Bài tập hóa học 10 nâng cao 2

PHAN
HAI:
HI/ONG
DAN
- BAI
GIAI - DAP s6
Chuang 1 •
NGUYEN TCf
BAI ON TAP
1.1. Ndu eft chia ddi lien tiep vien bi sdt thi ddn mdt luc ndo dd ta thu dugc
phdn tft nhd nhd't cdn mang tfnh chat dac trung cua sdt dugc ggi la nguyen
tft sdt.
1.2. Khi mdu nudc da dugc chia ddi lien tid'p thi ddn mdt luc nao dd ta thu
dugc phdn tft nhd be nhd't cdn mang tinh chat cua nudc dugc ggi la phdn
tft nudc.
1.3. + Theo dinh nghia vl mol, 1 mol mudi an chfta
6,02.10^^
phan tft NaCl.
Vi thd trong 0,1 mol mudi an cd sd phan tft NaCl bdng :
6,02.10^^
phan
tft/mol
x 0,1 mol =
6,02.10^^
phan tft.
+ Tuong
tg,
1 mol sdt kim loai ed chfta 6,02.10 nguyen tft sdt.
Trong
X
mol sdt chfta

3,01.10
nguyen tft sdt.
3,01.10^^
X
=
—
—
=
0,5 (mol) nguyen tft sdt.
6,02.10^^
1.4.
B
1.5. a) Theo dinh nghia vl mol ta ed trong 1 mol nguyen tft C chfta
6,02.10
nguyen tft C. Do dd khd'i lugng cfta 1 mol nguydn tft C bdng :
1,99.
10"^^
kg/nguyen tft
x
6,02.10^^
nguydn tft/mol
=
11,98.10"^
kg/mol « 12
g/mol.
b) Tuang tg, khd'i lugng cua 1 phdn tft
C2H5OH
bdng :
46
g/mol

^
7,64.10"^^
g/phdn tft =
7,64.10~^^
kg/phdn tft.
^23
6,02.10^^
phdn tft/mol
72
1.6. Khdi lugng mol nguyen tft cd tri sd bdng nguyen tft khd'i
ciia
nguyen td.
Khd'i lugng mol phdn tft cd tri sd bdng phdn tft khd'i eua chd't. Khd'i lugng
mol dugc tinh bdng g/mol, trong khi nguyen tft khdi va phdn tft khd'i tinh
theo dan vi cacbon (dvC). Ta cd :
a) Phdn tft khdi cfta clo la : 2 x 35,5 =
71
(dvC).
1 mol khf clo cd khd'i lugng bdng : 2 x 35,5 = 71 (g).
14 2
2
Sd mol phdn tft clo cd trong 14,2 g la :
^, ',
=0,2 mol.
71 g/mol
Tuong
tg:
b) Phdn tft khd'i cua canxi cacbonat bdng
:
40 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 100 (dvC).

10 g
Sd mol phdn tft canxi cacbonat =
——; r
=0,1 mol.
100 g/mol
c) Luu huynh cd nguydn tft khd'i bdng 32 dvC.
16 2
Sd mol luu huynh cd trong 16 g la :
—;—7^—r
= 0,5 mol.
32 g/mol
d) Phdn tft khdi eua amoniac bdng : 14 + 3 x 1 = 17 (dvC).
34 2
Sd mol NH3 trong 34 g la :
,^ ° ,
= 2 mol.
^17
g/mol
1.7. a) Theo dinh nghia ndng dd mol, ta cd sd mol NaOH trong 20 ml dung
dich 0,1
Mbdng
:
20 ml
„ ,
mol
„ „ _^
,
— x
0,1
-TT-

=
0,002 mol.
1000 ml/lit
1ft
Phan ftng cfta NaOH va
HCI:
NaOH +
HCI ->
NaCl +
H2O
Vdi ti
le
mol cdc chd't tham gia va tao thanh sau phan ftng =1:1
Nhu vdy sd mol
HCI
cdn dung = sd mol NaOH = 0,002 mol.
b) Sd mol sdt =
^^
'
^
=0,1 mol.
56 g/mol
Phuang trinh hod hgc phan ftng gifta sdt vdi
HCI:
Fe + 2HC1
-^ FeClj
+
Hjt
73
Theo phuang trinh hod hgc, sd mol

HCI
cdn dung gdp hai ldn
sd mol sdt = 2
X
0,1 mol = 0,2 mol.
c) Sdt(III) oxit cd cdng thftc
Fe203.
Sd mol
sdt(in)
oxit bdng :
16 2
r—7
=0,1 (mol). Phuang trinh hod hoc :
160 g/mol
Fe203
+ 6HC1
-^ 2FeCl3
+
SHjO
Sd mol HQ cdn dung gdp 6 ldn sd mol
sdtOOQ)
oxit, bdng : 0,1 x 6 = 0,6 (mol).
9 8 2
d) Sd mol ddng (II) hidroxit =
^„ ' , =
0,1 mol. Phuang trinh hod hoc :
98 g/mol
Cu(0H)2 +2HC1
-^ CuCl2
+

2H2O
Sd
mol HQ cdn dung
gdp ddi sd
mol ddng(II) hidroxit,
bdng:
2 x
0,1
=
02
(mol).
1.8. CJ
0°C
va dp sud't 1 atm 1 mol
N2
chidm
thi
tfch bdng 22,4
dm^.
Nhu vdy
khd'i lugng mol cua nita bdng 22,4
dm^/mol
x 1,25 g/dm = 28 g/mol. Do
dd phdn tft khd'i cua nita bdng 28 dvC.
1.9.
A.
1.10. - Sd mol ddng(n) oxit =
^J'
,
^ ,

= 0,09 mol. Phan
ftng
khft ddng(II)
oxit:
80
g /
mol
CuO + CO
^°^
>
Cu
+
CO2
- Phan ling xay ra hoan toan ndn san phdm rdn chi la Cu, chd't khf di ra la
'
hdn hgp eua CO du va
CO2.
a) Sd mol ddng kim loai = sd mol ddng(n) oxit = 0,09 mol. Khdi lugng
ddng thu dugc : 0,09 x 64 = 5,76 (g).
b) Sd mol CO da tham gia phan ftng bdng sd' mol CuO va bdng sd mol
CO2
tao thdnh va
diu
bdng 0,09 mol.
Thi
tich CO (d dktc) da tham gia
phan ftng bdng : 0,09 x 22,4 = 2,016
(dm^).
1.11. Sd mol mudi ddng(II) nitrat =
„^

' ,^ ,
= 0,1 mol.
188 g/mol
Phuofng tnnh hod hgc :
2Cu(N03)2 ^° ) 2CuO
+
4NO2
+
O2
Theo phuang trinh hod hgc, sd mol ddng(n) oxit = sd mol mudi = 0,1 mol.
Khd'i lugng ddng(II) oxit = 0,1 x 80 = 8 (g).
1.12. A.
74
Bai 1
THANH PHAN NGUYEN
TCT
-27,
1.13. a) Khd'i luang cua proton gdp
-^ '•
-—2-
= 1836 ldn khd'i luang cfta
9,1094.10"^^
kg
electron (gdn hai nghin ldn).
9 1094
10"^^
kg 1
b) Khdi luang cfta electron bang
— '-——-^
=

-r^r^r—z
ldn khd'i luong
l,6748.10"^^kg
1838,5
cua natron hay gdn bdng mdt phdn hai nghin ldn.
c) Khd'i lugng cfta cac hat trong nguyen tft heli bdng :
2
X
1,6726.
10
~^^
kg + 2
X
1,6748.
10"^^
kg + 2 x 9,1094.
10"^'
kg
= 6,6966.
10"^'^
kg.
Khdi lugng cfta 2 electron =
1,8219.10"^°
kg.
Do dd khdi lugng cfta electron trong nguydn tft heli chi chidm :
1,82.10
kg
X
100% = 0,0272% (rd't nhd).
6,6966.10"^^

kg
1.14. Trong 1 kg sdt cd
^ 'y.ll^^f
^{^^
= 17,905 mol nguyen tft sdt
55,85 g/mol
=>
Sd nguyen tft sdt = 17,905 x
6,02.10^^
nguyen tft.
Ma
1
nguyen tft Fe ed 26 electron
—>
Trong 1 kg sdt cd lugng electron
bdng : 17,905 x 26 = 465,53 mol electron
=>
Khd'i lugng cdc electron
bdng : 465,53 mol x
9,1.10"^'kg/e
x
6,02.10"e/mol
=
2,55.10""^
kg hay
0,255 g (rdt nhd so vdi khd'i lugfng
1
kg sat).
1.15. a) 1 nm =
10~^

m
+
Thi
tfch gdn dung cfta hat nhan nguyen tft hidro bdng :
V
=ll^
= -x
3,14
X (1.10"^^m)3 =
4,19.10"^^m^
+
Thi
tfch gdn dung cfta nguyen tft hidro la :
V =
l!2L
= Ix
3,14
X (0,53.10"^W
=
6,23.10"^^
m^
75
Nhu vay,
thi
tfch cua nguyen tft H ldn han rdt nhilu so vdi
thi
tfch cua
hat nhdn nguyen tft H. Nguyen tft H cd cdu tao rdng.
b) Khd'i lugng hat nhdn nguyen tft hidro chinh la khd'i lugng cua proton vd
bdng

l,672.10"^\g.
Khdi lugng rieng cua hat nhan nguyen tft hidro bdng :
D=^'^'^-^Cf=3,99.10na'n/cm^
4,19.10"^^m^
+ Khd'i lugng cua nguyen tft hidro (tfnh ca khd'i lugng cfta electron)
bdngl,673.10~^^kg.
Khdi lugng rieng cua hidro bdng :
1,673.10
kg ^
2,66
.10^
kg/m^
= 2,66
.10^
g/dm^
= 2,66
g/cm^
0,63.10"^V^
Khd'i lugng rieng cfta proton ldn han rdt nhilu ldn so vdi khd'i lugng rieng
nguyen tft hidro.
1.16. Do lu =
1,6605.10
kg. Khd'i lugng cua nguyen tft oxi tfnh theo
kilogam:
1,6605.10"^^
X
15,999 =
2,6566.10"^^
(kg).
1.17. Do nguyen tft khd'i cua C = 12 nen khd'i lugng cfta nguydn tft H bdng :

+ Tfnh theo u : 12
u/11,905
=
1,008
u.
+ Tfnh theo gam : 1,008 u x
1,66.10"^"^
g/u = 1,673
.10"^"^
gam.
Bai
2
HAT NHAN NGUYEN
TQ
NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
1.18.A.
•>
^
207
1.19. Nguyen tu cua nguyen td chi ddng vi Pb cd Z = 82, sd khd'i bang 207.
Sd natron = 207 - 82 = 125. Nhu vay, ti le sd natron/sd proton bdng :
125
-—-=
1,5244.
Trft H, ti
Id
sd natron/sd proton thdp nhdt d cac nguyen tii
82
la 1. Nhu vdy dilu kien
bin

cua hat nhdn la 1 < —,— <
1,5244.
•
sd
p
76
1.20. D.
1.21. - Trong nguyen tft, sd proton = sd electron.
Tdng sd cdc hat = sd electron + sd natron + sd proton ; Sd natron tdi
thilu
bdng sd proton (trft nguyen tft
JH).
- Ddi vdi cae nguydn tft cfta eac nguyen td cd Z khdng ldn, sd natron
khdng chenh lech nhilu so vdi sd proton, chi cdn dem tdng sd hat chia 3
ldy phdn nguydn ta cd sd proton va sd electron. Nhu vdy, dd'i vdi nguyen
tft
nguyen tdX
:
^=
19,333.
- Ndu Z = 19 thi sd natron = 20 la cdc gia tri ddc trung cho nguyen td K
cd sd khd'i bdng 39.
- Ndu cho Z = 20 thi sd natron = 19 < sd proton, nguyen tft khdng
bin.
1.22. Cdc hat mang dien trong nguyen tft la proton va electron. Cae hat khdng
mang dien la hat natron. Trong nguyen tft trung hoa, sd electron bdng sd
proton. Kf hieu Z va N la sd electron vd sd natron trong nguyen tft. Ta ed
he phuang trinh 2 dn sd :
J2Z
+ N

=
82
[2Z
- N
=
22
Giai he, ta dugc Z = 26 va N = 30. Sd khd'i eua nguyen tft X la
:
26 + 30 = 56.
Nguyen td X la sdt cd kf hieu nguyen tft la
^Fe.
1.23. Theo dilu kien ddu bai, vi sd natron trong hat nhdn va sd hieu nguyen tft
cua mdi nguydn td khdng vugt qua 1 dan vi nen cd
thi
dp dung
each
xdc
dinh sd dien tfch hat nhdn cua cdc nguyen td X, Y va Z nhu sau :
Zx
= 16/3
«
5,
ZY
=
58/3«19,
Zz
= 78/3
«
26.
Nguydn td X la nguyen td bo cd

sd'
electron = 5, sd natron = 6, sd khd'i
=11
va cd kf hidu nguyen td' la
jB.
Nguyen td Y
Id
nguyen td kali cd 19 electron, sd natron = 20, sd khd'i = 39
vd cd kf hieu nguyen td
Id
JQK
.
Nguyen td Z la nguyen td sdt cd 26 electron, sd natron = 30, sd khd'i = 56
va cd kf hieu nguyen td
Id 26
Fe.
77
1.24.
Cac nguydn tft ed
cftng
dien tich hat nhdn thi thudc vl mdt nguydn td hoa
hgc.
Nhu vdy :
+ Cdc nguydn tft ciing cd Z = 7 thi thudc vl nguydn td
nita:
^7
A va
^C diu
cd 7 electron va 7 proton. Trong dd
^7

A cd 7 natron cdn
^70
cd 8 natron.
+ Cac nguyen tft cung cd Z = 8 thi thudc vl nguyen td oxi : gB,
gDvd
gG diu
cd 8 electron va 8 proton. Trong dd, gBcd 8 natron, gDco
10
natron vd
'gG
cd 9 natron.
Oft
+ Cac nguyen tft cung cd Z = 10 thi thudc vl nguyen td neon :
joHva
00 00
00
^QK
diu
cd 10 electron va 10 proton. Trong dd
jgH
cd 10 natron vd
JQK
cd 12 natron.
+ Nguyen tft
jjl
cd Z =
11
la nguyen tft cua nguyen td natri cd kf hieu la
fyn
11

Na.
Nguyen tft natri cd
11
proton va 12 natron d hat nhdn,
11
electron
d vd nguyen tft.
+ Nguyen tft
26 E
cd Z = 26 la nguyen tft cfta nguyen td sdt ed kf hidu la
^^Fe.Nguye
vd nguyen tft.
+ Nguyen tft
27F
cd Z = 27 la nguyen tft cfta nguyen td coban cd kf hieu-
la
27
Co.
Nguyen tft coban cd 27 proton va 29 natron d hat nhdn, 27 electron
d vd nguyen tft.
Bai 3
DONG VL NGUYEN
TCT
KHOI
VA NGUYEN
lO
KHOI TRUNG BINH
1.25. D.
1.26. Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh la dai lugng dac trung cho sg tdn tai ddng thdi
cua eac loai ddng vi

tu
nhidn cua nguydn td da cho trdn ldp vd Trdi Ddt.
Nguydn tft khd'i trung binh bdng tdng cac phdn ddng gdp cua cac ddng
vi.
Vi vdy ddi vdi brom ta cd :
— 50 69 49 31
ABr
=
"i^x 79
+
-^x
81 = 0,5069 x 79 + 0,4931 x
81
26Fe.
Nguyen tft sdt ed 26 proton va 30 natron d hat nhdn, 26 electron d
= 40,045 + 39,941 = 79,986.
78
1.27. Tuang
tu
bai
1.26
ta cd :
ANi
= 58
X
0,6827 + 60 x 0,2610 +
61
x
0,0113
+ 62 x 0,0359 + 64 x 0,0091 =

=
58,771.
Gid tri nguyen tft khd'i
thuc
cua Ni bdng 58,754.
1.28. Sd khd'i cfta ddng vi thft nhd't la : 35 + 44 = 79.
Sd khdi cfta ddng vi thft hai la : 35 + 44 + 2 = 81.
27
„.
23
Ta cd :
Ax
= 79 x
27 + 23
+ 81
X
23 + 27
79,92.
1.29. a) Ggi sd khd'i cua cdc ddng vi ldn lugt la
Xj, Xj,
X3.
Ta cd he phuong
trinh 3 dn sd :
Xl
+
X2
+
X3
= 87
X2

=
Xl
+ 1
0,9223
X Xl
+ 0,0467 x
Xj
+
0,031
x
X3 =
28,0855
Giai he phuang trinh, ta cd
Xi
= 28,
X2
= 29,
X3
= 30.
28
b) Trong
Xi
cd sd natron = sd proton = Z = — = 14.
Nhu vdy sd natron trong cdc ddng vi la :
+ Trong
Xl
: 14.
+ Trong
X2:
29- 14= 15.

+ Trong
X3:
30-14=
16.
1.30. a) Ggi X la
kfhilu
nguyen td va la khdi lugng mol nguyen tft cua X. Trong
ca hai mudi, X
diu
cd hod tri 1. Sd mol X trong ca hai mudi bdng nhau.
Phuang trinh hod hgc :
NaX +
AgN03 -^ AgXi
+
NaN03
. .
8,19
^
20,09
^'^^ •
23 + X 108 + X
Giai ra ta dugc X = 35,5.
Nguyen tft khd'i cua X bang 35,5. X la clo.
b) Ggi sd khdi cfta ddng vi be cfta clo la A. Ta cd :
0,75
X
A + 0,25
X
(A + 2) = 35,5. Giai ra, ta cd A = 35.
Ddng vi ldn cua clo cd sd khd'i bdng 35 + 2 = 37.

79
1.31. Ggi % sd nguyen tft ddng vi be cua iridi la x thi % sd nguydn tft cua ddng
vi ldn la (100 - x).
Ta cd : 191x + 193(100 - x) = 192,22
X
100
Giai ra dugc x = 39.
Nhu vdy, trong iridi tu nhidn ed khoang 39% sd nguydn tft
Id
ddng vi 191
vd 61% sd nguyen tft la ddng vi 193. Ti
Id
sd mol cung bdng ti le sd
nguyen tft nen phdn trdm sd mol eua 2 ddng vi cung cd gid tri nhu trdn.
1.32. D.
1.33. Cd 12 loai phan tft khf cacbonic vdi phdn tft khdi tuang ftng (ghi trong
ngode)la:
'^002^^
(44),
'^002'^
(46),
'^002'^
(48) ;
*^C02^^
(45),'^C02^''
(47),
'^C02^^
(49) ;
'^CO'^O'^
(45),

'^CO'^o'^
(46),
'^CO'^o'^
(47) ;
'^CO'^O'^
(46),
'^CO'^O'^
(47),
'^CO'^o'^
(48).
1.34. Xet 1 mol phdn tft
HCIO4
cd khd'i lugng bdng 100,5 g. Trong dd cd 1 mol
nguydn tft clo chfta 0,7577 mol clo ddng vi 35 vd 0,2423 mol clo ddng vi 37.
Khd'i lugng clo ddng vi 37 trong 1 mol
HCIO4
la :
0,2423 mol
X
37 g/mol =
8,9651
g.
+ Phdn tram khd'i lugng clo ddng vi 37 trong
HCIO4
bdng :
8,9651
100,5
X 100=
8,92
(%).

Bai 4
SL;
CHUYEN DQNG
COA
ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN
TQ.
OBITAN NGUYEN
TQ
1.35. + Theo md hinh hanh tinh nguyen tft, trong nguyen tft, eac electron
chuyin ddng ca trdn quy dao trdn vd quy dao bdu due gidng eac hanh tinh
quay quanh Mat Trdi.
+ Theo md hinh hien dai, trong nguyen tft cac electron chuyin ddng rdt
nhanh (vdi tdc do gdn bdng tdc dd cfta anh sang) ndn khdng
thi
ndi
din
quy dao ma chi coi chuyin ddng cfta electron nhu mdt dam mdy mang
dien tfch dm.
80
1.36. Cdc chdm tren hinh ve 1.7 (SGK) khdng phai
Id
hinh anh cua mdt
electron ma ehi
Id
hinh anh bilu diln mdt vi trf eua electron d mdt thdi
dilm gia dinh nao dd. Vung khdng gian cd nhilu chdm thi xdc sud't cd
mat eua electron d dd cang cao. Tdp hgp cac dilm trong vung khdng gian
cd phdn ldn xac sud't ed mat electron dugc coi la dam mdy tfch didn dm
cfta electron.
1.37. Nguyen tft H cd

thi
tdn tai d cac trang thai nang lugng khdc nhau. Ci
trang thdi ea ban (trang thai cd ndng lugng thdp nhd't), chuyin ddng cfta
electron dugc md ta bdng obitan hinh cdu cd ban kfnh gdn bdng 0,053 nm
(ggi la obitan
Is).
Khi nguyen tft H chuyin ddn trang thai cd nang lugng
cao han, chuyin ddng cua electron dugc md ta bdng obitan hinh cdu vdi
bdn
kinh
ldn
hOn
va dugc ggi la obitan 2s. Nlu nguyen tft H cd ndng
lugng cao han nfta thi chuyin ddng cua electron se dugc md ta bang mdt
trong 3 obitan 2p hinh sd 8 ndi
1.38. Cdc
obitan
s
diu
cd dang hinh cdu vdi kha ndng tim thd'y electron theo
mgi hudng nhu nhau.
Cae obitan p cd dang hinh sd 8 ndi. Cd 3 obitan p dinh hudng theo 3 hudng
vudng gdc vdi nhau va theo hudng cfta 3
true
toa dd Decac. Obitan dinh
hudng theo
true
x
dixgc
kf hieu la obitan

p^.
Obitan p cd dinh hudng theo
true
y duge kf hieu la obitan
Py
va eon lai la obitan
p^
dinh hudng theo true z.
1.39. 6 trang thdi co ban, electron duy nhd't eua nguyen tft H d tren obitan
Is.
Electron nay bi hut vl phfa hat nhdn cd dien tfch 1+. Bdn kfnh obitan cua
nguyen tft H bdng 0,0529 nm.
Nguyen tft heli cd Z = 2 va cd 2 electron ciing d tren obitan
Is
nhung ban
kfnh nguyen tft (hay ban kfnh cfta obitan
Is
cfta
heh)
giam cdn 0,0128 nm.
Nguyen nhdn la luc hut cua hat nhdn nguyen tft H ddi vdi electron
yiu
han lgc hut cfta hat nhdn He. Electron trong nguyen tft H cd
thi
tdn tai d
khoang each ldn hon so vdi trong nguyen tft He. Obitan nguyen tft H ldn
han obitan nguyen tft
He.
1.40*. Obitan nguyen tft la khu
vuc

khdng gian xung quanh hat nhdn ma tai dd
xdc sud't cd mat (xdc sud't tim thd'y) electron khoang 90%.
Electron cd
thi
tdn tai d ngoai khu
vuc
khdng gian quy udc d tren vdi xac
sudt cd mat vao khoang 100% - 90% =
10%.
Nhu vdy, vl nguyen tdc
obitan khdng ed gidi han.
6.BT HdAHOC10.NC-A 81
Bai
5
LUYEN
TAP VE
:
THANH PHAN CAU TAO NGUYEN
TCT.
KHOI
LUONG
cCiA
NGUYEN
TQ.
OBITAN NGUYEN
TQ
1.41. A.
1.42. A.
1.43. D.
1.44. a) Ti le sd natron/sd proton cua :

A
_
7
232
—
90
+ Nguyen td thon cd Z = 90 :
-^^
= =
1,578
9u
+ Nguyen td protactini cd Z = 91 :
——777——=
1,538
Z
231-
91
238-
91
92
+ Nguyen td urani cd Z = 92 :
—
=1,587
b) Cac nguyen td nay
diu
khdng
bin
va tu phdn huy thdnh cac nguyen tl
khac cd sd hieu nguyen tft be hon.
1.45. a) Hat nhan nguyen tft flo cd 9 proton va 10 natron, khd'i lugng hat nhdn

nguyen tft flo (dua vao bang 1.1 trong SGK) bdng :
9
X
1,6726.10"^^
+ 10
X
1,6748.10"^^
=
3,1801.10"^^
(kg).
b) The tfch cua hat nhan nguyen
tCf
flo =
-71(0,5.10"'V)^
=
5,23.10"'^^
m^
The tfch cua nguyen tft flo =
-71(0,5.10"'°m)^=
5,23.10~^'ml
Ti le
thi
tfch cua nguyen tft va hat nhdn nguyen tft flo bdng
lo'^.
c) Khdi lugng rieng cua hat nhdn nguyen tft flo bdng :
o
1
on
1 1
n

-^
'^j7-=
6,08.10'^
(kg/m^)
hay
6,08.lO''
trieu
td'n/cm^
(rd't ldn).
5,23.10"^^
•
1.46. Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua silic bdng :
92,23 4,67 3,10
^ ^
100
^^^
100
29
+
^^-30-28,109.
82
6.BTH6AHOCIO.NC-B
Bai 6
LdP
VA PHAN
LCIP
ELECTRON
1.47. + Trong ldp electron thft n se cd n phdn ldp electron. Thf du : Ldp thft
nhd't ed 1 phdn ldp electron, ldp thft hai cd 2 phdn ldp electron, ldp thft ba
cd 3 phdn ldp electron.

+ Cdc kf hidu chi phdn ldp la : s, p, d
1.48. Cac obitan trong mdt phdn ldp cd ndng lugng bdng nhau. Cac obitan
thudng cd hinh dang tuong tg nhau nhung khac nhau vl dinh hudng trong
khdng gian.
Phdn ldp p cd 3 obitan 2p cd nang lugng bdng nhau va cung cd dang hinh sd
8 ndi. Obitan
2p^
hudng theo true x, obitan
2py
hudng dgc theo true y cdn
obitan
2p^
hudng dgc theo true z.
Phdn ldp d cd 5 obitan d cd dang tuang tg nhau kilu canh hoa 4 canh.
Cac obitan nay cd dinh hudng khac nhau trong khdng gian.
1.49. Ldp M - ldp thft ba, cd 3 phdn ldp, dd la cac phdn ldp : 3s, 3p va 3d.
+ Phdn ldp 3 s cd mdt obitan.
+ Phdn ldp 3p cd ba obitan.
+ Phdn ldp 3d cd ndm obitan.
Nhu vdy, ldp M cd 9 obitan.
1.50. + Sd obitan trong mdt phdn ldp la mdt sd le : 1, 3, 5, tuong ftng vdi
phdn ldp thft nhd't, thft hai, thft ba,
+ Phdn ldp p la phdn ldp thft hai nen cd 3 obitan :
p^,
Py
va
p^.
+ Phdn ldp d la phdn ldp thft 3 nen cd 5 obitan.
1.51. Electron
2p'

la electron ddu tien d phdn ldp
thft 2 (phdn ldp p), thudc ldp thft 2 (n = 2).
Phdn ldp p gdm 3 obitan cd nang lugng bdng
nhau nen electron cd
thi
tdn tai d 1 trong ba
obitan 2p nhung cd
thi
khdng
thi
bilt la
2Px'
2py
hay
2p^.
Dam mdy cd dang hinh sd 8 ndi.
83
Bai
7
NANG
LUONG
COA
CAC
ELECTRON
TRONG NGUYEN
TCT
CAU HINH ELECTRON NGUYEN
TQ
1.52.
1

a)2s^
I
1
b)2p2
nil
1
c)3p^
1.53. Nguyen tft N cd Z = 7, ldp vd
nguyen
tft cd 7 electron dugc phdn bd vao
cac obitan theo thft tu tang ddn cdc mftc ndng lugng (theo nguyen
li
viing
bin)
:
Is,
2s va 2p.
- Electron ddu tien dugc xdp vdo obitan
Is.
Electron thft hai cd
thijghep
ddi hay xep vao phdn ldp 2p. Do nang lugng ghep ddi be han so vdi
chenh lech ndng lugng gifia ldp 1 va ldp 2 nen electron thft hai se xdp vao
2
•»
obitan
Is,
luc dd hai electron dugc cap ddi. Ta cd kf hieu
Is chi
hai

electron da cap ddi tren 1 obitan
Is.
- Electron thft 3 khdng dugc xdp vdo cung obitan
Is
vdi hai electron sdn
cd (nguyen
If
Pau-li) ma xdp vao phdn ldp 2s. Ta cd kf hieu
2s^
cho bilt
rang cd 1 electron tren obitan nay. Electron thft 4 se xdp vao obitan 2s do
ry
nang lugng cua phdn ldp 2s be han so vdi 2p. Ta cd kf hieu
2s
chi ra
rdng khdng cd electron ddc thdn ndo tren obitan nay.
- Electron thft 5, 6 va 7 se xdp vao phdn ldp 2p vdi 3 obitan gid'ng nhau hodn
toan. Ba electron dugc phdn bd vdo 3 obitan 2p ndn mdi obitan cd 1 electron
(quy tac Hun). Cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cfta nguyen td nita la :
11 11
! f !
Is^
2s^
2p^
1.54. Viec xep cac electron vao cac d lugng tft la thao tdc dl xem xet sg phdn bd
electron trong nguyen tft nhieu electron.
84
Viec sdp xdp cac electron vao obitan theo mftc nang lugng
thi
hien quy ludt

tg nhien (nguydn
If
viing
bin
hay cdn ggi la nguyen
If cue tiiu
nang lugng).
Viec sdp xep cdc electron vao eac obitan theo mftc nang lugng hoan toan
tuang duang vdi viec sdp xdp cdc electron vao cac d lugng tft.
Khi cdc obitan (hay d lugng tft) d cung phdn ldp cd > 1 obitan, dua vao su
phan bd electron theo d lugng tft dl
kit
luan ve sd electron hod tri, sd
electron ddc thdn va dl
kit
luan vl tfnh chd't hoa hgc cua nguyen to.
1.55. Cdu hinh electron la sg phdn bd cac electron theo tftng ldp va phdn ldp.
Is
2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p
Thft tu sdp xdp electron la thft tu tang dan ndng lugng obitan trong
nguyen tft :
Is
2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p
Thf du : thft tu sdp xdp cac electron theo mftc nang lugng cua nguyen
tft sdt :
ls^2s^2p^3s^3p^4s^3d^
Trong khi dd cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua nguyen td sat dugc
vilt la :
ls^2s^2p^3s^3p^3d^4s2
1.56. HS tu vie't va dd'i chidu vdi bang cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua cac

nguyen td (bang 1.2) trong SGK.
1.57.
a)
HTl
[TT]; Nguyen td beri.
^)\n\
oM
d)[l
<i)M
e)
11
m
n
11
u
tl
III;
Nguyen td nito.
II till
11 1111
mil 11 I
lllllllll im
I I I I I I
I;
Nguyen td photpho.
; Nguyen td nhdm.
11 11
t
;
Nguyen td clo.

11 11 11 ;
Nguyen td canxi.
85
1.58. a) D b) D.
1.59. Can
eft
vao sd ldp va phdn ldp electron, cac nguyen
If
vd quy tdc sdp
xip
electron vao vd nguyen tft, ta thd'y rang cae nguydn td cd cdu hinh electron
thay ddi tudn hoan tren cdc phdn ldp s vd p theo ehilu tang cua Z. Cdc
electron dugc xep vao phdn ldp s (2 electron) rdi
di'n
phdn ldp p (6
electron)
rdi lai lap lai.
1.60.
a)
A b)B.
1.61. a)
ls^2sWaZ
= 3
b)
Is
2s 2p va Z = 7
c)
ls^2s^2p^vaZ=
10
d)

Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
va Z = 12
d)
Is
2s 2p 3s 3p
vaZ=
13
e)
Is
2s 2p 3s 3p
vaZ=16
f)
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3pSa
Z = 17.
Bai
8
LUY^N
TAP
CHLTONG 1
0 0
f^
")
1.62. + Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta nguydn td magie (Z = 12):

Is
2s 2p 3s
hay
11 11 11 11 11 11
Is^
2s^
2p'^
3s
vdi 2 electron (phdn ldp 3s ) d ldp ngoai cung, magie la mdt kim loai.
+
Cd
hay
+
Cdu
hinh electron nguyen tft cua nguyen td photpho
(Z =
15):
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
11
11
lllllllll
M
ITTTTT
Is^
2s^
2p^

3s^
3p^
vdi 5 electron d ldp ngoai cung nen photpho la mdt phi kim.
1.63. B.
86
1.64. C.
1.65. Cation
R"^dugc
tao thanh do nguyen tft R mdt di 1 electron d ldp vd
ngoai cung. Nhu vdy, nguyen tft R cd them 1 electron so vdi sd electron
2p^
cua R .
Theo quy tdc sdp xep electron vao cac d lugng tft thi d tie'p sau 2p la d 3s.
Nhu vdy, nguyen tft R cd cd cau hinh electron va phan bd electron theo
obitan la
:
m [TTITTTTTI Q]
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
1.66. + Nguyen tft cd Z = 9 vdi ca'u hinh electron :
Is^
2s^
2p^
cd 7 electron d
ldp ngoai cung. Nguyen td nay la phi kim.
+ Nguyen tft cd Z =
11
vdi cdu hinh electron :

Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
cd
1 electron duy nhdt d ldp ngoai cung. Nguyen td nay la mgt kim loai.
+ Nguyen tft cd Z = 16 vdi cdu hinh electron :
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
cd
6 electron d ldp ngoai
ciing.
Nguyen td nay la mdt phi kim.
+ Nguyen tft cd Z = 20 vdi cdu hinh electron :
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
4s^
cd
2 electron d ldp ngoai cung. Nguyen td nay la kim loai.
1.67*.
Phdn tft
M2X
trung hoa dien dugc tao thanh do su
kit

hgp 2 nguyen tft
M
va'l
nguyen tft X.
Ggi sd proton trong hat nhdn va sd electron cia nguyen tft M la
Pj
va
Zj,
sd proton trong hat nhdn va sd electron ciia nguyen tft X la
P2
va
Z2.
Cac
nguyen tft trung hoa dien
nen
ta cd
P]
= Z, ;
P2 =
Z2.
Ni
va
N2
tuong ftng
la sd natron trong hat nhdn cua cac nguyen tft M va X. Sd proton, electron
va natron khdng bi thay ddi khi xay ra phan ftng hoa hgc
kit
hgp hai
nguyen tft M vdi 1 nguyen tft X. Sft dung cac dilu kien ddu bai
ra

ta cd he
cac phuong trinh bdc 1 sau :
+ Trong phdn tft
MjX
cd tdng sd hat (p, n, e) la 140
hat:
2(2Pi+Ni)
+
2P2 + N2
=140 (1)
+ Trong phdn tft
M2X
sd hat mang dien nhilu hon sd hat khdng mang
dien la 44
hat:
4Pi
+
2P2
-
Ni
-
N2
= 44 (2)
+ Sd khd'i cua nguyen tft M ldn hon sd khdi cua nguyen tft X la 23 :
(P,
+
Ni)
-
(P2
+

N2)
= 23 (3)
87
+ Tdng sd hat (p, n, e) trong nguydn tft M nhilu han trong nguydn tft X la
34
hat:
2Pi
+
Ni
=
2P2
+
N2
+ 34
Giai he phuofng trinh 4 dn sd, thu dugc :
Nguyen td M cd
Zi
=
Pi
= 19
Nguyen td X cd
Z2
=
P2
= 8
Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta cac nguyen td nhu sau
+ Nguyen tft M la kali vdi cd'u hinh electron :
(4)
11 11 mill 11 1111
1

Is^
2s^
2p^
3s'
+ Nguyen tft X la oxi vdi cdu hinh electron :
3P^
m
4s'
11
I I
Is^
2s^
2p"
Cdng thftc phdn tft cua
MjX
la
K2O.
1.68*.
a) Ggi
Pj,
P2
la sd proton cd trong nguyen tft M va X tuang ftng bdng sd
electron cfta hai nguyen tft nay.
Ni
vd
N2
tuang ftng la sd natron trong hat
nhdn cua cac nguyen tft M va X. Sft dung cac dilu kien ddu bai ra ta ed he
cac phuang trinh bdc 1 sau :
+ Trong phdn tft

MX2
cd M chidm 46,67% vl khd'i
lugng
:
+ Trong hat nhdn M sd natron ldn han sd proton 4 hat
Ni
=
Pi
+4 (2)
+ Trong hat nhdn X cd
N2
=
P2
(3)
+ Trong phdn tft
MX2
cd tdng sd proton bdng 58 :
Pi
+
2P2
= 58 (4)
Giai he phuang trinh 4 dn sd, thu dugc
Pi
= 26,
Ni
= 30
P2
=
N2
= 16

Ta cd :
A^
= 26 + 30 = 56 (M la Fe)
Ax
= 16 + 16 = 32 (X la S).
b) Cdng thftc phdn tft cua A la
FeS2
(pirit sdt).
88
Chuang2
BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
/?•
VA DINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
Bai 9
BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.1.
Mdt d nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan gdm cd cac thdng sd va kf hieu sau :
Sd hieu nguyen tft, kf hieu nguyen td, ten nguyen td, nguyen tft khd'i
(nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cfta nguyen td tren ldp vd Trdi Ddt), do dm
dien, cd'u hinh electron. Ngoai ra cdn cd
thi
cd khdi lugng rieng, nhiet dd
sdi,
nhiet dd ndng chay, Sau ddy la hai thi du vl d nguyen td :
S6
hi#u nguySn
tur
K( hl^u
hod
hpc

Nguydn
tur
khdi
Ki
hl$u
hod
hoc
Sd
hiSu
nguydn tur
Nguydn tuf kh6i
Bdamdjln
cUu
hinh electron
Cku
h'mh
electron
2.2.
Mdt sd vi trf trong bang tudn hoan trong dd nguyen td dftng trudc cd
nguyen tft khd'i trung binh ldn hon nguyen td dftng sau :
- Hai nguyen td agon va kali. Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua agon bdng
39,948 ldn han 39,098 la nguyen tft khdi trung binh cua kali. Nguyen td
K d d sd 19 trong khi dd Ar d sd 18.
- Hai nguyen td : Coban d d sd 27 cd nguyen tft khdi trung binh bdng 58,93
ldn hon nguyen tft khd'i trung binh bdng
58,71
cua nguyen td niken d d sd 28.
- Nguyen td telu d d sd 52 cd nguyen tft khd'i trung binh bdng 127,6 ldn han
126,9 la nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua iot d d sd 53.
2.3.

Cd
thi
dinh nghia chu ki la day cac nguyen td ma nguyen tft cua chung cd
cung sd ldp electron, dugc xdp theo chiiu tang ddn cua sd electron d vd
nguyen tft.
89
2.4.
So vdi dinh nghia chu ki la mdt day cac nguyen td hod hgc md nguyen tft
cua chung cd cung sd ldp electron, dugc sdp xdp theo chiiu didn tich hat
nhdn tang dan khdng cd gi khac. Nguydn nhan la do sd dan vi didn tich
hat nhan cua nguyen tft
bdng
sd electron d ldp vd. Vi vay cd
thi
dinh
nghia theo ca hai
each.
Bang tudn hoan chi cd 7 chu ki. Sd nguyen td trong mdi chu ki khdng
gidng nhau. Chu ki 1 cd hai nguyen td. Chu ki 2 va 3 cd 8 nguyen td. Ba
chu ki nay dugc ggi la cdc chu ki nhd. Cac chu ki 4, 5 cd 18 nguyen td.
Chu ki 6 cd 32 nguyen td va chu ki 7 du chua day du nhung se cd
32 nguyen td. Cac chu ki 4, 5, 6, 7 dugc ggi la cdc chu ki ldn.
Tdt ca cac chu ki
diu kit
thuc d mdt nguyen td khf hidm :
Chu ki
Khf hiem
1
Heli
2

Neon
3
Agon
4
Kripton
5
Xenon
6
Radon
2.5.
Mdi chu ki gdm cac nguyen td cd cung sd ldp electron trong nguyen ttt
nen
sd thft tu cua chu ki chfnh la sd ldp electron. Chu ki 3 bdt ddu bdng
natri (kim loai kilm) va
kit
thuc bdng khi hidm agon. Sd thft tu eua chu ki
bdng 3. Cdc nguyen td cua chu ki 3 cd 3 ldp electron la ldp K, ldp L va
ldp M. Ldp K
chi
cd 2 electron dugc kf hieu la
Is
. Ldp L cd 8 electron
0
f\
gdm 2 phdn ldp da ddy du la 2s 2p . Ldp thft 3 - ldp M gdm 3 phan ldp :
0
z:
3s 3p va 3d. Vdi cd'u hinh electron 3s 3p cua khf hiem agon, chu ki 3 da
ket thftc mac du cdn lai phdn ldp 3d chua cd electron ndo. Chu ki 3 chi co
8 nguyen td ftng vdi sd electron tren ldp thft 3 thay ddi tft 1 ddn 8 hay cdu

hinh electron thay ddi tft 3s 3p (d nguyen td natri) ddn 3s 3p
(d nguyen to agon).
2.6.
Cac nguyen td dugc phan thanh cac khd'i. Khd'i cdc nguyen td s gdm cdc
nguyen td nhdm IA (cdn dugc ggi la nhdm kim loai kilm) vd cac nguyen
td nhdm IIA (cdn dugc ggi la nhdm kim loai kilm thd).
Khd'i cac nguyen td p gdm cac nguyen td cua 6 nhdm, tft nhdm IIIA
din
nhdm VIIIA (trft He). Cdc nhdm cdn cd ten ggi khdc chang han cdc
nguyen td nhdm VIIA dugc ggi la cdc halogen.
Khd'i cac nguyen td d gdm cdc nguyen td tft nhdm IB ddn nhdm VIIIB.
Khd'i cdc nguyen td f gdm 14 nguyen td thudc hg Lantan vd 14 nguyen td
thudc hg Actini. Khd'i nguyen td f dugc xdp rieng thdnh 2 hang ngang d
cud'i bang. Hai khd'i nguyen td d vd f cdn dugc ggi la cac nhdm kim loai
chuyen tidp.
90
2.7.
Cdn eft vao nguyen tdc xac dinh vi
tri
cia nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan, ta
cd : Nguyen td X d d sd 11 (tdng sd electron
=11),
chu ki 3 vi cd 3 ldp
electron, nhdm A vi electron cud'i cung dugc phdn bd vao phdn ldp 3 s do
cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft vilt day du la
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s'
va d nhdm IA

vi sd electron ldp ngoai cung bdng
1.
Nguyen td Y cd cd'u
hinh
electron nguyen tft day du la
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
nen
d d sd 17, chu ki 3, nhdm VIIA.
Nguyen td Z cd cdu hinh electron nguyen tft ddy du la
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
4s^
nen d d sd 20, chu ki 4, nhdm IIA.
Bai 10
:AU
Hlh
CUA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
SUBIEN 001
TUAN HOAN CAU
HINH
ELECTRON NGUYEN
T(S
2.8.

Cac nguyen td nhdm A la cac nguyen td cd ca trong cac chu ki nhd va chu
ki ldn. Trong nguyen tft cua cdc nguyen td nhdm A, cac electron hod tri tdn
tai tren cdc phdn ldp s va p cua cung mdt ldp. Trong mdt chu ki, cac
nguyen td thudc nhdm A cd sd electron hod tri thay ddi tft
1
den 8 va
diu
thudc ldp ngoai cung. Cac nguyen td thugc nhdm B chi cd d cac chu ki
ldn. Cac nguyen td thudc nhdm B cd cac electron hod tri tdn tai tren phdn
ldp s cua ldp ngoai cung ddng thdi vdi cac electron cua phdn ldp d hodc f
thudc ldp ben trong. Nhu vdy, d ldp ngoai cung chi cd tft
1
de'n 2 electron
(trft nguyen tft paladi khdng cd electron nao tren phdn ldp s ngoai cung).
2.9.
Cdc nguyen td nhdm A va cae nguyen td nhdm B cd cung sd thft tu nhdm
chi cd mdt ddc dilm chung la cd
thi thi
hien hod tri cao nhdt bdng nhau va
bdng chfnh so thft tg cua nhdm.
Thf du nguyen td cacbon d nhdm IVA va titan d nhdm IVB. Cacbon cd
hod tri cao nhd't bdng 4 trong
CO2.
Trong khi dd titan cung cd hoa tri cao
nhdt la 4 trong
Ti02.
Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua C va Ti khdng gidng nhau. Tfnh chd't vdt
li vd hod hgc cua C va Ti khdng cd mdt su tuang tg nao.
91
2.10. Khi ndi ddn vi trf cua mdt nguydn td hod hgc trong bang tudn hoan ta

thudng ndi ddn sd thft tg cua : d, chu ki, nhdm va nhdm A hay B cua
nguyen td.
Sd thft
tu
cua d nguyen td chfnh bdng sd proton trong hat nhdn bdng sd
electron d vd nguyen tft. Nhu vdy, sd thft tu cua d nguydn td bdng tdng sd
electron cua nguyen tft nguyen td dd. Neu can eft vao cd'u hinh electron
thi chi cdn xac dinh tdng sd electron. Thf du nguyen td sdt cd cd'u hinh
electron :
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
3d^
4s^
cd tdng sd electron bdng 26. Sdt d 6
thft 26 cfta bang tudn hoan.
Sd thft tu cua chu ki bdng sd ldp electron ftng vdi gid tri n ldn nhd't trong
cd'u hinh electron cua
nguyen
tft. Thf du nguyen td sdt cd cd'u hinh
electron :
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
3d^
4s^

vdi gia tri n ldn nhd't bdng 4. Sdt d chu
ki4.
Cdc nguyen td nhdm A ed eac electron cud'i cung
dugc
xdp vao phdn ldp s
hodc p (d ldp electron ngoai cung). Ngugc lai, cdc nguydn td nhdm B co
cac electron cud'i cung dugc xep vdo phdn ldp d hoac f. Can eft cd'u hinh
nguyen tft sdt d tren cdn nhd rdng electron dugc phdn bd vdo phdn ldp 4s
trudc phdn ldp 3d (sg chen mftc ndng lugng electron) ndn cac electron
cud'i cung dugc xdp vdo phdn ldp 3d. Nhu vdy, sdt thudc nhdm B. Nguyen
2 5
'
tft Cl cd cd'u hinh electron : [Ne] 3 s 3p cd cac electron cudi cung dugc
xdp vdo phdn ldp 3p nen clo la nguyen td thudc nhdm
A.
Cdc nguyen td nhdm A cd sd thft tg cua nhdm trung vdi sd electron d
ldp ngodi cung cfta nguyen tft. Thf du clo cd electron ldp ngodi cung la
2 5
3s
3p vdi 7 electron nen thudc nhdm VIIA.
Cdc nguyen td' nhdm B : Cdn xet ddn electron ldp ngoai cung va phdn ldp
d
gdn ldp ngoai cung cua nguyen tft. Ggi tdng sd' electron trdn hai phdn ldp
nay la S. Neu S < 7 thi sd nhdm bang S. Ndu S = 8, 9, 10 thi sd nhdm bang
VIII va nlu S >
10
thi sd nhdm bdng S - 10. Thf du vdi nguydn tft sdt
S = 8 nen sdt d nhdm VIIIB. Nguyen td ddng cd cd'u hinh electron nguyen
tft la : [Ar]
3d^°

4s^
vdi tdng sd electron tren 3d va 4s bdng
11
ndn ddng d
nhdmIB:(ll-10=l).
2.11.
Ggi sd dan vi dien tich hat nhdn eua nguyen td X la Z. Nguydn td Y d
6
kd tie'p vdi nguyen td X trong cung chu ki ndn cd sd don vi didn tich hat
nhdn la
Z+ 1.
92
Theo dilu kien ddu bai,
tacdZ
+
Z+l=27^Z=13.
Nhu vdy, nguyen
td X la nhdm, nguyen td Y la silic (Z = 14).
Cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cua nhdm :
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p\
Nhdm d chu
ki 3, nhdm IIIA, d sd 13.
Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta silic :
Is'^
2s^
2p^

3s^
3p^.
Silic d chu ki 3,
nhdm IVA, d sd 14.
2.12.
Cdc nguyen td nhdm VIA cd hod tri cao nhd't dd'i vdi oxi bdng sd thft tg
nhdm va bdng 6. Ndu ggi M la kf hieu nguyen tft ddng thdi la khd'i lugng
mol nguyen tft, ta cd edng thftc cua oxit la MO3. Theo dilu kien ddu bai
ra ta cd :
^/^xl00 = 60
M +
3xl6
Giai ra ta cd M = 32 g la khd'i lugng mol nguyen tft cua luu huynh.
Nguyen td S d d thft 16 cfta bang tudn hoan
nen
cdu hinh electron nguyen
tft
cua luu huynh la
Is
2s 2p 3s 3p .
2.13.
Cdc nguyen td chu ki hai cd electron dugc xdp vao ldp thft 2 vdi hai phdn
ldp la 2s vd 2p. Chu ki 2 bdt ddu tft nguyen td liti. Hai nguyen td liti va
beri cd electron xdp vao phdn ldp 2s.
Tft nguyen td bo, cdc electron dugc xep tilp vao phdn ldp 2p. Phdn ldp 2p
cd 3 obitan
nen
cd
thi
chfta tdi da la 6 electron nen cdc nguyen td cdn lai

cua chu ki cd cdc electron dugc xdp vao phdn ldp 2p. Khi cdu hinh
0
f\
electron nguyen tft cua nguyen td dat dugc la 2s 2p d nguyen td neon
thi chu ki 2 cung kdt thftc. Nhu vay nguyen tft cua cac nguyen td chu ki
2 cd cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung thay ddi nhu sau :
2s* 2s^
2s^2p' 2s^2p^
2s^
2p^
2s^
2p'^
2s^
2p^
2s^
2p^
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2.14. Khi xdp cdc nguyen td theo chiiu tang cua dien tich hat nhdn nguydn tft
thi cdu hinh electron theo ldp va phdn ldp se biln ddi mdt
each
tudn hoan.
Nguyen td ddu chu ki cd electron dugc xep vao phdn ldp ns sau dd vao
cdc phdn ldp np tidp theo. Ndu gifta phdn ldp ns va phdn ldp np cd chen
them cdc phdn ldp (n - l)d hay (n - 2)f thi d cac nguyen td cud'i chu ki,
cdc electron dugc xdp vdo phdn ldp p dl hoan thanh phdn ldp np cua
nguyen td khf hidm. Nhu vdy sg bidn ddi tudn hoan vl cd'u hinh electron
thi
hien rd nhd't dd'i vdi phdn ldp s va p (cac nguyen td nhdm A).
93
2.15. a) Hai nguyen tft X va Y tuy cd cung sd electron d ldp ngodi cung la 2

nhung nguydn to X khdng cd electron d phdn ldp d ndn dd la nguyen td
nhdm A (nhdm IIA). Trong khi dd, nguyen to Y cd 3 electron d phdn ldp
3d nen thudc nhdm B. Y la nguyen td nhdm B
nen
thudc vl nhdm cd sd
thft tu nhdm = 2 + 3 = 5. Nguyen td Y d nhdm VB trong khi nguydn td
X
d nhdm IIA.
b) Tdng sd electron trong mdt nguyen tft cua nguyen td X bdng 12 cdn
tdng sd electron trong mdt nguyen tft cua nguyen td Y bdng 23. Vdy
chung
each
nhau 10 nguyen td. Hai nguydn td X va Y khdng cung chu ki
vi X d chu ki 3 cdn Y d chu ki 4.
Bai
11
SL;
BIEN DOI MOT SO OAI
LL/ONG
VAT LI
COA
CAC
NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.16. B.
2.17. Trong mdt chu ki, dien tich hat nhdn tdng ddn tft trai sang phai vi thd ban
kinh nguyen tft cua nguyen td giam dan.
Cd
thi
giai thfch su bien ddi nay la do lgc hut cfta hat nhdn dd'i vdi cac
electron tang ddn khi di tft ddu chu ki de'n cud'i chu ki. Natri dftng ddu chu

ki 3, cd ban kinh nguyen tft ldn nhd't la 0,157 nm. Ban kfnh nguyen tft cdc
nguyen td giam dan theo chiiu tft trai qua phai ddn clo bdn kfnh nguyen
tft chi cdn 0,099
nm.
2.18.B.
2.19. D.
2.20. A.
2.21.
B.
2.22.
Nguyen td X thudc nhdm V, vdy Y phai d nhdm IV hodc nhdm VI.
Ggi
Px
va
Py
tuang ling la sd proton trong nguyen tft X vd Y.
Px
+ Py = 23 va X thudc nhdm VA nen X chi cd
thi
la N hoac P.
94
Ndu X la P, do
Px
= 15
nen Py
= 8 ftng vdi nguyen td oxi. Trudng hgp
nay loai vi P ed phan ftng vdi oxi khi ddt ndng.
Ndu X la N thi
Px
= 7 va Py =

16
ftng vdi nguyen td S. Trudng hgp nay
dung vi d trang thai dan chat chung khdng phan ftng vdi nhau. Nhu vdy,
cap nguyen td la N va S.
Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua N :
Is
2s 2p
Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua S :
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3^^.
Bai 12
SU BIEN
001
TINH KIM
LOAI,
TINH PHI KIM
cCiA
CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC.
DjNH LUAT TUAN HOAN
2.23.
Kha nang nhudng electron
thi
hien tinh kim loai cua mdt nguyen td. Dai
lugng dac trung dung de bien ludn cho kha ndng dy la nang lugng ion hoa va
dd dm dien.
Trong mdt chu ki, nang lugng ion hoa va dd dm dien tang dan khi di tft
ddu de'n cud'i chu ki. Trong mdt nhdm A, nang lugng ion hod va do dm

dien giam dan khi di tft tren xudng dudi. Tren ca sd dd ta cd :
a) Kali cd tinh kim loai manh han natri,
thi
hien su bie'n ddi tfnh kim
loai
theo
nhdm A. Dd dm diln va nang lugng ion hoa ciia kali nhd han so vdi natri.
b) Natri cd tinh kim loai manh han nhdm the hien tinh kim loai giam
ddn theo ehilu tft trdi sang phai trong chu ki. Do am dien va nang lugng
ion hod cfta natri nhd han so vdi nhdm.
c) Nhdm cd tfnh kim loai kem natri do dftng d ben phai
ciia
natri trong mdt
chu ki. Trong khi dd natri cd tfnh kim loai kem han kali do quy ludt biln ddi
tinh chd't trong nhdm IA. Do vdy nhdm cd tfnh kim loai kem kali.
2.24. Kha ndng thu nhdn electron hay kha ndng
hiit
electron vl
phia
minh trong
hgp chd't cfta mdt nguyen td
thi
hien tinh phi kim. Dai lugng ddc trung
dung dl bien ludn cho kha ndng ay la do dm dien.
95
Trong mdt chu ki, dd dm dien tdng ddn khi di tft ddu ddn cudi chu ki.
Trong mdt nhdm A, dd dm didn giam ddn khi di tft trdn xudng dudi. Tren
ca sd dd ta cd :
a) Cacbon cd tfnh phi kim manh han silic,
thi

hien quy ludt bidn ddi tfnh
phi kim trong mdt nhdm (giam ddn khi di tft trdn xudng). Dd dm didn cua
cacbon ldn ban cfta silic.
b) Clo cd tfnh phi kim manh han luu huynh
thi
hien quy ludt biln ddi
tfnh phi kim trong mdt chu ki (tang ddn khi di tft trai sang phai). Dd dm
dien cfta clo ldn han cua luu huynh.
c) Kdt hgp su bidn ddi theo chu ki va nhdm ta cd tfnh phi kim cfta nito ldn
han cua cacbon (trong cung chu ki). Tfnh phi kim cua cacbon ldn han cfta
silic (trong cung nhdm). Nhu vdy tfnh phi kim cfta nito manh ban cfta silic.
Do dm didn cua nita ldn ban cua silic.
2.25.
Hod tri dd'i vdi oxi bang hai ldn sd nguyen tft oxi kdt hgp vdi mdt nguyen
tft cfta nguyen td trong oxit. Trong mdt chu ki, hod tri cao nhdt cua
nguyen td' dd'i vdi oxi tang ddn tft 1 ddn 7 theo chiiu tft trdi qua phai.
Hod tri dd'i vdi hidro la sd nguyen tft H cd
thi
kdt hgp hodc thay
thi
vdi
1 nguyen tft cfta nguyen td da cho.
Trong chu ki 2, hod tri cua cac nguyen td dd'i vdi oxi vd hidro trong cdc
hgp chd't
thi
hien trong bang :
STT phan nhdm
Hop chat vdi oxi
Hoa trj cao nhd't vdi oxi
Hop chat

l<hi'vdi
hidro (neu cd)
Hoa trj vdi hidro
1
Li20
1
II
BeO
2
III
B2O3
3
IV
CO2
4
CH4
4
V
N2O5
5
NH3
3
VI
-
-
H2O
2
VII
-
-

HF
1
2.26. - Cac hidroxit : NaOH,
Mg(0H)2,
A1(0H)3,
Si(0H)4 (H2Si03.H20)
;
P(OH)5 (H3PO4.H2O)
va
S(OH)6 (H2SO4.2 H2O)
va
a(OH)7
(Ha04.3H20).
96