Đặc trưng truyện trinh thám hậu hiện đại trong tiểu thuyết tin tức về một vụ bắt cóc của Gabriel Garcia Marquez

42

SO 05-2010

CHAU MY NGAY NAY

VAN HOA - LiCH SU

Dec TRtfNQ TRUYEN
TRINH THfiM HQU HIEN D^l TRONG
TIEU THUYET TIN TdfC VE MOT VCI BfiT COC
Cdfi QfiBRIEL GfiRCIfi MfiRQaEZ
H..\:

Phan Tua'n Anh
Dai hgc Hue

"Noi cho cung, cdu hoi cua triet hoc
(ciing nhlt cua phdn tdm hoc) cdng
gidng nhlt cdu hoi cua truyen trinh
thdm: ai Id ke co tgi'?... vd mgt sit dieu
tra sit that phdi ehdng thitc Id: Nhitng
ke CO tgi Id chung ta" (Umberto Eco)
1. Sfl van dong ciia truyen
trinh tham tfl hien dai den hau
hien dai
Truyen trinh tham ra ddi vad
khoang gifla the ky XIX, tfl nhflng
tien than la truyen phieu lflu, truyen
truyen ky. Cd the lay diem md'e 1841
lam nam ghi nhan eho sfl ra ddi cua

truyen trinh tham hien dai, day ehinh
la nam Edgar Poe - ngfldi dfldc gidi ly
luan danh gia da ed cdng khai sinh ra
truyen trinh tham hien dai, viet tac
pham trinh tham d i u tien eiia minh
vdi tfla de Vu giet ngitdi d pho'Morgue
(The murders in the rue Morgue).
Theo Todorov trong Logi hinh cda
tieu thuyet trinh thdm [6,7], truyen
trinh tham hien dai chu yeu phat
trien qua ba hinh thflc ed ban.
Thd nhdt, "tieu thuyet an ngfl", day
la loai tieu thuyet trinh tham mang
tinh chat "nhi nguyen" vdi bai eau
chuyen song hanh. Mdt cau chuyen
thflc sii da dien ra, dd la eau chuyen

ve "tdi ac", nhUng day la mot cau
chuyen "khiem dien", bdi nd da dUde
ket thuc ngay khi tae pham b i t diu.
Cau chuyen ve tdi ac chi ed the thUc
sU dUde tai hien thdng qua cau
chuyen thfl hai - cau chuyen ve "dieu
tra tdi ac", day la mdt cau chuyen
thflc sfl hien dien, nhflng nd lai la cau
chuyen mang tinh chat "he qua",
khdng thflc sfl tdn tai ma ddng vai trd
kep, vfla dien ngdn cho chinh nd, vfla
t r i n thuat lai eau chuyen thfl nhat
(cau chuyen ve tdi ac).

s:; i '>
Thd hai, "tieu thuyet den", day la
mdt loai truyen trinh tham vdi ket cau
"nhat nguyen". Thdng qua viee ehu
trong va de cao cau chuyen thfl hai
(cau chuyen ve dieu tra tdi ac), lue
nay, tdi ac va dieu tra tdi ac dfldng nhfl
xay ra song hanh nhau chfl khdng can
ke tue ve mat thdi gian nhfl loai "tieu
thuyet an ngfl". Thdi gian t r i n thuat
cua tieu thuyet den ludn la thi hien
tai, va nhiem vu chu yeu eua ngUdi
t r i n thuat la mieu ta hanh ddng, hdn
la ke phan tich ddng ed.
Tha ba, "tieu thuyet phan van hdi
hop", ve ed ban day la sU ket hdp ea
hai loai di trUde, vfla gifl lai ket ca'u
"nhi nguyen truyen ke" nhfl tieu
thuyet an ngfl, mat khac lai de cao


CHAU MY NGAY NAY

SO 05-2010

43

- Tdi ac ldn n h a t va ke p h a m tdi ldn
n h a t trong nhUng cau chuyen t r i n h
t h a m h a u hien dai khdng phai la mdt

hung thii eu t h e (mdt ea n h a n bay
mdt bang nhdm), ma t h u d n g la mdt
khai niem, mdt v a n de ciia xa hdi, mot
quan niem ve tdn tai va n h a n sinh,
ma thdng thUdng vao cud'i cau chuyen,
ke t h u ac lai chinh la "chung ta" - ca
tac gia va b a n doc. Hoae theo dung vdi
n h a n dinh eua S t e p h e n Schiff: "Chang
may chd'e, ddc gia se dfldc t h a vao
nhflng do cao ehdng m a t cua gia tfldng
sieu hinh, ndi cau hdi "Ai la t h u
pham?" da bien t h a n h "Ai dang hdi
the?" va "Rd't cudc thi cau hdi ai la t h u
pham cd nghia la gi?" [1, bia 4].

tinh n h u t r u y e n t r i n h t h a m hien dai,
ma x u a t p h a t tfl nhflng nguyen n h a n
ndi tai cua n e n van minh. Cd the la
bdi "sfl dam me dien cudng vdi tri
thflc" n h u trong Ten cua doa hong
(U.Eco), t h a m vong sd hflu nhflng bi
an va tri t u e cd xfla n h a m xay dflng
mdt t r a t tfl t h e gidi mdi trong Bieu
titgng thdt truyen (Dan Brow), sfl truy
tim b a n nga dich thflc trong Thdnh
phd thuy tinh (Paul Auster)... Nhin
chung, trong t r u y e n t r i n h t h a m h a u
hien dai, van de cd't ldi khdng phai la
k h a m p h a tdi ac ma la thdng hieu tdi
ac, khdng phai t r u y diet h u n g t h u ma

la t r u y tim con ngfldi, khdng phai
k h i c phuc h a u qua ma la canh tinh
tfldng lai hoae c i t nghia thflc tai.
- Chu t h e ciia cau chuyen thfl hai
(cau chuyen ve dieu tra) khdng n h a t
thiet phai la ngfldi t h a m tii chuyen
nghiep, day la mdt dac trflng dang
chu y bdi trong r a t n h i e u t r u y e n trinh
t h a m h a u hien dai, chinh n a n n h a n
hoac nhflng t h a n n h a n cua nhflng vu
an phai tfl m i n h t r u y tim lay t h u
p h a m . Cac tac p h a m t r i n h t h a m h a u
hien dai khdng cd cdng xay dflng
nhflng h i n h tfldng ngfldi t h a m tii toan
n a n g va tai hoa nhfl Sherlock Holmes,
Dupin, Hercule Poirot, Philo Vance...
ma la nhflng t h a m tuf b a t d i e di, t h a m
tuf u budn. Ngfldi p h a an trong truyen
t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai vfla la n a n
n h a n , vfla la ke t r u y tim sfl that,
t h a m chi la ca h u n g thu, bq vfla la ke
truy dudi, vfla la ke hi truy dudi. Sfl
d a n h trao cac vai gifla n a n n h a n h u n g thu; t h a m tii - tdi pham; ngfldi
bao ve cdng ly - ke gay r a tdi ac... da
the hien cho t i n h da tri trong quan
niem ve con ngfldi.

- Nguyen n h a n va ddng ed didn r a
tqi ac khdng ddn t h u a n la sfl chiem
doat tai s i n h a y t r a thfl ca n h a n bdi

nhflng thdi thue ve tien bac h a y ai

- Cd't t r u y e n cua t r u y e n trinh t h a m
h a u hien dai n h i n chung v i n gifl dfldc
t i n h gap gap, nhieu bfldc ngoat va
nhflng sfl kien gay b a t ngd nhfl yeu

truyen thfl h a i (truyen ve dieu t r a tdi
ac), dfla nd len h a n g t r u n g t a m trong
cau true t r u y e n ke. Sfl v a n ddng cua
ca hai cau chuyen eung dfldc lien tuc
thuc day n h a u tien ve phia trfldc, ca
hai cau chuyen vfla la nguyen n h a n ,
vfla la h a u qua cua n h a u trong qua
trinh van ddng.
Truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai
dfldc ra ddi vao nhflng t h a p nien cudi
cflng cua the ky XX cho de'n dau the
ky XXI, vdi mdt loat nhflng cay but
dang luu y nhU Stef Penney, Dan
Brow, Umberto Eco, F r e d Vargas, L.
Castellani, R. Walsch, A. Bioy
Casares, Carpentier,... ma dac biet la
Louis Borges va P a u l Auster. Ve cd
ban, truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai
la mdt the tai n i m chung trong trao
lUu van hoc h a u hien dai d a n g ngay
mdt phd bien va trd t h a n h khdng gian
va k h a tinh cua n e n van hda dUdng
dai. Mdt sd dac diem chinh yeu ciia

truyen t r i n h t h a m h a u hien dai ed the
ke de'n nbU:


44

SO 05-2010

ciu ciia the tai. Tuy nhien, so vdi
truyen trinh tham bien dai, ro rang
truyen trinh tham hau hien dai da di
sau hdn vao ndi tam nhan vat, dae
biet la ndi tam ngfldi pha an {Nhitng
cdnh riing vinh citu), hoac nan nhan
{Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc), tham ehi
la ca hung thu {Bieu titgng thdt
truyen). Td'e do t r i n thuat thfldng bi
keo dan theo nhip suy tU ndi tam cua
nhan vat. Tham ehi, trong mdt sd'
truyen trinh tham bau hien dai, cd't
truyen - yeu td' d i u tien va ed ban
nhat cua the tai trinh tham da hi xda
nbda, dae biet la trong nhflng sang
tae cua Paul Auster va Marquez.
Nhan vat pha an va hung thu la
nhflng nhan vat suy nghiem hdn la
nhflng nhan vat hanh ddng.
- Nghe thuat t r i n thuat trong
truyen trinh tham hau hien dai khdng
dien tien theo sfl phat trien ciia qua

trinh pha an hoac qua trinh tfldng
thuat lai tqi ac ma chu yeu tuan theo
ba nguyen tac: me Id, cflc han va
manh doan. Nguyen tac t r i n thuat
me Id (maze) nham trinh bay vu an
theo mdt hfldng phi logic, phi duy ly,
ban than mdi truyen trinh tham hau
hien dai cd hai me Id, me Id nhflng
kha nang giai ma va truy t i m tdi ac
va me Id cua tfl sfl. Tac gia cd the xay
dflng nhieu tuye'n t r i n thuat khac
nhau, dfldi nhflng diem nhin va ngdi
t r i n thuat khac nhau nhfl trong Sit
hien hba ciia soi (Stef Penney) n h i m
tao ra mot vdng xoay vd ban dinh gifla
ke truy dudi va ngfldi hi truy dudi.
Tinh me Id trong truyen trinh tham
hau hien dai cdn the hien trong cd't
truyen, ndi dien bien eua eac sfl kien
bi xda nbda {Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt
coc), hdac ban than cae nhan vat phai
vat- ldn trong mdt me eung thflc sii
ciia cae hfldng di va hfldng kham pha
vu an {Ten cua doa hong). Dung vdi

CHAU MY NGAY NAY

nhan dinh eiia Stephen Shiff ve
truyen trinh tham cua Paul Auster:
"Khi bien ddi ban chat eiia cac diu

md'i tfl hflu hinh sang sieu hinh, dng
da kiem soat dfldc eai tinh than tim
kiem eiia ddc gia trinh tham, dan nd
ddi hfldng tfl viee truy tim thu pham
binh thfldng sang con dfldng truy tim
ban nga hie'm hoi hdn" [1, bia 4].
Tinh cflc ban (minimalism) trong
truyen trinh tham hau hien dai the
hien d chd ddn nen den td'i thieu sfl
dien giai ve nguyen nhan va ddng ed
tdi ac. Tac gia ban che de'n td'i da viec
xay dflng cac thu phap hfl eau, kha
nang bao quat va kha nang dien giai,
tham ehi chd'i tfl viec xay dflng mot
cd't truyen cd nhieu tinh tiet giat gan,
mdt van phong gap gap, mach lac va
nhflng hinh tfldng ea tinh. Tinh eiie
ban trong truyen trinh tham hau hien
dai dfldc the hien b i n g mdt thii phap
nghe thuat rieng, dd la hoan du va
quan he ngau nhien thay vi phfldng
thflc bieu hien b i n g an du hay quan
he nhan qua trong truyen trinh tham
truyen thd'ng. Nhin chung, truyen
trinh tham hau hien dai viet theo loi
cflc ban lay ket ca'u song song lam
phfldng thflc trien khai tinh hud'ng,
khac vdi each xay dflng theo Id'i tfldng
phan trong truyen trinh tham truyen
thd'ng. Tinh manh vd (fragment) trong

truyen trinh tham hau hien dai dfldc
bieu hien thdng qua xu hfldng suf
dung cae chu de va motip dat canh
nhau, tuy nhien cac chu de va motip
dd khdng hfldng de'n sfl thd'ng nhat
trong viec truy nguyen mdt y nghia
nao dd ed' dinh, ma n h i m hfldng de'n
nhieu y nghia khac nhau {The New
York Trilogy, Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt
coc). Mqi thudc tinh va gia tri ehi la
nhflng manh vd khac nhau cua cudc
sd'ng, nha van hau hien dai khdng cd
cdng l i p ghep hoae tai tao eho chung


CHAU MY NGAY NAY

SO 05-2010

mdt trat tfl, ma tu di tim y nghia
rieng trong tflng manh vd dd.
- Nhieu tac gia viet trinh tham hau
hien dai khdng phai la nhflng cay bflt
chuyen biet ve the tai nay, tfl
Umberto Eco cho den Gabriel Garcia
Marquez, tfl Paul Auster cho den
Louis Borges. Trfl mot so'it ngfldi nhfl
Dan Brow, Fred Vargas, hay Nelson
Demilie,... cae tac gia viet trinh tham
hau hien dai chi xem the tai nay nhfl

mot qua trinh trai nghiem cam quan
hau bien dai cua minh theo mdt
hfldng khac. Chinh vi vay, khdng
hiem nhflng tac pham trinh tham hau
hien dai xuat sic la nhflng tac pham
trinh tham duy nhat hoac hiem hoi
cua chinh tac gia. Hien tfldng nay
cung gid'ng nhfl cae tac gia ldn tren
the gidi thdi hien dai deu thfl nghiem
ngdi but cua minh vdi truyen ky ao.
Tren mot phfldng dien khac,
truyen trinh t h a m hau hien dai do
chiu anh hfldng cua nam dac trflng
ke tren da khdng cdn hoan chinh la
mdt cau chuyen ve vu an va pha an
nhfl quan niem ed dien ma chung ta
van biet, ma thfldng chflng kien sfl
nguyen bdp gifla truyen trinh tham
vdi cac he hinh ly thuyet van hoc
mdi nhfl Ten cua doa hong (truyen
trinh tham vdi ly thuyet ki hieu
hoc). Mat md Da Vinci (gifla truyen
trinh tham vdi bieu tfldng hqc),
Nhitng cdnh riing vinh ciiu (gifla
truyen trinh t h a m vdi ly thuyet
tam ly hoc mdi). Tdm lai, dd'i vdi
truyen trinh t h a m hau hien dai,
viec mieu ta tdi ac va qua trinh pha
an ddi khi ehi la mdt "hinh thflc"
nghe t h u a t ben ngoai, cau chuyen

thflc chat ma cae tac gia de cap dd
la nhflng nd Iflc kham pha con
ngfldi va the gidi mdi dfldi cai nhin
va cam quan hau hien dai.

45

2. Tieu thuyet Tin tiic ve mgt vu
bdt coc ciia Marquez
Trong sU nghiep cua Marquez - nha
van vi dai cua van hqc My Latinh
trong the ky XX vdi giai Nobel van
hoc nam 1982, cud'n tieu thuyet trinh
tham dam chat phdng sfl Tin tiic ve
mgt vu bdt cdc {Notica de un
secuestro) la mdt dda hoa nd mudn.
Khdng phai ngau nhien, khi vao
chang cud'i sfl nghiep lay Iflng cua
minh (nam 1996), sau 3 nam vat ldn,
Marquez lai ebon the tai trinh tham
nham bieu dat quan niem nghe thuat
mdi va each cit nghia the gidi rieng
eua minh. Nhfl vay, ban nhien Tin tdc
ve mgt vu bdt coc vfla cd vai trd la sfl
ket tinh eua ngdi bflt va tam hdn
Marquez trong hdn 49 nam cim but
(tfl tac pham dau tien de'n tac pham
mdi nhat), vfla la mdt bfldc ngoat ddi
mdi nghe thuat khdng the bd qua, khi
tac gia the nghiem tac pham ciia

minh trong the tai mdi, vdi phong
each nghe thuat mdi. Tac pham ma
theo Marquez la: "mdt nhiem vu cud'i
mfla thu, mdt cdng viec khd nhqc va
budn nhat ddi tdi", tai bien lai mdt
each nghe thuat sfl kien 262 ngay bat
cdc lien tuc mfldi yeu nhan tren dat
nfldc Colombia, nham ngan sfl thdng
qua mdt dao luat dan do tdi ma tuy
pham sang My.
2.1. Cdt truyen vd ket cdu trdn
thuat me 16
Cd't truyen ciia Tin tiic ve mgt vu
bdt coc vfla rat ddn gian lai vfla cflc ky
phflc tap. Ddn gian d chd h i u nhfl
nhflng ehi tiet hanh ddng (gay an va
pha an) xuat hien it, cd xu hfldng chi
tap trung vao d i u tae pham, sfl dau
tranh triet tieu nhau gifla hai phia
(gay an va pha an) la khdng rd rang,
tham ehi, ranh gidi xac dinh ai la ke
gay an thflc sfl va ai la ke pha an thflc


46

SO 05-2010

sfl cflng h i u nhu khdng the xac dinh.
Nhin chung, xet theo ly thuyet "hai

cau chuyen song hanh" trong mdt tae
pham trinh tham ma nha ly luan M.
Burton de xua't thi Tin tdc ve mgt vu
bdt coc la mdt tac pham khdng rd cd't
truyen. Sfl phflc tap de'n tfl viec tae gia
da trien khai tac pham cua minh theo
"ket ca'u me Id" va "tfl sfl da ehu the"
[thuat ngfl ciia Le Huy Bic]. Y dd xay
diing mdt me Id t r i n thuat va me Id cd't
truyen da dfldc tae gia thflc hien mdt
each xuat sic, khi tat ca nhflng thdng
tin cung cap eho ban doe chu yeu den
tfl hai phia: tam trang eac nan nhan
va nhflng tin ddn xung quanh vu an.
Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc la tae pham
ke ve sd' phan va tam trang cac con tin
bi b i t cde, tfl khi bi b i t cho den nhflng
ngay giam gifl va ket cue la bi giet
hoae dfldc phdng thich. Cd the chia cae
nan nhan hi b i t ede theo ba tuyen
ehinh nhfl sau (cd sd phan tuye'n la
dfla vao ndi giam gifl chung eua nan
nhan, ndi bq dfldc phep giao tiep va
bay td cam xuc vdi nhau):
- Tuyen cua hai chi em dau Maruja
va Beatriz cflng Marina Montoya.
- Tuye'n cua Diana Turbay,
Azueena, Hero Buss, R. Beccera, 0.
Acevedo, J. Vitta.
- Tuyen cua Francisco Santoa.

Toan bd tieu thuyet Tin titc ve mgt
vu bdt coc xoay quanh sd' phan va tam
trang cua ba tuyen nan nhan nay.
Trong dd, tac gia dac biet ehu trqng
den viec mieu ta tam ly con tin cung
nhfl nhflng tin ddn xung quanh vu an.
Nhflng boat ddng giai cflu va yeu
sach, muc dieh that suf cua phe b i t cdc
dfldc phu dfldi mdt bien phap "nhidu
"hda" dac trflng: tat ca ehi la nhflng
kha nang thdng qua nhflng tin ddn
hoae yeu sach gia. Dae trflng chung
eiia nhdm eon tin n i m d hai diem: ho
deu la nhflng nha bao ndi tieng va ho

CHAU MY NGAY NAY

deu la nhflng ngfldi cd quan he, vi the
ehinh tri dac biet quan trqng trong xa
hdi. Mae du ed chung xuat than va
t i n g ldp xa hdi, nhflng thai do va each
flng xuf eua cac nhan vat trong hoan
eanh hi b i t cdc lai hoan toan khac
nhau: Beatriz dufng dflng, Marina
Montoya phuc tflng, Maruja cfl tuyet
va phan khang... Chinh ba trang thai
diing dflng, phuc tung va phan khang
la ba each flng xfl dae thu ndi bat cua
con ngfldi dd'i vdi eac thiet ehe trong
thdi hau hien dai.

Ky thuat me Id trong viec xay
dflng cd't truyen cua tac pham cdn de'n
^^ viee Marquez da dfla vao nhflng sfl
ki?n cd that trong thflc tai, dae biet la
vdi hinh tfldng ten trflm ma tuy P.
Escobar, ket hdp vdi nhflng hinh
tfldng va sfl kien mang tinh hfl eau
phdng dai rat dac trflng treng but
phap cua tae gia. Nam 1995, mdt sfl
kien ky la da xay ra, khi Marquez vfla
viet xong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc,
thi ea Colombia nin thd theo ddi tin
tflc ve vu b i t cdc J. Carlos Gaviria em trai Tdng thd'ng dfldng nhiem. Bon
bat cdc ddi dieu kien la chinh
Marquez phai len lam tdng thdng, va
ong da ehdi tfl dflt khoat, khdng de
minh trd thanh mdt con rd'i chinh tri
va tuyen truyen eua bon tdi pham. Ve
thvfc chat. Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc la
tieu thuyet trinh tham g i n vdi but
phap phdng sfl, dfla tren cd sd h i u het
nhflng vu b i t cde ed that, vdi nhflng
nan nhan that va ddng cd chinh tri ro
rang trong viee gay ra tdi ac. Khi tiep
can tac pham, ban doc h i u nhfl hi dat
giiia mdt me cung cua nhflng dfl lieu
cd that, dfl lieu hfl ca'u va dfl lieu
phdng dai. Dae biet hdn, nhflng dfl
lieu phdng dai va dfl lieu hfl cau lai
dMOc trinh bay "y nhu that" vdi thii

phap quen thudc eiia tac gia: trinh
bay nhflng hU cau va phdng dai ciia


CHAU MY NGAY NAY

SO 05-2010

minh vdi nhflng con so, nhflng sfl kien
rd rang va chinh xac. Ky t h u a t nay
tiep tuc dfldc tac gia sii dung trong Tin
tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, dat biet la vdi sfl
phdng dai nhflng vu d a n h bom bang
thud'c nd (2600 kg) tfl phia phe k h u n g
bd cua Escobar. Con so 2600 kg thud'c
nd rd r a n g la mdt t h u phap nghe
thuat, nhflng h a u nhfl ai cflng de dang
tin dd la sfl t h a t bdi nd qua cbinb xac
va rd rang. Marquez da xay dflng tac
pham cua minh dfla t r e n vd so' cae chi
tiet cd thflc trong lich sii Colombia,
day cung la dac diem quen thude trong
the gidi nghe t h u a t theo chu nghia
hien thflc huyen ao ciia tac gia.
Trong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc,
binh tfldng chinh la Pablo Escobar,
mot n h a n vat cd t h a t va la ngfldi da
viet nen lich sU tdi ac d a m m a u d
Colombia trong t h e ky XX. P. Escobar
(1949-1993) la mdt trong nhUng t r u m

ma tuy k h e t tieng n h a t trong lich sii
tqi pham the gidi. Viec P. Escobar cd
mdt ghe trong Qud'c hdi n a m 1982,
xay dflng h a n g t r a m ngdi n h a cho
ngfldi ngheo, dfldc m e n h d a n h la
Robin Hood cua My Latinh, a m sat Bd
trfldng Tfl p h a p Rodrigo L a r a Bonilla,
danh bom t r u sd c a n h s a t m a t vdi hdn
70 ngfldi thiet mang, la tac gia cua
nhieu vu a m sat cbinb tri va ca n h a n ,
tflng trd'n t h o a t khdi n h a tfl dfldc xay
dflng rieng n a m 1991,... la nhflng sfl
kien cd t h a t da dfldc M a r q u e z dfla vao
tac p h a m . Ngoai ra, cac td chflc da
gay ra nhieu eude x u n g dot va ndi
chien dam m a u xuyen sud't lieh suf
Colombia dfldc de cap trong tae p h a m
cung la nhflng Ifle lfldng ed t h a t : M19
(Phong trao each m a n g 19 t h a n g 4);
FARC
(Fuerzas
Armadas
Revolueionarios de Colombia - Lflc
lfldng vu t r a n g each m a n g Colombia),
ELN (Quan ddi giai phdng qud'c gia),...
Cac lflc lfldng n a y k h d n g chi cd vai trd

47

va da'u an q u a n trqng trong lich sii

xung dot vu t r a n g d Colombia, ma cdn
dai dien cho nhflng nhdm chinh tri,
nhdm xa hdi t h u d n g xuyen da'u t r a n h
va xung dot vdi chinh quyen t r u n g
Udng, tao nen dien mao tU tudng va y
thUc he phong phu, lai t a p va m a u
t h u i n thfldng xuyen cua Colombia
trong the ky XX.
Cd't t r u y e n me Id t r o n g tac p h a m
k h d n g chi la r a n h gidi nhde md gifla
sfl t h a t va hfl cau, m a cdn la sfl k e t
hdp cua n h i e u t u y e n t r u y e n ke, cac
t u y e n n a y k h d n g ngflng xen c i t ,
t h u c day hoac k i m h a m n h a u p h a t
trien. Cd bdn tuye'n t r u y e n ke chinh
nhfl sau:
- Tuyen t r u y e n ke ve cam xfle va
nhflng h a n h ddng cua t h a n n h a n cac
con tin;
- Tuyen t r u y e n ke ve cudc sd'ng va
cam xfle cua eac con tin;
- Tuye'n t r u y e n ke ve sd' phan,
tuyen bd' va yeu sach cua nhflng ke
bat gifl con tin;
- Tuyen t r u y e n ke ve nhflng p h a t
ngdn va nd lflc eiia chinh quyen va cac
td chflc.
Trong cac t u y e n t r u y e n ke chinh
tren, cdn cd t h e p h a n dinh ra vd so cac
tuyen phu, gan lien vdi cac nhdm

n h a n v a t k h a c n h a u . Trong tuye'n thfl
nha't (ve t h a n n h a n ) bao gdm nhflng
nd lflc khac n h a u cua Nydia - me
Diana, eua Alberto Villamizar (ehdng
Maruja), cua cflu Tdng thd'ng Turbay
(cha Diana)...; Tuyen thfl hai (ve cac
con tin) bao gdm t u y e n ciia Diana,
tuyen cua Maruja, t u y e n cua Santoa;
Tuyen thfl ba (ve nhflng ke b i t cdc)
gdm tuyen ke ve Escobar, ve sd p h a n
nhflng ten gac, ve M19, FARC,
ELN...; Tuyen thfl tfl (ve cac nd lflc
giai cflu cua chinh quyen va td chflc
h e n quan) bao gdm cae tuyen ke ve
bao ehi, eac ngdi sao, Tong thd'ng


48

SO 05-2010

dfldng nhiem Gaviria, cac nghi si,
tudng Hnh quan ddi va eanh sat, Giao
hoang va cac linh muc... Tat ca lam
nen mdt chinh the me Id cUc ky phflc
tap trong cd't truyen va nghe thuat
t r i n thuat.
Mdi quan he gifla cac tuyen truyen
ke nay la cflc ky phflc tap, tfldng tac
khdng ngflng len nhau theo mdt me

eung quan he. Vi du, tuyen truyen ke
ve cudc sd'ng va cam xuc cua con tin
thfldng xuyen mau thuan vdi tuyen
truyen ke ve sd' phan, tuyen bd' ciia
nhflng ke bat ede con tin. Trong khi
tam trang va sflc khde eiia cac con tin
thflc sfl tdi te, va nhflng ke b i t gifl
khdng ed y dinh phdng thieh bq, thi
dfldng nhien, nhflng ke bat gifl eon tin
mdt mat phai tuyen bd' trfldc cdng
luan la cae eon tin dang khde manh,
mat khac lai phai hfla hen sap den
ngay dfldc giai thoat vdi cae con tin
(de chd'ng lai tuyet thflc hoac am mflu
trd'n chay). Tam trang va nhflng hanh
ddng eua cac than nhan con tin cung
thfldng mau thuan vdi cac phat ngdn
va nd lflc cua ehinh phu. Mdt ben la
nhflng tuyen bd' sudng, nang ve giai
quyet bing bao lflc vfl trang (chinh
phu), mdt ben la nhflng nd lflc trong
tuyet vong, nang ve thfldng thuyet
chinh tri (nhflng than nhan). Cflng
mdt sfl kien, mdt hanh vi, mdt phat
ngdn, nhflng tuy theo tuyen truyen
ke, vdi quan diem khac nhau, thi ban
chat sfl viec dfldc dien giai hoan toan
khac biet. Dieu quan trqng nhat la,
chung ta khdng the nao thflc sfl biet
dau la sfl thflc, dau la nhflng phat

ngdn nguy tao. Cflng mdt sfl viee, hien
tfldng, nhflng tfly thee diin ngdn khac
nhau ciia cac chu the tran thuat khac
nhau, ban chat lai dfldc thay ddi theo
mdt hfldng khac, phu hdp vdi y do cua
chu the t r i n thuat. Ngay ea bon b i t
cde va tdi pham cflng ed rieng nhflng

CHAU MY NGAY NAY

ed quan ngdn luan va ngfldi phat
ngdn, bien hd cho nhflng chinh sach
va hanh ddng eua chung. Tinh tfl do
ngdn luan va da tri trong quan niem
ve tin tflc eiia thdi hau hien dai da
dfldc the hien rd trong each xay dflng
ve me Id thdng tin eua Marquez.
Thdng tin khdng edn la thdng tin mdt
chieu, va gia tri ciia thdng tin khdng
cdn bi dat trong md'i quan he vdi thflc
tai, ma dfldc cap y nghia bdi chu the
phat ra thdng tin dd. Vi du ve nguyen
nhan eai chet cung nhfl ddng cd cudc
dung do vu trang giai cflu Diana
Turbay gifla ba ben phat ngdn la hoan
toan khac biet:
Phe thdn nhdn: "Day la mdt cai
chet, lich suf mdt eai chet da dfldc bao
trfldc"... - Ba (Nydia - me cua Diana PTA) tin chic r i n g , "Diana la nan
nhan cua mdt boat ddng vu trang theo

lenh cua Bogota - theo nhflng tin tflc
ma ba dfldc thdng bao tfl Medellin"
(trang 212). [Mqi trich d i n trong tac
pham tfl day ve sau chung tdi chon
ban dieh eua Doan Dinh Ca, Nha xua't
ban Van nghe, nam 2001].
Phe chinh phu: "Tfldng Gomez
Padilla goi dien bao cho dng biet
r i n g dd la mdt cudc cham t r a n bat
ngd vdi Ddi dac nhiem trong qua
trinh h a n h quan truy lung Escobar.
Nhflng ddn vi t h a m gia cudc hanh
quan khdng he cd tin tflc gi ve viec
nhflng ngfldi hi b i t cde dang hi giam
gifl tai dd" (trang 210).
Phe bdt coc: "Theo Escobar, canh
sat tie'n h a n h cudc h a n h quan vi biet
tin nhflng ngfldi hi b i t cdc dang hi
giam gifl tai do... H i n ndi r i n g
Diana hi chet do canh sat khi ba
chay trd'n va da dUdc giai thoat khdi
tay bon b i t cdc. Cud'i cung Escobar
ndi r i n g trong cudc cham sung da
lam ba ndng dan vd tdi bi chef, ma
eanh sat da gidi thieu vdi bao chi


CHAU MY NGAY NAY

SO 05-2010

nhu nhflng ke giet thue da chet
trong chien dau" (trang 216).
Cud'i cflng, dieu xac thflc duy nhat
ma chung ta dfldc biet trong me cung
cac phat ngdn cua cac chu the t r i n
thuat: dd la Diana Turbay da chet, va
nguyen nhan chet la do mdt vien dan
dfldc b i n tfl phia sau, lam xfldng chau
bi vd. Cdn ai da b i n , va nguyen nhan
cua cudc cham tran thflc sfl thi
Marquez khdng de cap den trong tae
pham. Tat ea nhflng diin ngdn ciia
cac ben khac nhau lai cd nhflng each
ly giai hoan toan dd'i lap. Day chinh la
nghe thuat t r i n thuat da chu the rat
dac trflng trong but phap nghe thuat
ciia Marquez, dac biet la trong truyen
ngin Cu gid co doi cdnh khong 16.
Nghe thuat tran thuat me Id trong
tac pham khdng chi xay dUng dfla
tren thu phap xen c i t cae tuyen ke va
t r i n thuat da ehu the, ma cdn dfldc ap
dung mdt each linh boat va phflc hdp
cac dang thflc van ban t r i n thuat
khac nhau, gdm eac dang chinh:
- Ldi t r i n thuat mang tinh "khach
quan" ciia ngfldi ke chuyen ngdi thfl ba.
- Nhflng bai bao ehi hoac tin tflc
tren truyen hinh dfla tin ve vu an.

- Nhat ky, bflc thfl cua nhflng nan
nhan va ngfldi than (Diana, Azueena,
Nydia..)
Ca ba loai van ban tren ed mat do
xuat hien khac nhau trong tac pham,
nhflng mdi loai van ban cd mot y
nghia rieng, dac biet la hai loai van
ban tin tflc bao ehi va nhat ky ciia cac
con tin. Neu nhfl thdng tin bao chi cd
vai trd cap nhat ve tin tflc va cac hanh
dong cua cae ben thi cae hdi ky, nhat
ky lai cd vai trd cap nhat ve tam trang
va cam xuc. Neu nhfl thdng tin tren
bao chi la thdng tin ed muc dich ehinh
tri hoac ddng ed eu the ben trong thi
thdng tin nhat ky lai chan thflc nha't
vdi suy nghi eua nhan vat. Neu thdng

49

tin bao chi gdp p h i n thflc diy nhanh
qua trinh dien bien vu an thi thdng
tin nhat ky lai lam tram lang hda qua
trinh dien bien dd. Tuy nhien, cac loai
van ban nay dfldc dat trong md'i quan
he hai hda, tfldng tac va khdng the
tach rdi tren phfldng dien ca'u trflc
van ban lan phfldng dien ddng hien
ndi dung. Nghe thuat mieu ta tam
trang nan nhan mdt each rd net va

sau sac, vfla dam bao tinh chu quan,
vfla mang tinh khach quan trong but
phap xay dflng truyen trinh tham la
mdt cd'ng hien cua Marquez. Khach
quan la bdi tac gia khdng tu suy dien
tam trang ciia nhan vat (thdng qua
ngfldi ke chuyen), ehu quan la bdi
nhan vat v i n Ifla chon dfldc hinh thflc
phat ngdn chan thflc va rd rang nhat
(bflc thfl, nhat ky). Neu truyen trinh
tham hien dai chu yeu di sau phan
tich tam ly ngfldi pha an hoac thu
pham, thi truyen trinh tham hau hien
dai da di sau vao mdt chu the phan
tich tam ly mdi: nhflng nan nhan.
2.2. Cam
quan
da
tri
vd
Carnaval hoa
Mdt trong nhflng dinh nghia ve
thdi hau hien dai phd bien va cd anh
hfldng nhat dd la quan niem cua J.F.
Lyotard ve sfl mat niem tin vao cac
dai tfl sfl (Grand-narrative): "Ndi mdt
each that ddn gian, "hau hien dai" la
sfl hoai nghi dd'i vdi eac sieu tfl sfl"
[5,54.]. Mat niem tin vao eac dai tfl sfl
da mang lai cam quan hau hien dai

(Postmodern sensibihty) vd'n xem
trqng sfl bat tin nhan
thflc
(Epistemological), trong nghe thuat
hau hien dai dfldc goi la cam quan da
tri. Cam quan da tri lam cho van hqc
hau hien dai dfldc phep dat canh
nhau nhflng he hinh gia tri vd'n di dd'i
lap, tfldng phan, n h i m xda nhda ranh
gidi cao thap gifla chung. Trong Tin
tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, Marquez da


50

SO 05-2010

xem Chua ehe chd cho ca P. Escobar
va ca tfldng Maza Marquez: "Nhflng
nhd sfl che chd cua Thanh Hai ddng
nen dng (Maza Marquez - PTA) deu
thoat nan... Cung nhd chinh sfl ehe
chd ciia Thanh Hai ddng ma Escobar
khdng bi tfldng Maza Marquez ha sat"
(trang 30). Lieh sii Colombia da chflng
minh cd nhieu ngfldi chan dat eon
chien va la sfl gia ciia Chua (linh
muc), lai ddng thdi la thu linh phien
quan chd'ng ehinh phu. Sfl nghiep liy
Iflng va dam mau eua linh mue

Manuel Perez Martinez (1943 -1998) thu linh phien quan ELN trong hdn
ba thap ky la mdt minh chflng.
Ngoai ra, viec hinh tfldng "linh
muc" va tham chi giao hoang (Joan
Pao de nhi) thudng xuyen dUde n h i c
den trong Tin tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc
ndi rieng va cae sang tae cua
Marquez ndi chung n h i m the hien
cai nhin giai thieng va da tri cua tae
gia ve nhUng nhdm ngUdi dai dien
eho dao dflc va cdng ly trong xa hdi.
Tinh da tri dfldc the hien trong niem
tin ve tdn giao, ea bon bat ede lan con
tin va nhflng ngfldi c i m quyen deu
tin vao Chua, nhflng dao dflc tdn giao
khdng he may may anh hfldng de'n
hanh vi eua bq. Ca Escobar cung la
mdt eon chien ciia Chua, bon b i t cdc
cung thfldng xuyen c i u nguyen,
nhflng vdi chung Giao hoang ehi la
mdt ke pha rd'i khi ngai keu goi tra tfl
do cho eac nan nhan: "Mdt trong
nhflng ten gac da thd't len: "Tai sao
cai lao Giao hoang chd de nay lai can
thiep vao cdng viee ciia chung ta"
(trang 81). Trong tae pham cua minh,
Marquez tap trung xay dflng hinh
tfldng cha ed' Garcia Herreros - vi
linh muc vdi nhflng "nd liie khdng
met mdi" n h i m giai cflu cac con tin.

G. Herreros la nhan vat trung gian
hda giai, thUdng lUdng gifla Escobar

CHAU MY NGAY NAY

vdi ehinh phii, nhflng ban than hanh
ddng cua dng ta lai mang tinh chat
mdt trd he bdi tinh hen nhat va dam
me gai dep. Sfl gia tra va hen nhat
ciia cha G. Herreros da dfldc Id ro
trong cudc gap gd trflc tie'p vdi P.
Escobar. Khi cha than nhien ban
phfldc lanh eho dng trum ma tuy
bang chiec me day bang vang ma cha
van thfldng deo d cd, cflng quy gdi cau
nguyen vdi bon budn ma tuy, va dinh
diem la hanh ddng: "Cha yeu cau
phai cd Idng khoan dung vdi Escobar.
"Neu khdng chung ta se that bai, dng
ta trd t h a n h ngfldi k i e n t a o hoa
b i n h " - cha ndi... Va trong rflng
micro c h i n g chit, khdng mdt chut do
dfl, cha tuyen bd': E s c o b a r la m o t
ngifdri tot" (trang 363). But phap
gieu nhai (pastique) ciia Marquez da
the hien rd tinh " k h o i h a i p h e
p h a n a n n g a m " khi vach mat nhan
vat khdng phai b i n g nhflng nhan
dinh, nhflng cau cam than, ma de cho
nhan vat tfl to' cao minh qua nhflng

phat ngdn va hanh ddng. Tac gia
ludn ban che td'i da viee de Id thai do
chu quan eua minh thdng qua ldi
ngfldi t r i n thuat, day cung ehinh la
dac trflng cua but phap viet theo chii
nghia cflc ban (minimalism).
Cam quan da tri cua tac gia edn
dfldc the hien khdng chi qua sfl vach
mat cae dd'i tfldng dao mao trong xa
hdi nhu cac cha ed' dao dflc gia, vi tdng
thd'ng lanh dam va thd d, ma edn tap
trung phac thao xay dflng nhflng ten
tdi pham, vd'n la nhflng ke do te sd'ng
ngoai vdng phap luat mot each khach
quan, d i y tinh nhan van nhflng cung
dam tinh hien thflc. Ten tdi pham
Monje (eanh gifl Marina Montoya,
Beatriz va Maruja) da bat khde, bd an
khi nghe tin Marina da hi giet chet.
Nhflng ten canh gifl khac thi than
nhien nhd eon tin (Beatriz) cam hd


CHAU MY NGAY NAY

SO 05-2010

minh khau sflng, ten canh gifl
Lamparon thi cdn tang Beatriz ca mot
Iq nfldc hoa: "De ngfldi ba luc nao cung

thdm phflc, ddn nhan mdt trieu eai hdn
trong ngay dfldc tra lai tfl do" (trang
162). Tham chi, gia dinh giam gifl
Maruja edn td chflc ca mdt tiec sinh
nhat cho ba vdi banh ngqt, rfldu sam
banh va ddng thanh hat bai Happy
Birthday "khien Maruja nay sinh sfl
mau thuan ve tinh cam" (trang 151).
Nhdm canh gifl Hero Buss thi quyen
tien mua qua tang eho anh trfldc trao
tra tfl do, nhflng mdn tien mfldn H.
Buss cung dfldc tra diy dii vao ngay
cud'i cung giam gifl... Nhflng ke b i t
cdc, ben canh ban chat lieu linh,
nghiem khac, manh ddng dac trflng,
da dfldc tae gia phac boa nhfl nhflng
con ngfldi binh thfldng, ed Idng nhan
ai, cd sfl ddng cam, cd tinh chung thuy
va chan that trong tinh cam.
Tren mdt phfldng dien khac, cam
quan da tri edn tap trung vao viee
mieu ta cam xuc "lfldng phan" cua
cac nhan vat. Dd'i vdi cac con tin, mdi
khi ngfldi ban cflng hi giam gifl ciia
minh dfldc tha thi bq lai bi dat trong
mot mau thuan, gifla mdt ben la vui
mflng hanh phue vi ban ciia minh
dfldc tra tfl do, vdi mdt ben la sfl lo
ling cho sd' phan ea nhan eua minh.
Bdi vi, nhflng ngfldi dfldc tha d i u tien

thfldng la nhflng ngfldi it quan trqng
trong van bai ma bon tdi pham dang
mac ca vdi chinh phii. Trong khi dd,
giam gifl cang lau, than phan cang
quan trqng, thi kha nang bi sat hai lai
cang cao, mdt khi yeu sach ciia bon tdi
pham khdng dfldc dap flng. Sfl sd'ng
ciia ngfldi nay lai la nguy cd cai chet
cua ke kia, the gidi khdng cd du hanh
phuc va may man eho ta't ea mqi
ngfldi. Ngay ca dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi
than cua cac con tin eung chiu chung
trang thai cam xuc lfldng phan dq:

51

"Villamizar thet len vi vui mflng.
Niem vui cua dng la chan thanh,
nhflng lien sau dd dng nhan ra ring,
mdt kbi Pacho va Diana dfldc giai
thoat, tbi ngudi duy nhat cdn lai cd
the se bi banh quye't la Maruja va
Beatriz vi hai ngUdi nay cdn d trong
tay Escobar" (trang 208). Cam xuc
nude ddi cdn quy dinh tam trang cua
nhflng con tin khi dfldc mang di tha
tfl do. Nhflng ke tdi pham thudng
khdng bao trUdc nhflng vu hanh
quyet, do dd, nhflng cudc dan do con
tin ra di thfldng mang lai bai ket cue:

hanh quyet hoac trao tra tfl do. Chinh
vi vay, cudc dan do Marina Montoya
la mdt cudc hanh quye't, cudc dan do
Beatriz va Maruja cflng nhdm nha
bao Hero Buss la cudc trao tra tfl do,
cudc dan do Diana Turbay lai mang
den ket cue la cai chet do dung do dac
nhiem... tat ea deu dfldc thflc thi vdi
cflng mdt nghi thflc: cae eon tin bi bit
m i t va chd di tren nhflng chuyen xe
bi mat. Cflng mdt nghi thflc nhflng so'
phan va ket cue lai hoan toan khac
nhau, do do, cae nhan vat ludn dflng
trfldc thfl thach tinh than khdc liet
mdi khi dfldc dan do.
Ngay ea nhflng nha chflc trach, eac
tfldng linh va tdng thd'ng eung dflng
gifla van bai lfldng phan nan giai cua
rieng bq, hoae giai cflu bang vfl trang,
hoac giai cflu bang dam phan va nhan
nhfldng cae yeu sach cua bon tdi
pham. Hoat ddng vu trang ludn de
dang nhat vdi nha cim quyen song lai
nguy hiem nhat dd'i vdi nhflng con tin.
Nhan nhfldng theo yeu sach bon tdi
pham thi con tin an toan song se vi
pham hien phap cung nhfl mat long
nfldc My (la nfldc chi tai trd ldn nhim
dfla ra bd luat d i n do tdi pham ma
tuy). Su an nguy eua nhflng con tin

lai lien quan den sd' phan ciia nhflng
gia dinh cd quyen lflc ehinh tri ldn tai


52

SO 05-2010

Colombia, do dd, sflc ep nhfldng bd
bon tdi pham nham bao toan tinh
mang con tin la khdng he nhd. Lfla
ebon phfldng an giai cflu nao la sfl thii
thach va kiem dinh eho quan niem ve
nhflng gia tri con ngfldi eua nhflng ke
cim quyen va ngfldi than eua cac eon
tin. Bon tdi pham cung dflng trfldc
trang thai lfldng phan trong each flng
xfl vdi eac con tin. Mdt mat khdng the
giet ngay mqi eon tin bdi dd la con at
cbii bai ma chflng ed the cd nham dfla
ra yeu sach. Mdt mat lai khdng the
khdng giet mdt con tin nao dd nham
gay sflc ep ve dieu chflng ed the lam.
Bon tdi pham cflng khdng the giam
gifl mai con tin, nhflng cflng khdng
the tha con tin chflng nao yeu sach
ciia chflng khdng dfldc dap flng.
NhQng tfl nhan la con tin cua bon bat
ede, nhflng bon bat ede eung la con tin
ciia nhflng tu nhan. Vi ban than

nhflng ke giam gifl eung cflng chiu
chung sfl mat tfl do, cac hoan canh
sd'ng khac nghiet va suf de doa tinh
mang tfl nhflng eude giai cflu bing vfl
trang cua ddi dac nhiem. Khdng ai
dfldc sinh ra de sd'ng mdt each de
dang gifla cudc ddi nay. Con ngfldi la
nan nhan cua con ngfldi, va mdi ngUdi
la nan nhan cua ehinh minh, cudc
sd'ng ludn la mdt phUdng trinh cua
nbUng lUa ebon khdng hoan hao, cam
thflc da tri da dfldc Marquez xay dflng
met each nhan van sau sic thanh
chan ly nhan sinh phd quat trong tac
pham eua minh nhfl the.
Ngoai cam xuc da tri, Marquez edn
sii dung thii phap Carnaval hda n h i m
lam cac vu bat cdc trd nen mdt "le hdi
giai cflu" cua cae ben cd hdi, mud'n
nhan sfl viee nay mflu dd nhflng ddng
ed ea nhan. Thdng qua thii phap
Carnaval hda, chan tfldng cua chinh
quyen va cac td chflc ca nhan dang
"nd lflc" giai cflu da Id ra ehi la met

CHAU MY NGAY NAY

dam cd hdi, nhan sfl kien nay nham
danh bdng ten tudi ca nhan. Dfldi sii
keu goi eua Dona Nydia Quintero,

ngfldi ta da td chflc nhflng "Id hdi"
"dieu hanh hda binh cflng chiec khan
mau t r i n g . . . va dd't mdt ngon dude
t h i p sang lien tuc cho tdi khi nao
nhflng con tin binh yen vd sfl trd ve...
dai phat thanh va truyen hinh bat
d i u truyen di ten tudi... ciia ta't ea
nhflng ngfldi hi bat cdc, tinh tflng
ngay ho hi giam gifl... trfldc khi bat
dau nhflng tran bdng da trong ca
nfldc, deu doe ban tin keu goi tra tfl do
cho nhflng ngfldi hi bat cdc..." (trang
125). Ngay ca hoa hau toan qud'c 1990
- Maribel Gutierrez cung phat bieu
ddi tra tfl do cho nhflng ngfldi bi b i t
cde... Rd rang, Marquez vdi but phap
khach quan trong tinh cflc han cua
minh da ban che td'i da sfl binh p h i m
ve cac sfl kien, nhflng nhflng heat
ddng ma dng gan cho cac ca nhan va
td chflc nd lflc giai cflu lai mang tinh
hai hudc, mia mai t h i m kin. Heat
ddng dd't dud'c chay sang cho de'n khi
sii viec ket thuc la ciia phong trao
Olympic, mdi khi The van hdi didn ra.
Didu hanh vdi khan mau t r i n g la
nhflng cudc bieu tinh thfldng nhat d
My Latinh n h i m phan dd'i chinh phii,
ddng hd dem ke tfl ngay didn ra sfl
kien, eac tran bdng da... la khdng khi

d Copa America (Vd dich chau My)
hay giai Copa Libertadores (cup Cl
chau My). 0 mot vung dat cudng
nhiet vdi bdng da nhfl Nam My, thi
khdng khi chung khi mdt tran da'u
dien ra la vd cung hao hflng, trai ban
vdi tam trang lo au, cang t h i n g ciia
mdt vu b i t cdc. Viec met hoa hau
dflng ra phat ngdn cung la sfl gilu
nhai an n g i m dd'i vdi cac cd quan cdng
quyen va lflc lfldng vu trang. Marquez
da lam rd sfl bat lflc, mau me cua cac
ben tham gia b i n g cac "heat ddng va


CHAU MY NGAY NAY

SO 05-2010

tam ly mang tinh le hdi", mflng vui
nhfl met dem Carnaval hda trang tren
dfldng phd'.
Cam quan hau hien dai trong tac
pham cdn dfldc Marquez khai trien
thee chii de ldn nhat va cung la duy
nhat trong sud't sfl nghiep cim but
ciia minh dd la: viet ve ndi ed ddn.
Viec di sau vao trang thai tam ly cua
cac cen tin hi bat ede trong but phap
ciia minh da giflp tac gia "nghien cflu

va xem xet" cam thflc ed ddn dfldi mdt
gdc do hoan toan mdi, khac ban vdi
cam thflc ed ddn ve "cai dep cd dec"
nhfl ngfldi dep Remedies, cam thflc cd
ddn ve "sfl nghien nat cen ngfldi sau
chien tranh" nhfl Dai ta Aureliano
Buendia... treng Tram ndm co dOn.
Ndi cd ddn cua cac con tin trong Tin
tdc vi mgt vu bdt coc cung mang quan
niem ve nhflng cai tdi ben ria the gidi,
cung la nhflng nan nhan trong nhflng
ddng be chiu nhieu sfl chia tay, cai
chet, nhflng ddng bq "hi ket an tram
nam cd ddn khdng cd dip may lan thfl
hai de trd lai lam ngfldi tren mat da't
nay" {Tram ndm co dOn). Nhflng ndi
cd ddn ciia cac nhan vat trong Tin titc
ve mgt vu bdt coc cung cd net dac thfl
rieng so vdi ndi cd ddn phd quat trong
cac tac pham khac eua Marquez, bdi
vi ndi cd ddn cua bq la cd ddn trong sfl
ngap tran nhflng thdng tin "nguy tao"
(simulacres). Ho khdng phai cd ddn vi
khdng dfldc giao tiep, khdng dfldc
cung cap thdng tin, ma ndi cd ddn eua
ho den tfl nhflng nguyen nhan ben
trong, bdi tat ea nhflng thdng tin ma
ho cd, md'i giao tiep ma ho dfldc phep
deu phai thdng qua mdt "bd loc", sfl
kiem duyet gat gao va cd chii dich rd

rang ciia bon tdi pham. Cae eon tin
gap gd gia dinh hang ngay qua tivi,
nhflng do la thdng tin met chieu, va
nhflng thdng tin dfldc dfla len cac ed
quan truyen thdng dai chflng cung la

53

thdng tin "dfldc bien tap" ki cang. Cac
phfldng tien truyen thdng dai chung
rd rang la met "vu khi trung tinh",
bon tdi pham che phep cen tin xem
tivi, doc bao cfl va nghe dai, nhflng chi
khi nao chflng thay an toan va "phfl
hdp" vdi muc dich giam gifl con tin.
Tat ca the gidi thdng tin mang tinh
"hien thflc tham phdn " (Hyper
reality) ay da day con ngfldi vao sfl cd
ddn, bdi vi ho khdng the truy nguyen
va kiem chflng tinh xac thflc cflng nhfl
ngudn gd'c cua thdng tin. Cen ngfldi
ngay met nghe nhieu hdn, biet nhieu
hdn, giae tiep nhieu hdn va cflng cd
ddn hdn treng the gidi hau hien dai.
The gidi la mdt ao giae khdng the
dean dinh, khdng the chic chin r i n g
chung ta dang d ndi dau, va nhflng ke
dinh doat sd' phan ciia chflng ta nghi
gi ding sau nhflng phat ngdn cua
chung. The gidi vfla la nhflng gia dinh

"rat cd the cd", lai vfla la gia dinh
"khdng cd gi chic chin" ve tinh minh
xac ciia nd. Ndi cd ddn ciia nhflng con
tin la ndi cd ddn dac thfl ve mat hinh
thflc ciia con ngfldi trong thdi hau
hien dai, bdi chi cd d thdi hau hien dai
mdi cd chu nghia khiing bd', chii nghia
tdi pham b i t gifl con tin vi ddng cd
ehinh tri. Ndi dung ben trong eua ndi
ed ddn ay dd la sii trdng vang cen
ngfldi treng met ma tran truyen thdng
ma mdi ben deu suf dung chinh thdng
tin lam vu khi nham danh van cd
chinh tri. Nhflng cudc tranh luan ve
quyen thdng tin va tiep can thdng tin
gifla eac nan nhan va bon bat cde eung
la minh chflng cho sfl dau tranh gifla
nhflng "dai tii sfl" vdi cac "tieu tfl sfl".
Hinh tfldng ten trflm tdi pham
Escobar cung la mdt treng nhflng
thanh cdng dac sac ve mat nghe thuat
cua Marquez. Escobar da lam phong
phu them dang thflc hinh tfldng ma
sud't ddi Marquez ap u: hinh tfldng ve


54

SO 05-2010

ten ddc tai. Nhflng Escobar la mdt ten
ddc tai - tdi pham, khac ban vdi kieu
ddc tai nhfl Dai ta Aureliano Buendia,
Ba me vi dai {Ddm tang cua bd me vl
dgi) hay tfldng quan Simon Jose de la
Santixia Trinide Boliva {Tiidng qudn
gida me hon trgn) - nhflng kieu dde
tai quan sfl, ddc tai cbinb tri hoae dde
tai kinb te. Dieu dae biet trong viec
xay dflng hinh tfldng P. Escobar dd la
Marquez da hqc tap F. Kafka n h i m
phac thao mdt nhan vat mang tinh
chat "khai niem", hdn la mdt nhan vat
cu the, hflu hinh. Cd the nhan dinh
rang, P. Escobar la mdt "nhan vat
vang mat", ta't ea nhflng hanh vi va
suy nghi thflc sfl cua ban ehu yeu chi
dfldc tai thdng dien qua cac bflc thfl,
tuyen bd' tren bao ehi va thdng qua
ngfldi phat ngdn, luat sfl rieng.
Nhflng thdng bae dd lai thfldng mang
nghia nfldc ddi, khdng rd rang ve y
dinh va ngfl nghia. Tuy nhien, P.
Escobar lai la nhan vat trung tam ehi
phd'i sd' phan eac con tin va dan d i t
cac ngudn tin ve nhflng ngfldi bi bit,
tham chi trflc tiep tranh luan ve cae
dae luat va dao dflc. -Escobar ludn phu
nhan mqi tdi ldi va hanh vi bat ede
cua ban, nhflng lai biet each gay sflc

ep va de doa gian tiep len cac than
nhan cflng nhfl chinh phii. P. Escobar
nhfl the edn ddng vai trd la mdt "thii
phap" da tri hda thdng tin. Cd the ndi,
P. Escobar khdng ddn t h u i n la mdt
nhan vat, ma la mdt an du, mdt thii
phap nghe thuat, mdt bieu tfldng da
dien va huyen bi ve eai ac.
Chung ta deu la nhflng "con tin" do
ehinh minh giam gifl, chinh vi the,
nhflng vu "bit cde" phd bien trong Tin
tdc ve mgt vu bdt coc, khdng chi phan
anh mdt hien tfldng thfldng nhat
trong nen "van hda sung dan" tai
Colombia, ma cdn the hien the gidi

CHAU MY NGAY NAY

quan cua tac gia. Theo mdt nghia nao
dd, con ngfldi hau hien dai deu la
nhflng "con tin" cua ehinh minh va
cua ddng loai mdt each tfl nhien nha't.
Khdng hie'm sfl kien trong tae pham
eiia minh, Marquez da de nhflng con
tin chi huy va an iii nhflng ten tdi
pham. Chinh vi the, ndi cd ddn eua
con ngfldi trong dieu kien hau hien
dai la mdt tam thflc vfla mang tinh
ban the, lai vfla mang tinh hoan canh.
Thdng qua nhflng vu bat cdc, Marquez

da thuf thach va lam ndi bat ban chat
nhflng nhan vat eiia minh, tfl ke bat
cdc cho den eon tin, tfl chinh quyen
ehe den than nhan ngfldi hi bit.
Nhflng vu bat cdc da la met canh gidi
thuf thach pham chat va sfl nhan nai
eua eon ngfldi. Cai chet va sfl sd'ng ddi
khi la mdt sfl rui may eiia sd' phan,
khdng ehi dd'i vdi eon tin ma cdn ngay
vdi ea ke giam gifl con tin. Vdi but
phap trinh tham hau hien dai vfla dac
thfl, vfla phd quat, Gabriel Garcia
Marquez da k h i c hoa va xay dflng
dfldc sfl cd ddn tan eung cua eon ngfldi
cflng nd lflc kien cfldng ciia he trong
cudc chien vdi tdi ac va vdi "ehinh
minh" trong mdt thdi dai bung nd
thdng tin, "thdi dai eiia sfl ngay thd bi
danh mat" (Umberto Eco) •

Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Paul Auster (2007), Trdn trui vdi vdn chuang,
Nxb PhuniJl,_Ha Noi.
2.Lai Nguyen An va... (bien soan) (2003), Vdn hqc
hdu hien dai the gidi • nhiing van de ly thuyet,
Nxb Hoi nha van, Ha Noi.
3. Le Huy Bic (2009), Chu nghia hien thiic huyen
do vd Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Nxb Giao due
Viet Nam, Ha Noi.
4. Umberto Eco (2004), Di tim sU that biei ciidi,

Nxb Hoi nha van. Ha Noi.
5. Jean Francois Lyotard (2008), Hodn cdnh hau
hien dqi, Nxb Tri thiic, Ha Noi.
6. Tzvetan Todorov (2004), Thi phdp vdn xudi, Nxb
Dai hoc Su pham, Ha Noi.