Vai trò của chính sách phát triển văn hoá đối với vùng biên giới phía bắc

THU'C TIEN - KINH NGHIEM
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BIEN
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PHIfi
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TS NGUYEN VAN THANG*
(^^heo
quan niem
ciia
UNESCO, chinh
^^
sich phit trien van hda la "mdt tdng
the
cdc nguyen tdc hoqt ddng, cdc cdch lam
thue tiin vd cdc phuong phdp qudn ly hdnh
chinh hay ngdn sdeh dimg lam ca sd cho
hoqt ddng vdn hda cua mdt nude"' Theo
quan niem nay, cac ca quan nhi nude chilm
vi tri trung tam, cd tinh chien
luge

trong co
cau cua chinh sach phat trien van hda.
Tuy nhien, chinh sich phat trien van hda
la
khi bien, tuy thudc rit nhieu vao nhin
thirc cua gidi
chinh
trj va cic nha hoach
djnh chinh sich vl vj tri, vai trd cua van
hoa ddi vdi sy phat trien kinh te xa hdi,
doi vdi nhu ciu sing tao vi hudng thy vin
hda
ciia
con ngudi trong mdi giai doan ljch
sir khic nhau vi nhiing the che chinh trj
khic nhau. Chiing tdi xin dua ra mdt quan
niem ve chinh sich phat trien vin hda nhu
sau: Chinh sdeh phdt triin vdn hda la tap
hap cdc chit truong, quyit sdeh, biin phdp
do mdt chit the di ra, dua trin eac tiin di
vi dinh hudng chinh tri, phdp ludt, diiu
kien kinh ti - xd hdi nhdm dat duoc muc
dich phdt trien nin vdn hda, thoa mdn nhu
* Hpc
vi?n
CT - HC quoc gia Hd Chi Minh
edu sdng tqo vd
hucmg
thu vdn hda cita
nhdn ddn.

1.
Chinh sich phit trien
van
hda la mdt
trong nhiing ylu td then chdt phit huy vai
trd dpng lyc vin hda trong phit triln
bin
viing
ciia
viing bien gidi phia Bic. Viing
bien gidi phia Bic la noi sinh sdng cua ban
5 trieu ngudi, vdi nhilu dan tdc sinh sdng.
Qua 25 nim thyc hien cdng cupc ddi mdi,
tien hinh CNH, HDH, viing bien gidi phia
Bac da dat
dupe
nhirng thinh tyu quan
trpng ve nhieu mat, timg budc phit huy cic
the manh, tao ra nhung viing chuyen canh
ldn, lim ra ngay cing nhilu ndng sin, lam
sin xuit khiu, md mang cdng nghiep, tieu
thu cdng nghiep. Bd mat ndng thdn miln
niii
viing bien gidi phia Bac cd nhirng
chuyen bien rd ret, mdt sd thinh phd, thj
xa, thj tran dugc hinh thanh va mang tim
vdc hien
d^i
Dat dugc thinh qua do, trudc bet phii
khang djnh Ding da cd nhiing quyet sich

diing din trong cdng cupc ddi mdi toin dien
dat
nude.
Trong dd, chinh sich phit trien
van hda cd vai trd dac biet quan trpng trong
viec ning cao dan tri, chit lugng ngudn
nhan lyc cua viing bien gidi phia Bac.
TAP CHi LjCH SLf
OANG
- S6
2/2012
73
THUC
TltN
•
KINH NGHIEM
Do ddi sdng kinh tl
ciia
nhan din nhit la
d viing sau, viing xa cdn gap rat nhieu khd
khan (ti le hd ngheo binh quan tren 20%,
nhilu noi tren 30%, ea biet cd noi gin
60%),
nen tinh trang hgc sinh bd hgc cdn
cao.
Theo thdng ke chua diy
dii,
5
nam
qua

cic tinh trong viing cd khoang 200.000 hgc
sinh bd hpc. Tinh Cao Bing
din
bet nim
2010 cd 140/199 xa dat chuin phd cap
tiiu
hpc dung dp tudi. Den
nam
2010,
ci tinh
Cao Bing cflng mdi chi cd 20 trudng (d tit
ci cac cip hpc) dat chuan qudc gia. Cic
tinh nhu Hi Giang, Lai Chau cung cd
tinh trang tuong ty. Khdng the phat trien
ben viing neu nhu tinh trang din tri thip
khdng dugc cii thien mdt cich nhanh
chdng trong thdi gian tdi.
C)
tim
vT
md.
Ding va Nhi nude da cd
nhilu chu truang, chinh sich uu tien cho
phat trien van hda cua vung bien gidi phia
Bic,
dac biet li uu tien phit triln giio
due
- dio tao. Ddi vdi cic dja phuong, dai
hdi Ding bd cic tinh: Lai Chau (lan
thii

XII,
2010), Cao Bing (lin
thii
XVII,
2010),
Hi Giang (lin
thii
XV, 2010),
Lang Son (lin
thii
XV, 2010) cflng
diu
die
biet nhan manh chinh sich phit trien
vin hda, nhit la chinh sich phit trien giio
due
dio tao. Trong Van kien dai hdi
Ding bd cic tinh, phin "Phit triln vin
hda xa hdi", nhiem vu "Nang cao chit
lugng giio due dio tao'' bao gid cflng
dugc dit
len
hing diu. Nhu vay, ddi vdi
vung bien gidi phia Bic, phit triln giao
due
dio tao dugc xem li "chia khoa"
md ra sy phat triln nhanh chdng vi ben
vung. Chi cd day manh phit trien giio
due - dao tao mdi cd the "xoi ddi" ve van
hda cho ddng bao, ban che tinh trang tii

mil chii, tinh trang bd hpc giiia chirng,
phd cap giio
due
tieu hgc, trung hgc co
sd diing do tudi, tien tdi phd cap giio
due
trung hpc phd thdng vao nam 2020.
Phit trien giio
dye
- dio tao khdng chi
vdi muc tieu nang cao dan tri, ma cdn gin
vdi ning cao chat lugng ngudn nhin lyc
phue
vu sy nghiep CNH, HDH, hpi nhap
quoc te. Theo Bao eio chinh tri tai Dai hpi
Ding bd tinh Ha Giang lin thir XV (2010),
ti le lao dpng qua dao tao cua tinh mdi ehi
dat 30%; ty le nay d tinh Lang San dat
khoang 32%. Vi vay, neu nhu giio
due
-
dao tao khdng di trudc mdt budc, thim chi
phii "di tit, ddn dau" thi chit lugng
nguin
nhan lyc eua cic tinh viing bien gidi phia
Bic tiep tue bj tut hau so vdi chat lugng
ngudn nhan lyc chung cua ci nude, kho
vugt qua dugc lyc cin de phit trien. Thyc
tl cho thiy tren
50%i

cin bd tir thdn, ban
trd len d cic dia phuong trong viing
la
ngudi dan tdc thieu sd, trinh dp hpc vin chi
het bac THCS (ci biet cd cin bd
chii
ehot
cip xa chi hpc
hit
bac
tiiu
hpc), trinh dp ly
luan chinh trj vi chuyen mdn nghiep vy
cdn nhilu ban chl. Do vay, trong cdng
tie
lanh dao, quan ly, nhieu dia phuong gip
nhieu khd khan nhiing sai sdt chu yeu cflng
phit sinh tir thuc tl nay. Khdng the chuyin
djeh ca ciu kinh te trong GDP theo hudng
tang nhanh
ty
trpng cdng nghiep va
djeh
74
TAP CHi LjCH SLf
OANG
- S6
2/2012
THUC TIEN-KINH
NGHIEM

vu, giam ti trpng ndng nghiep khi ma chit
lugng ngudn nhin lyc trong cac
ITnh
vyc
niy khdng dap
iing
dugc yeu cau cua sy
nghiep CNH, HDH, hdi nhap qudc tl.
Cung vdi viec dat len hang dau vai trd
ciia
chinh sich phat trien giio dye dao
tao,
khdng the khdng de cap den vai trd
cua chinh sach phat trien khoa hpc, cdng
nghe ddi vdi viing. Dan tri thap la mdt
trong nhung lyc can eua viec ip dung cic
tiln bp cua khoa hpc, cdng nghe vio sin
xuit va ddi sdng. Nhin chung,
tilm
lyc
khoa hpc. cdng nghe cua tit ci cic dja
phuong trong viing cdn qui mdng, khdng
cin ddi giiia khoa hpc tu nhien va khoa
hpc xa hdi - nhan van. Trong bdi cinh md
rpng giao luu qudc te, giai bai toin nan
giii nay ddi vdi vung bien gidi phia Bic
khdng the chu quan, ndng vdi va lam qua
loa
hinh thiic, chay theo phong trio ma
phai hudng vao thyc chit, cd tinh den cic

yeu td chu quan va khach quan. Tiem ning
phat triln kinh te (ke ca sin xuit va
djeh
vu) cua vung
la
rit ldn, nhung tinh trang
sin xuit khep kin, ty cung ty cap van kha
phd bien, trong bdi canh hing hda vd cimg
phong
phii,
gia ci phii chang, tham chi li
khi re tir ben kia bien gidi trin vio ci
bang dudng chinh ngach vi tieu ngach,
nlu khdng day nhanh ip dung tiln bp khoa
hpc.
cdng nghe vao sin xuat va dich vu,
thi tilm ning phit trien cua vung vin chi
dimg d tilm ning. Vi vay, phai xem phit
triln khoa hoc, cdng nghe cung vdi giio
due
\a dao tao li nhirng khau dot phi dl
tao ra ddng lyc phit trien
ciia
viing trong
bdi cinh md rdng giao luu qudc te.
Tuy nhien, chinh sich phit trien giio
due
va dio tao, khoa hpc, cdng nghe phai
gan bd chat che vi ddng bd vdi cic chinh
sich khic, nhit li cic chinh sich vl an

sinh xa hdi nhu y te, lao ddng vi viec lim,
dan sd, ke hoach hda gia dinh v.v thi
mdi bao dam cho sy phit trien ben vung
cua vung bien gidi phia Bic ci trudc mat
vi lau dai.
2.
Chinh sich phit trien
vifi
hda li co sd
dim bao nguyen tie va hieu qui cho nhiem
vy bio tdn, phit buy bin sic
van
hda cua
viing bien gidi phia Bic trong bdi cinh md
rdng giao luu qudc te. So sinh vdi cic vung
khic cua ci nude nhu Tay
Nguyen,
duyen
hai mien Trung, Ddng Nam Bd, Tay Nam
Bd virng bien gidi phia Bic ed rat nhieu lgi
the.
Vung bien gidi phia Bac vira cd cic dja
phuong nim trong viing vin hda Tiy Bic,
vira cd dja phuong
nam
trong viing
van
hda
Ddng Bac. Sy giao thoa
van

hda nay cung
vdi sy da dang
van
hda cua cic tdc ngudi tao
nen ban sac vin hda dan tdc, vira cd nhiing
net rieng dde dio, dac sic, khdng dl gi trdn
lin vdi van hda
eiia
cic viing khic trong ca
nude. Nhu viy, bio tdn phit huy bin sac van
hda vung bien gidi phia
Bac
cung cd nghTa
la bio tdn, phit huy ban sac vin hda din tde
da va dang hien dien trong vung.
Trong bdi canh md rdng giao luu qudc
tl,
ip lyc ddi vdi viec bao tdn, phit huy ban
sac van hda dan tdc la khdng he nhd. Neu
khdng cd nhiing chinh sich phit trien van
TAP CHi LICH SU
OANG
- S6
2/2012
75
THUC
TitN
-
KINH NGHIEM
hda mdt cich kip thdi, khoa hpc, ddng bd

thi trudc nhiing tic ddng du: dpi cua mat
trai
nin
kinh tl thj trudng cung sy giao luu
ty phit, thilu tinh djnh hudng se din den
tinh trang bin sic van hda din tdc bj mai
mdt, pha tap mdt cich tuy tien.
Chinh sich phit triln van hda diing din
se giiip mdi dja phucmg va toan viing nhin
dien dugc thyc trang sy phit trien, biln ddi,
cai manh, cii yeu, cii rieng, cii chung
ciia
ddi sdng vin hda, cii cdn, cii mit, cai nguy
CO
mit Tir dd, cic nha hoach djnh chinh
sich phit trien van hda, cap uy dang, chinh
quyen lay lam ca sd de xie djnh muc
tieu, phuong hudng, giai phap cho viec bio
tdn, phit buy bin sic van hda dan tdc.
Vai trd "bi dd" cua chinh sich phit trien
van hda ddi vdi viec bio tdn bin sac
van
hda virng the hien tren rat nhieu binh dien,
rat nhieu viec lim cu the. Chinh sich phat
trien vin hda vdi cic muc tieu chung se giiip
cic dja phuong trong vung
xie
djnh mye
tieu, ddi tugng cu the cin bio tdn nhirng gi,
nhung gi can tip trung bao tdn khan cap

trudc nguy cd mai mdt, nhiing gi can bio
tdn trong tuong lai vdi mdt chien
luge
lau
dii vi budc di thich hgp. Chinh sich phit
trien vin hda gidng nhu nhiing nguyen tac
tao ra hanh lang phip ly cua viee bio tdn
ban sic van hda virng bien gidi phia Bac.
Dieu dd ciing cd nghTa la khdng
thi
bao tdn
mdt cich tuy tien. chu quan, thilu co sd
khoa hpc va tinh chat phip ly, bio tdn bin
sic vin hda vung phai dya tren nhung dac
diem \
e
dja
Iy.
ljch
sii,
phong tuc, tip
quan.
cic dieu kien vl chinh trj, kinh te. van hda
hien nay cua toan virng va cua mdi dja
phuong. Trong bdi canh vimg bien gidi phia
Bac cd nhieu diem nhay cim ve din tdc, ton
giio,
ve di dan tu do, ve sy phin cyc giau -
ngheo, ve tdi pham va te nan xa hdi xuyen
bien gidi thi chinh sich phit trien vin hoa

vung trd thanh mpt thii cim nang de soi
chieu, tir dd ma de ra
Id
trinh hgp ly nhit de
bio tdn ban sic van hda din tdc.
Chinh sach phat trien van hda ciing giu:
vai trd "bi dd" cho viec phit huy bin sac
vin hda dan tdc cua viing bien gidi phia
'Bac.
Vai trd nay the hien d chd chinh sich
phit trien van hda se djnh hudng cho viec
phit huy nhiing gi, nhim muc dich gi trong
truyen thdng vin hda cua toan viing,
ciia
cic dja phuong, cua cic din tdc ngudi.
Phit huy d day phii tren co sd nguyen tic
dat lgi ich cua qudc gia cua cdng ddng len
tren het, hai hoi giiia lgi ich cua quoc gia
vdi lgi ich
ciia
cac tdc ngudi, cic dja
phuong, khdng mau thuan giiia qua
khii
vdi
hien tai va tuong lai, khdng khep kin trong
viing, mi md cira vdi qudc gia vi tiep thu
tinh hoa van hda
thi
gidi.
Chinh sich phit trien van hda se dinh

hudng de tranh viec phat huy mdt cich x6
bd nhiing gia trj van hda khdng cdn
phii
hgp vdi hien tai, hoac phu hgp vdi tpc
ngudi nay ma khdng phu hgp vdi tdc ngudi
khac,
phii
hgp vdi dia phuong nay ma
khdng phu hgp vdi dja phuong khac. Chinh
sich phit trien van hda se giup cho cic nha
lanh dao, quan ly tim ra dugc cic giii phap
76
TAP
CHi
UCH
SUOANG
- S6 2/2012
THUC
TIEN-KINH
NGHIEM
khi thi ddi vdi timg vin dl cu the cin phat
huy, khdng ngd nhan, cao bing.
Ban
sac
van hda dan tdc tdn tai trong cic
gii tri van hda vit
thi
vi phi vat the, cd mat
trong mdi di tich ljch sir -
van

hda, moi sinh
hoat cdng ddng, gan vdi mdi bin ling De
phat huy bin sic van hda dan tdc, chinh
sach phit trien van hda se la ca sd de xiy
dyng cic de an khdi
phue
tinh hoa vdn cd,
tu bd, tdn tao cic di tich vin hda vit
thi,
xay dyng cic chuang trinh, muc tieu, quy
hoach vao dao tao ngudn nhan lyc cho cic
dja phuong trong vung.
3.
Chinh sich phit trien vin hda
viihg
bien gidi phia Bac se lam cho cic dja
phuong trong viing chuyen dpng nhanh vi
manh me hon ve mpi mat, mpi
ITnh
vyc, tir
kinh te den vin hda - xa hdi, hudng den sy
phit trien ben viing. Trong qua trinh hgp
tic,
mudn binh ding vi khdng ty dinh mat
minh thi cac dja phuong cua Viet Nam deu
phii ty vugt len, vuon len, manh bon,
ngang tam vdi ddi tic.
Chinh sich phit trien vin hda timg budc
nang cao chat lupng ngudn nhan lye cua cae
dia phuong trong viing, trudc het li nhan

lyc dip ung yeu ciu
ciia
cic cdng ty lien
doanh hoac cdng ty 100%) vdn nude ngoai.
Trong qui trinh hgp tie kinh tl, can khic
phye tinh trang mdt thdi phia Viet Nam gdp
vdn chi bing dit dai dl xay dyng co sd ha
ting,
ma dilu quan trpng bon la phia Viet
Nam "gdp von" bing dugc nhiing nhi quin
ly
gidi. nhirng ngudi thg lanh nghe, lam chu
cac phuong tien sin xuit tien tiln, hien
dai.
cd khi nang lim chu khoa hpc, cdng nghe
de khang djnh dugc "thuong hieu" ngudn
nhan lyc trong
nude.
Vi the, ning cao dan
tri ludn ludn la khau dot phi ci trong thdi
gian trudc mit va liu dai.
Chinh sach phit trien
van
hda gdp phin
nang cao bin
ITnh,
y chi, dao diic, ldi sdng,
nghe nghiep va tie phong cdng nghiep cho
ngudn nhan lyc, cich thiic ung xir vira theo
thdng le, luat phip qudc te, vira vin giii

dugc nhung net thdng minh, tinh te trong
vin hda
iing
xir cua ngudi Viet Nam trong
qui trinh hgp tic kinh te. Trong qui trinh
hgp tic kinh te, yeu td "van hda" khdng
nhung khdng the xem nhe, mi cdn phii di
dau de ting them tinh hap dan ddi vdi cic
nhi diu tu, lam eho yeu td vin hda trd thanh
ndi lyc ben trong cua sin xuit, cua qui trinh
hgp tic kinh tl. Chi cd nhu vay Viet Nam
mdi ban chl dugc nii ro, khdng bi thua thiet
trong qui trinh "lam in" vdi ddi tic.
Chinh sdeh phdt trien vdn hda lam edu
ndi thdn thien, hieu nghi trong qud trinh
triin khai su hap tdc vdi cdc nude trong
khu vuc. Chinh sich phat trien van hda cho
phep cic ben tim ra vi phit huy y nghTa,
tic dyng cua nhiing diem tuong ddng ve
dan tdc, tdn giio, phong tue, tip quin,
nhiing nhu ciu van hda trong sin xuat, sinh
boat va ddi sdng , tir dd tao ra sy tin cay
lan nhau trong qua trinh hgp tic phat trien
kinh te vi cic
ITnh
vyc khic.
Chinh sich phit trien van hda edn tao ra
siic
de khing ddi vdi nhirng thu phi van hda.
phan van hda cd the tran vao npi dja bing

yyVP
CHi UCH SLf
OANG
•
SO
2/2012
77
THUC TllN
-
KINH NGHIEM
nhilu con dudng khic nhau. Tren thyc te
khdng phii mpi sy hgp tic deu dua den lgi
ich va hieu qua nhu mong mudn. Trong hgp
tic vin cd sy canh tranh, van cd chuyen ddi
tic ddi khi gay khd de bang nhieu cich khac
nhau, trong dd cd viee hoac do vd tinh, hoac
do cd y "tudn" cho ben kia nhirng san pham
phi vin hda, phin vin hda.
Trong qui trinh hgp tie phat trien, chinh
sich phit trien vin hda vira gdp phan tao ra
"ciu", vira gdp phin tao ra "cung" cho cic
ben hgp tic. Ve phuong dien nay, chinh
sich phit trien van hda dieu chinh va kich
thich nhu cau tieu dung van hda, hudng cic
nha diu tu phit trien sin xuat vi td chiie he
thdng djeh vu chat lupng ngay cing cao
hon, phit trien cdng nghiep khdng khdi,
cdng nghe xanh, cdng nghe sach, bio ve
mdi trudng sinh thii vi mdi trudng van
hda. Chinh sich phit trien van hda lim cho

"chinh sich kinh te trong van hda" vi
"chinh sich van hda trong kinh te" dugc
ket hgp vdi nhau hai boi bon, tao nen sy dn
djnh eua qui trinh hgp tic va phit trien.
1.
Nguyen Van Kieu, Tran
TiSn;
Tong thudt
chinh sdch
van hda cita mot so
nude
tren thi
gidi Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin, H,
1993,
tr. 12
KET
HOP
PHONG
TRAO
THI
DUA
VOl
TINH
TH.\N
YEU
NU6C
(Tiep theo trang
29)
Thir
ba,

ddi ngu cin bd, ding vien, nhit
li cin bd
chii
chdt cic td chirc Dang, co
quan va chinh quyen cic cip cin
ludn
ludn
quan tam, chi dao chat che phong trao thi
dua trong don vj minh. dong thdi phii
thyc sy neu guong di diu trong phong trao
thi dua.
Thic tu, cd
CO
chl, chinh sich khen
thudng, tuyen duong kjp thdi va xung dang
cho nhiing tap the, ci nhin cd thinh tich
xuat sac trong cic phong trao thi dua,
ding
thdi chdng cac thii dp thi dua mdt
each
hinh thiie,
dT
boa vi quy hoac ken cya, hep
hdi.
Qua dd tuyen truyin, nhan rdng cic
guong dien hinh ngudi tdt viec tdt. Diing
tich cyc de day
liii
tieu cyc, nhin manh
"xay" de tang cudng "chdng"

Trong tinh binh hien nay, phong trio
thi dua yeu
nude
vdi sy lanh dao cua
Ding, Nha
nude,
sy tham gia sdi ndi, lien
tuc vi ty giic
ciia
mgi ngudi dan, van la
mdt ngudn lyc vd ciing can thiet gdp phan
tbiic
diy sy nghiep xay dyng dit
nude
ngiy cing giau
manh,vin
minh. Bdi
le,
nhu Hd Chi Minh da chi rd: "Mudn lam
cho mpi cdng tic tien len nu:a, cin day
manh phong trio thi dua yeu
nude,
va
phai lam sao cho phong trio thi dua
Iiic
nio cung sdi ndi lien tuc, thinh boat ddng
ty giac
ciia
mpi ngudi"'"
1.

Lan
thii
nhat tir thang
6-1923
den thang
10-
1924,
lin thir hai tir thang 6 den thang
II-1927,
lin thir
ba
tir thang 6-1934 den thang
10-1938
2.
4, 8, 9.
Hd
Chi Minh Todn
tap,
Nxb CTQG,
H,
2000,
T. 5
tr. 66, 444, 524, 445
3.
Xem Hd
Chi
Minh Todn /dp
T.
5,
tr.

101 -104
5, 6, 7. Sdd, T.
6,
tr. 473, 474,
524
\Q.
Sdd.T.
10,
tr. 160.
78
TAP
CHi UCH
SLf
OANG
- S6 2/2012