Giới Thiệu Và Tính Toán Chiếu Sáng Bằng Phần Mềm Thiết Kế Chiếu Sáng DIAlux

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ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ NẴNG CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT
NAM TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG CÔNG NGHỆ Độc Lập – Tự Do –
Hạnh Phúc
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NHIỆM VỤ ĐỒ ÁN TỐT NGHIỆP
ĐỀ TÀI: 
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!"#$%:Th.s Nguyễn Văn Tiến
!"&' : Hoàng Anh Tuấn
()!" : 121250512361
*+), : 12Đ3
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LỜI MỞ ĐẦU
 !"#$%&''!(%%)%*+, %-/)0)&),%1234#5!6'%7+,
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).%)7;K@A'%BC'%L+M'!N%!"!%%6.'5+N"!%'%O!&)5'6,-,)H
$%P!)*@%P;2)6!&'O)%Q'RLS%N'%BC'5'%?--T)0)7'U%+,'!8'
@!N-;RLSD
%!8'@8)%!8B"&R,-V'W4X)7N)%!8B"&)%6-V'@%7!)0)6
LY!D!Z%L+!N)'%!8'@8'6@!8'9)+,%:'%!8'@8@%&)'%!8'@8)%!8B
"&4#+,6%:'[%S$B3F'\)5)&)'!FB)%B?=;)'L+,)&)]B3L )=>
=LS)'%!8'RC$)^%L)&)'%-"Z+M'%_--A%`)5+;%*)6LY!=LS)ab-ac'
-V')&)%%,!%HD

dB=!(-)%!8B"&)%6)&))7'U%a234#)^=>'%3=[!%!MB"6+ !'%C$
@e'L )5+!N)'%!8'@8)%!8B"&=LS)'!8%,%=f'%Y!+ !+!N)'%!8'@8)7'U%
)%W@%7)H'%#)%!N"B@%!)7'U%=>%6,)%G%%L'L ):D($%&'%B3
%!NB]BP'%U'6]B&'U%'%!8'@8RB7=H!%I!"#$%Z!%S$'Z'!:)&)@T"La23
4#5@T"L@!8'9)+,@T"L=!ND
 
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*-./0
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 !"#$%&'(
#)*+,-./012%34!5'1$
6+*7#81.%
9
:8;-
 

Chương 1 : GIỚI THIỆU CHUNG VỀ CHIẾU SÁNG.
I.1: .
6)BV)"Z)^%L'6"PaBQ')7%!N$5)%!8B"&=*-V'+!'H
'Q'38B+,Q']B'`%!N3Dg6%B)<B+,'J%;"h4XF@T'%BC')%!8B
"&,3),=LS))%9'`+,2)6D
$%2)%!8B"&R,-%!R6.!
Mục đích chiếu sáng:
 %!8B"&)%BR,)%!8B"&'.6F=V"&=f=MB'F'6,iV4!N'J)%)<
)%!8B"&j%,@%&)%5%V!'LY5kl
 %!8B"&)X)iVR,)%!8B"&'C$'B+,6-V'=!(-5-V'=!N'J)%%m$ji,
%`)5i,R,-+!N)5kl
 %!8B"&"#)ZR,%U%'%W))%!8B"&4#$%H@%!aP3-Q'=!NRL !%n--X)
=J)%'6,)%6LY!'6@%B+#)"PaBQ'%6o)p!'C$'B=7LY!D
Đối tượng chiếu sáng:

 %!8B"&424X<'6=>0 ?'02@-8-
AB%
 %!8B"&)7%!N$<'6*'86'(C*@
AB%
6,!5)H)%!)%!8B"&'6%,5)%!8B"&6,!'Y!5)%!8B"&''J5
)%!8B"&iP6+N5k
qrs;)W+,63FB)<B5@!(B5R6.!)%!8B"&'%U)*%:)&)%'J%'6&5iZ
'J=t5)%`=t@%&)%BD%Q'RLS)%!8B"&P%%Lu=8]B&'U%"!%%6.'
iU%'%LY)0)6LY!+,%%Lu=8$%&''!(@!%'8a>%V!D
I.2: !').
I.2.1: 5).
%"&-,-\'LY!)*'%()P-%C'#)'!8$=*R,&%"&%U'%Q3=LS)%3
)H`!R,&%"&)*iL )"*'vwxKx D
,B"\)\'LY!R,iV)P-i!8]B"!%%`)+7)y'!%+!+,R!%%6.'5
'64P!iL )"*'vwx=8x--\'LY!)P-%C'v-,B=I=8'J-D

 z

I.2.2: '6,*#765.
I.2.2.1: 8'9:;<=>$>;=.
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*)@%Z!
*)@%Z!=LS)=O%%TR,
=LS)!&'O)#)=.!)0@%!'v')%\)P@%7!5'W)R,'6,iV-o')<B
j"'b4!l
6=*"'b4!R,*)@%Z!D
I.2.2.2: ?>@1
dB'%746-V'Bf"&=!(-)*)LY=V
$%&''6-V'*)@%Z!R,D

p+O]B'%7R,RB-bD
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]B'%7R,
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I.2.2.3: #ABC)D'>$<>;'$.
r,RLS]B'%746-V'Bf"&$%&' '6
$% +!-V'=p+O*)@%Z!5'%b6-V'%L a&)=O%5 =p+O
4bRj)4lD
I.2.2.4: 6C=ED<; : .
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+O=V`!R,RBa
6o)
I.2.2.5: 6C'8D1
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
r,)LY=V"&$%&''viM-o'Bf"&%6o)iM-o'$%Pa.'%b6-V'
%L a&)=O%523F)P-!&)"&=Z!+ !-\'5!9$%Ci!8'+C'D
p+O
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$%X'%BV)+,6@%6P)&)%]B"&'%
I.2.2.6: F)9'88>G1
o)'L-W)=V23)P-!&)@%*)%OB@%!
)&)$%<)0'LY%U]B&)%*!"6+ !=V)%*!
aB]B%-,-\'=>'%J)%%!D%!N'=V,3
@%7R!F]BU=8%!N'=V'%#))0Bf
"&D
I.2.2.7: 6CBHB1
r,'e"Z!:!&'O'Z!'%!(B+,!&'O'BiU%

)0=V`!D
I.2.2.8: F)91
%6i!8'-W)=V$%P&%'B'%#)-,B"\))0)&)=Z!'LS=LS))%!8B"&D}
%!NB|D
 

I.2.2.9:I)J)1
r,%!NB]BP$%&'"&)0i*=t5in'e"Z!:]B'%7)0i*=t+,
)7"BQ''!FB'%XDt)*%!NB"BQ'$%&'"&)6R,=t)%6]B'%7R -,'!FB
'%X;RLS=!NJ'Dp+OR-•€D
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I.2.2.10: KL9'#ABC)1
r,'C$%S$)&)=LY)6)LY=V"&i!(B4!~-o'$%•'%b6)&))\'4`)'X)
]B)0=tD
 w

I.2.2.11: 0BC!@=#A)1
6'%!8'@8)%!8B"&'%U%!N'=V-,BR,'!FB)%B?=<B'!F=()%`Bf
"&D)*i!(B=fB!'%6‚
I.2.2.12: 'MN'')1
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
• &'6Dpƒ„&%"&=LS))%!8BaBZ4L !5+U'%8&%"&J'iO
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I.2.2.13: #ON'')1
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• &'6EFD"h4X@8'%S$$%Lp$%&$)%!8B"&)%B=MB+,)%!8B"&
)X)iV5=P-iP6)%!8B"&'6,4!N-V'=Z!'LSD%LY'%UiZ'J=t=('.6
@%6P„†„=V`!'%b6$%Lp$%&$)%!8B"&)%B=MB5$%<)HR.!46'%b6
$%Lp$%&$)%!8B"&)X)iV

 ƒ

I.2.2.14: 'PQ+KL9R>1
Chương 2: CÁC DỤNG CỤ CHIẾU SÁNG THÔNG
DỤNG
II.1 ',BS@$T
‡*=tB"&5@}%!NBR,=t
&)'%7"Z)%J%
%!N'=V-,BK
6

|
dB%!NBwKxR-•ˆ
B[!'%`%

Bóng đèn halogen với lớp phủ phản xạ
hồng ngoại
 

g23'*)B"&iZ'J)%J%!:n-'6+Ii`)'%.)%%)%W@%J%R6b+ !
R $$%0$%Pa.'!%f6.!$%0iF6,!D
 Bóng đèn huỳnh quang5@}%!NBR,=td
&)'%7"Z)piP)0i*=t%B‰%]B
%!N'=V-,BxK
6

dB%!NBzKR-•ˆ
B[!'%`wK%
|Kƒ
Bóng đèn compacte, ký hiệu là đèn CP, bóng đèn chữ U hoặc bóng đèn TKNL
 

tR,-+!N)%LB3FR})0=t%B‰%]B5%L+ ! )%@%u!=V=t
=!N'h=>'%B`@J)%'%L )=t%!MBR<5R,-`=m$54~R\$&$Dt"&3@%!
iC')7'\)5@%7)*%!N'LS%Q$%&35$%y%S$)%6+!N))%`=t=()%!8B"&
R,-+!N)5+,)%!8B"&''J)%6)7'U%D
 Bóng đèn cảm ứng điện từ
‡*=t)P-W=!N'vR,i*=tR,-+!N)'FB3FR})P-W=!N'v5
@%7)*=!N)#)5'B[!'%`)6D
o)'J%)0=t%L"B
%!N'=V-,B Kz


| Šx
!NB"BQ' KwR-•ˆ

B[!'%` %
 Bóng đèn cảm ứng điện từ
t,3=LS))%8'.6+ ! )%)P-WR,iV$%C@!-R6.!)0)%6=t5)H`!R,
=t‹6B)%Œ'%LY"h4X'6$%H0
 Đèn phóng điện
t$%*=!N%f]B
t%p!'!&$"BQ''%Q$
%!N'=V-,B 


B[!'%` x%
dB%!NB KR-•ˆ
| 5&%"&=p"\)+,5)-
 Đèn phóng điện
IJK06'(0
%!N'=V-,B K


| Kx
 

!NB"BQ'wKR-•ˆ
B[!'%`%
 Đèn halogen r6.!=t,3'%#))%Q'R,=t"S'=Z'%LR,-in'%03'!%)%OB
%!N'%3'%.)%%'6)*@%J'%BV)%`%R6bD
 V'i*=t%R6bˆ)*=V"&'Lp=Lp+ !i*=t"S!=Z''%LY
ˆD‡*'%LY=LS)4yu=t'L ))07'75=t)%!8B
Đèn Sodium cao áp
 •%!N'=V'F=V+,&$"BQ')6'!iW)a.)&)$%["&'\)*%!N'=V
-,B'vŽŠ=VD

 !NB"BQ'"&)*'%(=.'R-•ˆ%L)%G"Z'%(%!N-,B'Lp=Z!@c-5|Ž
DB[!'%`R}'%B38')*'%(RF' !D!Y
 

 6SUR>
 %LY`!R,=tZ+U)*)QB'.6R,-V'Z'%03'!%%,@J5%!=<B)*=!N)#)
+,'6Z)*@%J'pb6+,+,!!`''%032D
 t%B‰%]BQ'J''6P%!N'5@%6P'v†„;RLS=!N'!FB'%X=LS)
i!8'%,%&%"&5'B[!'%`)*'%(=8D!YD
II. 2.'H)1
tr•gjr!%'•-!'!g!64bl
 …%<)%038B)0-V'r•gR,'!%'%(i&4_'.6F)%B3('!8$…†D@%!=o'
=!N&$%IRF)%B3('!8$"/'.6F)&)=!N'J)%4!=V)%.3]B)%B3('!8$+,
i!8=[!;RLS=!]B'%,%&%"&
 z

II.3. T+BS.
 Phân loại chụp đèn theo khả năng thích ứng với môi trường
&'6'G'R,$%Lp'%W))%!8B"&=P-iP6=V`!=f=MB'F-o'
%C&%"&5-o'R,-+!N)Dh4X$%Lp'%W),3)%6%:p!)*)7+!N)
!Z%B)%6)y=Z!'LS"h4X%L%B
&'6EFR,$%Lp'%W))%!8B"&@8'%S$+!N)=P-iP6=V`!=f
=MB'F'6,@%B+#)R,-+!N)+,)*';)LY=V`!=Z!+ !%:p!)*%B)<B
)6%pD%!=*6,!)&)=t)%!8B"&)%B)<iZ'J'%F-=t)X)iV=(';
)LY=V`!)%6%:p!)*%B)<B)6
II.4 '9')LBD
I9')LB!'
N'%Z)%!8B"&=!NR,-+!N)f-)&)=t=!N=LS))Q$=!N'vBf)Q$
=!N)%J%)%6)7'U%RL !=!N)0@%B+#)
I9')B)&'9

N'%Z=!N)%!8B"&"#)ZR,%N'%Z)%!8B"&=!N=LS)"h4X@%!aP3
)&)"#)Z%L=!N5)%&3[+D+ki6f-R6.!
CHƯƠNG 3: TÍNH TOÁN CHIẾU SÁNG NỘI THẤT
III.1: '1
Mục đích chiếu sáng:
B)Q$=<3=0'!N%!)%6-7!'LY=LS))%!8B"&
 

&)'!N%!
†%7!R,-+!N)=.'=LS)=V`!3FB)<B
†&)=t)*%!N'=V-,B5)%G"Z%6,-,B$%y%S$'.6)P-!&)%U'#%!F5'%6P!
-&!D
†‡Z'J5R\$=o'=t%,!%H+ !@!8'9)@%7!5$%2iZ&%"&%S$R}D
†%7';%!N'=V5'!8'@!N-=!N+D+k
III.2:'+#O++')
 Thường dùng 3 phương pháp sau:
o …%Lp$%&$%N"Z"h4X
o …%Lp$%&$'%b6=p+O)7"BQ'
o …%Lp$%&$=!(-
III.2.1:#O++)9)V$T1
o gy=(a&)=O%]B'%7)0)&)=t'6)%!8B"&)%B5=f=MB'%b63FB
)<B=V`!)%6'L )'F-o'$%•n-
o …%Lp$%&$%N"Z"h4X)*'J%=8)&)38B'Z$%Pa.&%"&)0'<5'LY+,
iM-o'=LS))%!8B"&
o 23R,$%Lp$%&$=LS)"h4X$%[i!8%Q'D
III.2.2: #O++<BO!W'@)J1
 %LY4y=('J%'6&"piV-V')7'U%)%L)*'%7'!)%!'!8'
 rC$4#'6&5@%P6"&''J%@!%'8+,4#@!8$%X'P!)%!8B"&'L )@%!'%!8'@8
 o)=!(-%G4y)&)iP'"•+M'O"Z=p+O)7"BQ''%b6R6.!i*=t5@!(B
=t5=V`!3FB)<B+,)&)'%7"Z%U%%`))0@%7!=LS))%!8B"&D

III.2.3: #O++BQ1
 gy=(a&)=O%RLS]B'%7)<'%!8')0)&)=t%n-'.6-V'=V`!]B!
=O%'F-o'$%•R,-+!N)+ !)&)%iZ'J=t'y3}
 …%Lp$%&$,34y'J%'6&)%6'Q')P)&)4.)%!8B"&)%B5)X)iV+,%{
%S$
 8']BP'J%'6&R,)%J%a&)+ !'LY%S$)%!8B"&'#)'!8$)H)&)4.)%!8B
"&)%038B'F=!MB@!N$%Pa.'%U=V)%J%a&)@%7)6
 23R,$%Lp$%&$'J%'6&$%W)'.$5)*=V)%J%a&))65'%LY=LS)4y=(a23
4#)&))%Lp'U%$%<-M-'J%'6&)%!8B"&D
III.3: ')CJ1
 %!8'@8)%!8B"&V!'%Q''%LYf-%!iL )
Bước 1DL*6@>MN 28*O'@/0
BH án, như kiểu chiếu sáng, loại đèn, độ cao treo đèn, số lượng đèn cần thiết để
đảm bảo sự phân bố đồng đều ánh sáng cũng như độ rọi yêu cầu trên mặt phẳng
làm việc.
Bước 2DL4*P08G+>'6#;''Q?'.0*P0
+>tiện nghi môi trường sáng của giải pháp.
 Trình tự tính toán thiết kế chiếu sáng
‡L )%`-W)=V)%!8B"&3FB)<Bj=V`!3FB)<Bl)%6V!'%Q'D
‡L )%`@!(Bi*=tD
 

‡L )%`@!(B)%!8B"&+,@!(B=tD
‡L )z%`=V)6'b6=tD
‡L )‡Z'J=t+,a&)=O%"ZRLS=t'Z!'%!(B=P-iP6=V=f=MB&%"&
'F-o'$%•R,-+!N)D
‡L )1&)=O%'[]B'%7)0)&)=t'6$%HD
‡L )w1&)=O%"ZRLS=tD
III.3.1: EN'BC')2"'XBC=E2"'Y'CJ1
 <)%9}-V'"Z+Q=M

†o)=!(-"h4X+,@%7!)0V!'%Q'D
†7+!N))%J%'6%6.'=V)0V!'%Q'D
†V'Lp$%P!:+C'+,MD
†#-N'-I!)0-\'LY!R,-+!N)D
†7!'LY"&)%B)0V!'%Q'D
†O"Z=V`!3FB)<Bj•
3)
l''6'!FB)%B?)%!8B"&D
III.3.2: EPQL8BS
 ()%`R6.!=t'6@%7!V!'%Q'=.'=LS)-7!'LY"&'%J)%%S$%Q'
$%P!ab-ac')&))%G'!FB"B
† %!N'=V-,B
-
)0Bf"&'.6=LS)-7!'LY"&'!N%!
† %G"Z%6,-,B|R!F]B=8)%Q'RLS&%"&)0Bf
† %Y!!"h4X&%"&R!F'X)%3!&=6.
† ,B"\))0'LY5'<5M
† &)'%7"Z%U%%`))0@%7!)<=LS))%!8B"&
† !NB"BQ'"&)0=t
† B[!'%`)0i*=t
III.3.3: EPQ')!PQBS1
‘ Kiểu chiếu sáng trực tiếp hẹp'%LY4y)%6%,)*=V)6R 5%L@%6P
@%7!'LYiF+,'<iO'Z!
‘ Kiểu trực tiếp rộng và nửa trực tiếp)%6$%c$'.6-7!'LY"&'!N%!%pD
LY%S$,3'<+,)&)'LYiF=MB=LS))%!8B"&
‘ Kiểu nửa gián tiếp và gián tiếp'%LY4y'6)&))7'U%%L$%H@%&)%5
)&)=.!"P%5@%&$%H+D+k!(B)%!8B"&,3)%6=V`!3FB)<B@%7)6
‘ Cách phân loại đèn của IEC theo kiểu chiếu sáng
†v=8•jR6.!l'%BV)@!(B'#)'!8$%m$
†v’=8“jR6.!l'%BV)@!(B'#)'!8$V

†v=8jzR6.!l'%BV)@!(Bh'#)'!8$
†v=8jR6.!l'%BV)@!(B%{%S$
†r6.!'%BV)@!(B!&'!8$
III.3.4: EBC'>=<BS1
 V)6'b6=tR!F]B=8"#'!N%!)0-7!'LY&%"&
 e"Z'b6=t“
%”R,@%6P)&)%'v=t=8'<
 w

%R,=V)6)0=t"6+ !-o'$%•R,-+!N)j%Ž=V)6'<K5xl
%LY%≥%”546=*≤“≤•
III.3.5: 9=BS! 'BW)9#7BS9QBZLZBCBHB
)="[+\!'1
 V=f=MB&%"&'F-o'$%•R,-+!N)$%X'%BV)+,6
†r6.!=t
†V)6'b6=t
†%6P)&)%!:)&)=t
†N"Z$%Pa.)0)&)'LYiF+,'<
 8B'%3=[!)&)'%7"ZiZ'J=t"6)%6'e"Z•%!:)Z=O%'%U=V=f=MB
&%"&'F-o'$%•R,-+!N)=LS)!:B3FDe"Z•%$%X'%BV)R6.!=tD
 (=P-iP6=V=f=MB&%"&'F-o'$%•R,-+!N)5@%!iZ'J=t$%P!!:'e
"Z•%@%7+LS']B&)&)'O"Zj•%l
-a

 e"Zj•%l
-a
'LpW+ !)&)R6.!=t46%,"PaBQ')B)Q$
Q$  ‡  g •’ “ k“• 
5 5x  5 5 5w 5
 6,!5@%6P)&)%'v)&)=ti!F' !'LYiF)^$%P!'B2'%b6=!MB@!N"B

 x

III.3.6: ]'BW^R>@'_>''BS=+`1
 dB'%7'[)V)0)&)=t'6$%H$%P!=P-iP6=V`!3FB)<B'F-o'
$%•R,-+!N)5=LS)a&)=O%'%b6)7'%W)
†g!N'J)%-o'$%•R,-+!N)5-

D
•
3)
†V`!3FB)<B'F-o'$%•R,-+!N)5rBaD
η†!NB"BQ')0=tD
†N"ZRS!4X]B'%751&)=O%'%b6iPRC$"•)0%,"PaBQ'D
δ†N"Z4#':)0=tD
 N"ZRS!4X]B'%7$%X'%BV)+,6
†r6.!=tjv=8l
†&)%N"Z$%Pa.'<ρ
'
5'LYρ
'
+,Mρ

†e"Z'b6=t“
†J)%'%L )%U%%`))0$%H=LS)=o)'Lin‹%N"Z@%7!@Œa&)=O%
'%b6)7'%W)
%LY'%3=[!'6$% +!'v5=8
 &)%N"Z$%Pa.)0'LY+,'<$%X'%BV)-,B"\))0)%95)*'%(RQ3<=9
%L"B
† \"&5'%.)%)6'\5x
† ,B"&5-,B%.'5w

† ,5RX)"&5a!-;5
† ,B#)–5.)%=I5
† ,B'Z!5@J%'65
† N"Z$%Pa.)0",RQ3<=9in5%6o)5
† ,-,B'Z!5iF'7aG5
† ,'P!$R"'!)5.)%i75
 N"Z4#':δ
B-V''%Y!!R,-+!N)5]B'%7)0=t!P-4<46)&)B3F%2"B
†#"B3!P-4<)%Q'RLS)0)&)iV$%C)0=tD
†#i&-iX!)0=t+,)&))%!'!8')0=tD
%N"Z4#':δ'6)&)iP)0%,"PaBQ'
!NB"BQ')%!8B"&)0iV=t
6=*Φ
i
r,]B'%7iW)a.)0i*=tD
Φ
4
r,]B'%7'%6&'@%I!=tD
η'%3=[!'vz÷x„'y3'%b6)QB'.65+C'R!NB)0)%*=t+,=LS))%6
'6iP')0%,"PaBQ'D
III.3.7: ]'BW)9#7BS1
 ƒ

ZRLS=t)<'%!8'=(=P-iP6=V`!3FB)<B'F-o'$%R,-+!N)=LS)a&)
=O%'%b6)7'%W)

'
K[]B'%7)<'%!8'D

=

KdB'%746iV=t"!%D
6"&%+ !
-!
=(a&)=O%"ZRLS=t)<R\$=o'D
III.4: )CJ1
%!'%!8'@8)%!8B"&V!'%Q'$%P!!P!]B38'-V'"Z+Q=M"B
P-iP6=0=V"&)%6)7+!N))X'%(5$%y%S$+ !3FB)<B)0V!'%Q'5=.'=V`!
3FB)<B'F-o'$%R,-+!N)D
P-iP6'%?--A)0)7'U%a234#5@8'%S$+!N))%!8B"&+ !@%7!V!
'%Q'=(%6,)%G%-A'%BC'@!8'9)D
CHNG 4 . 5ab/.0Icc/d6a-0
eIf0

Quang thoõng
(Flux)
ẹoọ roùi (E)ẹoọ choựi (L)

IV.1gB1
%!8B"&)7)Vi6f-%!8B"&=LY$%Z'6=7'%O5=LY=!'6
@%B42)L5'6)&)aJ%!N$)7%!N$5=LY)6'Z)5]B>'LYk%!8B
"&=LY=!%n-"6!—RH=LY5RM=LY5=()%6%:LY!'%-!!6
'%7)*=0&%"&'%b63FB)<B5%U—54~4,$%2=6&5=(@O$'%Y!ahR})&)
'U%%BZaP3'F=LY=!5=P-iP6'6,D
IV.1 '2"''1
† %Q'RLS)%!8B"&$%P!=&$W3FB)<B'%b6)&)'!FB)%B?]B3=O%D
† P-iP6)%W);=O%+O4_%L )%6)&)$%Lp'!N+,LY!'%-!!6
'%7D
† *'J%'%_--A%,!%H+ !-7!'LYaB]B%D
† *%!NB]BP@!%'8+,=V'!)C3)6D
† 6.'=V=p!P+4~4,iP64L–D

† P-iP6-A]B=7'%OD
IV.2 ''F"')B#AB1
 
a
s
h

%%!MB)6'b6=t
‡%!MBVRH=LY
b%6P)&)%!:)V'=tR!F'!8$
"V+Lp)<=tj@%6P)&)%%U%)%!8B=t=8)%2)V'l
'%#)'8'%LY4y"Ž5˜5˜5z˜-
%6P)&)%%U%)%!8B)0=t=8-c$=LY
™*)%!F)0)<=t
IV.2.1 6C=E=LM1
V`!'BiU%R,'O"Z'BiU%)0=V`!'.!%!MB=!(-'6@%6P!:%!
'X=tR!F'!8$'F-o'=LY'%b6)%!MB4,!+,iMV-o'=LYD@}%!NB•
'i
5=p
+ORBa
IV.2.2 6C'8=LM1
V)%*!'BiU%R,!&'Oa&)=O%$%<&%"&$%Pa.-\'LY!'%-!!6
'%7'FiM-o'-V'=6.=LY@%!=LS))%!8B"&DV)%*!'BiU%$%X'%BV)D
D%Q'R!NB-o'=LY
DC'Z)+,)%{f!)0LY!R&!abD
DV)6)0'X=t5@%6P)&)%)&)'X=t5R6.!=t5R6.!)%X$=t5)&)%iZ'J=t
IV.2.3 I)97$TR>@h1
r,'G"Z$%<';-)0]B'%7p!aBZ-o'=LY"6+ !]B'%7iW)a.
)0=t
• Φ

jbaRl
†]B'%7p!
aBZ+y)*4!N'J)%=LS))%!8B"&D
• Φ
4
†]B'%746=tiW)a.D
 
0 1
2
3
4
L/B
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
U
Ut
Us

 ‡!(B=fa&)=O%%N"ZRS!4X]B'%7
IV.2.4 I)9)2ZR>@1
• r,%N"Z'J%=8@%P;"B3!P-]B'%746"#!,%*)0i*=tj+

l+,"#
i&-iX!iF6,!i*=tj+

lD7'%W)'J%V = v

1
x v
2



†%N"Z"B3!P-]B'%746i*=t!,=!
%Y!!"h
4X
‡*'!
)6&$
B}$%B‰%
]B
‡*%B‰%
]B
‡*'!%.
&$
%
%
ƒ%
5ƒ
5ƒ
5x
5ƒ
5x
5x
5x
5x
5w
5x

5x
†



†%N"Z"B3!P-]B'%746=tiOi&-iX!
7!'LY@%7@%J t@%7)*)%X$ t)*)%X$
.)%
‡?
5
5ƒ
5w
5ƒ
IV.2.5 ]'BWPZ'''&'B,i>''BS1
%6P)&)%!:)&)=t)*P%%Lu=8"#=f=MB=V)%*!'%b6$%Lp4`))0
=LY!6'%7+,$%X'%BV)+,6
• !(B=t@!(B)%b%6,'6,5@!(Bh)%b5@!(B@%7)%bD
• !(BiZ'J=tD
• V)6=o'=tD
• %6P)&)%R %Q')0)&)=t)*'%(a&)=O%'%b6'e"Zjb•%l
-a

!(BiZ'J=t '%b6@!(B=t
%b%6,'6, h)%b
p$%Lp5=Z!-o'  5
"6Rb 5w 5
viP'F58Bi!8'=V)6'b6=t'a&)=O%=LS)@%6P)&)%)#)=.!!:)&)
=t
• %6P)&)%!:)&)=tb=LS)a&)=O%'%b6)7'%W)
 


|R,'G"Z!:=V`!'BiU%j•
'i
5RBal+,=V)%*!'BiU%jr
'i
5)4•-

l)0-o'
=LY
|$%X'%BV)+,6R6.!-o'=LY+,@!(B=t
|=LS)a&)=O%in'%#)%!N-'%b6iP"B
!(B=t
o'=LYiF'7 o'=LY$%0j&6%#l o'
=LYR&'
.)% ‡? "& BiU% Z!
%b%6,
'6,
 z z   x
h)%b x   z x 
IV.2.6 '>=TBSj''PQL9=BS1
&)@!(BiZ'J=t)*P%%Lu=8-W)=V=f=MB)0=V)%*!'F-o'=LY5
)*z@!(BiZ'J)%J%D
 D‡Z'J'X=t-V'iF=LYh4X@%!)*‡š%5'f)23'FRM=LY+ !‡
R,iMV-o'=LY5%R,)%!MB)6'X=t
23R,)&)%iZ'J=t)%6%:)6=LY
%m$5=LY-V')%!MB5@%!=LY]B%)6=t
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