Cẩm nang tự ôn và luyện thi sinh học

Ldl NOI DAU
DC-
CO
tlic
dal kcl qua tot
trong
cac ki
tlii
Tot
nghicp
THPT,
tuyen sinli
vao cac
trUflng
Cao
dang.
Dai
iioc.
hoc
sinh
can nam dUOc
chuan kicn ihiYc,
kl
nang ci'ia
chUOng
trinh
THPT.
Cuthela:
1
-
Fhai nh('(,

nam
vilng, hicu
ro cac
kicn thtfc
c(J ban
trong chirring
trinh,
sacii
giao
khoa
mon
Sinh
hoc cap THPT, chu yeu la Idp 12.
2
-
Phai bie't
\&n
dung
cac
kicn thifc
da hoc de tra cac cau hoi,
gitii
bai lap,
liim
thiTc hanh
va
iJng dung
vao
thifc tien,
dtli

song.
3
-
Phai
ren
luyC-n
cac
lhao
tac,
tu'
duy:
Plian tich diftfc
cac sU
kien,
dff
kien thCfa,
thie'u
hoac dii de
giai quyet diMc
cac van dc cii the. Xac
dinh
diWc
moi
quan
he
giiTa
cac
bo phan trong toan
the; cu the hoa
dmic nhiTng

van de
trifu
tifdng; nhan biet
vii
hicu difrtc
cac
bo
phan
cau
thanh;
ket hOp
du'dc nhicu
ycu to
thanh
mot
tdng
the
hoan chi'nh; khai
quat
hoa dUOc
nhiTng
van dc
rieng
Ic, cu the. Suy
luan
tiT
nhCtng kie'n thiVc
da c6 de md
rong kicn thiJc, phat trien nang liTc nhan thiJc.
Hicn

nay, de thi tot
nghiep
THPT,
tuyen sinh
vao cac
trufcing
Cao
dang,
Dai hoc
mon Sinh
hoc la
hinh thifc
thi
trac nghicm.
Do la
hinh thiJc kiem
tra, ma
trong
do dc
kiem
Ira
thirClng
gom
nhicu
cau hoi. Moi cau ncu ra mot van de
ciing
vdi
nhifng thong
tin
can thic't,

sao cho thi
sinh
chi
phai
tra Idi van tat doi vdi
iCmg
cau hoi.
De
lam to't
hinh thiVc
thi
trac nghiem, ngoai
vice on tap c6 ke'
hoach, chuan
hi noi
dung
kl thi hoc
sinh
can
phai
lam
qucn
vdi
hinh thiJc
thi nay. Tuy
nhicn, khong
can
phai
lam that nhicu,
chi can

liim
quen
vdi mot so cau hoi
theo
tifng
npi
dung, ti^ng phan
hoc
nhif:
Cd
chc'di truyen
vii
bic'n
di, Di
truyen
hoc
qudn
the, Di
Iruyen
hoc
ngifdi,
dc nam
du'dc
each
ra de thi, kT
thuat
liim
biii
thi
trii'c nghicm. Quan trong nhii't

lit
phai trang
bi
kien thifc diiy
du, he
thong, phai
ren
luyen
tot
ctic thao
tac
tu"
duy ihi
nidi
cd the dat kc't
qua
tol
trong
cac ki
thi.
Vc ciiu
hoi cd the
chia thanh
2
loai; Ciiu
hoi
"thuoc
bai" vii
ciiu
hoi

"hieu
bai".
Trong cuon sach
nay
chiing
toi
khong
de cap den cac cau hoi
"thupc
bai",
khong phai
vi
chiing khong quan trong,
ma vi
chiing
dii
difdc
trinh
bay day du, ro
riing
d SGK.
Chiing
toi
chi de cap cau hoi
"hieu
biii"
tiJc
lii
nhiTng
cau hoi

gitip
hoc
phan tich,
so
sanh, tdng
hdp,
suy
luan
dc cd the
hicu
bai mot
each
sau sac. TCf do mdi dc
thupc
bai mdi vii van
dung diidc
bai hpc. VI du:
Chiing
toi
khong
hoi:
Phien
ma la gi?
Trinh
bay
dien bien
va
kc't
qua
ciia

qua
trinh
phien
mil
nhu'd
SGK ma
chiing
chi dc ra cac
ciiu
hoi
biipc
hpc
sinh
phai
siV
dung
cac
thao
tac
tu"
duy dc tim
hieu
cac
kicn thuTc
cua
biii
phien
mil
nhu": Trong
qua

trinh
phien
nm cd
su" tham
gia cua cac yeu to
nilo?
Vai tro
ciia
moi ycu to do
(khuon,
nguycn lieu, enzim xiic tiic) phien
mil bat dau va
chii'm diJt
d vi tri
niio tren khuon, chicu
cua mach khuon, chieu tdng
hdp va
nguycn
tac
tdng
hdp.
Hicn tifdng
xay ra khi kc't
thiic
phien
ma? Qua dd cho
bic'l
cd
che'phien
ma lii gi? mARN

difdc
tao
thiinh
sau
phien
ma d
te
bao
nhiin
sd va te bao
nhan thiTc khac nhau
d
diem
nao?
Ve bai
tiip
cung
cd the
chia thanh
2
loai:
Biii
tap tif
luan
vii bai tap
trac nghicm. Chiing
toi
chu y
nhicu
hdn ddi vdi

biii
tap tif
luan.
Vi tif
luan
toi se
trac nghicm
tot va qua tif
luan
cd
the ren
luyen tif
duy tot
hdn, danh
gia
du'dc diiy
du hdn ve ket
quii
hpc tap cua hpc
sinh.
Kinh
mong
cac
thay
giao,
cac bac phu
huynh
vii cac em hpc
sinh ddng
gdp

them
y
kien
dc cd the bd
sung, hoiin thien diin cudn sach niiy.
Tac gid
Cty
TNHH MTV DVVH
Khang
Vigt
Chu-orng
1.
CO
cut DI
TRUYjfeN
A.
Cd CHE DI
TRUYEN
6 CAP DO
PHAN
TLf
I.
TOM TAT NOI
DUNG
Trifdc
ticn,
hpc sinh can nhd rdi he tho'ng lai toan bo cac kie'n ihtJc da du'dc
hpc trong chiTimg
trinh
THPT

vc CO sd VAT
CHAT
va Cd CHE DI
TRUYEN
d
CAP DO PHAN TO. Cti the nhu' sau:
1. Gen la cd sd vat chat di truyen (If cap do phan tijT
Dt) la mot doan axil nucleic (ADN hotic ARN) difdc can tao lii4 loai nucleotit
A, T, G, X. Co mpl cht'fc nang di truyen
nhii't
dinh
nhif
ma hoa chuoi polipeptit,
hoac
phiin
tif ARN, dieu hoa hoal dpng cua
gen,
; ,,
2.
Gen cau true c6 3
vunj»
trinh t\i nucleotit
Viing
dieu hoa nam d
diiu
3' ciia mach mii go'c mang tin hieu
khdi
dpng vii
kiem
soat

phien ma. vung mii hoa mang thong tin mix hoa cac axil amin, c6 the
lien
liic (d te bao nhan .sd)
hoac
khong hen
liic,
tti'c
lii xen ke cac doan ma hoa
axil
amin
(cxt)n)
lit ciic doan khong mii hoa axil amin (intron) (d te' bilo nhan
ihifc);
viing ket ihuc nam d dau 5' ciia mach goc mang tin hieu ke'l thiic phien ma.
3.
Gen chifa thon^ tin di truyen diftJi hinh thufc ma hoa
Ma di truyen lii ma bp ba, life la 3 nucleotit dtJng hen nhau ma hoa mpl axil
amin.
Vi c6 4 nucleotit nen c6 4^ =64 bp ba ma hoa (Triplet) tifdng
I'fng
vdi
64 codon tren
mARN.
Trong do co 1 bp md dau lii AUG ma hoa axil amin md
dau
(Melionin hay foocmin Metionin) 60 bp ba ma hoa cac axit amin khac, va
ba bp ba ket thiic lii UAA, UAG, UGA khong ma hoa axil amin nao.
Mil
di truyen c6 dac diem: Khong go'i len nhau, c6
linh

phd bic'n (chung cho
mpi
loai)
linh
dac hieu (mot bp ba chi ma hoa 1 axit amin) va
linh
Ihoai hoa (c6
the nhicu bp ba ciing mii hoa mpl axil amin).
Mai di Iruyen trong ADN du'dc phien ma sang ARN. ' ' ^
4. Phien ma
Sif Iruyen thong tin di Iruyen phan Ivi ADN mach kep .sang phan
tijf
ARN
mach ddn
(mARN,
lARN,
rARN)
la qua
trinh
phien ma (hay lii qua
trinh
long
hdp ARN).
O te bao nhan ihifc, phien ma dien ra trong
nhiin
te biio, 0 ki Irung gian giifa
2 Ian phan biio, liic NST d dang sdi manh.
Qua
trinh
phien ma

hinh
thiinh
mARN
dien bien nhU sau: Tru'dc lien, ARN
polimeraza nhan biet
trinh
lif cac nucleotit dac biet tren ADN (lai viing dieu
hoa) de bam vao vung dieu hoa, lam gen thao xoSn dc Ip ra mach ma gdc cd
chicu
3' -> 5'. ARN polimeraza
trifdl
tren mach goc, xuc lac long hdp
mARN
Ca'm
nang
\\J
6n va
luygn
thi
Sinh
hgc
-
Phung
Duy
D6ng
Iheo nguycn
lac bo
sung
(A
-

U,
G -
X). Khi
gap
tin hieu ke'l
Ihi'ic
(d
vung kc't
thuc)
till
dtrng phicn ma, ARN
du'Oc
giai phong.
Viing
nao phien
ma
xong thi hai
mach ddn cua gen dong xoan ngay.
O
te
bao nhan scf
mARN
dtfrtc
diing
de
dich
ma
ngay con
d
te' bao

nhiin
Ihifc
thi
dirdc
cat bo
intron noi
cac
cxon lai thanh
mARN
iriidng
lhanh, m(1i
diing
de
djch
ma.
5. Djch ma
La
giai doan
ke
tiep sau phien ma, truyen thong tin di truyen ttf
m
ARN (Ban
ma sao)
sang
chuoi polipeptit.
Tij"
do quy dinh cac
tinh
Irang.
Qua

tnnh
dich
md
fidin
2
iiiai
doan:
a)
Hoat
hoa
axit
amin
Trong
to bao
chat,
nhd
cac
enzim
dac
tru'ng
va
nang
lu'dng ATP, mdi axit
amin
du'dc
hoat
hoa
va
gan vdi
lARN

lu'dng iJug lao nen phi'fc
he aa -
lARN.
b) Toiig
lufp
chuoi
polipeptit
Moi
riboxom gdm
2
lieu
phan, binh Ihu'dng nam
Uich
nhau, khi
c6
mat
mARN
chung
lien
ke'l v('Ji
mARN
lai
codon
m 5
dau. Tren riboxom
c6 2 vi
Iri
la P
(peplil)
va A

(amin). Moi vi Iri tiTdng tfng
vdti
mot bo ba. Nhd do riboxom
giiJ
vai
tro
nhu" mot khung del giiJa
mARN
vdi aa.lARN va
giffa
codon
-
anticodon.
Nhd
CO
bo ba
doi
ma
(anticodon) ma
aa -
lARN
c6 the nhan bie't codon lu'dng
iJng do mang axit amin den
diing
vi tri
va
khdp bd
sung
vdi codon lu'dng iJng tren
mARN.

Dau tien
lARN
mang axit amin met
dau la
Metionin
(d te' bao
nhan
sd la
foocmin
Metionin) den dung vi tri cua codon md dau. Tiep
theo
lARN
mang
axil
amin
thu'
nhat
(aai -
tARN)
den vi
iri codon thiJ
nhat.
Lien
ke'l
peplil
giffa
Metionin
va
axil
ihii'

nhat
du'dc
lao lhanh (nhd
xiic
lac ciia enzim),
lARN
rdi khoi
ribdxdm.
Sau do
riboxom
bat dau
chuyen dich
tijfng
na'c, mdi
nac
u'ng vdi mot
codon
va qua
trinh
dich
ma
lai xay
ra
lu'dng liT. Khi gap codon ke'l thuc thi
diifng
phien
ma.
Riboxom tach khdi
mARN,
chudi polipeptit

du'dc
giai phong, axit
amin
md dau
du'dc
cat
bd, chudi polipeptit tiep
tuc
hinh lhanh
cac
cii'u
true
bac
cao hdn, Ird lhanh protein hoan chinh.
Tren mdi phan
tu"
mARN
thu'dng
c6
mot so'ribdxdm
hoiit
ddng (poHribdxdm).
Nhtf
vay, mdi phan
tii'
mARN
cd the
long hdp
liT
mdt de'n nhieu chudi polipeptit

cung
loai.
Sau khi tdng hdp,
mARN
du'dc
enzim phan
giai,
con ribdxdm
du'dc
sij"
dung qua vai
the'he
te'bao.
6. Dieu hoa
boat
dong
cua gen
La
dieu
hoa
lu'dng
san
pham
cua gen
du'dc
lao ra.
6
sinh
vat
phan

sd,
dieu
hoa
hoat
dong cua gen chu ye'u dien
ra d
giai doan phien ma trong cac opcron.
6
sinh vat nhan
thifc,
dieu hoa
hoat
dong cua gen dien
ra
qua nhieu giai doan nhU:
NST
thao
xoan, dieu
hoa
phien
ma va sau
phien ma, dieu
hoa
dich
ma va sau
dich
ma.
Cty
TNHH MTV DVVH
Khang

Vigt
Dieu
hoa
boat
dong ciia
gen
lai
cac
operon dien
ra
nhu' sau: Khi moi tru'dng
noi
bao
khong
c6
chat
cam u'ng,
gen
dieu
hoa
tdng
hdp
chat
ifc
che',
gan vao
viing
van hanh (O)
ngiin
can

phien
ma cua
nhom
gen
ca'u true (operon
d
trang
thai
vie che). Khi moi tru'dng ndi bao
c6
chat
cam u'ng thi
chat
cam u'ng
lien
ke'l
vdi
chat
(ic
che' lam
cho no
khdng
the
lien
ke'l difdc vdi
viing
van
hiinh,
nhom
gen ca'u true chuyen

sang
Irang thai
hoat
ddng, qua
trinh
phien ma, dich ma xay ra.
7.
Sil"
bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen
Thdng tin di truyen chi'fa trong gen
du'dc
bic'u hien lhanh
tinh
trang cua cd the
thong
qua
c(<
che
phien
ma
tif
gen
sang
mARN
rdi
dich
ma
tCr
mARN
sang

protein
va
lif
protein bieu hien lhanh
tinh
trang.
Mdi
te
bao deu chii'a day dii loan bd
cac
gen quy dinh ca'u
triic
tat ca cac
loai
protein cua cd the.
Nhifng
trong qua
trinh
phat
trien
ca
the, tuy
tifng
te'bao
trong
liYng
loai
mo,
tijy
lifng

giai doan
phat
trien
ma chi mdt so'
gen trong
do
boat
ddng,
life
la
te'bao
chi long hdp loai prdtcin can
ihic't
vao
liic
can thiet thdng qua
cd
che dieu hoa
hoat
ddng gen.
Sif
bieu hien kieu hinh ciia gen con chiu sir
tifdng
lac giiTa
cac
gen, lu'dng
tac
giu'a kieu gen vdi mdi tru'dng
va
con phu thudc vao vi tri ciia gen nam tren NST

thu'dng
hay
NST
gidi
tinh,
nam trong nhan
hay
ngoiii
nhan.
vao
sir phan li ciia
gen (phan
li ddc
lap, phan li cung nhau). vao
sir
lien
ke'l
cua cac gen
(lien
ke'l
hoan loan,
lien
ket khdng hoan loan).
, ,.
'.
Tinh
cha't ciia gen
^
V)
CO

can tao da phan nen:
-
Gen
cd
tinh
da
dang
va
tinh
dac
thii,
do
lhanh phan, so' lu'dng, trat lir xap
xe'p ciic
bo ba
trong gen quy dinh.
-
Gen
cd
kha
nang
dot bien
va
di truyen cac ddl bie'n cho the' he sau.
-
Gen
cd
khii
nang
tai

ban
(qua sir nhan ddi ciia ADN)
cd
kha
nang
phan
li
va id hdp (qua sir phan
li va id
hdp ciia NST)
qua do
truyen thdng tin
di
truyen
cho cac the
he
sau.
9. Qua trinh nhan ddi ciia ADN
Dien
ra
ngay tru'dc khi
te'bao
bu'dc
vao giai doan phan chia
+
O
sinh vat nhan
sd:
Nhd
enzim

thao
xoan (Helicaza), hai mach dcfn ciia phan li? ADN dirdc tach
ra
tao
lhanh
chac
chCr
Y
(ddn
vi lai
biin).
Mdi mach ciia ADN
deu
dirdc
lam
khudn
de
long hdp mach ADN mdi. Vi mach
3' 5'
phat
trien ihuan vdi chieu
thao
xoan
(T 5')
nen mach mdi tdng hdp tren mach khudn
3' 5'
du'dc
tdng
hdp
lien

tuc
theo
chieu
5' 3' tao
lhanh phan luT ADN
con cd 2
mach chieu
ngirdc nhau. Con mach mdi long
hdp
tren mach khudn
5'
—)•
3'
phai tdng
hdp
tirng
doan ngan (doan Okazaki) (vi
ngu'dc
vdi chieu
phat
trien ciia
chac
Y).
Sau
dm nang
tij fin va
luyjn
thi
Sinh
hpc -

Phung
Duy
Odng
do
ciic
doan nay diroc no'i lai
vcfi
nhau (nhcJ ezim no'i ligaza) mdi tao thanh phan
tu'
ADN
con hoan chinh. Trong qua
trinh
nhan doi ADN c6 nhieu cnzim lham
gia,
trong do enzim chinh la
ADN
polimeraza, lam nhicm vu
xiic
tac
siTkien
ket
gii?a
cac nucleotit
tiT
do vdi cac nucleotit
ciia
mach
khuoii
iheo nguyen
tiic

bd
sung (A - T, G -
X).
Cudi
ciing
tuf
1
phan
lif
ADN
sau nhan doi tao thanh 2 phan
tur
ADN
gio'ng het
ADN
ban dau. Trong moi phan
tuf
ADN
du^dc tao thanh thi mot
mach la mdi dm^c
long
help
con mach kia la cua
ADN
ban dau (nguycn tac ban
bao ton). Nhu'vay, qua
trinh
nhan doi
ADN
da dien ra Ihco nguyen tac bd sung va

ban bao ton vdi sir
xiic
lac cua cac enzim dac tru'ng, nhd do da tao ra 2
ADN
con
gidng
het
ADN
me, bao dam cho
siTdi
truyen cac gen qua cac he Ic bao mot
each
chinh
xac.
+
O sinh vat nhan
thi/c:
'
Vi CO nhieu nhan
lu"
ADN
kich
thu'dc Idn nen su" nhan doi ADN x;iy ra lai
nhieu
diem trong mdi phan lit
ADN
tao ra nhieu ddn vj lai ban (nhan doi) va
du'dc nhan doi ddng
thdi.
II.

CAU HOI TU
LUAN
Ve
cdu hoi tu luan
chuiii^
toi
chia
thanh 2 lout:
1.
Cau hoi phan
tich
bai hpc thanh
tiTng
phan,
tiTng
y mot
each
he thong dc
hoc, de hieu va de nhd (cau 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15,16).
2.
Cau hoi ren luyen cac thao tac tu'duy de
giiip
cac em biet phat
trien
va van
dung
kien
thitc (cac cau con lai 1, 2, 3, 17 ^ 38).
Cau
1: Gen la gi? Co cac

each
trii
Idi sau:
A.
Gen la mot doan
ciia
phan
tii'
ADN,
mang thong tin ma hda mot chuoi
polipeptit
hay mpl phan
lu"
ARN.
B.
Gen la mot doan cua phan
tu*
ADN
mang thong tin ma hda cho mpl san
pham
Xiic
dinh.
C.
Theo nghia rpng, gen la mpl doan phan
ti'r
axil
nucleic mang thong tin quy
dinh
cau true
ciia

mpl chudi
polipeptit,
lARN,
mARN
hoae
lam nhicm vu
dieu
hda,
khdi
ddng
D.
Gen la vat chat di truyen d cap dp phan
tij".
E.
Gen la mot doan phan tii'
axil
nucleic, du'dc cau tao
tij"
cac ddn phan
nucleotit
(A,
T, G, X).
G.
Gen la mot doan
ciia
phan
tu"
ADN
cd chtfc nang di truyen nhat
dinh.

Hay
danh gia (dung
luyct
doi, dung tUdng doi, sai,
Ihieu
chinh xac,
chifa
dii, )
va du"a ra y
kien
ciia
minh.
Dung
tu-png doi la dung trong mot dieu
kien
nhat
dinh.
Vi du: Nu'dc sdi d
1(X)"C
chi
diing
tu'dng doi (dung vdi dieu
kien
nhiet dp va ap
suat
binh
thirdng).
Cty TMHH lyJTV
DWH
Khang

Vi^t
HU('/ng
ddn
Ta't
cii
cac cau
trcn
chi
diing
trong
nhiirng
dieu
kien
nha't
dinh.
Vi gen cd cau
true mach ddn (mpl sd
chiing
virut)
mach thang, mach
vdng
Khdng phai gen
nao
Cling
mang Ihdng tin ma hda mot san pham xac
dinh,
khdng phai mpi gen
deu cd
chifc
nang di truyen, cd gen gay chet, gen bat hoal,

-
Cd the Ira Idi nhu" sau: Gen la cd sd vat cha't di truyen d cap dp phan
tii".
Dd
la mot doan
axil
nucleic cd mpl cMc nang di truyen nha't
dinh,
hoac
bift
hoal,
gay chet,
Cau
2: Cau tao, chiJc nang,
tinh
chat
ciia
gen?
Giai
ihich
vi sao gen cd
nhffng
tinh
chaldd.
HUoiigddit
-
Gen cd nhieu
loai,
mdi
loai

cd cau tao va cMc nang khac nhau. SGK chi
trinh
bay cau true chung
ciia
gen cau
Iriic.
-
Gen cd
linh
da dang,
tinh
dac
thii
(do cd cau tao da phan), cd kha nang tai
biin
(VI
gen la mot doan
ciia
ADN,
nen khi
ADN
lai ban gen
cijng
du'dc lai ban)
cd
kha
niing
phan li vii id hdp (vi gen chiJa trong nhiem sac the, ti the, lap the
nen khi
chiing

phan li va to hPp se dan den sifphan li va id hdp cua gen). Gen cd
khii
nang dpthien do sifket cap khdng dung trong nhan doi
hoac
do tac nhan dot bien.
Cau
3: Qua
trinh
nhan doi
ciia
ADN
xiiy
ra
li'ic
nao?
Cd
siT
lham gia
ciia
cac yeu
id'
nao?
Vai trd
ciia
cac yeu id' dd? Qua
trinh
nhan doi
ciia
ADN dien ra theo
nguyen tac

nao?
Cd y nghia gi? Chieu thao xoan, chieu
long
hdp?
HUdiig
ddn
-
Qua
Irmh
nhan doi
ciia
ADN
xiiy
ra d ki trung gian ngay tru'dc khi le bao
bu'dc vao
giai
doan phan chia te bao.
-
Ccic
yen id lham gia: 2 mach ddn
ciia
gen
(liim
khudn); cac nucleotit
tif
do
(nguyen
lieu
de
idng

hPp mach
mdi);
enzim
xiic
lac: hclicaza (lach 2 mach ddn);
ADN
polimeraza
(xiic
lac si;
lien
ket
giffa
cac nucleotit
tiT
do vdi cac nucleotit
ciia
mach khudn); ligaza (ndi
Ccic
doan dkazaki vdi nhau).
-
Nguyen tac: Nguyen lac bd sung (A - T, G - X) vii nguyen lac ban
biio
Ion
(giu"
lai
mot mach).
-
Chieu lhao xoan: Ngu'dc vdi chieu xoan
ciia
phan

lu"
ADN
(lir
phiii
sang
trai).
-
Chieu tdng hdp: Ngu'dc vdi chieu
ciia
mdi mach khudn.
-
Y
ngliTa:
Tao dieu
kien
cho
nhidm
sac the nhan doi, Ic' bao phan chia va
suf
truyen
1
each
chinh xac cac gen qua cac
the'he
ADN,
the'he
tc bao.
Cau
4: Hay
giai

thich
vi sao tren true chi? Y chi cd mot mach
ciia
phan tuf
ciia
ADN
du'dc tdng hdp
lien
tuc, mach con lai
difdc
tdng hdp mot
each
gian doan.
Co
mot sd
each
gicii
Ihich
nhUsau:
a) Vi
ADN
polimeraza chi
long
hdp mach mdi theo chieu 3'
—>
3'. '
h)
VI
ADN
polimeraza chi cd the bd sung nucleotit vao nhdm 3' - OH.

•
• , • • 7
c)
Vi ADN polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3'- OH d dau mach khuon.
Thco cm tra Uli nhifcac
each
trcn c(3 dung khong? VI
sao?
Hay giai thich
theo
suy nghi cua cm.
HU(htg dan
-
Ne'u VI ADN polimcraza chi long hdp mach mdi
theo
chieu 5'
—>
3' ihi se
khong dung khi
thao
xoan liTdau 5' ciia mach ma goc.
-
Ne'u VI ADN polimcraza chi c6 the bo
sung
nucleotit vao nhom 3' - OH
thi
khong
giiii
thich difdc gi vl mach
niio

cung c6 nhom 3' - OH.
-
Neu VI ADN polimcraza khdi dau can c6 nhom 3' - OH nhu'ng
thao
xoan
bat dau
ttjf
dau 5' ciia mach ma goc thi
sao?
Co dung nvtii khong? Do do nguyen
nhan
chii
yeu la
each
thao
xoan.
Co
the
gicii
thich nf^uyen nhcin cua sUtdn^ hcfp ngdt qudng nhusau:
Do
thao
xoan bat d;ui tu" dau 3' ciia mach ma goc vii phia ngu'cfc vdi chieu
xoan ciia phan
tii"
ADN nen mach ADN mdi, long hcfp
til'
khuon la mach ma goc
(3'
-> 5') se

phat
trien thuan vdi chieu
phat
trien ciia
chac
chu" Y nen
du'c.^c
long
help
lien
luc. con mach ADN mc'Ji, long hcfp tu" khuon la mach bo
sung
v6i mach
ma goc (5'^ 3")
phiii
du'cfc long hdp
tifng
doan ngSn ngi/cfc vdi chieu
phat
trien cua
chac
chi?
Y. Nhu"
vay
mc'-fi
lao thanh phan
tu" ADN
mcfi
co 2 mach
ngu'dc

chieu nhau.
Gia
sit
thao
xoan bat dau cuoi mach ma goc ihi ke't qua se ngu'cfc lai, nghla la
mach ADN dMc long hdp lit mach ma goc 3' -> 5' phai bi long hdp
ngat
quang.
Do
do nguyen nhan la do
each
thao
xoitn
va dac diem cau lao cua phan
lii'
ADN
la CO
2 mach
ngu'dc
chieu nhau.
Cau 5: VI sao ma di Iruyen la ma bo ba. Ne'u trong phan
tii'
ADN c(3 cho 2
hoac
3 loai nucleotit thi c6 the mii hoa
du'dc
bao nhieu loai axit amin?
Hid'fng dan
Vi
CO

4 loai nucleotit (A, T, G, X) neu ma hoa bo mot se lao du'cfc 4' = 4 to
hcfp,
neu ma hoa bo hai se lao lhanh 4' = 16 to hdp khong dii de ma hoa 20
lo;ii
axit
amin.
Ma
hoa bo ba se
du'Pc
4' = 64 to hdp
ihijfa
de ma hoa 20 loai
axil
amin khong
can phai ma hoa bo bon.
Neu trong phan tir c6 3 loai nucleotit thi se lao diTdc 3^ = 27 bo ba ma hoa.
Neu
CO
2 loai nucleotit se lao diidc 2" = 8 bp ba ma hoa. ThiTc te cung co the xay
ra d ciic doan gen, cac doan
mARN,
tARN,
rARN
chi co 2
hoac
3 loai nucleotit.
Cau 6: Tif ciic dac diem cua mii di truycn co the suy ra dieu gi? Vi sao ma di
Iruyen
co cac diem do?
HU('fng

dan
-
Neu ma di iruyen goi len nhau thi se dan den ket qua gi? (Cac axit amin
trong chuoi polipeplit se nhu" the"
nao?)
-
Neu ma di truyen khong cx)
tinh
dac hicu thi co can den ma bp ba khong?
8
Cty
TIMHH
MTV
DVVH Khang Vigt
-
Tai sao co the xay ra hien tu'png nhieu bp ba ciing msi hoa mpl
axil
amin?
Neu so loai axit amin
bang
hoac
Idn hPn so bp ba ma hoa thi dieu nay co the xay
ra khong?
- Tijf
ccic dac diem ciia ma di Iruyen co ine suy ra:
Trinh
tu" siip xep cac bp
ba trong gen khong go'i Icn nhau mdi co the quy dinh
Irinh
tif sitp xep cac axit

amin
trong chuoi polipeplit. TiT do m6i co the co
tinh
dac tru'ng ciia ADN, ciia
protein. Tir dac
tinh
phd bie'n cua ma di Iruyen co the giai thich nguon goc thong
nhcft
cua sinh
gidi
cf miJc phan
luT
va so loai axit amin cua moi loai dcu nho hPn 64.
Cau 7: Vi sao ADN co kha
nang
tai ban va lai ban mpl
each
chinh xac.
HU(fngddn
-
Vi ADN
CO
cau true mach kcp.
lien
ket
giifa
cac nucicotit Iren hai mach
dcfn
la
lien

kc'l hidro
(lien
ket yeu). Cac nucleotit giiJa hai mach ddn
lien
ket vdi
nhau
theo
nguyen lac bo sung. Qua
trinh
lai ban dicn ra
theo
nguyen lac bd
sung
va ban bao ton.
Cau 8:
ling
\6\l amin md dau la
Melionin
co may bp ba ma
hoa?
Co 2
each
trii
Idi sau: • >
a) Co 1 bp ba ma hoa ,. b) Co 3 bp ba ma hoa
•
l •
Hay cho bie'l cau tra Idi nao dting?
Hiidng dan
-

Ne'u noi
Melionin
co 1 bp ba mii hoa co nghia la trong 64 bp ba ma hoa thi
Melionin
chi co 1 bp ba ma hoa (trong 20 loai axit amin chi co 2 loai la
Melionin
va Triptophan chi co mot bp ba ma hoa, con lai deu co 2
hoac
nhieu bp ba ma
hoa, nhieu
nha't
la Aegimin co den 6 bp ba ma hoa).
-
Neu noi
Melionin
co 3 bp ba ma hoa co nghla la iJng vdi
Melionin
Ihi co 3
bp ma nam trcn phan tiV: TAX nam tren ADN, AUG nam Iren
mARN
va UAX
nam tren
lARN.
Noi
each
khac
la:
Melionin
co bp ba ma goc (Triplet) la TAX,
bp ba ma sao (codon) la AUG va bp ba doi ma (anticodon) la UAX. •

Noi
chinh xac thi A
irii
Idi dung hPn B vi TAX, AUG, UAX deu la mpl trong
64 bp ba ma hoa.
Cau 9: Nguyen lac trong ccJ
chenhan
doi ADN la gi?
HiiAng dan
-
ADN
CO
khii
niing
nhan doi de lao thanh 2 phan tu" ADN con gidng nhau
va gio'ng
vdti
ADN mc.
-
Qua
irinh
nhan doi ADN d te bao sinh vat nhan sP, sinh vat nhan thifc va
ADN
ciia
virul
(dang sPi kcp) dcu thco nguyen utc bd
sung
va ban bao ton.
Cau 10: Phicn mii lii gi?
Dicn

ra d
dau?
Co nhiJng yeu id
niio
tham
gia?
ChiJc
niing
ciia cac yeu id do?
Hicn
lu'png gi
xiiy
ra khi kcl
ihiic
phicn mii?
HUifng
dan '
+
Phicn mii lii sif idng hpp ARN. 6 sinh vat nhan
thifc,
qua
trinh
long hpp
mARN
dicn ra trong nhan tc
biio,
cf ki U-ung gian,
liic
nhicm sac the cf
dang

dan xoan.
9
Ca'm
nang
ti; fin va
luy§n
thi
Sinh
hgc -
Phung
Duy
D6ng
+ Cat- yen lo' tham gia:
- Mach ma goc 3' -> 5'
ciia
gen lam khuon.
- Enzim ARN polimcraza xiic tac qua
trinh
long hctp
bang
each:
Bam
vao
VLing
dieu hoa lam gen lhao xoiin,
tri/dt
doc
iheo
mach
ma goc lit diem khdi

dau den diem kel ihiic cua
mach
ma goc
theo
chicu 3' -> 5' de long hrip nen
mARN
Iheo
nguyen lac bo sung (A - U, G - X)
iheo
chieu 5' 3'.
+ Sau phien ma:
-
Phan
lii"
mARN du'dc giai phong, gen dong xoan, mARN ra
le'bao
chal
de lam khuon dich ma
ngay
(d le bao nhan sd)
hoac
cal bo cac intron, no'i cac
exon
lai Ihiinh mARN Iru'dng lhanh mdi roi mdi ra te bao
chat
lam khuon djch
nifi
(te bao nhan Ihi/c).
Cau 11: O giai doan
hoat

hoa trong qua
trinh
dich ma da xay ra
nhiJng
hicn
Milng
nao?
Co nhCfng yeu to nao tham
gia?
Vai tro ciia cac yeu to do? San pham
ciia giai doan nay la gi?
Hiidng
ddn
+ Co 2 hicn tu'c^ng xay ra la:
-
Float
hoa axil amin.
- Lien ket
giiJa
tARN vc'li axit amin tU'dng
iJng
da difdc
hoat
hoa tao
lhanh phiVc he aa - lARN.
+ Yeu lo' tham gia:
- ATP cung cap niing lifcfng de
hoat
hoa axil amin va lien ket vdi lARN.
J - Cac enzim tham gia gdm:

Enzim xuc lac lien kel giffa axit amin vdi ATP de lhanh axit amin
hoat
dong
Enzim xuc lac lien kel
giiJa
lARN
vCl\t amin tiTdng
iJng
da du'dc
hoat
hoa
de tao lhanh
phiJc
he aa - lARN.
+ San pham ciia giai doan nay la cac axil amin da dUdc
hoat
hoa va
phiJc
he
aa - lARN.
Cau 12: O giai doan md dau trong long hdp chuoi polipeplit da xay ra
nhiJng
hien
lu'dng
nao?
HUdng
ddn
Cf giai doan mc'^ dau c6 3 hien tifdng xay ra:
- Tieu phan be cua riboxom nhan biel va lien kel vdi mARN d vi iri dac
hieu, gdm codon m& dau.

- Anlicodon ciia phitc hdp Met - lARN khdp bd sung vdi
eodon
md dau.
- Tieu phan Idn ciia riboxom kel hdp tao riboxom hoiln chinh, s;Tn
sang
long
hdp chuoi polipeplit
(Theo
SGK Sinh hoc Idp 12 - Chu'dng
trinh
chuan)
(Thirc ra riboxom gan vdi codon md dau vii bat dau dich ma lai vi tri P rdi
dich
ma lai vi tri A tren riboxom, lien kel peptil
giiJa
2 axil amin du'dc lhanh lap,
lARN
(da Uich khoi axil amin ml^ dau) rdi khcM ribom ihi riboxom mdi chuyen
sang
codon liep
Iheo
de liep Uic dich ma).
10
Cty
TMHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang
VIM
Cau 13: CJ giai doan keo dai chuoi polipeplit da xay ra

nhSng
hien lu'dng gi?
HU('iiigddn
i: i ^
Dau lien:
- Anlicodon ciia phi'fc hdp aai - lARN khdp bd sung vdi codon Ihir nha'l.
- Enzim xiic Uic lien kel peptil
giCa
axil amin ihuf nha't (aai) vdi axit amin
md
dau (Melionin).
- lARN (da tiich khdi axit amin mi^ dau) rdi khoi riboxom. r
Sau do: riboxom chuyen dich lij'ng nac, moi nac
iJng
vdi mot codon va qua
trinh
dich ma lai xiiy ra Wcing ur tren (Anlicodon ciia
phiJc
hdp aa - lARN khdp
bd
sung vdi codon
liA^ng
irtig,
enzim xiic lac lien kel peptil, lARN rdi khdi riboxom).
Cau 14: (5 giai doan kel thiic da xay ra nhifng hien Wdng gi?
Huong
ddn :
(
- Qua
trinh

djch ma
diJng
lai khi riboxom liep xiic vdi ma ket thuc
-
Axit
amin md dau du'dc cat khdi chuoi polipeplit (nhd enzim dac hieu)
- Chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac cau trilc bac cao hdn Ird lhanh protein
hoiin
chinh.
Cau 15: Poliriboxom du'dc hinh lhanh nhu'the
nao?
Y nghia ciia no? ?
- RiboxOm ihi? nhal chuyen dich du'dc 50 -
IOOA"
thi riboxom IhiJ hai gan
vao mARN, liep
theo
la riboxom
ihir
3, thi? 4, (thifdng cd lii 5 - 20 riboxom)
chiing tao lhanh mot nhom riboxom ciing tham gia dich ma trcn mdt phan lit mARN.
- Y nghia: Tong hdp lien liep du'dc nhieu phan lii' protein cijng loai, lam
tang hieu
sua't
long hdp.
Gin
chil:
De de nhd cac em nen
chia
ra nhu' sau:

1.
Riboxom
giin
vao mARN lai codon md da xay ra
nhiJng
sir kien gi?
Da xiiy ra 3 su' kien:
- Dich ma axil amin md dau va axil amin
ihii'
nhal
(^(tog
ling
vdi 2 vi
\xi
P v;i A)
- Enzim xuc uic hinh lhanh lien ket peptil giffa 2 axil amin.
- lARN (da
tach
khdi aa md dau) rdi khdi riboxom.
2.
Riboxom chuyen dich
lifng
nac, 1 codon de liep tuc dich ma lu'dng tif Iren.
3.
Riboxom gap ma kel thiic thi difng dich ma, axit amin md dau bi
ciil
bd va
chuoi polipeplit hinh lhanh cac ca'u Iriic bac cao hdn.
Cau 16: Qua
Irinh

djch ma xay ra d dau, liic nao, c6 nhifng yeu to" nao tham gia,
vai
Ird ciia mdi yen to? San phifm hinh
lhanh?
Y nghia ciia qua
trinh
dich ma?
HUdng
ddn
- Xay ra trong
tebao
chat,
lai cac riboxom,
ngay
sau khi phien ma, liic c6
mat mARN.
- Ciic yeu
td^
tham gia:
+ mARN: Lam khuon long hdp protcm . ' '
+ Nguyen lieu: Ciic axit amin ur do.
i,.
•
•
+ ATP: Cung cap nang
iifdng.
„
,11
Ca'm nang tu an va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy B6ng
+

Cac
cnzim lham
gia
enzim: xiic
Uic lao
lhanh phiJc
hdp aa -
lARN;
cnzim xilc
Uic
lien
kel
giffa axil amin vCl'i
ATP.
cnzim xiic
tac lao
lhanh lien
ket
peplil;
enzim xiic
lac qua
Irinh
cat bo
axil amin
md
dau khoi chuoi polipcplil.
+ Riboxom:
Can vdi
mARN
lai vi

tri
dac
hieu
de
lARN
bat dau
dich
ma;
lam
khung
dd
mARN.
+ Phtfc help
aa -
lARN
va
khung
dO
codon
-
anticodon; chuyen dich Iren
mARN
de keo
dai dich
ma.
+ Poliriboxom: Tang hieu
suat
long hcfp protein.
+ lARN: mang axil amin
den

riboxom
va
tie'n h;mh dich
ma
(anticodon
khc'lp
bd
sung
\xfi
codon
lifting
vCng). San
pham
la
mach polipeptil.
Y nghTa:
Ma di
Iruyen diftjc dich lhanh
trinh
tiTcac axil amin trong mach polipeptil
Cau
17:
Mo'i lien quan giifa
gen
v('1i
qua
Irinh
phien
ma,
dich

ma.
Hitc'fng
dan
-
Gen
mang thong
tin cau
triic
protein (thong
tin di
Iruyen). Thong
tin di
Iruyen
dift.lc
ma hoa
trong
gen
biing
ma hoa bo ba.
-
Ma di
Iruyen trong
gen
dUdc phien
ma
.sang
mARN iheo nguyen
ta'c bd
sung.
Do do

lhanh phan,
so
lu'dng
va
tral
lir
sap xep cac bo ba ma hoa
trong
gen
(triplet)
quy
dinh lhanh phan,
so
krong
va
Irat
lu"
sap xep cac
codon trong mARN.
-
Ke
tiep
sau qua
trinh
phien
ma la qua
Irinh
dich
ma va
mii

di
Iruyen trong
mARN du'dc dich
ra
lhanh phan,
so
lUcing
va
trat tif
sap xep cac
axit amin trong
chuoi polipeptil.
Do do siT
gifii
ma
mARN chinh
la
giai
ma gen.
Nhu"
vay mdi
lien
quan giifa
gen
vc'Ji
qua
trinh
phien
ma,
dich

ma
chinh
la
mdi lien quan giiJa
gen
-
mARN
-
protein
ma ban
chat
la:
Thanh phan,
so
iu'dng,
trinh
tif
sap xep
cac
bo ba ma hoa
trong
gen quy
dinh thanh phan,
so'
lu'dng
va
trinh
tif
sap xep
cac codon trong mARN tif

do quy
djnh lhanh phan,
sd
lu-dng
vil
trinh
tir
sap xep
cac axil amin trong chuoi polipeptil.
Ctiu
18: Co bao
nhieu loai
gen?
Co
cac
each
Irii
\^^'\:
a)
Gen c6
nhieu loai nhu'gen
cau
triic,
gen
dieu hoa,
b)
Ve
chifc nang
c6 gen cau
Iriic,

gen
dieu hoa,
gen
tang cu'dng,
gen
ba't hoal,
c)
Co v6
sdloai
gen.
Hay phan tich
xem cac
each
Ira
Ifli
tren
da
thoa
man vdi yeu cau
ciia
cau hoi
khong?
Co the
Ira Idi
nhif
the niio
cho day
dii, chinh
xac.
HU(hig

dan
-
Theo
each
c)
life
la can
cu"
vao ca'u tao da
phan ciia
gen de suy ra
linh
da
dang ciia
gen.
-
Theo
a) va b)
li'rc
la can
cir
vao
chi?c
nang
de ke ra vai
loai
gen.
Co
the
tra

Uii can hoi
tren
nhif
sau:
12
Cty
TNHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang
Vigt
1.
Ve
call
tao:
-
Co gen
phan manh,
gen
khong phan
miinh.
' ' '
- Thanh phan,
sd
lifting
va
Irinh
lif
sap xep cac
nuclcolil

khac
nhau
da tao ra
v6
so'
loai
gen. Mdi
loai
gen c6
lhanh phan, sd^ lu'dng
va
trinh
tu"
sa'p xep cac
nucleolil
dac
iru'ng.
-
Can
true khong gian ciia
gen
ciing
khac
nhau nen cung
lao ra
nhieu loai
gen
khac
nhau: nhu"
gen

mot
sd
chiing
virul
(gidng
ca'u
true ARN),
gen
sinh
vat
nhan
Ihifc
(eo
cii'u true xoan kep),
gen
Irong nhan (tren NST),
gen
ngoai nhan (trong
lap
thc\i thc\, ecH-a'u
trik
mach xoan kep, thang hocic vong.
2.
Ve
chufc nang:
-
Co v6 sd
loai pdtein
nen c6 v6 sd
loai

gen cau
true
khac
nhau.
-
Co rat
nhieu
cMc
nang
di
Iruyen
khac
nhau
nen
cung
co rat
nhieu loai
gen
khac
nhau nhu"
gen ca'u
Irilc
(tdng help protein, mARN, lARN, rARN),
gen
dieu
hoa,
gen
khdi dong,
gen
tang ciTcIng,

gen
bii'l
hoal,
gen gay
chel,
gen
nhiiy,
Cau
19: Cac
phan tu" mARN
c6 gi
gidng nhau,
va
khac
nhau?
Tai
sao?
HUdngd&n
11^/
-
Ve
cii'u
triic:
Cac
phan
tu"
mARN
deu
gdm diem khdi dau, doan chiJa ihong
tin

ma hoa
axil amin
va
diem
ket
thijc
do qua
trinh
phien
ma
du'dc lien hanh tir
diem khdi
dau vii
eha'm
dift
d
diem
ket
ihiic ciia
gen. Ci dau 3' deu co
mdi
Irinh
liT
nucleolil
dac
hieu (khong dUcIc dich
ma) de
riboxom nhan biet
va ga'n vao.
Cac mARN

deu
du'ilc
ca'u lao
bdi
cac
ribonucleotil, du'cle phien
ma
lif
cac
nucleolil.
NhUng
do
lhanh phan,
sd
lu'cing, trat tu"
sap xep cac
nueleolil
co
ra't nhieu
each
khac
nhau,
nen co rat
nhieu loai
gen ca'u
true long help
ra rat
nhieu loai mARN
khac
nhau.

-
Ve
ehii'c nang: Moi phan tu" mARN
deu
du'cle dung
lam
khuon
de
tdng help
ra
pre')tein. pre'nein
ce'i
nhieu ehii'c nang nhu'ng khc^ng
the ne)i
mARN
ce)
nhieu
chiJc nang.
cau
20:
So
siinh
qua
trinh
nhan doi ciia ADN
va
phien
ma
tdng help
ra

mARN
e'^
sinh
vat
nhan thufc.
, , , ^
HUOngddn
1. Giong nhau:
; .
- Dieu
xay ra d ki
trung gian.
- Chieu tdng help
deu
ngifelc chicu ve'li chieu mach khuon.
-
Deu
lien
kel cac
nucleolil trong mc)i triTdng diTa tren
cac
nucleolil trong
mach khu(')n theo nguyen
lac bd
sung.
-
- Nguyen lieu
deu la cac
nucleolil tif do.
-

-
Deu
phai
CO
enzim
dac
Iru'ng xiic
lac. ijv
J,'
Ca'm
nang
tu
fin v4
luy^n
thi
Sinh
hoc -
Phung
Duy
Ddng
2.
Khac nhaii; Hoc
sinh
tuphdt trien
kien
thi'fc
theo
f^(/i
v sau:
-

Vc nguycn
lieu
siV
dung
khac
nhau nhu" the'
nao?
-
Vc en/im
xiic
tac
khac
nhau
the'nao?
-
Ve nguyen tac bd
sung
CO
khac
nhau khong? " , .
f^'H:-
-
Ve c(l che
khac
nhau nhu" the niio?
-
Ve ket qua c6 gi
khac
nhau?
Cau

21: Hay
giiii
thich vi sao phu nff khong c6 rau d cam, khong c6 ria d mep,
va dan ong hlc nho van khong c6 rau, ria nhu'ng den khi
Irifdng
thanh lai c6 rau,
ria
(Can ci'r vao chifc
nang
cua gen, dicu hoa hoal dong gen de tra
Icli).
Cau
22: VI sao noi:
Giai
mii
mARN
cung chinh la
giai
ma ADN (Can ctJ" vao
moi
quan he
giifa
ADN -
mARN
de
trii
Idi).
Cau
23: Vi sao phan \6n sinh vat nhan thifc tao ra
mARN

chu'a
siJ'dung djch ma
ngay difdc, con
mARN
du'Oc tao ra tif sinh vat nhan sd lai siJ dung dich ma ngay
du'Oc (Can
ciV
vao
viing
ma hoa ciia gen cau true de tra
IfJi).
Cau
24: Co phai tat ca moi gen deu
chu'a
day dii ca 4
loai
nuclcotit la A, T, G, X
khong? Gia su' gen chi c6 2
loai
nucleolit ihi mii hoa
du'c.^c
may
loai
axit amin.
Giil
sijfmARN
chi c6 3
loai
ribonuclcotil
thi se ma hoa diTcfc bao nhieu

loai
axit amin,
H
If
(fug dan
-
Vi gen chi la 1 doan ma cua
phiin
tii"
axit nucleic nen c6 the khong c6 dij
ca 4
loai
nuclcotit.
-
Ciin
ci?
viio
cong ihiJc to hdp de tim ra c6 bao nhieu to hdp bo ba
tijr
2
loai
nuclcotit,
tir3
loai
nuclcotit, tir4
loiii
nuclcotit
Cau
25:
Hiiy

giai
thich tai sao
mARN
thifdng bi cac enzim phan
hiiy
sau khi
long
hdp xong protein (vi de khuon luon mdi, khong bi hif hong do
SIJT
dung lau
hay do tac
nhiin
khac
giiy
ra).
Cau
26: Vi sao gen khong diTdc su' dung
liim
khuon
trifc
tie'p tdng hdp protein?
(vi
thong tin di truyen ciTc ki quan trong,
du'dc
bao
quiin
to't trong NST, ti the, ,
du-dc
gicr gin
ciin

thiin.
No la ban ma gdc c6 the
dilng
ban ma sao
(mARN)
thay
the.
Bcln
sao cQng chi dirdc siV dung mot Ian, de
diim
bao ti'nh chinh xac cua
thong tin di truyen.
Cau
27: Co bao nhieu
loai
ARN. Chung c6 gi gidng nhau, c6 gi
khac
nhau?
Tai
sao?
Hi((fng dan
+
VI deu
du'dc
tdng hdp tuf mot niach cua gen nen cac
loai
ARN nhu'
mARN,
tARN,
rARN

deu c6
cii'u
triic
mach ddn, deu
du'dc
cau tao tif cac ribdnucledtil.
Thanh phan, so' krdng va trat tif sap xe'p cac ribonuclcdtit deu do gen quy dinh.
+
Qua
trinh
tdng hdp cac
loai
ARN deu
theo
cd chc tu'dng
ti/
nhau.
+
Chudi ribonucleotit hinh thanh xong se bien ddi ca'u hinh, hinh
thiinh
ca'u
true dac tru'ng cua
tiTng
loai,
phu hdp chifc
nang
cua moi
loai.
Vi vay cau true
cua chilng

khiic
nhau.
Cty
TNHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang
Vi§t
-
mARN
difdc
diing
lam khuon tdng hdp protein nen c6
cii'u
tao mach
thang,
CO
vi tri dac hieu
niim
gan codon md dau de riboxom nhan biet vil Hen ket
vdi
mARN.
c6 bo ba md
diiu
de
tARN
nhan bic't va mang axit md dau den dung
vj
trI.
Vil

CO
bo ba ket thuc de riboxom nhan biet va
difng
dich mii.
-
tARN
liim
nhicm vu van chuyen axit amin den riboxom vii lam nhiem
vii
dich mii nen mot dau ciia no c6
trinh
lif
nuclcotit dac hieu de axit amin tu'dng
itng
nhiln
biet va
lien
ket vdi
tARN.
mot d;tu c6 bo ba doi mii (anticodon) de
tARN
nhiln
biet va
lien
ket bd
sung
vdi codon tu'dng iJng.
-
rARN
lii

thiinh
phjln
chii
ye'u ca'u tao ra ribdxdm nen chung c6 ca'u tao
dac tru'ng thuan Idi cho vice
lien
ket vdi protein de tao thanh riboxom.
+
Vi
giiJ
ciic
chu'c
nang
quan trong
khac
nhau nen ddi
song
cua cac
loai
ARN
Cling
khac
nhau: Sau khi tdng hdp xong protein,
mARN
Ihu'dng
du'dc
cac
enzim phan
hiiy,
con

tARN
vii cac
rARN
difdc sufdung qua vai the he te bao.
Cau
28: Hay suy luan xem sif
nhiin
doi cua ADN c6
lien
quan nhu' the'
niio
vdi
sV
tcii
ban ciia gen, vdi sir phan chia te bao, vdi dot bie'n gen, vdi dot bie'n nhiem
sac
the?
HU(fngddn
Sir
nhan'ddi cua ADN dan de'n su" nhan ddi (tai ban) ciia gen, sir
nhiin
ddi ciia
ADN
tao dicu kien cho nhiem sac the nhan doi, chuan bi cho su" phan bao. Cac
tac nhan dot bien tac dong
viio
qua
trinh
nhan doi cua ADN c6 the gay dot bie'n
gen. Dot bien ca'u

triic
nhicm siic the dan tdi thay ddi vj tri cua gen, mat can
bang
gen.
Cau
29: Khi tien hanh
nhiin
ddi ADN trong d'ng nghiem
phuc
vu cho nghien
ciTu
va iJng dung thirc tien ngu'di ta thay cd nhu'ng doan ADN
ngiin
khoang vai tram
cap nuclcotit. Hien tu'dng
niiy
du'dc
giai
thich
nhu?
the
nao?
Hi((fng ddn
Do
sir tdng hdp mach ADN Iren mach khuon 5' -> 3'
xiiy
ra
ngat
quang
tao

ra cac
dojin
ngan, nhu'ng thic'u enzim nd^i ligaza nen cac doan ngan khdng
du'dc
ndi
lai vdi nhau tao thanh mot mach hoan chinh.
Cfiu
30: Nhd dau enzim ARN polimeraga c6 the thi/c hien cac
chu'c
nang
cua no
trong
phien ma tdng hdp
mARN.
HUifng
ddn
Trong
qua
trinh
phien mti, enzim
mARN
polimeraza c6 cac
chu'c
nang
sau:
-
Bam vao
viing
dieu hoa
liim

gen
thao
xoan va bat dau phien ma ARN
polimeraza thirchien
chu'c
nang
nay lit nhd trong
viing
dieu hoa cua gen ca'u true
CO
mot trat tir nuclcotit diic hieu goi la
viing
khdi
dong. Nhd
trinh
tir nay ma
enzim ARN polimeraza co the nhan bic't, bam vao va bat dau tdng hdp
mARN
tai
diem
khcfi
dau.
-
Tdng hdp
phiin
tuT
mARN:
Sd dl ARN polimeraza thiTc hien
chu'c
nang

nay
la
nhd nguyen tac bd sung.
-
Dirng
phien ma: Nhd
vijng
ke't thiic cua gen mang tin hieu ke'l
thiic.
dm
nang
lu
6n Iuy6n thi
Sinh
hpc - Phiing Duy
Pgng
CSu
31: Noi
rang: phicn
ma lii qua
tnnh
long
hdp
mARN
dung
hay
sai?
(dung
nhu'ng
chu'a di'i

vi
phicn
ma con tao ra
tARN
va
rARN
niJa).
Cau
32: Bo ba mii hoa va ma hoa bp ba co
gio'ng
nhau
khong?
Tai
sao?
Bo ba
ma
hoa c6
hen quan den
tinh
da
dang ciia sinh
vat
khong?
HU(fng
dan
- Khong
gio'ng
nhau:
Ma
hoa bo ba la

each
ma
hoa,
con bo ba ma hoa la mot to
hcfp cija
each
ma
hoa
bo ba
tii"
nhfJug yc'u
to'cho
bie't.
Vi
du:
Neu eo 4
nuclcotit,
se c6
4^
= 64 bo ba ma
hoa, (tiJc
la 64 to
hdp
bp ba
tiT
4
loai nucleotit).
Neu c6 3
loai nuclcotit thi so' to' hdp
bp ba

(so' bp
ba ma hoa)
se
la 3' - 27
(ixic
la 27 bp ba ma
hoa),
-'• Thanh phan,
so'
lu'dng
va
trat
tif sap xe'p
ciia
cac bp ba ma hoa
trong phan
tu"
ADN
CO
rat
nhieu
each
khac nhau
nen da tao ra v6 so'
loai
ADN
khac nhau.
Do
la cd sd
phan

tu"
ve
tinh
da
dang cua sinh gidi.
CAu
33: Chi c6 - 64 bp ba ma hoa,
trong
do c6 3 bp ba ket
thuc khong
ma
hoa axit amin nao.
Lam sao c6 the ma hoa cho v6
so'loai protein ciia tat
ca mpi
loai sinh
vat.
Hiiiiiigddn
61
bp ba ma hoa ma hoa
du'dc
61
loai axit amin.
Tat ca cac
loai sinh
vat
khong CO loai
nao c6 so'
loai axit amin
Idn

hdn
61 (suy ra
tij" dilc diem
tinh
phd
bie'n
cua ma di
truyen).
Ta't ca cac
sinh vat, protein du'dc
cau tao
tif
20
loai axit
amin.
Vi
du,
d
ngiCdi
c6
khoang 250000
gen da ma hoa cho rat
nhieu phan tu"
protein cung chang dung hc't 61
bp ba ma hoa.
Cau
34:
Tu" dac diem cua
ma di
truyen

c6 the
suy
ra
dieu
gi?
Hiidiig
dan
-
Ma di
truyen khong
goi len
nhau
nen cac
axit amin trong chuoi polipeptit
khong
goi len
nhau.
Gia
siir
ma di
truyen khong
c6 dac
diem
nay
thi dan
den
ke't
qua
gi
nffa.

-
Ma di
truyen
co
tinh
pho' bien
c6 the suy
ta't
ca cac
loai protit cua mpi loai
sinh
vat
deu
co
chung
mot ma di
truyen
va
suy
ra
nguon
go'c
thong nha't cua sinh
gidi
d cap dp
phan tu".
-
Ma di
truyen
co

tinh
thoai
hoa, (co the co
nhieu
bp ba
cung
ma hoa mot
loai axit amin) suy
ra
so'loai axit amin phai nho hdn
so'bp
ba ma
hoa.
' ' ' '
-
Ma di
truyen
eo
tinh
dSc
hieu (mot
bp ba ma hoa
chi
ma hoa cho
mot loai
axit amin) suy
ra
so'loai axit amin phai
it
hdn

hoac
bang
so bp ba ma
hoa,
va ma
di
truyen khong
the la ma hoa bp
hai.
Cty
TNHH
MTV DWH Khang Vigt
CSu
35:
Sach
iiiao khoa Sinh
hoc Idp 12 ~
Nang
cao co
ghi: "Qua
trinh
phicn
ma
tien
hanh tCr diem
khdi
dau
va
cham
di?l

d
diem
kel
thiic ciia
gen
tren ADN".
Hay
cho
bicl diem kh(":fi dau, diem
kcl
thiic
co
phai
la mot
diem
khong?
Chung CO tu'(ing
I'rng
vdi ma
mc'^ dau
va ma kct
thiic tren
gen
khong?
Chung nam
vi
tri
nao
tren
gen?

HUOngddn
- Diem
khdi
dau
khong tifdng ifng
vdi ma
nu'-f dau
vii
diem
khcii
dau
nam
d
vung
khdi
dpng trong vimg dieu
hoa
ciia
gen. Do la mot
trinh
tu" nucleotit
dac
hieu giiip en/.im
ARN
pohmera/.a nhan bie't
vii hen kel de
khdi
dpng
qua
trinh

phicn
ma
tii"
diem
khdi
dau
ciia
gen, con ma md
dau nam
d vi
tri dau lien trong
vimg
ma hoa
ciia
gen.
- Diem
kcl
thiic cung khong tifcing I'fng
vdi ma ke't
thuc,
vi neu qua
trinh
phicMi
ma
cham diH
d ma
ke't thuc thi
mARN
se
khong

co
codon
ke't thuc. NhU'
viiy diem
ket
ihiic phai
la
diem cud'i cung ciia
gen.
Cau
36:
Sach
giao
khoa Sinh
hoc Idp 12 -
Nang
cao cho
bie't: "riboxom lien
kct
vdi
mARN
tai
codon
md
dau
va qua
Irinh
dich
ma
du'dc bat dau".

Sach
giao
khoa Sinh
hoc Idp 12 -
Chuan
cho
bie't: "lieu phan
be
riboxom
g^n
vdi
mARN
d vi tri dac
hieu n;lm
gan
codon
md
dau,
tARN
mang Mclionin
bd
sung chinh
xac vdi
codon
md
dau. Ticu
ddn vi Idn
ciia riboxom
kct hdp tao
thanh

riboxom hoan chinh
san
sang
long hdp chuoi polipeptit".
NhU'
vay 2
cuon sach
giao
khoa
co
sir khac nhau.
Hay phan
lich
nhiJng kien IhiJc tren
va cho
bie't
y
kie'n ciia
minh.
<•
••'•'^'t:y^;'m
Hitdngddn
Neu riboxom lien ke't
vdi
mARN
d vi
tri
gom
codon
md

ditu,
thi axit amin
md
dau khong du'dc "long hdp" tai riboxom.
Do la
dieu chu'a hdp li. "Lap rap" xong
axit amin
md
dau
mdi s;Tn
sang
long
hdp
chuoi polipeptit, cung
la
dieu
v6 li vi
nh\i vay
ngay
ban dau chuoi polipeptit
da
khong
co
axit amin
md
dau.
Thirc ra, tren riboxom
cd 2 vi
tri
P

(peptit)
vii A
(amin). Axil amin
md
dau
va
axit thu^ nha't
deu
du'dc
"lap
rap"
tai vi
tri
P va A nam
trong riboxom.
Sau khi
hinh
thanh lien
ke't
peptit riboxom
mdi
chuyen dich
sang
codon
liep
theo
dc
tARN
dich
ma

liep. Nhu' vay,
qua
Irinh
long hdp chuoi polipeptit
bill
dau
lif
axil
amin
md dau
chu" khong phai
"lap
nip" xong axit amin
md
dilu
mdi s3n
sang
tdng hdp chuoi polipeptit
nhu*
SGK
Sinh hpc
Idp 12
chuan vie'l.
Cfiu
37: Tir
nhu'ng hieu bie't
ve gen
trong phan niiy
hay
giiii

thich
cd
che'
di
truyen
d cap dp
phan
tu'
(gen, ADN).
^ .
HUcIng
ddn
-
Gen
cii'u
true
lii mot
doan ciia
phiin
tiV axil nucleic.
6
sinh
vat
nhan thiTc,
gen cau true
co
mach xoiin
kep
di/dc cfui
tao

tir
4
loai nucleotit
theo
nguycn lite
bd sung
(A - T, G - X)
11
Ca'm nang tu
6n
va
luygn thi Sinh hgc
-
Phiing
Duy
D6'ng
Gen (ADN)
la
vat chat di truyen
d
cap do
phan tu", chiJa thong tin quy dinh
cau true cua protein (thong tin di truyen) thong tin di truyen
diTdc
ma trong gen
bang
ma hoa
bo
ba. ,
^

<«,
- Nh5 ADN
CO
cau true
2
mach
ddn
va
lien ket
gii?a'2
mach
ddn
la
lien ket
yeu (lien ket hidro)
va cac
nucleotit giffa
2
mach
ddn lien ke't vdi nhau
theo
nguyen tac
bo
sung, nen ADN
c6
kha nang nhan doi.
ADN
nhan doi
theo
nguyen tac

bo
sung va ban bao ton bao dam cho thong tin
di
truyen chtfa trong ADN difdc truyen qua
cac
the' he ADN mot
each
chinh xac.
ADN
nhan doi dan tdi su" nhan doi ciia gen. Sir nhan doi
cua
ADN tao dieu
kien
cho
sir phan bao. Nhu* vay thong tin di truyen trong ADN (gen) cua m6i
te
bao
du'dc
truyen
cho
the
he te bao con
mot
each
chinh
xac
qua
cd
che nhan doi
cua ADN

(gen).
- Thong qua phien ma
va
dich ma thong tin di truyen chtfa trong ADN
diTdc
djch ra thanh:
so
lu'dng, thanh phan,
trat
tu"
sap xep cua
cac
axit amin trong chu6i
polipeptit ciia protein
va
du'dc
bieu hien thanh nhifng
dac
diem
ve
cii'u tao
va
boat
dong
sinh li
cua te
bao, ciia
cd
the. Noi
each

khac
chung bieu hien thanh
tinh
trang cija sinh vat.
Cau 38: Trong cau true cua ADN
c6 cac
lien ke't
gi?
Hudng
ddn
Co lien ke't hidro giifa
cac
nucleotit
gii?a
2
mach
ddn,
c6
lien ke't hoa tri giiJa
cac nucleotit trong
mach
ddn (lien ke't
phospho
dieste)
va
lien ket hoa tri giifa
dirdng
d
vi tri
C so'5

(5')
v6[
axil
photphoric trong moi nucleotit.
Cau 39: Vi sao phan tuf ADN vCra vffng
chac
vira
linh
boat?
Hitdng
ddn
Phan tur ADN viTng
chac
la
nhd lien ke't
phospho
dieste
giiJa
cac
nucleotit
la
lien
ke't rat vffng
chac
(nen khi
2
mach
ddn tach nhau ra, chuoi polinucleotit van
ton
tai).

Lien
ke't hidro ra't nhieu nhtfng ne'u
vSng
chac
thi phan tu" ADN khong
the
duoi,
xoan
tach nhau
ra
khi
can
thiet
(linh
boat). Mat
khac
so'
lu'dng lien ke't
hidro rat Idn citng gop phan lam cho ADN vffng
chac.
III.
CAU HOI
TRAC
NGHIEM
CSu 1: ADN ma cau true chi
c6
mot
mach
gap
5

dang sinh vat nao sau day:
A)Tbeankhuan
B)
Virut
C)
Vi khuan
D)
Ca
A
va
B
Cfiu
2:
Mot
so
virut
vat chat di truyen la ARN. Sir
t^i
sinh cua ARN
theo
nguyen
tac
nao?
. i ^
A) Nhan doi ARN
B) Sao ma
ngiTdc
C)
Tong
hdp ADN roi

tir
do long hdp ARN
D) Bao loan
18
Cty
TNHH MTV DVVH
Khang Vigt
Cau
3:
ADN
CO
mach
xoan
kep gap cf dang sinh vat
nao?
,, v
A) Sinh vat nhsin thiTc
B)
Dong
vat, thi/c vat
C)
Virut,
vi khuan D) Dap an
A
la dung nha't
CSu
4:
ADN dang
mach
vong

c6 cf:
A) Mot
so
vi khuan
B)
Mot
so
virut
C)
Lap the, ti the
D)
Ca A, B,
C.
CSu
5:
Gen la:
, ^ '
•
Xty
A)
Mot
doan
AND
B)
Mot
doan
ARN
:-m
C) Mot
doan

axil
nucleic
D) Dap an
C
la dung nha't
CSu
6: Co
bao nhieu loai
gen?
A)
Co
2
loai gen la gen trong nhan va gen ngoai nhan.
B)
Co
2
loai gen la gen
mach
kcp va gen
mach
ddn. ~
- '
C)
Co
2
loai gen la
boat
dong
va gen bat
boat.

,> 'u '>
D)
Co v6
so'loai
gen,
tiiy
vi
tri,
cau tao,
cbtfc
nang,
Cfiu
7:
Tin hieu khcfi
dong
nam
d
vimg nao cua gen cau true? > "i
A) Viing dieu boa
B)
Viing ke't thiic
1
C) Viing ma
boa D)
Viing van hanh '41
•
Cau
8:
Viing dieu boa cua gen cau true nam d vi tri
nao?

•
/
<'
A) Dau liiach ma
goc
B) Dau
mach
bd sung
f>ri
.5
C) Cudi
mach
ma
gdc D)
Cudi
mach
bd sung.
n
"3«:
C&u
9:
Vimg dieu hoa ciia gen cau
Iriic
c6
chiJc
nang gi?
i*;:
A) Dieu hoa
boat
dong

gen
B)
Kbdi
dong
boat
dong
gen
C) Khcli
dong
va kiem
soat
phien ma. D) Cham dut phien ma.
;
s
Cau 10: Viing ma boa cua gen cau true
c6
chiJc
nang
gi?
*. ' \
A) Ma boa
cac
axil
amin.
<j
f (u
\i
J
"
-hi

i
B) Quy dinh
cac
axit amin.
' i f
C) Mang thong tin ma boa
cac
axit amin.
> (
D) CaA, BviiC.
Cau 11: Viing ke't thiic
CO
cbtJc
nang gi?
' M K
A) Ket tbue phien ma
B)
Ket tbiie
dieb
ma
' '
,
i'
C) Mang tin bieu ket tbue phien ma D) CbiJa ma ke't thuc
'
• >,
'
CSu 12: Diem kbdi dau cua gen nam
5
dau?

.< i
A)
d
ma md dau
B)
d
codon
ibiJ
nha't
C) Diem dau lien cua gen
D)
(J viing kbdi
dong
CSu 13: Diem ket tbue ciia gen nam
d
dau?
• *;
A)
d
vimg ke't tbue
f
B)
6
sinh vat nhan tbirc
C)
d
diem cudi
cung
cua gen D)
6

virut
;v.,
/,
,
CSu 14: Gen phan manh
c6
d sinh vat
nao?
A)
6
sinh vat nhan
sd B)
6
sinh vat nhan thirc
C)6vikbuan
D)
6
virut
19
Cam
nang
til fin vS
luyen
thj_^nh_hQC
-
Phiing
Uiiy
Dniig
CSu
15: Ma di iruyen la gi?

A)
La bo ba ma hoa. B) La ma hoa bo ba.
C)
La
thong
tin di Iruyen
du'dc
ma hoa. D) Ca A, B, C.
Cau 16: Vi sao
thong
tin di
truycn
phai ma hoa bang ma "bo ba?
A)
Vi
CO
4 loai nuclcotit.
B) Vi
CO
20 loai axit amin. . > *
C)
VI ma hoa bo hai khong du dc ma hoa 20 loai axil amin.
D) Ca A, B,C.
Cau 17: Ma hoa bo ba va bp ba ma hoa c6 giong nhau
khong?
Cciu
Irii
Idi nao
dung
nhii't?

A)
Gio'ng nhau
' B)
Khac
nhau
C)
Giong nhau vi dcu la
each
ma hoa
D)
Khac
nhau vi ma hoa bo ba la
each
ma hoa con bo ba ma hoa la mot to
hdp
cua cac ma hoa bp ba.
Cau 18: O
viing
dicu hoa cua gen c6 chifa ma di truyen
khong?
A)
Khong
chiJa
vi khong ma hoa axit amin.
B) Khong chila vi mang tin hieu
khdi
dpng
va kiem
soat
qua

trinh
phien ma.
C)
Co chuTa ma di Iruyen nhu'ng khong
chu'a
axit amin.
D) CaAvaB.
Cau 19: Vung ke't thiic c6
chu'a
ma di truyen
khong?
'
A)
Khong
chu'a
vi khong mang thong tin ma hoa cac axit amin.
B) Khong
chu'a
vi khong lam nhiem vu ma hoa axit amin.
C)
Khong
chu'a
vi mang tin hieu ket Ihiie phicn ma.
D) Co
chu'a
ma di truyen nhu'ng khong ma hoa axit amin.
Cau 20: Ma ket thuc (bp ba ke't thuc) c6
chiJc
nang gi?
A)

DiYng phien ma B) DiTng dich ma
C)
Mang tin hieu dijfng phien ma D) Mang tin hieu
diifng
dich ma
Cau 21: Ma md dau c6
chtfc
nang?
A)
Mang tin hieu md dau phicn ma
B) Mang tin hieu md dau dich ma
C)
Mang tin hieu ciia axit amin
thu"
nhat
D) Chu'a thong tin ma hoa axit amin md dau
Cau 22: Ma di truyen trong ADN
du'cic
phien ma
sang
mARN nhd cd
che'nao?
A)
Nhd cd che phien ma B) Nhd cd che tdng hdp mARN
C)
Nhd cd che djch ma D) Nhd cd che tong hdp ARN
CSu
23: Ma di truyen trong ADN
du'cic
giai ma nhd cd che'

nao?
A)
Nhd cd che dich ma. B) Nhd cd che tdng hdp protein.
C)
Nhd tARN van
ehuyen.
D) Ca A, B deu
dung.
20
Cty
TIMHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang
ViSt
CSu
24: Vi sao dau 5' c6 mot
trinh
tU nuclcotit dac hieu khong diTdc djch ma?
A)
Vi khong chufa thong tin di truyen.
B) Vi dich ma bat dau d codon md dau u'ng vdi bp ba dau tien trong
viing
ma hoa.
C)
VI qua
trinh
phien ma bat dau tifdiem
khdi
dau nam tru'dc codon md dau.

D) Ca B va C.
Cau 25: Sir kicn cat bo cac intron va ndi cac cxon lai xay ra luc nao 6 sinh vat
nhan
thyc?
A)
Liic phien ma B) Lilc bat dau dich ma
C)
Sau phien ma D) Liic dich ma.
CSu
26: Qua
trinh
phien ma xay ra
theo
chieu
nao?
A)
Chieu 3' -> 5' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 5" 3' ciia mach ma gdc
C)
Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach bd sung D) Chieu 5' -> 3' ciia mach bd sung.
Cau 27: Chieu ciia mARN
diWc
tdng hdp •
A)
Chieu 5' 3' cua mach ma gdc B) Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach ma gdc
C)
Chieu 5' -> 3' ciia mach ma sao D) Chieu 3' -> 5' ciia mach ma sao.
Cau 28: Vi sao can c6 giai doan
hoat
hoa ciia axit amin:
A)

Vi axit amin tiT do khong 5 Irang thai
hoat
dpng.
^ B) Vi axit amin tU do
chu'a
lien ket vdi tARN
tUdng
u'ng.
C)
Vi can tao ra
phiJc
he aa - tARN de van chuyen axit amin den vi tri tu'dng
m u'ng tren mARN.
1 D) Vi cii A, B, C.
Cfiu
29: Riboxom c6
chiJc
nang gi:
A)
Ndi dich ma.
B) Vira la ndi dich ma vifa la khung dd giiTa. mARN - aa -
lARN
va
giiJa
• codon - anticodt)n liic dich ma.
• C) Chuyen dich tren mARN de tARN dich ma.
P D)Ca A, B, C.
Cau 30: Qua trinh dich ma bat dau tiT
dau?
Kcl thiic d

dau?
A)
Bat dau d diem
khdi
dau va cham
dirt
d diem ket thiic.
B) Bat dau
tiTcodon
md dau va kcl thiic khi riboxom tiep xuc vdi ma ket thiic.
C)
Ba't dau d vimg
khdi
dpng,
ket thiic d viing ke't thiic.
D) Ca AvaCdeudiing.
Cfiu
31: Qua
trinh
dich ma diTng lai khi: :/; ; s 'h
A)
Dot bien lam
xuiit
hien ma kcl thuc , „. -i "i :
B) Khi riboxom tiep xiic vdi ma ket thiic
C)
Khi riboxom tiep xuc vdi bp ba UAA
hoac
UAG
hoac

UGA
D) Ca A, B,Cdeudiing. > ; -
Ca'm
nang
tg fln va
luygn
thi
Sinh
hgc -
Phiing
Duy
Dfl'ng
Cau
32: Trong qua
trinh
dich ma, dau lien riboxom gan v6i mARN d vung
nao?
A)
O vi Iri dac hieu nam gan codon md dau
B) O codon md dau _ nsv r >t':'
C)
(J vung
khdi
dong i - : .; ,
D) d vung dicu hoa. i'. T, „
Cau
33: Vi sao ADN du-dc goi la cd sd vat
chat
di truycn: )
A)

Vi
chi?a
thong tin di truycn
B) Vi CO
tinh
dac
trifng
cho moi ca the, moi loai sinh vat va on
dinh
qua cac
the he i7^l"r>vi: (i, • " •
C)
Vi ADN CO kha nang lai sinh, phan li, to hap, kha nang bicn di va truycn
thong
tin di truyen qua cac the' he . .,
D) Vica A, B,C.
Cau
34: ADN co d vi tri niio sau
day?
A) Trong nhan tc' bao B) Trong ti the, hip the
C)
Trong phan loi cua mot so
virut
D) Ca A, B, C.
Cau
35: Hai mach cua ADN c6 chieu nhif sau:
A) Ca 2 mach c6 chieu gio'ng nhau
B) Mach ma goc c6 chieu 3' -> .S'. Mach bd sung c6 chieu 5' -> 3'
C)
Ca 2 mach xoan deu quanh mot true thco chieu

tiif
Inii
sang
phai
D) CaB,Cdcudung.
Cau
36: ADN ma cau true chi c6 mot mach gap d dang sinh vat
nao?
A)Theankhuan B)
Virut
C)
Dong vat nguycn sinh D) Ca A va B.
Cau
37: Mach danh dau chieu 5' -> 3' nghia la:
A)
Lien ket hoa tri ba't dau tiT
cacbon
so 5' ciia nucleotil Ihu- nha't, kcl Ihiic d
cacbon
so 3' trong nucleotit cuoi cijng ciia mach do.
B) Lien ket hoa tri bat dau tir
cacbon
so' 3' ciia nucleotit thi? nha't, kcl Ihiic d
cacbon
so 5' trong nucleotit cuoi cung ciia mach do.
C)
Ca A, B deu ,sai.
. D) Ca A, B deu dung. '*
Cau
38: Nguyen lac bd sung c6 tam quan trong

vt'li
crt che di truyen:
1.
Nhan doi AND 2.
Hinh
thanh mach ddn
3. Phien ma , • 4. Dich ma.
Cau
trii
Icli
dung la:
A)
1,2,3.
B)
1,3,4.
' C)
1,2,3.
D)
1,2,4.
Cau
39: TCr nguycn tic bd sung c6 the suy ra dicu gi:
A) A + G = T + X B) A + X = so nucleotil ciia mot mach
C)
-77—^ =
^
D)CaA,BvaC.
Cty TNHH'MTV DVVH
Khang
Vigt
CSu

40: ADN c6
tinh
on
dinh
qua cac the' he la nhd
A) sao ma. 'i
B) dich ma.
-:<•,
,
• \
.
^^ ^
V
C)
nhan doi ADN
theo
nguycn lac bd sung va ban bao ton.
D) nguycn phan.
Cfiu
41: Qua
trinh
nhan doi ADN
xiiy
ra tao thanh phan nao ciia te
bao?
A)
Nhiem sac the B) Ti the, lap the j ^
OPlasmit D)Ca A,B,Cdeudung. '\
Cau
42: ADN con duWc tao ra

theo
nguycn lac ban bao ton nghla la: j;) uj
A)
Trong hai ADN co mot ADN cii va mot ADN mdi.
B) Moi mach ciia ADN con co 1/2 nguycn lieu cii, 1/2 nguycn lieu mdi.
C)
Mot mach cua ADN la mach khuon cua ADN me, mach kia du^dc tao bdi
cac nucleotit tif do.
D) Mot nii-a nguycn lieu cii, mot nufa nguycn lieu mdi.
cau 43: Nguyen tac bd sung trong cd che lai ban ADN dan den: .
A) Lam cho
tinh
dac
ihii
cua ADN duMc on djnh. )
V
B) Lam cho ADN con co can true gidng hct ADN me. , .,
;^
C)
Gop phan dn
dinh
tinh
Irang ciia loai qua cac the he. ;
D) Ca A, B,Cdeudung.
Cau
44: Cau nao sai khi noi ve chieu lac dong ciia
cn/.im?
A) ADN polimcra/a chi Uic dong
theo
chieu 3' 5' cvia mach khuon.

B) ADN polimcraza tac dong thco nhieu ndi nhu^ng van
theo
chieu 3' -> 5'
ciia mach khuon.
C) Dcip an A sai. ';' ^
D) Cii A va B deu sai. "
Cau
45: Khi noi de'n doan okazaki dieu nao sau day la
sai?
''•
A)
DuWc tdng hdp difa vao mach khuon 3' -> 5'.
./i
^
K('!/i>l
i.
B) Dirdc tdng hdp ngiWc chieu
vi'ii
mach khuon.
C)
Dufdc tdng hdp
tiVng
doan
ngiin
difa vao nhieu diem ciia mot mach ddn.
D) DiTdc tdng
hdp
difa vao mach khuon 5' -> 3'.
Cau
46: Cd che tai sinh ciia ADN co y nghia gi?

A) La cd sd de NST nhan doi. ''
B) Dam bao cho ADN difdc 6n
dinh
ve cau true ham
liTdng
qua cac the he te bao
C)
Gop phan dn
dinh
ciic
tinh
trang qua cac the he cua
kxii.
,,. .;,
D)
Cii
A, B, C deu dung. , ' '
Cau
47: Tinh dac ihu ciia ADN bieu hicn ct:
A) So
lifdng,
thanh phan,
trinh
tif sap xcp cac nucleotil.
B) Ham
lifdng
ADN.
23
Ca'm
nang

tij On va
luygn
thi
Sinh
hpc -
Phiing
Duy
Dfl'ng
OTHc
A±l.
G
+ X
D)
Ca A, B, C.
Cau
48: Nhd diic diem nho ADN c6
tinh
cha't
viTa vi?ng
chac
vi/a Hnh
hoat,
c6
the dong xoan,
thao
xoa'n, tach nhaii la
Ichi
can Ihict?
A)
So

lien
kct hidio la
lien
ket yen va nhicu.
B)
Hai mach
lien
ket vc'Ji nhau
theo
ngiiycn
tiic
bo sung.
C)
Lien
ket hoa trj rat ben.
D)
Ca A, B, C dung.
Cau
49: NhCl dac diem nao ADN c6
linh
da
dang
vii
tinh
dac thii?
A)
Nhil cau lao da phan. li) Nh(i nguyen trie bd sung.
C)
Nhf<
ADN la dai phan liV. D)

Nhcl
lien
ket hidro rat k'Jn.
Cau
50: Nhct dac
tinh
nao c6 sir
lien
quan giiTa ADN va
gen?
A)
Tinh
da dang,
tinh
dac thu.
B)
Tinh
dilc
trifng,
on dinh qua cac the he.
C)
Co kha
nang
tai sinh,
phiin
li,
to hdp, dot bien.
D)
Ca A. B, C.
Cau

51: Khi noi ve ma di truyen. cau noi nao sau day khong
dung?
A)
Ban
chat
ma di truyen la 1 bo ba ma hoa mot axit amin.
B)
Ban
chat
ma di truyen la thong tin quy dinh ciic
tinh
trang ciia cO the.
C)
Ban
cha't
ma di truyen lii
trinh
lir ciia bo ba trong ADN quy dinh
trinh
tif
cac axit amin trong phan
ti'f
protein.
D)
Thong tin di truyen
du'dc
ma hoa trong ADN
bang
ma hoa bp ba.
Cau

52: Chi c6 khoang l,5V( so nucleotil trong he gen
ngircli
tham gia vao vice
ma hoa cac chuoi polipeptit, so con lai c6 the
giff
vai tro gi?
A)
Khong
giu"
vai tro gi ca (bat hoat).
B)
Tham gia ca'u tao cac
inlron,
cau tao tarn dong, dau
mill
nhiem .sac the,
trinh
tif ciic nucleotil dac hieu dc giup riboxom nhan biet cho
lien
ke'l vdi
mARN,
giup ARN polimera/a
nhiin
bie'l tin hieu khdi dong, tin hieu diTng
phicn
ma,
giiip
cha't
vie
chebam

vao de dieu hoa
hoat
dong gen
C)
Ca A, Bdeudung.
D)
Chi
CO
B dung.
Cau
53: Khi noi den chifc
nang
ciia enzim ADN - polimera/a Irong qua
trinh
nhan doi ADN, cau
niio
sau day la dung nhfi'l?
A)
La enzim long hdp mach ADN
mc'^i.
B)
Lii enzim lap rap cac nucleotil
liTdo
lhanh mach ADN m6i.
24
Cty
TNHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang

Vi§t
C)
La enzim
xiic
tac sif
lien
ke'l
giffa
nucleotil tu* do
vt'ti
nucleotil ciia mach
khuon de tao lhanh mach ADN mdi,
theo
nguyen tSc bo
sung
A - T, G - X.
D)
La enzim khong
phiii
lam nhiem vii long hdp mach md^i ma chi
xiic
lac
phiin
i^ng tao lhanh mach ADN
mt'li.
C3u
54: NhSng dac diem nao cua ma di truyen the hicn
linh
thong
nhat

va da
dang
sinh
gic'ti'.'
A)
Ma di iruycn c6
tinh
phd bien. B) Ma di truyen khong gdi len nhau
C)
Ma di truyen c6
linh
dac hieu. D) Ca A va B.
Cau
55: ARN CO mat ('<:
A)
Nhan le bao. B) Te bao
chat.
C)
Mot so
virul.
D) Cil A, B va C.
Cau
56: SiTkhac biet trong ca'u tao hoa hpc ciia nucleotil so
vc'fi
ribonucleotit la:
A)
Vi tri
lien
ket
giffa

axit, bazd vii difiJng.
-'i^
'
B)
Baz(t nitric vii
difclng
C^.
C)
Goc - OH trong
phiin
lii-dirdng
C5.
' •
D)
Ca A vii B
dijng.
;
Cslu
57:
Hiim
lu'dng ARN trong lebiio thay ddi
phii
ihupc
viio:
A)
Te
biio
con non hay da
giii.
B)

Loai mo chiVa te
biio
do.
C)
Tcbiio
dang
phat
trien hay
dang
phan
biio.
D)
Cii A, B vii C deu dung.
Cau
58: Diem
khac
biet cd
biin
giiJa
niARN,
lARN
ve cau lao
lii:
A)
Chung khiic ve so lu'dng ddn phan.
B)
mARN
khong c6 ca'u true xoan vii nguyen
tiic
bd sung, con

lARN
ihi ngu'cfc lai.
C)
lARN
CO
lien
ke'l hidro con
mARN
thi khong.
D)
Cii A, B vii C deu dung.
Cau
59: Noi den
chu'c
nilng
cua ARN, cau
niio
sau
diiy
sai?
' '
|!A)mARN
lii ban mil sao luf mach 3' -> 5' ciia gen
du^dc
dung khuon long
hPp prolein. , ' 'l'
|B)
rARN
CO
vai ird long hdp chudi polipeptit dac biet, tao

thiinh
riboxom.
|C)
lARN
CO
chi'rc
niing
viin
chuycn
axil
amin den riboxom vii
trifc
ticp dich ma.
D)
rARN
CO
vai tro tdng hdp eo
ihif
cap ciia NST.
Cfiu
60: ADN vii ARN gidng nhau d diem niio? : '
A)
Deu
CO
4 loai ddn phan.
B)
Mdi ddn
phiin
deu c6 axit, dirdng vii
bazct

nitric.
•
•
'• " •' '
C)
Lien
ket hoa tri giiTa difdng vii
axil
c6 vi tri gid'ng nhau.
D)
Cii A, B,C deu dung.
25
Ca'm nang ti; fln luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phiing Duy Dting
Cau 61: NhiTng diem
khac
nhau ci1 ban
ve
cau
iriic
giffa ADN
va
ARN:
A)
So
lUWng mach vii
so
luWng ddn phan. rs';?
< -
B) Trong ADN
c6 T,

khong
c6
U, con trong ARN ihi ngiWc lai, trong ADN
co
diTfJng
C,H|o04,
trong ARN co du-dng
C^HHIO,.
C)
ADN
la
khuon, con ARN
la
stin pham
du'dc
tdng hdp lu" khuon ADN.
D)
Ca A, B, C
dcu diing.
Cflu
62:
VI
dac
diem nao trong
cd
che
sao ma
mil
cau
true ARN

khac
vdi doan
ADN da tdng hdp
ra
no:
: ; ,1; -
••'•)•/:
.
A) VI ARN chi diiilc tdng hdp lit mol mach
dcJn
cua ADN.
B)
Vi
nguyen
lieu ciia qua
trinh
sao
ma (phien ma)
la
ribonucleotit.
C)
Vi
tdng hdp theo
nguyen
tac
bd
sung
A -
U,
G - X.

D)
Ca A, B, C
deu dung.
Cau
63:
Diem giong nhau giiTa
ed
che tdng hdp ARN
(sao
ma, phien ma)
va cd
che
tu"
nhan doi ci'ia ADN (tir sao ma,
ti/
tai ban):
A) Deu diTa
vao
ADN lam khuon.
B) Deu tdng hdp theo
nguyen
lac
bd
sung.
C)
Deu CO siTxiic
tiic
ci'ia en/im polimera/a
va
mach mdi deu

du'dc
tdng hdp
theo chieu
ngu'dc
lai vdi mach khuon.
D)
Ca A, B, C
deu dung.
Cau
64:
Diem
khac
hiet giiTa
cd
che nhan ddi ADN vil c(t che phien ma:
.
A)
Khtic nhau
ve
khuon (hai mach, mot mach).
B)
Khac
nhau
ve
nguyen
lieu
do
moi Irirdng cung
cap
(loai ddn phan,

so
krdng ddn phan).
C)
Khac
nhau enzim xuc
lac va
nguyen
lac
bd
sung.
J
D) Ca A, B va C
deu dung.
Cau 65:
Cac
axil amin giong nhau
va
khac
nhau
i1
thanh phan nao trong cau true
ciia
no? .
,,
A)
Giong nhau
d
nhom amin, nhom
cacboxyl
khac

nhau
d
go'c
R.
B) Giong nhau
d
axil, difdng,
khac
nhau ("t nhom amin.
C)
Ca A va B
deu dung.
, ,
D)
Chic6
Adiing.
^.^^
Cau
66:
Noi dung nao sau day khong
dung?
A) Lien ket peplil
la
lien ket giiTa
cac
axil amin.
B) Thi/c
chat
ciia
HCMI

ket peplil
\h
lien ket hoa Iri.
C)
LiC-n ket peptit difdc thifc hien giiTa nhom
-
COOH ciia axil amin
nay
vdi
nhom
-
NH2 ciia axil amin ben
canh
(loai irCr mot phan liV H.O).
D)
So
lien kel peptit
bang
sd^ axil amin ciia chudi polipeptil.
26
f
Cty
TIMHH
MTV DVVH Khang
Vi6t
CSu 67:
Yeu
to nao sau day chi phdi Idn nhal den
tinh
dac

ihil
ciia protein?
A)
So
lu-dng axil amin trong phan
tii"
protein do.
B) Thiinh phan axil amin trong phan
tiir
protein do.
? 1 ,
C)
Trinh
tu"
sap xep
cac
axil amin trong phan
tuT
protein do.
D) Cau
triic
khong gian cua phan liV protein do.
,A
Cau 68: Qua
trinh
tdng hdp prdlein qua
cac
giai doan nao sau
day?
•

A)
Phien ma idng hdp
ra
mARN rdi djch ma thanh chudi polipeptil.
:;
B) Hoat hoa axit amin
va
tdng hdp chudi polipeptil.
'
C)
Nhan
doi
ADN (liT
sao)
tdng
hdp
mARN
(sao ma) va
tdng
hdp
chuoi
polipeptil
(dich mii hay giai ma). ^ji?!•;;),?;;f,'4,
d 4 >
D)
Ca A va B
deu dung.
,
.^^ 'uh^'-'fua
u •

Cau 69: Protein
co
tinh
dac
trifng
va
dn dinh
la
nhd:
,
>
^
A)
ADN
ed
tinh
dac tru'ng
va
dn dinh.
,
B) ADN nhan ddi theo
nguyen
life bd
sung
va
ban bao ton.
C)
Trinh tir
cac bo ba
trong mach

gde
(Triplet)
quy
dinh
trinh
tif
cac
codon
trong
mARN (qua
cd
che phien ma),
trinh
tu"
cac
codon trong mARN quy
dinh
trinh
tiTcac
axit amin trong chudi polipeptil (qua cd che dich mil).
D) Nhd cii
ba
diJ kien tren,
Cau
70:
Noi dung niio sau day khong
dung?
'
A)
Cac

riboxdm
chuyen
dich trcn mARN theo chieu
5'
->
3'
tiTng
bd ba,
liTdng
i?ng
vdi 10,2 A".
B)
Cac
anticodon eiia lARN dich ma
sao
tren mARN theo
nguyen
tiic
bd
sung
vdi
tifng
codon ihco liTng bifdc
chuyen
dich ciia riboxdm.
C)
Mil ket thiie khong
du'dc
lARN dich ma.
D)

Cd bao
nhieu ribdxdm tham
gia
giiii
ma se cd
bii'y nhieu phan tuf protein
du'dc
tdng hdp. r-
,^
CSu 71:
Yeu
id niio giu" vai tro dicu hoa tdng hdp protein?
,
A)
Gen dieu hoa s;in xual
ra
prdlein lYc che.
,
B) Viing khdi ddng
de
ARN polimera/.a bam viio
de
phien ma.
C)
Viing
viin
hilnh
do protein u'e che bam vao
ngan
can phien ma.

D) Cci
3
yeu id A,
B
vii
C. , , '[ . ,
^
CSu 72: Cau niio
sau day
khong diing?
A)
Mil md dau
co
chiJc
nang khdi dau dich ma.
B)
Bo ba
md
diiu
co
chuTc
niing ma hoa axil amin md d;1u.
C)
Bd ba
md dau
co
chiJc
niing khdi
ditu
phien mii.

.
D) Dich ma
bill
diiu
iCr bo
ba
md
ditu
tren mARN.
Cau 73: Cau niio sau
day
khong
dung?
,'' '
A)
Ma
ket thiic quy djnh tin hicu ket thuc dich ma.
B) Mii ket thuc
la cac bo
ba: UAA, UAG, UGA.
.
27,
Ca'm nang ti/ fin va luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy D6'ng
C)
Ma kct
thuc
quy djnh tin hieu ket thi'ic phicn ma.
D)
Ma kc'l thiic nam d vung kct
thuc

ciia gen cau true. ,. - ,
Cau 74: Vi tri ciia bo ba mc'f dau nam ("J vung
A)
khc'-fi
dgng ciia gen. B) dieu hoa ciia gen.
C)
ma hoa. D) Ca A, B va C dcu dung.
Cau 75: Cau nao sau day
dung?
•»*'''
••'<•
•
A)
Diem khdi dau nam d bo ba mc(
diiu.
B)
Diem khdi dau nam cf vj tri dac hieu d dau gen.
C)
Diem
khdi
dau nhw c! dau bo ba met dau.
D)
Ca A, B va C dcu dung.
Cau 76: Cau niio sau day
dung?
A)
Diem ket
thuc
nam d bo ba ket thuc.
B)

Diem kct thijc ntlm d dau bo ba ket thiic.
C)
Diem ket
ihiic
nhm (':f vi tri dac hieu
(1
cuo'i gen.
D)
Ca A, B va C dcu dung.
DAP
AN
1.
D
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. C
11.C
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. C
16. D
17. D
18. C 19. D

20. D
21.
D
22. B
23. D
24. D
25. C
26. A
27. A
28. C
29. D
30. B
31.
D
32. B
33. D
.34. D
35. C 36. D
37. A
38. B
39. D
40. C
41.
D
42. C
43. D
44. D
45. A
46. D
47. D

48. D
49. A
50. C
51.
A 52. C
53. C
54. D
55. D
56. B
57. D
58. D
59. D
60. D
61.
D
62. D
63. D
64. D
65. D
66. D
67. C
68. D
69. D
70. D
71.
D
72. C
73. C
74. C
75. B

76. C
IV.BAlTAPn/l
UAN
Logi 1: Tim .so to hdp ciia cac loai nucleotil.
1.
Tir cac vi dii cu the hay khai
quat
va cho biel:
Co 4 loai nucleotit, neu to hdp bo 1, bo 2, bo
3, ,
bo n thl se tao ra bao nhicu
to help.
2. Neu chi c6 3 loai nucleotit A, X, G to hdp bo ma, se ma hoa di/dc bao
nhieu axit amin. Dieu nay trong thifc te
CO
.xiiy
ra
khong?
3. Se
CO
bao nhieu id hdp cac bi) ba c6 chii'a it
nha't
1 ribonucleotit loai A
(DS:
37).
4. So to hdp cac bo ba chiVa 2A va 1U (DS: 8).
5. Co bao nhieu cac to hdp bo ba khong
chiJa
X (DS: 27).
Gdi

y
trii Icfi:
Lap biing to
hc.Jp
de tim
hoac
suy ra
iCl'
cong
thu'c
to hdp.
Cty
TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t
Lo^i
2: Xac dinh ca'u
Iriic
ciia
phan
tuf i
TiT
mo'i
quan
he giiTa cac qua trinh phien ma va giai ma c6 the xac dinh cau
true
ciia
gen, ciia mARN, ciia chudi polipcptit do gen do tdng hdp. Loai nay c6 rat
nhieu bai, chiing toi chi difa ra mot loai, chifa lha'y gap trong cac
sach
bai tap.
Vi

dii: Mot gen rat ngiin
du'dc
tdng h(<p trong phong thi nghiem c6
Irinh
tu"
nucleotit nhir sau:
Mach 1: TTT TAX AGT ATX ATT TXA AXT AAT TTX TAG XAT GTA
Mach 2: AAA ATG TXA TAG TAA AGT TGA TTA AAG ATX GTA XAT
Cho bie't gen nay dich ma cho chudi polipcptit c6 6 axit amin. Hay xac djnh:
a) Mach nao la
mach
khuon de tdng hdp mARN va viet cac
dfiu
3' va 5' vao
ciic
dau ciia gen.
Giiii
thich tai
sao?

b) Trinh
liT
cac codon trong mARN. '"
c) Trinh tifcac axit amin trong chudi polipcptit.
d) Trinh
ti/cac
nucleotit dac hieu de khdi dong, dieu tiet difng phien ma, dich
ma la nhUng nucleotit
nao?
Chung nam d

viing
nao ciia gen tren.
HUifng dan
-
Can ci? vao bo ba md dau va bp ba ket thiic de xac dinh
mach
khuon (do
la
mcich thu''2).
-
Can
cii"
vao trinh
tu"
cac bo ba ma goc (triplet) suy ra trinh tif cac bo ba ma
sao (codon) vii trinh
ti/cac
axit amin trong chuoi polipcptit.
-
Can cd
viio
chu'c
nang
ciia
viing
dieu hoa, vung ket thiic de xac dinh.
Logi 3: Tim so' lu'dng cac d(<n
phan
a) Can ci? vao cau tao cua ADN ta c6:
-

A + T + G +X =: 2A + 2G = N (N: Tdng so nucleotit trong ADN)
A
+ G = A + X = T + G- T + X= y= 50% tdng so nucledtit.
A:G
= a:b->A:T:G:X =
a:a:b:b
hoac
—=1=^=^=- ^
,,,.,.,-,,.,,„,„,,„,,, ,
a a b b 2a + 2b
Vidu:
A:G-3: 1
^A:T:G:X
= 3:3: I : 1.
N
N
Do do: A = T = —
X
3; G = X =— x
1
(N la long so nucleotit)
8 8
-
So lien ket hidro - 2A + 3G = 2T + 3G - 2A + 3X = 2T + 3X.
-
So lien ket hoa tri trong 1
mach
dcJn
= N - 1 va trong
phan

tii"
ADN = 2N - 2
(giiira
axil
va diTcJng). 'iv^j
-
So lien ke't hoa trj
giffa
cac nucleotit trong ADN = N - 2.
j.,^,,.,
. .
-
So nucleotit trong mot vong xoan = 20 nucleotit.
b) Can cii" vao mdi lien he
giffa
khdi
lifclng
phan
tvf (M), sd' Ming nucleotit
(N),
so lu'dng ribonucledtit (Nn,). so lu'dng axit amin (aa) va chieu dai (D) ciia
cac
phan
tOr c6 the dien la mdi lien he do qua sd do sau:
-
' • • 29
Cam
nang
ttj 6n
luygn

thi
Sinh
lioc
-
I'liung
Duy
D6ng
M(j,en) M(j,en)
>
M(j,en)
<
Chia
300
Nhan
300
Chia
300
Chia 2
nhan
3,4
Nhan
300
N(gcn)
N{mARN)
N(gcn)
N{mARN)
N(gcn)
N{mARN)
<.•
Chia 3, 4

nhan
2
Nhan
3,4
Chia
3,4
¥
T
^(gcn)
MmARN)
^(gcn)
M(Chuoi
polipcpltl)
•
, Chia
110
\
Nhan
120
l-'(Chuoi
poiipcptil)
Nhan
3 Chia 3 A
L(Chiioi
IDlipcplil)
Theo
sd
do tren khi dau bai cho bie't ba't ki mot yeu to
niio
Irong

bang
ta c6
the suy ra ta't ca cac yeu to
khac
trong bang.
c)
Can
cu"
vao mo'i
quan
he giiJa gen va
mARN
gen
mARN
A, T,
G, X,
T.
A2
X2
G2
•A(m)
U(m)
X(m)
^(m)(m)
Til"
mo'i
quan
he tren suy ra:
A = T = A(n,) +
U(|„).

G = X = G(n,) + X(m).
A|
= T2 =
A(m).
Ti = A2 =
U(m).
G| = X2 G(m). X| = G2 =
X(m).
Loai
4: Tim so lifdng moi loai ddn
phan
-
Co 4 loai nucleotil nhu'ng vi A = T, G = X nen ta chi can tim
so"
lu'dng
cua
2 loai nucleotit khong bo
sung
vdi nhau se bie't
du'dc
so
lu'dng
cua 4
loai.
-
Nhu"
vay nhflng bai
toiin
ihuoc loai nay c6 2 an so,
buoc

de
phiii
c6 2 dieu kien.
-
Can cH vao moi dieu kien trong de bai ta lap mot
phu'dng
trinh
bac
nha't
mot an so'. Giai he
phu'dng
trinh
bac
nhii't
2 an so ta se tim
ngay
ra dap an.
Vidu 1: Bie't chicu dai cua gen la 0,51|jm gen co .so'nucleotit loai A - 600. Tim
so'nucleotit moi loai cua gen do.
HU('mg
ddn
-
Theo de bai ta CO
ngay
phuTdng
trinh
1
la: A = 600
-
Bie't A = 600 T = 600. Nhu- vay an so thiJ hai phai tim la so loai

nucleotil
khong bo
sung
vdi A. Do la G
hoac
X.
-
Dieu kien thi? hai trong de bai khong noi ro so' nucleotit nhu'ng can
cu"
vao
mo'i
lien
he
giffa
chicu dai gen (L gen) vdi so nucleotit ciia gen (N gen) trong
bang
he thong d muc 2 ta bie't
ngay
so'nucleotit cua gen la:
0,51x10^ A
3,4
=
1500x2.
30
Cty
TIMHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang
Vi?t

Hoac
so'nucleotit cua mot mach la 1500. C
Suy ra: A + X = 1500 (phUdng trinh thi? hai) i
A
+
X
= 1500l
A
=
600=T >
-
Giai he phu'dng trinh
A=600
J X=900
=
G
yidu
2: Tim so' nucle6tit cua gen bie't so'
lien
kct hidro ciia
gen
do la 3900. Va
s6'
lien
ke't hoa trj giiJa cac nucleotit trong mot mach ddn
lii
1499.
HUihig
ddn
Doc de ta tha'y

ngay
2 dieu kien, can
ci'r
vao mot dieu kien ta lap mot
phi/dng
trinh.
Giai he
phu'dng
trinh
bac
nha't
2 an so ta c6
ngay
dap an. ,. ,
Bie't
so hen kct hidro
bang
3900 ^ 2A + 3G = 3900 (1)
Bie't
so hen ke't hoa tri
bang
1499 -> A + G = 1500 (2) ,, / '
Giai
he phuTdng
trinh
niiy
ta
du'dc:
X
=:

G = 900 va A = T = 600 ,
Loai
5: Tim so' % moi loai ddn
phan
Cach giai nhu'ng bai toan
thuoc
loai nay cung tiTdng
ti;
nhiT
each
giai toan loai
4 da de cap tren. ' ' >•
Can
luu y:
+
De bai khong can cho biet 2 dieu kien nhiT d
dang
toan loai 4 ma chi can
cho bie't mot dieu kien la du, vi mot dieu kien tat yeu da bie't la tong so % cac loai
nucleotit
bang
100% ^ A % + X %
=
A % +G % = T % + G = T % + X % = 50%
(c6 nghia la to'ng % cua 2 loai nucleotit khong bd
sung
nhau
bang
50%)
-

Vi du: Bai loan cho bie't A = 20%. ta c6
ngay
he
phu'dng
trinh:
A
+ X=50%1 A=T
=
20%
A=20%
J^X=G=30%
Dieu
kien cho bie't c6 the la mot trong 9 yeu to Irong
bang
he tho'ng (2) da
trinh
bay d tren.
Tijr
dieu kien do co suy dieu kien la can.
+
Hoc sinh thiTdng nham Ian khi tim so'
lifdng
moi loai nucleotit vdi so %
m6i
loai khi cho bie't so
lieu
trong moi mach ddn.
A
=3001 'i
Vidu:

'
=>A=A,+A,-300
+
200=500
•
A2=200j ' ^
A|=iO%l
_
A|%
+
A2%
10+30
Nhu'ng
^=>A%=—!
^
=
—-—=20% >'
^A2=30%j
2 2
ChiJ
khong phai A % = 10% + 30% = 40% (vi so vdi so Idn gap doi thi so %'
giam21an).
Loai
6: Toan ve
cd
che
nhan
doi cua ADN \
Muo'n
giai loai loan nay can nam

vilng:
1.
Mot vongxoan dai
34A"
CO
10 cap nucleotil. ,
31
Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hgc - Phung Duy DO'ng
2.
Phan
tu"
ADN
c6 2 mach ngiMc chieu nhau, mach ma goc c6
chicii
3'
—>
5'
va mach bd
sung
c6 chieu 5' 3'. Mach 5' ^ 3' la mach c6
lien
ke'l hoa lri
bill
dau
liY
C so 5 (5') ciia nucleolil ihi? nha'l va kel
ihi'ic
c'J C so 3 (3') ciia nucleolil
cuo'i
Cling.

3. Ci? moi nucleolil c6 mol
lien
kel hoa lri giiJa diftJng c) vi tri C so'5 vdi axit
pholphoric ciia nucleolil do (5' - P).
4.
Ciic nucleolil ke liep nhau trong moi mach ddn
lien
ket
vcli
nhau bhng
lien
kel
hoa tri (con goi la
lien
ke'l
phosphodiesle)
gii^a C so 3 (3' - OH) cua
nucleolil
nay vd\l ciia nucleolil ben canh.
5. Ciic nucleolil giiJa 2 mach dOn
lien
kel
vcfi
nhau
bang
lien
kel hidro iheo
nguyen utc bo sung. Do do:
-
So

lien
kel hoa tri
giffa
cac nucleotit trong ADN
biing
N - 2 (N: long so
nucleolil
trong
ADN).
-
So
lien
ket hoa lri giiJa
axil
pholphoric va difc^ng deoxiribozd Irong ca
phan
liVla
2N - 2.
-
So
lien
ket hidro trong ADN la: 2A + 3G = 2A + 3X = 2T + 3G = 2T + 3X
-
Sau moi Ian tai sinh so
lien
ket hidro bi pha
hi'iy
bang
1/2 so hen ket hidro
du'dc

tai lap, so
lien
kel hoa tri du"* lhanh lap
bang
so
lien
ket hoa
lri
cua ADN me.
-
Sau n Ian Uii sinh
lien
tiep ciia mot phan tiJ
ADN
se lao thanh 2" phan tuf
ADN
nhiTng nguyen
lieu
chi can cung cap cho 2" - 1 phan
ti;'!"
ADN difc/c lao
lhanh (suy
tii"
nguyen
tile
bitn
bao ton).
Logi
7:
Toiin

ve dich mil.
1.
So
niiich
polipeplit
diMc
tiio
ihiinh
phu Ihuoc so'Ian sao mil (so mARN) va
so riboxom
irirdt
Iren mot
philn
tu"
mARN.
2.
Xiic
dinh
thcfi
gian long hrip chuoi polipeplit:
Th(ti
gian long
hilp
1 chuoi polipeplit
bang
Mli gian
litp
riip
moi
axil

amin
nhan vdi so
axil
amin
du^dc
lap rap.
Hoac
bang
do dai phan
tu"
mARN
chia cho
van toe cua riboxom.
3. Xac dinh van toe riboxom:
Viin
toe cua riboxom
bang
do dai phan
HJ"
mARN
chia cho
thcii
gian riboxom Iru'Ot
Iron
mARN.
4.
Xiic
dinh chieu
diii
cua

mARN,
ciia gen
bang
lich
Viin
toe ciia riboxom vdi
thdi
gian tr^dt ciia no Iren
mARN,
BAI
TAP VAN
DVNG
Bai
1: Mot gen eo chieu dai (),51|jm. Co A = 28% so' nucleotit cua gen. Gen
nhan doi 5
liin
lien
tiep
Ifio
ra cac gen con. Moi gen sao mii 3
liin,
moi m;~i sao
cho 5 riboxom
Iru'dl
qua khong Ird hi.
a)
Tinh
so lu'dng moi
loiii
nucleolil moi tru'dng cung ca'p cho gen nhan doi?

b)
Trong qua
Irinh
nhan doi do gen can
phii
vd bao nhieu
lien
kel hidro, hinh
thanh them bao nhieu
lien
ke'l hoa trj
givta
ciic nucleolil?
c)
Tong so'ribonucleolil moi lru"cfng
ciin
cung cap cho cttc gen con sao ma?
32
Cty
TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vigt
d)
Co bao nhieu
lu'dl
lARN
du'dc
dieu den de giai ma cho mARN?
e) Co bao nhieu
axil
amin duTdc
lien

ket vao cac phan
luT
protein de thifc hien
chiltnang? _
a'>;i;'f''v
Hiidng dan
-
Tir chieu dai cua gen la
0,51
jam
c6 the
tinh
diTdc so nucleotit cua gen la:
^:^x2
=
3000 ' •
3,4
A
=
28% 1 A=T=28%
-
Giai he phiTdng
trinh:
^=> _
^
A
+
X=50%J
G =
X

=
22% •, , .
Tiir
do suy ra so'nucleotit moi
loai:
\< i. •
98 22
A
= T = 3000x—=840; G = X = 3000x -660
100 100
-
'Sau 5 ddt nhan doi
lien
tiep so
lifdng
nucleotit moi loai can cung ca'p la:
A
= T = (2' - 1)
X
840 = 26040 nucleolil r ,r
G
= X = (2^ - 1)
X
660 = 20460 nucleolil
-
So
lien
ket hidro bj pha v3: (2' - 1)[( 840 x 2) + (660 x 3)] = 113460
-
So'

lien
ket hoa tri diTdc hinh thanh (phan tu" ADN dau
lien
khong phai
hinh
thanh): (2' - 1)(3000 - 2) =
92938
-
So lu-dng
mARN
du'dc
long hdp
tir
cac gen con: 2^x3 = 96
mARN
^^^^^^^
-
Tong so'ribonucleolil moi tru'dng cung ca'p: 96x1500 = 144000
-
So' lu'dt
lARN
can
du'dc
dieu de to'ng hdp mot chuoi polipeplit la:
•i^-1=499
liTdt
(VI
ma ket thuc khong can
tARN)
'*

Bai
2: Mot gen c6 chieu dai 0,408|jm. Hieu so nucleotit loai A vdi loai nucleotit
khac
la 240. Khi gen nhan doi, thdi gian tiep nhan va gan cac nucleotit loai A
mat 15 giay.
a)
Tinh
thdi gian can thiet de gen tif nhan doi mot Ian, biet rang thdi gian
tiep nhan va lap rap moi nucleotit deu nhu' nhau.
b)
Ne'u thdi gian hoan thanh long hdp 1
mARN
tren gen mat 30 giay,
tinh
van to'c sao ma (theo ribonucleotil/giay)
c)
Ne'u tren moi
mARN
c6 6 riboxom trUdt qua thdi gian giai ma 1 axit amin
tna:'t 0,2 giay. Khoang
each
thdi gian
giffa
2 riboxom ke tiep nhau 1,4 giay. Cac
riboxom
chuyen dpng deu va
each
deu nhau. ^ .iv
-
Tim van to'c cua riboxom?

•
-
Thdi gian cua qua
trinh
long hdp protein? ^, ^
HUcfng
dan
•
Tir chieu dai cua gen
bang
0,408
\im ->
so"
nucleotit cua gen la 2400
=>
A + G= 1200.
9
Giai
he phifdng
trinh:
A G
=
240 1 A=T=720
A
+
G
=
1200j G=X=480
^3
Ca'm nang ti; 6n va luygn thi Sinh hpc - Phiing Duy Pgng

Thdi gian ticp nhan
va
gan cac nucleotit loai
G
(hay X) vao mach mdi bang:
,
480x15
Thdi gian
can
thie't
de gen
tiT
nhan doi
1
Ian:
10 giay
+
15
giay
=
25
giay
,
^ _
1200rib6nucle6tit

Van
toe sao
ma:
= 40

ribonucleotit/giay
30giay
Thdi gian
Ccin
thiet
de
tdng help 1 chuoi polipeptit:
1200
—^
X
0,2
giay
=
8 giay
-
Van toe
trifdt
cua
riboxom: (1200
x 3,4
A")
: 80
giay
=
51 A"/giay.
-
Thdi gian tiep
xuc
cham
cua

riboxom tren mARN:
1,4
giay
x
5
=
7
giay
-
Thdi gian
ca qua
trinh tdng
hdp
protein:
80
giay
+ 7
giay
=
87
giay
Bai 3:
Ba
doan
gen deu c6 600
nucleotit:
,
.
A +
T 1

Doan
1
CO
ti
le =—.
G + X
2
A +
T
,
Doan
gen
2:
=1.
Doan
gen 3:
G + X
A +
T 2
G + X
3
Cho biet trong
3
doan
gen do thi moi
doan
c6 bao
nhieu Hen ke't hidro.
Dap so':
Doan

gen 1: 800
lien ke't hidro.
'
Doan ge.n 2:
750
lien
ket
hidro.
Doan
gen
3:
780 hen ket
hidro.
A +
T
Bai
4: Neu
2
gen c6
cung
so
lien
ket
hidro
la
1300,
gen
c6 ti le =
1, con
G +

X
gen
2
CO
ti le
—cho bie't
gen
nao
c6 so
liTdng nucleotit nhieu
hdn va
^
• G+X 3 ;
A +
T 2
Z
CO
11 ~ ^
nhieu
hdn bao
nhieu?
Dap so':
-
Sdlufdng nucleotit
cua gen 1: 1040
-
So
liTdng nucleotit
cua gen 2: 1000
-

So
liTdng nucleotit
gen
1
nhieu
hdn gen
2 la
40.
Bai
5: Mot gen
c6
chicu
dai
0,255|jm,
c6
hieu sdgiiJa
T
vdi
loai nucleotit khong
bd sung bang
30%
so
nucleotit
cua gen:
mARN diTdc tdng
hdp
tijf
gen do c6
U
=

60%
so
ribonucleotit tren
mot
mach
ddn cua gen
c6 G =
14%
so
nucleotit
cua
mach
va A
b^ng
450
nucleotit.
Cty
TNHH
MTV DVVH Khang
Vigt
1. So'lUdng
nucleotit
cua gen
va
cua
tijrng
mach
ddn cua gen.
2.
SdlUdng

va ti
le
%
tijfng loai ribonucleotit.
^ •*
3.
So' lu'dng axit amin
can
cung
cap cho qua
trinh tdng
hdp
protein.
Ne'u gen
sao
ma
4
Ian, trung binh
moi
mARN
c6 8
riboxom trufdt khong
lap lai.
4.
Tinh khoang each
deu
giiJa
cac
riboxom (theo
A").

Ne'u bie't thdi gian
de
tdng
hdp
xong
mot
phan
tiir
protein
la
125
giay,
thdi gian tiep
xuc
ciia mARN
vdi
8 riboxom
het 153
giay,
cac
riboxom each
deu
nhau
khi
trU'dt
tren
mARN.
Dap
so: .
i

.
,„.:v, „^:''^';-v.i „
t
-
Sdnucleotit
cua
gen:
1500
. .
-
So
liTdng
nucleotit tiifng loai:
A =
T =
600.
G
=
X
=
150
-
So
liTdng ribonucleotit tren mARN:
G(m)
=
45.
X(m)
=
150. U(m)

=
450.
A(m)
= 150
-
So'axit amin cung cap: 7968
-
Khoang each giffa
cac
riboxom: 81,6
A"
Bai
6: Khi cho
tdng
hdp
mot
phan tijT mARN
gen pha
di?t 3600 lien
ket
hidro.
Moi tru'dng te'bao cung
cap
155G
va
445X.
Gen do sao ma
khong vu'dt
qua
4

Ian
da
can tdi
1500
ribonucleotit loai
U. Sau do do nhu cau can
tdng
hdp
them,
protein
gen lai
tiep
luc sao ma
(tdng
hdp
mARN)
va
tao nen cac
mARN
mdi
lai
cantdi2625U.
1. Chieu
dai cua gen v^ so
lu'dng nucleotit
cua gen.
2. So'
lu'dng
tiJCng
loai ribonucleotit tren

moi
phan
tuC
mARN.
3.
Vdi gia
thie't
neu
tren
ma so ma sao tao ra
td'i
da, moi ma sao
(mARN)
cho
5 riboxom tnfdt mot Ian thi moi tnldng npi bao phai cung cap cho bao nhieu axit amin.
Co
bao
nhieu
lU'dt
tARN mang axit amin
tdi
giai
ma?
Dap so':
-
Chieu
dai
gen: 5 lOOA".
-
So

liTdng
nucleotit
moi
loai:
A =
T
=
900.
G = X =
600.
;
'
-
G„,
=
155,
Xn,
=
445,
A„
=
525,
=
375.
,
, ^
.^JM^Q^
-
So
axit amin cung ca'p: 27445.

' s"'
-
So'
liTdt
tARN
tiTdng
i^ng
vdi so
axit amin cung cap: 27445.
'
Bai
7: Mot gen
c6
hieu
so %
nucleotit loai
G
vdi
nucleotit khong
bd
sung
vdi
no
b^ng 20%
va G =
1050 nucleotit. Tren mach ddn thii'nha't
cua gen c6
A,
+ Gi =
600.

Xi
- Ti =
300. Khi
tdng
hdp
mARN
moi
triTdng
da
cung
cap 1350
ribonucleotit
loai
X. Moi
phan
tuf
mARN
c6
6
riboxom
trU'dt
qua mot Ian
de
tdng
hdp
protein.
1. Tinh
khdi
liTdng
phan

til cua
gen?
2.
Chieu
dai
gen?
-
3.
So
Irfdng
va
ti le
% moi
loai ribonucleotit
cua
mARN.
'
4.
Tdng
so
axit amin diTdc lien
ke't
tren
cac
phan
tuT
protein
de
thifc hi6n chtfc
iiang sinh hoc.

ca'm
nang
t\) 6n va
luy$n
thi
Sinh
hpc -
PhCing
Duy
flB'ng
5. Thdi gian cua qua
trinh
tong hOp protein va khoang
each
deu ve do dai
giu"a cac riboxom tren mARN? ,
Bie't
rang thdi gian tong hdp protein deu ma't 1
phiit
40 giay. Khoang
each
ve
thdi
gian
giffa
2 riboxom la 1,4 giay. .
Dap
so':
-
Kho'i

lu'dng
phan
tuf cua gen
9.10'dvc
•
-
Chieu dai gen: 0,51
|Lim
;
.
A = T= 15% = 450. G = X = 35% = 1050
•-•-M^
-
A„ = 300.
Un,
= 150.
Gn,
= 600.
X^,
= 450. ' ' ' " •
-
So'axit amin: 8964
-
Thdi gian cua qua
trinh
to'ng hdp protein: 107 giay; khoang
each
giiJa cac
riboxom
la 71,4 A".

Bai
8: Mot gen khi tong hdp 1
phan
tij"
mARN
da lam dut 3450 hen ket hidro.
Trong
gen hieu so' % loai A vdi loai khong bo
sung
vdi no
bang
20% tong so
nucleotit cua gen. Tren
mARN
so'ribonucleotit loai 0 = 300, loai A = 600.
1.
Tinh
so'lu'dng nucleotit moi loai cua
gen?
2. Chieu dai gen va kho'i lu'dng
phan
tu"
cua
gen?
3. So lu'dng ribonucleotit moi loai tren mARN?
4. Neu gen noi tren
nhan
doi
lien
ticp 5 ddt thi moi tru'dng noi bao da cung

cap them moi loai nucleotit la bao
nhieu?
Trong qua
trinh
do c6 bao nhieu
lien
ket hidro bi pha
huy?
Bao nhieu
lien
ket hoa
tri
difdc hinh thanh giiJa cac nucleotit?
5. Ne'u moi gen con tao ra sao ma 3 Ian, moi ma sao (mARN) cho 5 riboxom
tru'dt
qua khong trd lai thi moi tru'dng da cung cap bao nhieu axit
amin?
Trong so'
do
CO
bao nhieu axit amin
du'dc
lien
ket vao cac
phan
tuf protein. Khi chung thi/c
hien cac chut
nang
sinh hoc. Ne'u cho biet moi
phan

ttJf
protein la mot chuoi polipeptit.
Dap
so':
-
A = T= 1050; G = X = 450
-
5100
A".
9x10'dvC.
-
Gm
= 300; X„ = 150;
An,
= 600; U„ = 450.
-
A = T = 32550. G = X = 13950; 106950 hen ket hidro,
92938
hen ket hoa
tri.
-
So axit amin cung cap: 239520, so' lu'dng axit amin
lien
ke't thiTc hien
chiJc
nang: 239040.
V.
BAI TAP
TRAC
NGHIEM

Bai
1: Gen c6 so' nucleotit loai
Timin
bang
13,7% to'ng so' nucleotit, ti le
phan
tram
tijfng
loai nucleotit ciia gen tren la:
A)
A = T = 13,7%. G = X = 8,73% B) A = T = 13,7%. G = X = 36,3%
C)A
= T = G = X= 13,7% D)A = T = G = X = 36,3%
Cty
TNHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang
Vi?t
>A=T-13,7%;
G-X=36,3%
Bai
todn nay c6 2 each ^idi:
Cdch
nidi tM
nhcit:
Can ciJ vao dieu kien cua bai loan ta lap he phUdng
trinh
bac
nha't

CO
2 an so':
T
+
X=50%'
T
=
13,7%
Cdch
fiidi tM
hai:
Khong can giai ma loai bo cac dap an khong dung vdi dieu
kien
cua bai toan:
Bai
toan tim ti le
phan
tram ti^ng loai nucleotit bao gid cung phai
phii
hdp vdi
dieu kien: < ^
A
% + X % = A % + G
%)
= T % + X
%.
= T % + G % = = 50%)
2
Ta tha'y
ngay

cac dap an
A,
C, D deu khong
phii
hdp vdi dieu kien nay. Do
do dap an phai la B.
Bai
2: Gen dai 3005,6A",
C6
hieu
giffa
nucleotit loai T vdi loai nucleotit
khac
la
272. So'lu'dng nucleotit moi loai ciia gen tren la:
A)
A = T = 289;G = X-153 B) A = T = 153; G = X
=:
289 -
C)
A = T=:578;G = X = 306 D) A = T = 306; G = X = 578
HUdng
ddn
Vi
A = T va G = X nen chi can tim 2 loai nucleotit khong bo'
sung
nhau, nghla
la
bai toan chi c6 2 an so'. Do do can giai he phu'dng
trinh

bac
nha't
c6 2 an so'.
Phu'dng
trinh
thiJ
nha't
c6 the tha'y
ngay
la T - X = 272 con phu'dng
trinh
thiJ hai
khong
CO
trong de bai toan. De chi cho biet chieu dai gen la
3005,6
A"
vay thi
phu'dng
trinh
thiJ hai
chac
chan
phai suy ra
tCf
dieu kien nay. That vay, chieu dai
cua gen la
3005,6
A"
ma moi nucleotit dai 3,4

A".
Nen so' nucleotit moi mach
ddn la:
^^^^'^
= 884 nucleotit. So' nucleotit trong mach
bang
tong so'
nucleotit cua gen. Do do: T + X = 884
T-X
=
272l
A-T
=
578 •
Giai
he phi/dne
trinh:
•
' ^ T
+
X
=
884j G =
X
=
306 ^ - ;
Vdi
bai toan nay chi can can ciJ vao dieu kien hieu
giifa
T vdi loai nucleotit

khac
la 272 (T - X = 272) ta tha'y
ngay
dap so' la C vi tat ca cac dap so
khac
deu
khong
phii
hdp vdi dieu kien cua de bai.
Bai
3: Mot gen c6
tich
giiJa 2 loai nucleotit khong bo
sung
bang
6%, ti le
tifng
loai
nucleotit cua gen la:
A)
A = T = 30%. G = X = 20%. B) A = T = 35% G = X = 15%.
C)
A = T = 40%. G = X = 15%. D) A = T = 15%. G = X = 40%.
37
Cam nang
tg 6n va
luyen
Ihi
Sinh
hoc -

Phung
Duy
Ddng
Hudng
ddn
Vi tdng
so
% cua
2
loai nucleotit khong bd sung nhau phai bang 50% nen chi
CO
2
dap
an A va B la
phu hOp (loai dtfOc
2
dap an) tie'p tuc
xet
den dieu kien
tich giffa
2
loai khong
bd
sung bang 6%
ta
loai them dtfOc dap
an
B. Vay con lai
dap an A
la

dung.
Bai 4: Mot gen c6 ti
le
giffa cac loai nucleotit la tirong quan ve gia
tri
G + X
7
giffa cac loai nucleotit tinh theo
ti le
phan tram la:
i
A)
A = T =
35%;G
= X =
15%
\
B)
(G +
T)%
=
(A
+
X)%
=
50%
,^ , v,,^ ,
C)
A X G = A X X = T X G = T X X =
5,25%

D)
Ca
A, B
va C
deu dung.
HUclngddn
Yi bai toan tim
ti le %
moi loai nucleotit chi can biet mot dieu kien
la
du,
vi
tdng
ti le
% cua
2
loai nucleotit khong bd sung bao gid cQng bang 50%. NhiT vay
ta thay ngay dap an B
la
dung.
Can ci? vao dieu kien de bai phai c6
^^-5^1=1.
Tu"
dieu kien nay ta biet them
G + X
7
dap
an
A ciing dung.
Tir dap an A ta

CO
the suy ra ngay dap an C ciing
dung.
Nhu" vay c6 3 dap an diing.
Bai
5:
Mot
gen c6
tdng
so 2
loai nucleotit
la
90%.
Ti le
phan tram tifng loai
nucleotit cua gen tren
la:
A)
A = T =
45%;
G = X =
5%
B) A = T =
5%;
G = X =
45%
C) A
= T
= 40%;
G = X =

50% D)
A
va B diing.
HUdng ddn
Ddi chieu vdi dieu kien cua bai toan
la
tdng so
2
loai nucleotit
la
90% thi dap
an
D
va
C la
sai,
2
dap an con lai A, B deu diing.
Khi
xet
den dieu kien
tat
ye'u phai
c6 la
tdng
so % 2
loai nucleotit khong
bd
sung vcti nhau
la

50% (dieu kien nay khong can c6 trong
de
bai) thi dap
an D va
C cung sai, con dap
an A va B
deu dung. Tai sao nhu^ vay?
Vi
dieu kien
de bai
cho biet tdng 2 loai nucleotit chicm 90% thi c6 the xay ra
2
tru^dng hc^p A +
T
= 90%
hoac G
+ X =
90%.
Do do bai toan c6 2 dap so:
tog
v6i tru-dng hdp A +
T
= 90% thi c6 dap so la A.
Lfng vdi tru-dng hop
G +
X
=
90% thi c6 dap an B.
Bai 6: Gen c6
T > X

va T' +
X'
= 0,065. Gia tri nao
la
diing?
A)
A = T =
10%;
G = X =
40%
B)
T^
=
5%; X^
= 1,5%
C) A^ = 0,04;
G-^
=
0,025 D) G^
=
3,5%; T^
=
3%
38
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t
HUdng
ddn
Ta thay ngay de bai khong the giai du^dc bang each giai phu-Ong trinh (vi thieu
dieu kien). Nhtf vay chi c6 the giai bang phiTdng phap loai
trif.

Vi
T > X
nen ca
3
d^p
an
B, C,
D
deu sai. Vay con
lai
dap
an A la
dung. De khang dinh
A la
dung
ta thay ke't qua phii hdp vdi nguyen tac bd sung: A +
G
=
T
+
X =
50%.
Bai
7: Gen c6 96 chu ki
xoan
va ti le
giiJa
cac
loai nucleotit
la A = -

G.
So
Wdng ti^ng loai nucleotit cua gen la:
A)
A = T=
120;
G = X =
360.
B) A = T =
240;
G = X =
720.
,
C)
A = T =
360;
G = X =
120.
D) A = T =
720;
G = X =
240.
HUdng
ddn
De
bai co 2
dieu kien,
du de lap he
phu-dng trinh bac nhat
2 an

so. Nhtfug
khong can thiet,
ta
thay ngay dap
an C va D
khong dung
vi
khong phii hdp
vdi
dieu kien
A =
G. Con dap an A khong diing vi khong hdp vdi dieu kien con lai
cua de bai
la
gen c6 96 chu ki xoan. Vay B
la
dap an cua bai toan.
Bai 8: Gen dai 4080A",
so
lien ket hidro trong doan
tiT
(2700
-
3000)
va c6
tich
giii-a
2
loai nucleotit khong
bd

sung
la
5,25%.
Ti le
phan tram
va so
lien
ket
hidrd cua gen la:
A)
A
=
T
= 35%;
G = X =
15%
va
2700.
B) A =
T =
15%;
G = X
= 35%
va
2760.
'
C)
A
=
T =

35%;
G = X =
15%
va
3240.
D)
A - T
= 35%;
G
=
X =
15%
va
2760.
HUdng
ddn
- Vi
ca 4
dap
an
deu dung vdi dieu kien tich giffa
2
loai nucleotit khong
bo
sung
la
5,25%
va
dung
vdi

nguyen tac
bd
sung. NhiT vay chi con mot each giai
duy nha't
la can
ciJ vao dieu kien
gen dai
4080A"
de suy
luan tiep. Nhu^ng
tir
chieu dai ciia gen
de
suy
ra
tdng
so 2
loai nucleotit, khong
the
suy du"dc
so
lien
ket hidrd.
Vi
vay, khong
the suy
luan bang phtfdng phap loai
trij",
ma
phai giai

bkng phu"dng phap lap he phu'dng trinh nhU sau:
Gen dai 4080A"
^ A
+
X
= 1200
(1)
Theo
de
bai lai c6:
A
x
X =
5,25% (2)
^
So lien ket hidro
la
2760.
Nhu"
vay dap an A va D
dung
(vi deu c6
lien
ket
hidrd 2760) nhifng giai
PhiTdng trinh cho thay A > X. Do do chi D dung.
BAITAP VANDVNG
Mgt mach ddn cua gen
c6
1799 lien

ket
hoa tri giffa axit vd dUifng vd gen
c6
2030 lien
kit
hidro.
Hay suf dung cac di?kien tren tra Idi cac bai trac nghiem so 9,
10.
fiai 9: Gen c6 khdi lu-dng:
A) 540300 dvC
B)
1080600 dvC C) 540000 dvc
D)
1080000 dvC
:
39
ca'm
nang
ti; 6n va
luyjn thi
Sinh
hgc
- Phiing
Duy
D6ng
Bai
10:
So' li/dng tiifng loai nucleotit cua gen la:
A)
A = T =

270.
G = X =
630 B) A
= T =
670.
G = X =
230
a::^
C)
A = T =
230.
G = X =
670
D)
A
= T =
1340.
G = X =
460
MQtgen
chvta 1755 lien ket hidro va c6 hieu so'giffa nucleotit loai
X
vdi mot
loai nucleotit khdc Id 10%.
Surdungdffkientra Idicacbai 11, 12.
, .
Bai
11:
Chicu dai cua gentren la:
:

A)
1147,5
A" B)
4590
A" C)
2295
A"
D)9180A".
Bai
12:
So'lu'cfng tilfng loai nucleotit cua gen tren la:
A)
A = T =
270.
G - X =
405 B)
A = T =
405.
G = X =
270
C)
A = T =
540.
G = X =
810 D)
A = T -
810.
G - X =
540
Tdng so'lien ket hidro cua gen vdi lien ket hoa tri trong niQt mach dcfn cua

gen
Id
5549. Trong do lien ket hoa tri trong mgt match
dm
it
hm so
lien ket
hidro
cua gen la 2551.
Surdung cac di^kien tren, tra 151 cac bai tap 13, 14.
Bai
13: So
lien ket hidro va lien ke'l hoa tri giffa axit va diTdng trong gen tren la:
A) 4050 va 2998
B)
4050 va 5998
C)
5998 va 4050
D)
4050
va
5998
Bai
14: Ti le %
tiTng loai nucleotit cua gen la:
A)
A = T =
30%;G
= X =
20% B)

A = T =
20%;
G = X =
15%
C)
A = T =
15%;
G = X =
35% D)
A = T =
35%;
G = X =
15%
Mot gen CO 120 chu ki xoan. Hieu so
%
nucleotit loai
A
v6i nucleotit khong
bo sung v&i no bang 20%. Tren phdn tv[
mARN
tdng hcfp tU gen do c6 X,„
=
120
ribonucledtit.
Hay su-dung cac dffkien tren tra Idi cac bai
so
15, 16, 17, 18, 19.
Bai
15: Ti le %
moi loai nucleotit cua gen la:

fi
A)
A = T =
35%;G
= X=
15% B)
A = T =
40%;
G = X =
10%
C)
A = T =
30%;
G = X =
20%
D) A = T =
25%;
G = X =
40%
Bai
16:
So'liTcing moi loai nucleotit cua gen do la:
A)
A = T =
840;G
= X =
360
B) A = T =
800;
G = X =

400
C)
A = T =
600;G
= X =
400
D) A = T =
700;
G = X =
500
Bai
17: Ti le
moi loai ribonucleotit tren
mARN
la:
*
A) A„ =
20%;
G„ =
20%; X^,
=
10%;
U„ =
50%.
B)
A„ =
10%; G^
=
20%; Xn,
=

30%;
U„ =
40%.
C)
A„ =
30%;
G„ =
10%; X„,
=
20%; U^,
=
40%.
D)
A„ =
20%; Gn,
=
30%; X,„
=
15%;
U„ =
35%.
Bai
18: So
lifdng moi loai ribonucleotit tren
mARN
la:
A)
A„ =
240;
=

600; G„, 240; X^,
=
120.
' B)
A„ =
200;
U„ =
500;
G„ =
400; X^
=
100.
, ,
,40.,,
, , , , '
Cty
TIMHH
MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t
C) A^
=
300;
U„ =
200; G^
=
240;
X„ =
260. ::i
"
D) A^
=

240; U„,
=
120; G„,
=
600; X„,
=
240.
Bai
19:
So'liTdng moi loai nucleotit trong mot mach cua gen la:
A) A,
=
240; T,
=
600; G|
=
240; X|
=
120.
B) A,
=
200; T,
=
500; G,
=
300; X,
=
200.
• -
C) A,

=
300; Ti
=
200; G,
=
300; X,
=
400.
'
D) Ai
=
400; T,
=
300; G,
=
200; X,
=
300.
"
•
" '
Mgt gen c6 khdi lU0ig phdn
tiC
9.10^ dvC, trong
d6A =
1050 nucleotit.
Hay
surdung
di^kien tren tra Idi cac bai so 20, 21,
22,

23.
, ,
Bai
20: So
lU'dng moi loai nucleotit cua gen:
A) A
= T =
1050;
G = X =
450 B) A
= T =
1050;
G = X =
500
C) A
= T =
1050;
G = X =
480
D)
A
= T -
1050;
G = X =
405
Bai
21:
Chieu dai cua gen la:
A)0,51|jm.
B)0,48|jm.

C)
0,498Mm.
D)
0,480|jm.
Bai
22: So
liTdng
ribonucleotit tren
mARN
la:
A) 1500.
B)
1200.
0
2400.
D)
1800.
Bai
23:
Gen tren ma hoa du'dc mot chuoi polipeptit gom bao nhieu axit amin?
A) 498.
B)500.
C)
600.
D)
400.
Bai
24:
Mot gen c6 A^
-

G^
=
5% gia tri nao sau day dung?
' ''^ '
A) A'
=
25%. G^
=
20%. B) A
- G =
10%.
C)
A = T =
30%.C
= X =
20%. D)Ca3dapandeudi]ng.
Bai
25:
Mot gen c6
A > G
va
AH
G^
=
17%. Gia tri nao sau day diing?
^
A) A
= T =
40%.
G = X =

10% B)
T + X =
A
+ G =
50%.
C)
A^ =
10%. G^
=
7%.
D)
Ca
2
cau
A
va
B
deu dtlng.
Mach thii nhat ciia gen dai 0,2448 |im.
d
mach
dm
tint hai c6 ti le cac loai
nucleotit A, T,
G, X
idn
iMt
la 1: 7: 4: 8.
SuT dung cac
du"

kien tren de lam bai
so"
26, 27, 28.
Bai
26: Ti
le
%
tufng loai nucleotit
A,
T, G,
X
tren mach
dcfn
thtf
nhat Ian
liTdt
la:
A) 5%, 20%, 35%, 40%. B) 40%, 35%, 20%, 5%.
C) 40%, 20%, 35%, 5%.
D)
35%, 5%, 40%, 20%.
Bai
27: So
liTdng
tufng loai nucleotit
A, T,
G,
X
tren mach
thu"

hai Ian
lifdt
la:
A) 36, 252, 288, 140 B) 288, 144, 252, 36
0 252,36,288,144
' " D)
36,252, 144,288.
, .
Bai
28:
Ti le
%
va so
liTdng
tiTng
loai nucleotit trong gen tren la:
•
A>A
= T =
30%
=
432vaG
= X =
20%
=
288
B)
A = T =
20%
=

288 va
G = X =
30%
=
432
C)
A = T=
12,5%=
180vaG
= X =
37,5%
=
540
,, .
D)
A = T = G = X =
25%
=
360.
41
dm
nang
ti; fln va
luygn
thi
Sinh
hpc -
PhCing
Duy
D6ng

Bai
29: Goi n la so"Ian tai ban cua gen. A', T', G', X' la cac loai nucleotit tiTdo
m6i
tru-dng noi b^o can cung cap, N' la tong so nucleotit
tu"
do moi triTdng can
cung cap. , ,
Noi
dung nao sau day sai?
I.
So' gen con dtfdc sinh ra la 2"
II.
Cau
trijc
gen con
hoan
toan giong vdi gen me ban dau.
III.
Te" bao nguyen
phan
bao nhieu Ian thi gen trong
nhan
te bao se tai ban
bay nhieu Ian va
ngu'ctc
lai.
IV.
A' = T' = (2" - 1)A =
(2"
- 1)T

G'=X'
= (2"-1)G =
(2"-1)X
N'=(2"-1)N
V.
Sau bat ki Ian tai ban nao cua mot gen, ket qua cung xuat hien 2 gen con
CO
nguyen
lieu
khong
hoan
toan mdi (moi gen c6 1 mach cu va 1 mach mdi).
VI.
Trong qua
trinh
tai ban cua ADN c6 su" pha huy cac
lien
ke't hidro,
lien
ke't hoa tri va sir thanh lap mdi cac loai
lien
ke't nay.
Cau
CO
noi dung sai la:
A) III
B) IV C) VI D) Khong cau nao sai.
Bai
30: Cho biet: H la so'
lien

ket hidro trong gen, Y la so
lien
ke't hoa tri
giffa
cac nucleotit trong gen.
Noi
dung nao
dtfdi
day sai?
I.
So'lien ke't hidro tai lap luon gap doi so'lien ke't hidro bi pha huy
trMdc
do.
II.
Tai Ian tai sinh thiJ n, so Hen ke't hidro bi pha huy la 2^"' H va so
lien
ke't
hidro
du-dc
thanh lap la
2"
H.
III.
Trong qua
trinh
tai sinh ADN, so
lien
ke't hoa tri bi pha huy
bang
1/2 so

lien
ke't hoa tri hinh thanh.
IV.
Qua n Ian tai sinh
+
Tong so
lien
ke't hidro bi huy (2" -
1
)H
+
Tong so
lien
ke't hidro
du-dc
tai lap (2" - 1)2H
+
Tong so
lien
ke't hoa tri bi pha huy: Khong c6
+
Tong so
lien
ke't hoa tri
du-dc
thanh lap: (2" - 1)Y
Cau diTdc chon la:
A) II.
B)III.
C)I,II.

D)
III,
IV
Gen
dai
SIOOA"
C6
SO
lien ket hidro
giita
Aval bang so lien ket hidro giSa
G
va X. Gen tai sinh lien
tiep
4
dart.
Su'dung
cac diTkien tren tra Idi bai 31, 32, 33.
Bai
31: So
lien
ke't hidro bi pha huy va diTdc tai lap trong Ian tif sao cuoi cung la:
A)
28800 va 57600 B) 54000 va 108000
C)
57600 va 28800 D) 28800 va 108000
42
Cty
TNHH
MTV DWH

Khang
Vi^t
pai
32: So'
lien
ket hoa tri
du-dc
thanh lap tai Ian thiJ 4 va ca qua
trinh
Ian
Itfdt
la:
A)
11992 va 44970 B) 23984 va 23984
C)
23984 va 44970 D) 23984 va
47968
•
Bai
33: Tong so
lien
ket hidro bi pha huy qua ca qua
trinh:
A)
58500. B) 62400. C) 57600. D) 54000.
Bai
34: Goi V: Van toe
triTdl
cua riboxom tren
mARN

(A'V
giay)
Ti
: Thdi gian tong hdp 1
phan
tuT
protein (giay)
L
: Chieu dai
mARN
(A") :
V
: Van toe giai ma cua riboxom (so' axit amin
du'dc
giai ma trong 1 giay)
5 : Thdi gian giai ma 1 axit amin cua riboxom (giay)
d
: Khoang
each
chieu dai giQ-a 2 riboxom ke tiep nhau tren
mARN
(
A"
)
t
: Khoang
each
thdi gian
giffa
2 riboxom ke tiep (giay) ,

Moi
quan
he nao sau day la
dung?
<
I)V=^ II)V =
^
III)
V = V'.3x3,4
V)V.V'
= 5x 10,2
IV)
V=-x 3x3,4 • •
Cau
du'dc
chon la:
A)
I B)II
C)III
D)V.
Bai
35: Goi A, T, G,
X:
cac loai nucleotit trong 2 mach cua gen.
Ai, T,, Gi, Xi:
cac loai nucleotit trong mach 1 cua gen. r
Aa, T2, G2, X2:
cac loai nucleotit trong mach 2 cua gen.
A(m),
T(n,),

G(n,),
Xf^,: SO
ribonucleotit moi loai trong
mARN.
Nn,:
so ribonucleotit trong mot
phan
tuT
mARN.
' *
Cac tiTdng
quan
nao sau day sai (moi mach ddn
tinh
100%)
I.
A„ +
Un,
+ G^ + X„ = N„ = A + G.
II.
%(A„ +
U„,
+ G„ +
X
J = 100%
III.
A = T = A^ +
U,,
= A, + T, =
A2

+
T2
''
i
>
G
= X = G„ +
Xm
= G, + X, = G2 + X2
•••'^
IV. An,
=
U„,. Gn,
=
X„,
• '
%A„+%U„,
V.
%A =
%T
=
2
VI.
2% G = 2% X = % (G„ + XJ
Cau tra Idi diing la: " '
A)
I
B)IIIva'lV
C)IvaIII.
D) IV E) IV va

VI.
;
ca'm
nang
t[f On va
luygn
thi
Sinh
hpc -
Phung
Duy
Bdng
Bai
36: Noi dung nao sau day sai?
I.
Chieu dai
mARN
bang
chieu dai gen long
hcJp
no nhiTng so ddn phan chi
bang
1/2 so'ddn phan cua gen.
II.
Chieu dai
mARN
bang
chieu dai ADN long hdp no.
III.
Khoi

lu-dng so ddn phan cung nhu" so
lien
ket hoa tri cua gen gap doi so
vdi
ARN do gen long hdp.
,
IV.
Tiiy
nhu cau tong hdp protein,
tijT
mot gen c6 the tong hdp nhieu phan tu
ARN
CO
cau true giong nhau.
V.
Trong qua
trinh
sao ma c6
su"
pha huy eac Hen ket hidro va
lien
ket hoa tri
cua gen.
A)
II va
III
B)
II,
III,
V C) II va V D) V.

Bai
37: Nhu cau ve mot loai protein nao do trong cd the tang. Cd the dieu khien
nhirthenao?
A)
Chat cam tfng
lien
ket vdi
chat
tfc che khong cho
chat
iJc che bam vao
phan van hanh.
B)
Gen dicu hoa (R) khong tong hdp
chat
vie che.
C)
Gen tong hdp ra protein do sao ma nhieu Ian va tren moi
mARN
c6 nhieu
riboxom
lam viec.
D)
Ca3yeutdA, B, C. . . - v^^ : •
DAP AN
9. D
10. D
11.C
12. A
13. B

14. C
15. A
16. A
17. A
18. A
19. A
20. A
21.
A
22. A
23. A
24. C
25. D
26. D
27. D
28. B
29. C
30. B
31.
A
32. C
33. D
34. D
35. D
36. C
37. D
B. Cd CHE DI
TRUYEN
6 CAP Dp TE BAO
1. TOM TAT NOI

DUNG
1.
Khai
niem ve nhiSm sac the
+
Nhiem sac the (NST) la vat
chat
di truyen d cap do te bao mang gen cua
te bao. Vat
chat
di truyen d mot so loai
virut
chi la mot phan tuT
ARN.
Cf sinh vat
nhan sd, NST thu-dng chi c6 mot phan tu" ADN, mach kep
dang
vdng, chiTa
cd
cau true nhiem sac the dien hinh. 6 sinh vat nhan thu"c, NST la mot chuoi
nucleoxom
du-dc
cau tao
tiT
chat
nhiem sac bao gom chu yeu la ADN va protein histon.
+
d phan Idn cac
loai,
NST trong te bao xoma ton tai thanh ttag cap tu^dng

dong, giong nhau ve hinh thai,
kich
thudc va
trinh
tu"
cac gen.
+
Dai da so cac loai c6 nhieu cap nhiem sac the thu-dng (quy dinh cac
tinh
trang thudng) va mot cap cac nhiem s^c the
gidi
tinh
(quy dinh
gidi
tinh
va cac
tinh
trang
lien
ket vdi
gidi
tinh).
6 mot so loai chi c6 mot
chiec
nhiem sac the
gidi
tinh
(chau chau dut, rep cai, ).
v:«
>; WK;

m
Cty
TNHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang
Vigt
+
Bp nhiem sac the cua loai c6 so' liTdng, hinh dang, cau true dac trUng va on
dinh qua cac the he. Nhiem sac the cd kha
nang
t^i sinh {tvt nhan doi), phan
li,
to
hdp,
CO
kha
nang
dot bie'n. qua do vat
chat
di truyen difdc truyen qua cac the he.
+
Nhiem sac the c6
chiJc nang
lun giu", bao quan, truyen
thong
tin di truyen,
va giup te bao phan chia deu vat cha'l di truyen cho cac
te'bao
con.

2. Hinh thai NST
+
NST cia cac loai c6 nhieu hinh
dang
khac
nhau:
Hinh
hat, hinh que, hinh
chi? X,
chff
V, hinh moc, i
•
•
+
Moi NST dien hinh deu
chiJa
cac
trinh
tif nucleotit dac biet nhtf:
-
Trinh
tif nucleotit d eo thu"
nhat
du-dc goi la tam dong (vi tri
lien
ket vdi
thoi
v6 sac).
Mot
sd NST con cd eo thiJ hai (la ndi tong hdp va

tich
tu
rARN).
it .
-
Trinh
tU"
nucleotit d hai dau cung cua NST dufdc goi la dau mut (c6 tac
dung bao ve va lam cho cac NST khong dinh vao nhau).
-
Trinh
tif cac nucleotit d diem khdi dau nhan doi.
+
Tiiy
theo
vi tri cua tam dong ma hinh thai NST
khac
nhau, va
tiiy
theo
mtfc
do xoan ma hinh thai nhiem sac the bien doi qua cac ki cua chu ki phan
bao. Khi NST xo^n
ciTc
dai, chung cd hinh dang,
kich
thtfdc dac
tritog
cho
loai.

+
Sau khi nhan doi NST gom 2 cromatit dinh nhau d tam dong (NST kep).
Moi
NST kep tach nhau d tam dong se tao thanh 2 NST ddn.
3. CSu true hien vi cua NST
+ d sinh vat nhan thiTc, NST diTdc cau tao bdi cac nucleoxom.
+
Moi nucleoxom gom 8 phan tuT histon diTdc quan quanh bdi 1- vong xoan
ADN
(khoang 146 cap nucleotit). GiiJa hai nucleoxom ke tiep nhau la 1 doan
ADN
va mot phan tuf histon.
+
Chuoi nucleoxom xo^n bac 1 tao thanh sdi cd ban cd chieu
ngang
llnm
sdi cd ban xoan lai (bac 2) tao thanh sdi NST cd chieu
ngang
30nm. Sdi nhiSm
s^c xoan lai (bac 3) va xep cuon tao nen sdi (dang dng rong - sdi solenoi) cd
chieu
ngang
300nm. >
Cudi
cung la mot Ian xep va xo^n tid'p (bac 4) tao thanh cromatit, cd chieu
ngang
700nm.
NST tai ki gii?a d trang thai kep gom 2 cromatit. Vi vay chieu
ngang
cua moi

NST dat tdi 14000nm. Vdi cau true cuon xoan nhiT vay, chieu dai NST cd the
<3irdc rut ngan 15000 - 20000 Ian so vdi chieu dai cua ADN, thuan Idi cho suT
phSn li va to hdp cua NST trong qua
trinh
phan bao.
4. Sii nhan doi, tiSp h^p, trao doi do^n, phan li va to hdp cua NST
+
Sir nhan doi cua ADN tao dieu kien cho NST nhan doi dan idi sir phan
chia
tc bao.
['^^••y:
• / 45
Ca'm nang tu 6n va
luygn
Ihi Sinh hgc - Phiing Duy Ddng
+ Sir phan U
va to
hdp
cua
NST din tdi sir phan H
va to
hdp
cua cac cSp
alen:
- Neu moi
cSp
alen
nam tren moi
cap NST
khac

nhau thi chung phan
li
,
doc
lap,
to
hdp tu"do.
a
- Neu
cac cap
alen
deu nam
tren
mot cap NST
thi
cic gen
khong
alen
tren
mot NST phan li
va to
hdp cung nhau.
+ Trong nguyen phan:
-
d
ki trung gian
NST
nhan doi
tao
thanh NST kep.

-
d ki sau
moi
NST kep
tach
nhau
d
tam dong
tao
thanh
2 NST
ddn
va
dtfdc
phan li dong deu
ve
hai
te bao
con.
+ Trong giam phan:
-
6 ki
dau
cua
giam phan
I co
suT tiep hdp
cua cap NST kep
tiTdng dong
va CO

the xay ra
sir trao doan dan tdi hoan vi gen.
Neii
trao doi doan khong
can
dan tdi lap doan.
-
d ki sau cua
giam phan
I c6 sir
phan
li
dong
deu cua c3p NST kep
tuTdng
dong
ve 2
te'bao
con nen moi
te'bao
con chi
chiJa
mot nhiem
sac
kep
hoac
cua
bo'hoac
me.
-

O ki sau cua
giam phan II,
m6i NST kep lai
tach
nhau
d tam
dong
thanh
2 NST
ddn
va
dufdc phan
li
dong deu
ve 2 te bao con
(nhu" nguyen phan)
nen moi
te'bao
con chi chtfa mot NST
cua cap NST
tiTdng dong.
'"-'^ ^
Ket qua
lit
mot
te bao me
lirdng
boi (2n) qua giam phan
da tao
thanh

4
te' bao
con ddn boi (n).
+ Trong thu
tinh
c6
sir ke't hdp
2 bo
ddn
boi (n) cua
bo'
va me tao
thanh
bo
NST lu'dng boi (2n)
cua
con.
5.
Cd che
di
truyin
d cap
dp
te bao
+
NST la cd
scl vat
chat
di truyen
chiJa

bo gen cua
te'bao.
+
NST
CO kha nang tir nhan doi dan tdi
bo gen cua te bao
diTdc nhan doi mot
cich
chinh
xac
(neu khong
bi tac
nhan dot bien
tic
dong).
+
NST
CO kha nang phan
li,
to
hdp, qua
do
thong tin di truyen chtfa trong
bo
gen dirdc truyen
qua cac the he
mot
each
chinh
xac

(neu khong
c6 tac
nhan dot
bie'n
tac
dong).
-
O
loai sinh
san v6
tinh
bo gen
duTdc truyen
qua cac
the'
he
nhd
cd che
nhan doi
va
phan li dong deu
cua cac
nhiem
s^c the
trong nguyen phan.
-
d
loai sinh
san
hiTu

tinh
bo gen cua bo me
du^dc truyen
cho con
nhcf
sU"
ke't hdp
3 cd che
nguyen phan, giam phan
va
thu
tinh.
+
NST
CO kha nang dot bie'n
bSi cac tac
nhan dot bien.
Cac tac
nhan
nay tac
dong
vao luc NST
nhan doi, tiep hdp trao doi doan, phan
li,
gay ra
dot bien NST.
Cac
dot
bie'n
nay lai

diTdc
di
truyen
cho the he sau qua
trinh
phan
li va to
hdp
cua
cic cap NST
tirdng
dong.
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Vi^t
II.
CAU HOI Ti;
LUAN
(Hoc
sinh
can
"tu
luan
"
de
hieu
bai roi
mcH
xem trd Idi cac cdu hoi)
cau
1: 6
sinh vat nhan

thiJc,
ti the, lap
the c6
chtfa vat
cha't
di truyen
d cap
do
te'
bao
khong?
Hiidngddn
' '
Co, vi chiing
la
nhiTng
bao
quan, chtfa gen.
Cfiu
2: Cac
loai
virut
c6
vat
cha't
di truyen
d cap
do
te bao
khong?

<
HUdng
ddn %^
Kh6ng, vi chung khong
c6
ca'u
tao
te'bao.
CSu
3: CJ
sinh vat nhan sd,
c6
vat
cha't
di truyen
5 cap do te bao
khong?
Hiidngddn
Co, vi du ADN
d
vung nhan, plasmit
cua
vi khuan.
cau
4:
Nhiem
sac
the
la gi?
-MSJ/M?

( . ' «i
C6
cic
each
tra Idi sau:
• n\
<
a)
Nhidm
sac the la
vat
chat
di truyen
d
trong nhan
te'bao.
b) Nhiem
sac the la
mot chuoi nuclcxom,
xoan
cuon
theo
nhieu
miJc
do
khac
nhau.
c) Nhiem
sac the la
mot

bo
phan
cua te bao cd
chiJc
nang giff,
bao
quan
va truyen thong tin di truyen qua
cac the he.
d)
Nhiem
sac the la vat
chat
di truyen
d ca'p do te bao
mang
tinh
dac
tri/ng
cho moi loai sinh vat.
Em hay phan tich
cac
dinh
nghia tren
va
cho biet
y
kien
cua
minh. li f

Hitdngddn
' '
Ca
4
each
tra
Idi
deu
dung, nhu-ng
chu-a
khai quat du-dc
cac
khai niem
ve
nhiem
s^c
the.
i;;/
a) Dinh nghla
ve
vat
cha't
di truyen.
b)
Dinh nghia
ve
ca'u tao.
.
c) Dinh nghia
ve

chtfc
nang.
d)
Dinh nghia
ve dac
tinh.
i
Cau tra Idi
can bao
quat diTdc moi khai niem cd ban
ve
nhidm
sac
the.
j
Co
the tra
IdinhiTsau:
Nhiem
s^c the la vat
chat
di truyen
d cap do te bao cua
sinh
vat
nhan thiTc,
diTdc ca'u
tao
bdi
cac

nucleoxom;
cd
hinh dang kich thiTdc
va
trinh
ti/
cac gen dac
trirng
cho
moi loai sinh vat.
cd
chtfc
nang
liru
giff,
bao
quan
va
truyen thong tin
di
truyen qua
cac
the' he.
Cfiu
5: 6
sinh vat nhan thirc, nhiem
s^c the
ton tai nhiTthcnao trong
te'bao?
HUdng

ddn - *
••I-' '-
'
- Trong
te'bao
xoma, nhiem
sac the
thufdng thi ton
tai
thanh tiTng
cap
tiTdng
dong
con
nhiem
s^c the
gidi
tinh
d cac
loai sinh
vat cd
kieu
XX va XY
thi
2
chie'c
nay cd the
tiTdng dong
hoac
khong

tirdng
dong
tuy
theo
gidi
tinh
cua
tiifng
nhdm loai.
47
ca'm nang tu 6n vi luygn ihi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Ddng
Vi
du: 6
ngirdi, dong
vat c6 vu,
ruoi giam,
mot so
thifc
vat
(gai,
chua
Metionin,
) thi
gidi
cai gom 2
chiec tifcfng dong, gidi
dye thi
khong tu'Ong ddng.
Trai
lai

d cic
loai, chim,
ech,
nhai,
bo sat,
bufdm,
dau
tay,
thi
ngil'dc lai.
O
cac
loai
CO
kieu
XX
va
XO thi chi cd mot
gidi
gom
2
chiec tiiong dong
con
gidi
kia
chi
cd
mot
chiec
Vi du:

O bo
xit,
chau cha'u,
rep: con cai
la
XX
va
con
difc
la
XO,
d
bo nhay con dUc
la
XX,
con cai la XO.
- Trong giao
tuf,
tfug
vdi moi cap
nhiem
sac the chi cd mot
chiec hoac ciia
bo',
hoSc
cua me.
Rieng nhiem
sac the
gidi tinh
cd

dang
XO thi
giao
tuf cd
the
khong
cd
chiec nhiem sac
the
gidi tinh nao hoac
cd
mot chiec.
CSu
6: Tai sao
ndi,
bo
nhiem
sac the cd
tinh
dac
triTng
va
on
dinh?
Cd che nao
dam bao cho nhiem
sac the dac
trUng
dd.
HUdng

ddn
+
Vi moi
loai sinh
vat cd mot bo
nhiem
s^c the
khac nhau
ve so
lu'dng, hinh
dang, kich thudc
va
trinh
i\S
sap
xep cua cac gen
tren moi nhiem
sac the va
dUdc
duy
tri on
dinh
qua cac
the'he.
+
Cd
che'bao
dam cho bo
nhiem
sac the cua

loai
cd
tinh
dac
truing
va o'n
dinh
la:
-
O
loai sinh
san
v6
tinh:
Bo
nhiem
sac the
cd
tinh chat
dac
tru'ng
va
on dinh
la
nhd
cd
che' nhan
doi
va
phan

li
dong
deu cua cac
nhiem
sac
the
trong nguyen phan.
-
O
cac
loai sinh
san
hifu tinh,
bo
nhiem
sac the cua
loai
cd
tinh chat
dSc trufng
va
o'n
dinh
va nhd
sU
phoi
hdp cua
3 cd
che: nguyen phan, giam
phan

va
thu
tinh.
Cfiu
7:
Vi
sao
nhiem
s^c the
dU'dc
xem
la
cd che vat
chat
cua
tinh
di
truyen
d
cap
do te
bao?
'
vf*
Hadngddn
Nhiem
s^c the
la
vat
chat di truyen

d
cap
do te
bao vi;
+ Nhiem s3c
the la mot
thanh phan (khong phai
la
phan tuf)
cua
te
bao
mang
gen
va
bao quan gen, quy dinh cac tinh trang
cua
sinh
vat.
+ Bo nhiem sac the
cua
loai
cd
tinh chat dac tru'ng
va on
dinh qua cac
the'
he.
+ Nhiem
sac the cd kha

nang
tif
nhan doi, phan
li va to
hdp,
qua do
truyen
thong
tin di
truyen
qua
cdc the'he.
+ Nhiem
sac the cd kha
nang
dot
bien
va di
truyen
cac dot
bien
dd cho cac
the
he sau.
Cau 8:
Cac gen
tren nhiem
sac the
du"dc bao quan nhU
the'

nao?
HUcing
ddn
Cac
gen
tren nhiem
s^c the
difdc
bao
quan bang each lien
ket
vdi
protein
(histon), bkng each cupn xoan
va
bang
cac
trinh
tu"
nucleotit
dac
hieu
d
cac dau
mut nhiem
sac the.
4X
Cty
TNHH
MTV DVVH Khang

Vi§t
CSu 9: Nhd
dau
nhiem sac the
cd kha
nang nhan doi, phan
H
va to
hdp?
HUdng
ddn
•
^•::S,Atrnil.):y^:K^S,
+
Nhd NST cd
trinh
tuf
nucleotit
dac
hieu
d
diem khdi
dau
nhan
doi
va
nhd
/VDN
cd kha
nang nhan doi

nen
nhiem
sac the cd kha
nang nhan doi.
+ Nhiem
sac the cd kha
nang phan
li
la
nhd
cac trinh
tu"
nucleotit
dac
hie'j
d
eo thiJ nhat
tao ra tam
dong
la
vi tri
nhiem
sac the
lien
ket vdi
thoi phan
bao va
di chuyen
ve cac
cUc

cua
te'bao.
nhd
nhidm
sac the kep cd kha
nang tach nhau
d
tam dong
tao
thanh
2
nhiem
sac the
ddn,
moi
nhiem
sac the ddn
phan
li
ve mot
cxic
cua
te' bao.
va
nhd
nhiem
sac the
cd
cau
true xoan cuon thuan

Idi
cho
sir
phan
li va to hdp cac
nhiem
sac the
trong phan bao.
+ Nhiem
sac the cd kha
nang
to
hdp
la
do
sU phan
li
dong
deu
ciia
cac cap
alen trong phan bao
va do
su"
ket hdp cua cac giao tuf difc
va cai
trong
thu
tinh.
CSu 10:

Vi sao
nhiem
sac the cd kha
nang dot bien?
HUdng
ddn
i
Do
cac tac
nhan
gay dot
bien
tac
dong
vao luc
nhi§m
sac the
nhan doi, trao
doi doan, phan
li
trong phan bao.
CSu
11:
Nhiem
sac the
tham
gia
dieu
hda
hoat dong

cua
gen bang each nao?
HUdng
ddn
Nhiem
sac the
tham
gia
dieu
hoa
hoat dong
gen
bang each thao xoan
de
phien ma, dich
ma
hoac bang each thao xoan chat lai thanh
the
barr
bat
hoat.
Cfiu 12:
Cau
triic cuon xoan theo nhicu miJc kh^c nhau
cua
nhiem
s^c the cd
y
nghia nhU the nao
ve

mat di truyen.
Hudng
ddn
Cau true cuon xoan
cd
tac
dung
bao
ve
gen
tren nhiem
sac the. Cau
true
cu6n xoan theo mtJc khac nhau giiip nhi^m
sac the de
dang thao xoan
de
thiTc hien
cac
chiJc nang
di
truyen nhu" phien
ma,
dich
ma cua
cac gen
tren
nhiem
sac
the.

de
dang xoan
lai
theo tiifng miJc
de
thuan
Idi cho
su"
phan
li
va
t6
hdp cua
nhiem
sac the
hoac xoan chat thanh
the
barr
bat
hoat, tham
gia
^ieu
hoa
hoat dong
gen.
Cfiu 13: Hinh thai nhiem
s^c
the khac nhau
la do
cac ye'u

to'
nao?
HUdng
ddn
Hinh thai nhiem
s^c the
khac nhau
la do:
+ Loai khac nhau
+
Vi tri tam
dong khac nhau
' .
+ Mu"c
dp
cuon xoan khac nhau.
K
.•:
Cfiu 14: Trong cong nghe sinh hpc, ngiTdi
ta da tao
diTdc cac nhiem
sac the
nhan
'?0-
Theo
em can lap rap cac
trinh
tiT
nucleotit nao
de tao nen mot

nhiem
sac the
th^ng
sao cho no cd the
hoat dong
nhu"
nhiem
s^c the
binh thudng trong nhan
te
''^o
nhan thuc.
AQ
Cam
rang
tyl
6n va luy^n thi Sinh hpc - Phung Duy Bdng
Httdng ddn
Muon cho nhiem sac the nhan tao hoat dong nhiT nhiem sac the
binh
thiTcfng
can 13p rap:
+ Mot
trinh
tif dac hicu
d
diem
khdi
dau nhan doi gtup enzim
c6

the nhan
.
i
ict va
khdi
dau qua
trinh
tiT nhan doi.
+ Mot
trinh
ty nucleotit dac hieu lam nhiem vu cua tam dong.
+ Cac
tnnh
tif nucleotit
d
hai dau mut nhiem sac the
de
bao
ve
nhiSm
s^c
the
va
de cac nhidm sac the khong
dinh
vao nhau.
III.
CAU HOI
TRAC
NGHIEM

Cau 1: Nhiem sac the c6
(5
dau?
;
A)
O
trong nhan te bao
B)
6
trong nhan
te
bao cua sinh vat nhan thifc.

C) CJ sinh vat nhan thiTc
D) CJ sinh vat nhan sd
Cfiu
2:
Nhffng sinh vat chtfa
cc)
nhan, thi vat chat di truyen
d
cap
do
phan tu*
CO
3
dau?
A)Kh6ngc6crdauca
B)
Co trong te bao cha't

'
C)
Co trong cac bao quang
D)
Co tren mang sinh chat
Cfiu
3:
Ti
the, lap the c6 phai la vat chat di truyen cl cap do te bao khong?
A) Khong phai, vi khong chufa nhi6m sac the
B) Khong phai vi ti the va lap the khong d cap do te bao, chi la cap do phan tuf.
C) Ti the, lap the la mot bo phan cua te bao (cap do phan tuf) chuTa gen quy
dinh
cac
tinh
trang nen chung cung la vat chat di truyen 5 cap do phan tuf te bao.
D) Khong cau nao dung ca.
CSu
4:
Mot nhiem
sac
the
bi
dot bien maft cac
trinh
tiT nucleotit
d
dau mut
c6
hoat dong

diTdc
binh
thiTdng khong?
A) Hoat dong
binh
thu'dng vi mat doan nho khong anh hudng den stfc
song.
B) Khong hoat dong du^dc
binh
thiTdng
vi
nhiem sac the khong
diTdc
bao
ve,
CO
the bi
dinh
nhau trong hoat dong.
C) Bdung.
.,4. „
D)
A
dung.
Cfiu
5: Cac
trinh
tif nucleotit dac hieu c6
d
dau tren nhiSm sac

the?
A)
Co d
2 dau mut nhiem sac the.
B)
Co
d
tam dong nhiem sac the.
C)
Co d
diem
khdi
dau nhan doi.
D)
Ca
A, B va C.
;, Cfiu 6: Cdc
trinh
tiT nucleotit dac hieu c6 tham gia ma hoa axit amin khong?
A) Khong tham gia ma hoa axit amin.
B)
Cac
trinh
tiT nucleotit khong lam nhiem vu
ma
hoa axit amin nhiTng
co
tham
gia vao qua
trinh

ma hoa axit amin,
vi
khong c6 chiing thi qua
trinh
ma hoa khong the xay ra.
Cty
TNHH
MTV
DVVH
Khang
Vigt
'
C) B
dung.
D)
A
dung.
,;•
Cfiu
7: Vi sao nhidm sac the dtfdc xem la vat chat di truyen?
A) Vi nhiem sjlc the thiTc hien cac chtfc nang di truyen nhi^ chtfa thong tin
di
truyen,
bao quan thong tin di truyen
va
truyen thong tin di truyen qua cac
the he.
B) Vi
bo
nhiem sac the

c6
tinh
cha't dac
truing
cho loai
va
on
dinh
qua
cac
the'he.
C) Vi nhidm
sac
the
c6
kha nang tai sinh, phan li,
to
hdp,
c6
kha nang dot
bien
va
di truyen dot bien cho cac the he sau.
D) Vi ca
A, B
va
C.
Cfiu
8: NhiBm sac the truyen thong tin di truyen qua cac the he bang
each

nao?
A) Bang cac cd che tiT nhan doi, phan li va to hdp cua nhiem s^c the.
B) Bang
cd
che nguyen phan
hoac
ket hdp
3 cd
che: nguyen phan, giam
phan, Ihu
tinh.
C) Bang
cd
che tiT nhan doi, phan
li va to
hdp trong phan bao
va
trong
thii
tinh.
D) Ca
A, B va C
deu dung.
Cfiu
9: Nhiem sac the thiTdng va nhiem sic the
gidi
tinh
khac nhau nhuTthenao?
A) So lufdng nhiem
sac

the gidi
tinh
it
hdn nhiem
sac
the thi/dng (chi
cd 2
nhiem sac the
hoac
1 nhiem sac the), con nhiem sac the thiTdng c6 nhieu cap.
B) Nhiem
sac
the gidi
tinh
trong
te bao
xoma khi thi tiTdng dong, khi thi
khong tu'dng dong tuy gidi
tinh
cua nhdm loai, con nhiem sic the thU'dfig
luon
ton tai thanh tifng cap tiTdng dong.
C) Nhiem
sac
the thu^dng chi chiJa cac gen quy
dinh
tinh
trang thiTdng, con
nhiem
sac

the gidi
tinh
chtfa gen quy
djnh
gidi
tinh
va
nhiyng
tinh
trang
hen ket gidi
tinh.
D) CaA,
BvaC.
Cfiu
10: Su" phan
li
ciia nhiem
sac
the trong nguyen phan
va
giam phan khac
nhau
nhU"
the
nao?
A) Trong nguyen phan cap nhiem s^c the tu'dng dong chi phan li mot Ian con
trong giam phan cap nhiem sac the tifdng dong phan li hai Ian.
B) Trong nguyen phan moi nhiem sic the kep deu tach nhau
d

tam dong
va
phan
li
dong deu
2 te
bao con nen trong
te
bao con cd
ca
cap nhidm sac
the ti/dng dong.
Con trong giam phan I, tam dong chtfa tach ra, ma moi nhiem
sac
the kep
PhSn
li
ve
mot
ciTc
ciia
te'bao
nen trong
te'bao
con chi cd mot nhiem sic the kep
c^a cap tiTdng dong kep, tao ra
te'bao
ddn boi kep, den giam phan II, nhiem sac
the'
kep nay mdi tach nhau

d
tam dong
va
moi nhiem sac the ddn phan
li ve 1
Wc cua
te'bao,
tao ra
giao
turddn
boi (n).
51