CONJUNCTIONS (LÝ THUYẾT VÀ BÀI TẬP)

CONJUNCTIONS
( liên từ )
I. SO & THEREFORE (vì thế, cho nên, vì lẽ đó)
- SO & THEREFORE đều được dùng để giới thiệu kết quả của một việc.
SO phổ biến hơn trong văn nói, còn THEREFORE phổ biến hơn trong
văn viết.
1. SO là liên từ thường đứng ở giữa câu, nối mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân và
mệnh đề chỉ kết quả. Trong những trường hợp này, mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân
phải đứng trước.

Ex1: They may need a new goalkeeper so I want to be ready.
Ex2: The food was cold, so he was angry.
S
1
+ V
1
, SO + S
2
+ V
2
2. THEREFORE là trạng từ có thể đứng ở đầu câu mới chỉ kết quả.
Ex3: They may need a new goalkeeper , therefore , I want to be
ready.
Ex4: The food was cold ; Therefor e, he was angry.
S
1
+ V
1
, THEREFORE , + S
2
+ V

2
S
1
+ V
1
; THEREFORE , + S
2
+ V
2
- THEREFORE cũng có khi đứng ở giữa mệnh đề / câu chỉ kết quả.
The new trains have more powerful engines and therefore faster.
The food was cold. He was therefore angry.
II. BUT & HOWEVER (nhưng, tuy nhiên)
- BUT & HOWEVER đều được dùng để diễn tả 2 ý đối lập nhau trong
một câu hoặc trong một ngữ đoạn ngắn.
1. - BUT dùng nối hai mệnh đề và thường đứng ở đầu mệnh đề thứ hai.
Ex1: I don’t like him, but I agree that he’s a good manager.
S
1
+ V
1
, BUT + S
2
+ V
2
2. - HOWEVER là một trạng từ, nó có thể đứng ở các vị trí khác nhau trong
câu. Trước however, ta dùng dấu chấm câu (.), dấu phấy (,) hoặc dấu
chấm phẩy (;).
Ex2: I don’t like him. However, I agree that he’s a good manager.
Ex3: However, the police did not believe him.

Ex4: The police, however, didn’t believe him.
S
1
+ V
1
. HOWEVER , + S
2
+ V
2
S
1
+ , HOWEVER , + V
1

HOWEVER , S
1
+ V
1

 EXERCISE:
Choose the best answer.
1. I want to work as an interpreter in the future, _____, I am studying Russian
at university.
a. but b. so c. however d.
therefore
2. I am going shopping for food this evening, ________ I do not have to go at
the weekend.
a. so b. but c. however d.
moreover
3. When she got the news from her family, she could not do anything,

________ cry.
a. but b. and c. so d. however
4. We live in the same building ________ we have hardly seen each other
a. and b. therefore c. but d. so
5. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD ________ the shop didn't have it.
a. and b. but c. therefore d. so
6. Anna needed some money, ________, she took a part-time job.
a. furthermore b. moreover c. however d.
therefore
7. My fingers were injured ________ my sister had to write the note for me.
a. and b. however c. so d. but
8. The concert was cancelled ________ we went to a nightclub instead.
a. so b. however c. so on d. but
9. This is an expensive ________ very useful book.
a. but b. so c. therefore d.
however
10. ________ long it takes, I will wait for you.
a. However b. But c. So d. Therefore
11. I must say that you have done very well. ________, you should be aware
that you still have a lot of thing to learn.
a. Therefore b. So c. But d.
However
12. He is only sixteen, and ________, he is not eligible to drive a car.
a. nevertheless b. but c. therefore d.
however
13. Maria tried to read a novel in French ________ the book was too difficult
for her to understand.
a. so that b. therefore c. but d. and
14. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, ________ you can ride the
ferry.

a. or b. but c. so d.
however
15.The waiter was not very nice, _____, the food was delicious.
a. however b. but c. so d. and so
16.___ ____hard he worked, he could earn enough money to support the
family.
a. But b. However c. Therefore d. Whatever
17.I wanted to give him some money after he helped me with the car _____ he
absolutely refused to accept it.
a. so b. but c. therefore d. and so
18.Everyone is ready for the discussion, ________ him.
a. however b. but c. so d.
therefore
19.The first part of the test was easy; the second, ________, took hours.
a. therefore b. but c. so d.
however
20.He has done nothing to prepare for the final examination, ______ played.
a. but b. so c. therefore d. and
21.He told me not to do it. ________, I did it.
a. Therefore b. So c. But d.
However
22. The sky was grey and clouy._________ , we went to the beach.
a. But b. However c. Even though d.
Because
23. He can’t hear everything the teacher says.______, he can understand by
listening to his main ideas.
a. Therefore b. However c. So d. But