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Bài tập điện phân tuyến sinh đại học từ 2007 đến 2014 có lời giải chi tiêt

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dung dÞch)
&/&C90,:+;0F'G0
E+;0F'G00H0,&'-7
a) Điện phân nóng chảy oxit: chỉ dụng điều chế Al
F
1*G
H I H
H* J K*IJ
→
Quá trình điện phân:
9
I
H* F% H*→
*


i2n cùc lµm b»ng graphit (than ch×) nªn bÞ khÝ sinh ra ë anot ¨n mßn.
H
H
H
H H
FJ IJ F
H9J H9J
H9JJ H9J
e +


Phơng trình phản ứng điện phân cho cả 2 cực là:
.3
H I H
.3
H I
.3
H I H
H* J K*IJ
* J I9 H*I9J
H* J I9 K*I9J



>L!:3"!M=N!?O9J&9JH-JH+
b) Điện phân nóng chảy hiđrôxit
Tổng quát:
.3
H H
P

HQJ> HQ J > J QR1&S&+++
H

Catot (-): 2M
+
+2e

2M
Anot (+): 2OH
-
-2e

H H
P
J > J
H

c) Điện phân nóng chảy muối clorua
Tổng quát:
.3
H
HQ9 HQ9 RP&H
2. Điện phân dung dịch
I8+#4J&K80?L&1
+ Là môi trờng để các cation và anion di chuyển về 2 cực.
+ Đôi khi nớc tham gia vào quá trình điện phân.
ở catot:2H2O + 2e >HHJ>

anot: 2H2O JHK>K%
Về bản chất nớc nguyên chất không bị điện phân do điện trở quá lớn ( I=0). Do vậy muỗn điện

phân nớc cần hoà thêm các chất điện ly mạnh nh: muối tan, axit mạnh, bazơ mạnh
Th t :+;0F'G0#9+&/&:+;0&<&1
TU2!N
VQHWQ*IW*XHWX9HW9<W<HG%HWG%9IW9H1HW1<HW<Y(HWY(
G%IWG%H>W>H<KW<H9HW9ZHWHZG%IWG%H*W*>HW>[HWH[9HWH9
GHWHG
-Quy luật chung:
ở katot: cation nào có tính oxi hóa mạnh thì bị điện phân trớc
ở anot: anion nào có tính khử mạnh bị điện phân trớc.
-Quy t c catot(-)
+ Các ion kim loại từ Al trở về đầu dãy thực tế không bị khử thành ion kim loại khi điện phân
dung dịch
+ Các ion sau Al thì bị khử thành kim loại, với thứ tự u tiên ngợc từ dới lên.
đặc biệt chú ý : ion H
+
luôn bị khử cuối cùng trong dãy u tiên trên.
-237#M&80.#NOP
Th t u tiờn
-anion g
\&J>](^&J>];23!4!%!D'
H
< _Z _[ _9 _`9JJ_J> HH O
>
- Các anion cha oxi nh:
H H H I
I K I I K K
1J a<J a9J a<J aYJ a9J
coi nh không điện phân.
)!$23!4
*

R
G
It
Trong đó:
+ m kh\:!/3!N=2'-)
*"!\:!/!:=2'+
\%b=2'+
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 "#$%&'()*'/&1
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V
BQ+#RF1
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S>TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
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]-((h<JKH"!@()23!4..)!
*+H(R+[+(tH+9+(RH+WEVX8E
Q++-+1

9<J
K
→9
H
<J
K
H

19→1

9

((
9
H
H9→99
H
I
(
..)!3!%3%!h!O"!N3!D@c"o!

H9H>
H
J→HJ>9
H
>
H
→9

.+3! !INWPt(WH→Ht(

G3U*81g23!4..)!99H-;2'&E!c!:f&IH
9=@-E:"!Mu=@+>/3!!:"!Mu,-Hff..)!
1J>=!2E!c+<3!D&OE1J>Cf&feQ!h!?M!.
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R_9HRf&ffe
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Z!$%&'"!#*+
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pRP&|&Rf&F
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QRH&|+Pf|Rye&F"+
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9HH%v9
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!:=
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Q++-+1
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
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H
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H
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H9

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