa IA rat
teal
kern xet ca ye
Ming Wong va dO phtic tap ctia hoot dOng. Trong khi thiet ke lap vet 19 cho mang
Sensor, viec
tai
thieu hoa nang luting duqc coi la rat quan tong, ngoai ra con cac yin
de
ve suy hao, phut tan, v#t can, phan nhiiu, cac hieu ling fading da dueng. Thong
thueng, ding suit
du ra toi thieu
a
chuyen mOt tin hieu qua mOt khoitng cach d tjr le
vii trong d6 2 5 n < 4. Se me n gin 4 volntent tent thip va cAc kenh
gin
mat dit
di& hinh trong mpg Sensor. Nguyen nhan la do sir triet lieu met phin tin hieu ben tia
phan xa nAit dit. De giui quyet van
di
nay, ngubi thiet ke phai hieu re cAc d#c tinh da
(king
c6 hifu
va khai thac cluing met cach triet de. Vf du, truyen th8ng qua thieu buerc
nhity trong mang Sensor c6 the vtrqt qua mOt each hieu qua cac vitt chin va cac hieu
fmg suy hao throng truyen
neu mat dO
nut
mang du 16n. Ttrcmg tu, trong khi suy hao
throng truyen va dung luting kenh hart chi dO tin c#y ctia

s6 lieu
thi nhe de to c6 the su
dung lai tin
s6
theo khang gian.
Viec Iva chqn phuung thtic dieu chi
tot
de la yin de quyet djnh den von stir tin c#y
trong truyen thong ctia mpg Sensor. Phtrcmg phi" dieu chi co s6 M c6 the giant then
gian truyen din bing viec gfri nhieu bit tren mOt ki hieu thI no lai lam tang de phfrc tap
Oa mach dien va tang tong suit v8 tuyen. Vol dieu kien deg
suit
kheri kich vtrqt trOi
thi phtrcmg phap dieu the co
s6
hai c6 hieu qua ve rang luqng km. VI the, phucrng
phap dieu chi co se M chi c6 lqi vol cAc he thong c6 Gong
suit
kheri kich thip.
Thiet bj bang tin cue rOng (Ultrawideband-UWB) hay v8
tuyen xung
(Impulse
Radio-IR) tUng duqc su dung cho
he
thong radar xung bang tin g6c va cac
he
thong
do khoang cach,
Om
day duqc chtl y trong cac ting dung th8ng tin dac biet la cac mpg

Idiong day trong nha. UWB truyen din veri bang tin
gee
nen khemg can cac tin s6
mang hotic trung
tin.
ThOng thueng, dieu chi vi tri xung duqc se dung. Uu diem chinh
cua
UWB la khit Wing mau phuc hei vol doi vol hien turyng phut da dusting. Viec se
ch
i
n ding suit truyen thong thip va thiet ke mach don gian di lam cho UWB rat thich
hop vol cac mpg Sensor.
1.5. 14c dam cila along Wireless Sensor
1.5.1. Kick Shut vitt
ly nka vd tilu
thy
ling sulk
Ship
Trong bit k9 huerng phut
trier
c8ng nghe nao, kich thtrac va ding suit lieu thu
luOn chi phei kha nang xu 19, luu MY va ttrcmg tfic cua cac thiet bj cc set. Viec thiet ke
Trang 19
cic phtm ding cho mang Sensor phii chit trgng den giim kich
ca
vi ding suit tieu thy
yeti yeu eau nhAt dinh
ye
khi fling hog dung. Viec sir dyng philn mem phil tao ra the
hieu quit de hi lai cic han chi cult phAn ding.

1.5.2. Hopi dpng ding thu vii t1p trung cao
Phuong thirc hoot dOng chinh tits the thiet 131 trong mang Sensor lit cim hien vi
von chuyen ck ding th8ng tin vii lch6i lugng xt1 ly thip,
gem the
hog dung nhan mOt
lenh, ding, phin tich vi dip ling lg. Vi dy, th8ng tin cam bien ce the dirge thu nh#n
dtang thin beri cic Sensor, duct thao tic vi truyin len mang. Hoc de lieu
co
the dirge
nut Sensor nhon ifs the nut Sensor khic vi dirge huOng hfri djnh tuyin da lien ket hay
lien ket au. Vi dung lugng 130 nh6 trong nh6 nen viec dem mOt !the& lugng 16n &I lieu
gills ding vio vi ding ra lit khOng 'chi thi. Hon Mira,
mai
ding lai tao ra
met se
lugng
lin the stir kien mire thip xen vio hog dung xir ly mire cao. Mitt
so
hog dOng xt1 15r
mire cao
se
ken dii tren nhieu stir kien thin gian thtrc. Do do, cic nut mang phii thyc
hien nhieu c8ng viec thing thtri vi an phii ci stir top trung xir
15
,
cao dO.
1.5.3.
Khd ndng liin kit
4115 vd phdn
cip thiu

khiIn hprs chi
Sts lugng cic b0 dieu khien dOc lap, cic khi niing cis b0 dieu khien, stir tinh vi
cim lien ket xir
15?
- km trtt - chuyen mach trong mang Sensor thip han nhieu trong cic
he
thOng thong thubng. Dien hinh, hi) cum bien (Sensor) hay 130 truyen dOng (actuator)
cung cap mOt giao dien don gian true tiep ten mOt b0 vi dieu khien chip don. Ngugc
lai, cic he thing th8ng thubng, vdri cic hog dOng xu 1y phin tin, ding thin kit hgp
yen mOt log cic thiet bj tren nhieu mire dieu !chi& dirge lien
he
biri mOt cAu true bus
phic top. Cic han the ve kich thu6c vi Ong suit, khi Ming dinh hinh vet
1ST
tren vi
mach 13i giOi han c6 chieu hum/mg an h8 trg quin ly ding doing thin, top trung nha b0
xir
1ST
ket hgp.
1.5.4.
Tinh da dung trong thin ki vd sir dpng
Cac
thiet bj Sensor dirge nil mang ce khuynh huOng dinh rieng cho ung dyng cy
the, rim lit m8i log phin ding chi h8 trg rieng cho ung dyng cis ne. VI co mOt pliant
vi img dung Sensor rat rung nen ding c6 the ce rat nhieu kieu thiet bj vet 15
,
Ichic nhau.
Val
mai
thitt bj Hong, dieu quart trgng IA phii de cling top hgp cfic thinh phin phAn

mem de ce dirge temg dyng to cic think phan plan cung. Nhu v4y, cic loci thiet bj niy
can mOt stir dieu chinh phAn mem
6
mOt mire do nio di de ci dirge hieu qui sir dyng
phin cling cao. M8i truing phit hien chung lit can till& de cho phip cic img dyng
rieng ci the xiy dyng tren mOt top the thiet bj mi kb/mg can giao dien phi= tap. Ngoii
ra, ding c6 the chuyen d6i gift pham vi phtm ding vai phan mem trong knit ning
deg nghe.
Trang 20
1.5.5. Hoyt ifPng tin c2y
Cac
thiet bj c6 se lucmg Ian, duqc tan khai trong pham vi rang voi mOt img
dung cu the. Viec ap ding cac
ky
thu$t ma h6a sea 16i truyen thong nhim tang dO tin
c#y dm cac don vi rieng le bj giai han Uri kich thy& vi cang sulk. Viec tang dO tin
c#y dm cac thiet 1)1 le la dieu cot yku. Them vao do, chimg to c6 the tang de tin c#y
dm img dung bang Ida Ming chip nh#n va khac phuc duqc so hang Mc cart thiet b1
don le. Nhu v$y, he thong host Ong tren tang nut don Wong Mang math me ma can
a
clang phat trien cac img ding phan tan tin ch.
1.6. ling dyng curl mpg Sensor
Mang Sensor c6 the gem cac ldeu cam bien khac nhau nhu dOng dit, tir truing
vii tec dO lay mitt chap, nhiet dO, hinh anh, hang ngoM, am thanh va de vo tuyen
(radar) qua de ce the kiem tra duqc nit nhieu tinh chat dm mai truing xung quanh
Mu:
-
Nhiet de;
-
DO am;

-
Sr di chuyen dm xe c0;
- Ck tang thai chap nhofing;
-
Ap suit;
-
Thanh phan
Mt trbng;
-
Mac tap am;
-
Cac thilnh phan hien dien hay yang mat cast dei Mpg;
- Cac mac img suit ciut cac del Wong tiep xac veri nhau;
-
Cac d#c tinh tire thbi nhu tec de, phuong huong vi kich thu6c dm mOt del
Mpg.
Ck nut Sensor co the duqc sir dung
de
them de lien Mc, phat hien sir kien, nh$n
dung six kien, am bien
ye vj
tri ho#c de dieu khien.
t
tuang ve vi cam bien va
ket nei
vo tuyen gifts cac
nut
mpg Ma hen nhieu rmh voc 1mg dung mai. CO the phan lcmi
cac ling dung theo MAI voc cork so, y te, mai twang, gia dinh va cac img dung thuong
mai Ichk. CO the ma rang so phan chia nay vii nhieu loci khac nhu them de khang

gian, xar 15
,
Ma hoc, giam rai ro.
1.6.1. Ong dyng trong guars sp.
Ck mpg Wireless Sensor IA met phan kh8ng the thieu trong cac 1mg dung quan
so ngay nay WA cac h'e thong menh lenh, dieu Ichien, thu thOp tin tire tinh bao truyen
thong, tinh town, theo dai ke tinh nghi, trinh sat va tim raw lieu. Cac d#c tinh then khai
nhanh chOng, to
to
chat va kha Ming chill dung 16i curt cac mpg Sensor cho they day
Trang 21
li
mOt ding nghe diy trien vong trong link voc quail syr. VI the mong Sensor dtra tren
ca sa trien khai cliy d#c vai cac nut gia r8 vi chi dimg mOt lan, viec bj dich phi huy
mOt so Mt khong Anh htrang ten hoot dung chung nhu cac Sensor truyen thong nen
chting tiep can chien trtrang tot han. MOt so ling dung tha mang Sensor li: hem tra
lye lugng, trang bi, don dirge, giam sit chi& twang, trinh sit yang vi lye Wong djch,
dm mpc tieu, dinh gia thiet trfain dank, trinh sat vi phat hien cac vii khi Ma hoc -
sinh hoc - hot nhan (NCB).
—
Kam tra hoc lugn& trang bi, don digit:
Cie lanh doo vi chi huy c6 the kiem
tra thubng xuyen firth tong cua quan dOi, dieu kien vi khi nAng sin sang
chi& au ctia cac trang bj, don dirge trong mOt chi& trtrang bing viec sr
dung the mang Sensor. Mai ngtrai linh, xe cO, trang bj deu dirge gin mOt
Sensor di dieing bao tong thai. Cac thong Mo
nay aunt
top hgp ad mOt
nut
thu (Kt lieu (Sink) vi duct gai tot ngtrai chi huy. Cac so lieu My c6 the dirge

hueng tot cac cap cao han trong phial cap chi huy cling vii cac s6 lieu tir
cac
din vi Ichic toi mai cap;
—
Theo doi chilli 'twang:
Tai tae yang quan tong, cac wen flip c$n
,
the con
throng vi eo hien, the mpg Sensor c6 the doge trien khai nhanh thong de
theo doi hoot dOng cua doi phuong mOt cash r8 ring, bi met. Khi bin dti tong
tic da dirge chan bj, the mong Sensor ce the doge trien khai bat cu Mc nio di
theo dOi doi phuong;
—
Trinh sat Wing va Arc Wong doi phuong:
Khi the mpg Sensor dirge trien khai
to
cac yang chien huge, the thong tin tinh bao ce gia trj, chi tiet vi kjp thai c6
the doge thu thop trong mOt vii phut Wu& khi bj doi phuang nan chOn;
— Tim
Mi4C dell:
Cie mong Sensor c6 the
dirge
kit hop ch#t the veri cac he thong
htrOng 40 trong cac quern trang thong minh;
—
Dinh gib thiet hot cua tran dcinh:
Ngay tuft ho#c sau khi tan tong, the mang
Sensor co the dirge trien khai trong yang moc lieu di top hgp the so lieu dash
gia thiet hoi trong trOn dinh;
—

Trinh sat va ph& hien cac vu kid Ma hoc, sinh hoc,
hgt
nhon:
Trong cac cuOc
chi& tranh sinh hoc vi Ma hoc, viec phit hien chinh xac vi kjp thai cac tic
nhan li dieu nit quan tong. Cic mong Sensor doge thin khai trong siting
chitin deng vi dirge sir dung nha cac he tilting cinh bao vu khi sinh h6a c6 the
cung cap cho quan dOi the thong tin ye cac tic Man ce the gay nguy hien,
thuang vong. Cac mong Sensor can dirge dung de giim sit chi net sau
khi the
tan deg sinh, has vi hot than dirge phit hien. Ngtriii to c6 the c6 dirge sa
Trang 22
trinh sat ve vii khi but nhan mi kitting phii
dua
cic dOi trinh sit vio yang Ink
xu nguy hiem cum.
1.6.2. ("mg dpng vI mill Theft
MOt so cic Ong dung ve moi trutmg cim mpg Sensor bao gam theo dOi str di
chuyen ala cic loii chim, loii thu nh6, con tong; hem tra cic dieu kien moi trutmg
inh hiking ten mils ming vi vet nu8i; tinh tang ntrec tmli; cic ding cu vi m8 cho viec
giim sit met dat 6 pliant vi rung vi than hiem cic hanh tinh; phit hien has hoc, sinh
hoc; tinh town trong n8ng nghiep; kiem tra m8i trutmg khong khi,dit tong, bien; phit
hien chiy rung; nghien ciru khi tuqrig vi dirt 19; phit hien Hi hit; ve ban dfi sinh hoc
phirc tap ctla moi trutmg vi nghien dm o nhigm mai throng.
—
Phtit hien chdy ring : VI
cic net Sensor cb the trien khai diy chic, hr do 6 cic
vj
tri can thiet non cluing c6 the cung cup tin tut chinh xic ye nguan g6c phit
lira tram khi thong phit tin rung khOng kiem soft &cc. Hing nghin nut

Sensor ce the duqc trien khai vi tich hqp nhtr cic he thong quang vi cic tan s6
vo tuyen. Ngoii ra, cic nut Sensor con duqc trang bj cic phtrcmg phip thu
nang ltrqng, vi du nhu &rig pin nip ten, de cic Sensor c6 the tyr duy tri trong
Mau thing th#m chi nhieu nam. Cic nut Sensor se cung tic vii cic nit khic
de
phi n tin su ciun bien vi chang lui cic tar ngui nhu cic mirth cay, khai di
lim cin trtt dun shin Gua cic Sensor;
—
Ve ban do sinh hpc pink kw ctia mai :ming:
Viec lap bin eta sinh lux cart
mai twang dOi had phii dip cOn mOt rich tinh vi de kit hqp cic thong tin qua
cic truc khOng gian vi thZri gian. Cic den bu
kg
thuot trong lihh Arc cam Wen
tir xa vi thu th$p dit lieu hi dOng cho phdp dO phan glib khOng gian, quang ph6
vi thai gian cao tai mOt don vj dien tich. Din vio Gong nghe hien nay, de nut
Sensor c6 the duqc kit non Internet, dieu My cho phdp ngutri sir dung tir xa
the dieu khien, kiem tra vi theo dOi cic thinh phan sinh hoc trong m8i outing.
—
M#c du cic he thong ciun hien ye tinh vi tren may bay rat hem ich cho viec
theo dOi tinh da dung sinh hue vi m8 nhung chung khong du tinh vi de dip On
cic thinh phial sinh hqc ce ldch car nh6. Do def cim thiet phii su dung mpg
Sensor de theo dOi chi tiet cic thinh phiin sinh hpc mOt cich day du;
—
Phdt hien la lyt: mOt
vi du ve img dung phit hien ICI hit li he thong ALERT
duqc trien khai tui
My.
Nhieu Id& Sensor duqc trien khai trong he thgng
ALERT li cic ciun Wen ve luqng mua, =lc ntrec vi thtri tiet. Cic Sensor My

cung cup th8ng tin cho he thong to so dit lieu trung tam.
cat do
lieu My duqc
filth town, phin tich de dua ra du bio ve Unit hinh nguy co Hi hit;
Trang 23
-
Cdc tinh man cho Wang nghiep: met sto tic
he trq trong Wing nghiep la kiem
tra, tlnh toan kip thai mac dO main benh trong nurtrc u6ng, mac do x6i mon (Lit
vi mac dO 6 item.
1.6.3. eng dyng trong y
MOt s6 ung ding trong y ti ciut mpg Sensor la cung cap khi nitng giao
tikp
cho
ngutri khuyet t#t; kiim tra firth tang cita benh !thin; chart doan; quart 19 duqc phim
trong benh vien; kiem tra sy di chuyin vi cic co the sinh hpc ben trong cua con tang
vi cac log sinh vet nh6 khk; kiim tra tb xa cac sb lieu ve sinh
15
,
con nguiri; giam sat,
hem tra cac Mc si va berth thin ben trong benh vien.
-
Kam tra tuxa cac si lieu ve sinh if
,
con nguat Cac
so lieu
ve sinh ly thu th$p
duqc biing cac mang Sensor c6
the duct km
tra trong thin gian dui vi c6 the

duqc sum (twig de Idtho sit y hpc. Mang Sensor con duqc sir dyng de kiem tra
vi phat hien tinh tang cita ngtrai cao tuei nhu sir det quy. Ck oat Sensor nhe
nay cho phdp cac dei Wang cep the di chuyen ty do trong pliant vi ring vi cac
bac si c6 the phat hien cac trieu chimg &Km dinh nghia fru& mot cacti
a
ding. Cac ming Sensor nay tao thu$n Iqi han cho cac benh nhin so vol viec
den cac trung tim dieu trj. MOt nhOm c6 ten la "Health Smart Home" duqc
t6
chile tai khoa y hpc dm Grenoble - France de danh gia, Ong nIgin tinh lchi thi
cita cac he thting niy;
-
Gidm sat va kiem tra cdc bcic si va benh nhcln ben trong benh vien: Mai
berth
than co cac nut Sensor nhe va nhe duqc gin
vat
hp. Mei nut Sensor c6 met
nhiem vu rieng. Vi du, met nut c6 the theo d6i nhjp tim, trong khi mot net
khac theo dtSi huyet ap. Cac Mc si ding ce the mang theo cac nut Sensor de
cac bac si khk biet dtrqc vj tri curt hp tong benh vien;
Quoin ly (kw philm trong benh vien: Cac
berth nhin duqc gin cac nut Sensor
c6 the nhen biet cac di img thu6c vi cac duqc phim can thiet. Nhu voy, c6 the
giam t6i da cac sai sat trong viec
ke
dart thu6c vi sir dung thu6c coa benh
than.
1.6.4. 64 dyng trong gia dinh
-
Tv
tong hoa trong gia dinh:

Vai cac
tien
ber ky thuot hien nay, cac nut Sensor
va cac b0 dieu ldnen th8ng minh ce the dirge gin trong cac thiet bj gia dinh
nhu may but byi, 16 vi sang, tit lath, Cac nit nay ce the Prong tic vol cac
nut 'chic vi ming ben ngoai thong qua Internet hoc ve tinh. Nha voy, nguai
sir dyng c6 the Warn sit, dieu khien cac thiet bi gia dinh tir xa met cich de
ding;
Trang 24
—
Mot trtremg thong minh:
med truerng th8ng minh duqc thiet ke c6 the gom hai
khai khic nhau la phan con nguiri (human- centered) it phan
ky
thu$t
(technology — centered ) (G.D. Abowd, J.P.G. Sterbenz, Final report on the
interagency workshop on research issues for smart environments, IEEE
Personal Communications (October 2000). Trong phlin con ngtrtri, mei truing
thong minh phii dip ling cic you cau ala ngtr6i sir don thong qua giao dip
vito/ra. \fa phin Icy thu$t, cite
kg
thu$t phan ming, cic giiti phip mang vi cic
dich vu phAn son (middleware) duqc phit trier. Cac nut Sensor ce the duqc
gin vio cac Q0 dung va thiet bj gia dlnh va chting ce the th8ng tin yen cac nut
khic va tram chit can phong (room Server). Cic room Server cling c6 the lien
lac WA nhau dl trao d6i cic deg viec can phii lam hoc
can
duqc h8 trq Stu
viec in An, quet lath vi fax. Cic room Server vi
CAC

nut Sensor kit hqp yeti cic
thiet bj trong gia dinh tra thinh mOt he thOng thich nghi yeti khi nling to
t6
chirc va to dieu chinh tren ca so cac truing dieu khien.
1.6.5. Cac
fang dyng dewing nsfi khdc
Cac wig dung thuong mai ce the duqc ke den la : hem tra so met mei ca the;
xAy thing cac ban phim ao; quart N so kiim Ice; kilm tra chit luqng sin phAm; xay
dung cac kitting gian lam viec th8ng minh; dieu khien med throng trong cac tol nha
cong so; citc robot dieu khien vi chi dao trong cic mi3i throng the to to dOng; do choi
tuong tic; cac bao tang th8ng minh; nha may ditu khien to dOng; hem tra cac yang
nguy lam; kiln tree th8ng minh vdi cac nut Sensor gin trong; cac may char dolin;
in tai; kiem tra vi phit hien vo trOm xe; gian sat xe c0;
—
Dieu khan mai trtremg trong cac toa nha cong sa:
cac trong thai khong khi vi
nhiet dO ctia hAu het
cac
c8ng so. dugc dieu khiln duqc tir met trong dm. Bea
vAy, nhiet dO trong mOt can phong c6 the duqc thay doi trong met pharn vi
n116, nai nay ce the ce nhiet dO Am hon met nai khic vi chi ce mOt b0 dieu
khien trong mOt
can
phong ma d6ng kh8ng khi chiy tir mOt he thong trong
tam lai Ichong duqc phan b6 long dau. MOt he thlng mang Wireless Sensor
phAn tan c6 the duqc thiet I$p di dieu khien kh8ng khl vi ?Ali@ de tai cac phin
khic nhau ciut can phong. KT thu$t Olin tan My giarn duqc rat nhilu chi phi
nAng Itrqng cho dieu hoe kh8ng khi va giam ding ki luqng carbon sink ra;
—
Bao tang twang tdc thong minh:

trong tuong lai, tre em c6 the tuong tic v6i
cic dli ttrqng trong bito tang di hieu hon va chimg. Cac dOi ttrqng My c6 the
phis ling lei cac va cham hay 16i n6i. Ngoai ra, tre em con co the tham gia vito
cac thi nghiem nguyen Sian - kit quit theo theri gian thoc de hoc lap
vi
lchoa
hoc va rad truinig. Them vio do, cac mang Wireless Sensor ce the cung dip
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thir ty vi sy djnh vi ben trong bio tang. MOt vi du la bio tang thim hiem San
Francisco Exploratorium, trong bily ket hpp su do luting s6 lieu
vi
cic thi
nghiem nguyen nhin — ket qui;
—
Ph& hifn trdm cap xe hat: Cac
nut Sensor co the dirge then khai de phit hien
vi nhen ra ke trem trong Wing dja vi thong bio cho chu nhan thong qua
Internet;
—
Quin lj sv !dim Ice:
mai
this" trong kho dirge co the gitn met Sensor. Ngutri sir
dung co the tim they chinh xic vj tri cue cila del tircing vi kiem ke
so inqng
cue cac d6i
tugng can lord. Neu ngutti sir dung
mu6n
them met sy kiim
ke
mei thi phii lien lac veil the nut Sensor finch hqp. Qua do co the giant sit vi

djnh vj cac del tucing trong ban
ke bet al lrie
nio;
—
Gicim sat vi theo dot xe co:
co hai phuang phap giiun sit vi theo dOi xe ce.
Thu nhit, throng di Oa xe dirge xic djnh trong cic cum vi
dupe
chuyin ten
tram g6c, thin hai li the se lieu chin qua x>i brr tir cac nut Sensor duce chuyin
ten train
g6c,
tai diy ching duge pit tich de xic djnh vj tri cac xe.
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