Các mối quan hệ lôgíc – ngữ nghĩa và sự thể hiện của chúng trong chương 5 ‘Nanh Trắng và những người Anh-Điêng’ trong tiểu thuyết ‘Nanh Trắng’ của Jack London

Các mối quan hệ lôgíc – ngữ nghĩa và sự thể
hiện của chúng trong chương 5 „Nanh Trắng và
những người Anh-Điêng‟ trong tiểu thuyết
„Nanh Trắng‟ của Jack London

Nguyễn Thị Phượng

Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ
Luận văn ThS ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh; Mã số: 60 22 15
Người hướng dẫn: Prof. Dr. Hoàng Văn Vân
Năm bảo vệ: 2012

Abstract: This paper investigates logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause
complexes. The study first re-examined some basic concepts of systemic functional
grammar and two types of logico-semantic relation – expansion and projection. Then,
Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London was
taken and analyzed based on the framework of Halliday‟s (1994) An Introduction to
Functional Grammar. The result of the study showed that both types of logico-semantic
relations were present in the text in which expansion was predominant than projection.
This could be explained that the writer mainly described the characters, their behavior
and actions rather than quoted or reported their talks. In expansion, extension was most
frequently used because the text was constructed to give more information rather than
explain it. In projection, projecting locutions were more prominent than projecting ideas,
for here the characters communicated with each other by languages rather than by
thoughts. Besides that, the study revealed some characteristics of the type of the text. It
also reflected the complexity of language and logico-semantic relations between clauses
in clause complexes. Finally, the study made some implications for teaching and learning
English and some suggestions for further research.

Keywords: Ngôn ngữ; Tiếng Anh; Ngữ nghĩa

Content
PART A: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale:
To investigate the logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes, I‟ve
chosen chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London to
study. Therefore, my study will be on Logico-semantic relations and their realization in chapter
5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London.
2. Aim of the study and Research questions:
The aim of this thesis is to explore how logico-semantic relations are realized in chapter 5
“White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London.
In order to fulfill this aim, the following research questions are raised for exploration:
1. What are logico-semantic relations?
2. How are they realized in chapter five of “White Fang” by Jack London?
3. Scope of the study:
The study involves a review on the notions concerning the clause complex and the
logico-semantic relations between clauses. Its second focus is on analyzing chapter five of the
novel “White Fang” in terms of logico-semantic relations.
4. Data collection:
Data collected for analysis and discussion is from clauses in chapter 5 “White Fang and
the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by the noted American writer, Jack London, which was
published by Longman Group UK Limited in 1968.
5. Methods of the study:
Descriptive and analytical methods are the principal ones of the study. The descriptive
method is used to re-examine the notions relating to the clause complex and its logico-semantic
relations between clauses. The analytical method is used to analyze the text (chapter five of
“White Fang”) in terms of logico-semantic relations.
6. Design of the study:
The study consists of 3 parts:
Part A: Introduction

Part B - the main part of the study - consists of two chapters:
Chapter I: Theoretical Background
Chapter II: Logico-semantic relations in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the
novel “White Fang” by Jack London
Part C: Conclusion

PART B: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1.1. Introduction
This chapter reviews some basic concepts that set the theoretical orientation for the study.
The chapter focuses on five parts: (1) what is functional grammar? (2) the role of contextual
analysis, (3) grammatical rank scale, (4) clause and clause complex, and (5) logico-semantic
relations between clauses in clause complexes in English.
1.2. What is functional grammar?
1.3. The role of contextual analysis
1.3.1. What is context?
1.3.2. The model of context
1.4. Grammatical rank scale
1.5. Clause and clause complex
1.5.1. Clause and its position in functional grammar
1.5.2. Clause simplex and clause complex
1.6. Logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes in English
1.6.1. Expansion
a. Elaboration
 Paratactic elaboration
 Hypotactic elaboration
b. Extension
 Paratactic extension
 Hypotactic extension
c. Enhancement

 Paratactic enhancement
 Hypotactic enhancement
1.6.2. Projection
a. Paratactic projection
 Paratactic locutions
 Paratactic ideas
b. Hypotactic projection
 Hypotactic locutions
 Hypotactic ideas
1.7. Summary
CHAPTER 2: LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CLAUSES IN CLAUSE
COMPLEXES IN CHAPTER 5 “WHITE FANG AND THE INDIANS” IN THE NOVEL
“WHITE FANG” BY JACK LONDON
2.1. Introduction
This chapter will analyze the text in terms of logico-semantic relations between clauses in
clause complexes, using the concepts which have been explored in Chapter 1 as the theoretical
framework. This chapter focuses on parts: (1) the context of the chosen text, (2) contextual
configuration of the text, (3) the analysis of the text, (4) findings and discussion.
2.2. The context of the chosen text
Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” describes White Fang‟s and his mother‟s life in
the native American village. Here White Fang met many other puppies and dogs that always
wanted to attack him. Among these animals, Lip-lip was the greatest enemy of White Fang.
Whenever White Fang went far from his mother, Kiche, Lip-lip followed him and bit him.
However, this didn‟t scare White Fang. On the contrary, he became fierce and unfriendly to
everyone. The end of the chapter describes the fighting between White Fang and Lip-lip. White
Fang played a trick on Lip-lip by letting him come close to Kiche. Then Kiche and White Fang
bit him. That was considered as a fight to anyone who wanted to be against him.
2.3. Contextual configuration of the text
2.3.1. Field
The text is a chapter extracted from a novel written to entertain readers and express the

writer‟s attitude to the main character named White Fang. The setting of the story is the native
American village in which animal characters are humanized and communicate with each other
through actions and human being‟s language.
2.3.2. Tenor
There are two role relationships here: one between the writer and readers, and the other
among the characters. In this text, the writer plays the role of a narrator, and the characters play
information exchanging roles. The characteristics of White Fang are clearly revealed through the
relationships between White Fang and the Indians; White Fang and other dogs; and especially
between White Fang and Lip-lip. The participants of the text include actors (White Fang, Kiche,
Grey Beaver, other Indians, Lip-lip, and other puppies and dogs), behavers, sensers, sayers, etc.
2.3.3. Mode
In terms of medium, this is a written text and the writer uses language to reflect on his
experience. The channel in the text is a combination of visual and graphic (the pictures below
and beside the text).
2.4. The analysis of the text
The text is analyzed based on the theoretical framework given in chapter 1. In the
analysis, the ordinal numbers in bold 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
…

are used to represent the number of clause
complexes and the cardinal numbers in brackets (1), (2), (3),… are used to denote the number of
clauses in the clause complexes. Clause complex boundary is indicated by three vertical strokes
|||…|||, clause boundary by two vertical stokes ||…||, elaborating relation by =, extending relation
by +, enhancing relation by x, locution relation by , and idea relation by . Paratactic
relationship is denoted by notation 1, 2,…; and hypotactic relationship is denoted by notation ,

,…
2.5. Findings and discussions
The text (Chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack
London) starts with the scene that the cub came upon them suddenly in the native American
village. „The cub‟ is White Fang, and „them‟ here are Indian men. This chapter describes the
time when White Fang lives with the Indians and other dogs, following chapter four which
describes the time when White Fang grows up. The text comprises 198 clauses of which 52
clauses are complex. These fifty-two complexes consist of 152 clauses. Because of the scope of
the study which only focuses on logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes
in Chapter five of „White Fang‟, embedded clauses which function as post-modifiers in a
nominal or adverbial group or Head in a nominal group are not mentioned here.
2.5.1. Expansion
a. Elaboration
 Paratactic elaboration
- Exposition: complex 9
th

- Exemplification: 0
- Clarification: complexes 1
st
, 16
th
, 27
th
, 37
th
, 40
th
, 42
nd

, 46
th
, 47
th
, 52
nd

 Hypotactic elaboration
- Finite clauses: 0
- Non-finite clauses:
+ ing clauses: complexes 16
th
, 20
th
, 32
nd
, 34
th
, 36
th
, 37
th
, 43
rd
, 44
th
, 50
th

+ to-infinitive clauses: 0

+ en-participle clauses: complex 20
th

b. Extension
 Paratactic extension
- Addition:
+ Positive: complexes 2
nd
, 5
th
, 6
th
, 11
th
, 12
th
, 13
th
, 14
th
, 15
th
, 16
th
, 17
th
, 18
th
, 19
th

, 20
th
, 21
st
,
22
nd
, 23
rd
, 24
th
, 26
th
, 27
th
, 28
th
, 30
th
, 31
st
, 33
rd
, 35
th
, 39
th
, 41
st
, 43

rd
, 44
th
, 45
th
, 49
th
, 51
st

+ Negative: complex 3
rd

+ Adversative: complexes 4
th
, 10
th
, 19
th
, 25
th
, 26
th
, 29
th
, 50
th

- Variation: 0
- Alternation: complex 9

th

 Hypotactic extension
- Finite clauses: complex 48
th

- Non-finite clauses:
+ Additive: complex 52
nd

+ Replacive: 0
+ Adversative: 0
+ Subtractive: 0
c. Enhancement
 Paratactic enhancement
- Temporal: complex 2
nd

- Spatial: 0
- Manner:
+ Means: 0
+ Comparison: complex 38
th

- Causal-conditional
+ Cause: cause – effect (complex 48
th
), effect – cause (complex 20
th
)

+ Condition: 0
 Hypotactic enhancement
- Finite clauses:
+ Temporal: complexes 9
th
, 19
th
, 32
nd
, 44
th
, 50
th

+ Spatial: 0
+ Manner: 0
+ Causal – condition: complexes 20
th
, 29
th

- Non-finite clauses:
+ ing clauses: 0
+ en clauses: 0
+ to-infinitive clauses: complex 44
th


2.5.2. Projection
a. Paratactic projection

 Paratactic locutions: complexes 7
th
, 8
th
, 19
th
, 20
th

 Paratactic ideas: 0
b. Hypotactic projection
 Hypotactic locutions: 0
 Hypotactic ideas: complex 26
th

2.6. Concluding remarks
The logico-semantic relations between clauses in 52 clause complexes in the chosen text
have been investigated. Both types of logico-semantic relations are present in the text in which
expansion is predominant than projection. In expansion, extension is predominant than
elaboration and enhancement. In projection, projecting locution is predominant than projecting
idea.

PART C: CONCLUSION
1. Recapitulation
In this study, the logico-semantic relations and their realization in Chapter 5 “White Fang
and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London have been finished. The results
show that both two types of logico-semantic relations are present in the text.
2. Implications of the study
The study has pedagogical implications for both teaching and learning English grammar
and translation.

3. Suggestions for further study
Further research can be extended to investigate the whole novel “White Fang” by Jack
London, or other aspects such as embedded or down-ranked clauses, Theme, Mood, Transitivity,
and Cohesion.


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