STUDYING THE CROP PLANT RESTRUCTURE IN THE ORIENTATION OF COMMODITY PRODUCTION IN THANH HOA CITY, THANH HOA PROVINCE

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF
AGRICULTURE
AND TRAINING AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES




VŨ ĐỨC KÍNH




STUDYING THE CROP PLANT RESTRUCTURE IN THE
ORIENTATION OF COMMODITY PRODUCTION IN THANH
HOA CITY, THANH HOA PROVINCE




Branch of study: Crop science
Code: 62 62 01 11


AGRICULTURAL DOCTORAL THESIS
Hanoi, 2015

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Hanoi, 2015


The thesis is completed at the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Scientific supervisors:
1. Assoc. Prof, Dr. Nguyen Huy Hoang
2. Assoc. Prof, Dr. Trinh Khac Quang
Critic 1:


Critic 2:


Critic 3:

This thesis was defended at the Institutional level Council for Ph.D Thesis
Assessment held at :
Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
at hour, day month year



The thesis can be referred to at:
- The Vietnam National Library
- The Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- The Library of Thanh Hoa Province

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INTRODUCTION
1. The urgency of the research theme
Thanh Hoa City (City) is the cultural - economical - political -
center of Thanh Hoa province, the transportation contact point, the
commodity interfow of province as well as to connect the South and
the North. Implementing the Decision No. 84 /QD-TTg dated
16/01/2009 of the Prime Minister for approval of the adjustment of
the Master plan on construction of Thanh Hoa City, Thanh Hoa
province till 2025, with a vision to 2035, Thanh Hoa city thereby will
increase in both area and population, a change in many aspects
leading to multiple challenges for the development of the city. Thus,
in the coming years, Thanh Hoa city has to face with the increase of
both agricultural land and non-agricultural land due to the process of
expanding the City. The issues raised for agriculture of Thanh Hoa
city at present is to gradually bring agricultural development towards
competitive commodity agricultural production of regional as well as

Global integrations towards building an ecological Agriculture
converging the factors of biodiversity, sustainable development in
order to supply agricultural products to the local markets and the
nearby regions, proceeding to export.
The investigation, study of the plant structure (CCCTr), and
the evaluation of effectiveness in determining appropriate plant
structure which can both protect the environment and develop
agriculture towards sustainable commodity production are very
essential.
Stemming from the requirements on the study of plant
structural adjustment towards agricultural goods production in the
local to increase incomes and improve living conditions for farmers
in Thanh Hoa City, it is necessary to implement the research theme
"Studying the crop plant restructure in the direction of commodity
production in Thanh Hoa city - Thanh Hoa province".
The research results will contribute to the structural adjustment
towards goods production in order to increase production efficiency
per an area unit, forming an effective and sustainable commodity
agricultural production in the local.

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2. Purpose and requirement of the research
2.1. Converging crop plant structure must base on a scientific and
practical basis in order to develop agricultural goods production in
the City of Thanh Hoa.
2.2. Analizing appropriately the natural, social – economical factors
governing the development of plants structure in Thanh Hoa City.
2.3. Assessing the actual development status of the plant structure
including crop types, crop varieties and cropping and intercropping

patterns, thereby discovering the advantages to inherit, develop and
shortcomings to overcome.
2.4. Building the plant structure to suit each region and natural, socio
-economical conditions of each subregion to meet the production
needs in the direction of commodity production towards export for
the City and its vicinity.
3. The scientific and practical significance of the research
3.1. The research findings will contribute to set up a crop plant
structure suitable to the natural, social- cultural conditions of Thanh
Hoa City
3.2. The research results will be of the scientific basis for the
planning, zoning for rational agricultural production, crop
diversification towards sustainable goods production suitable for
natural, socio-economical conditions of Thanh Hoa City;
3.3. The research findings will be of good document to help
managers to operate properly oriented agricultural production in
Thanh Hoa City.
3.4. The research findings will help to form a new crop plant
structure of higher economic efficiency through restructuring towards
commodity orientation production, contributing to improve the
livelihoods of local people.
3.5. Determining reasonable orientation for shifting crop plant
structures, building appropriate crop plant patterns towards
commodity production and sustainable agricultural development in
Thanh Hoa City.
3.6. Shifting from small scale, self-sufficient, unsustainable
agriculture into commodity focused - and sustainable production.
4. The objects and scope of the research

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- The research objects are the structures of the existing crop plant,
new crop plant varieties; natural factors include: soil, water, climate
and biological factors include: crops, livestock and social -
economical factors: include market- mechanisms and policies,
service prices, infrastructure conditions and farmers that have direct
effects to the conversion of crop plant structures towards commodity
production.
- The research theme focuses on the existing annual crop plant
structures, recommends new plant types and plant varieties and
agricultural crop plant structure in the city of Thanh Hoa, focusing
towards the orientation of commodity agricultural production for
domestic consumption and towards export.
- This study was conducted from 2012 to 2014
5. New contributions of the thesis
5. 1. Having assess basic conditions (natural, economic and social) of
Thanh Hoa City, the advantages and disadvantages of the crop plant
restructuring (CCCTr) towards sustainable goods production;
5.2. Having assessed the current status of crop plant structure and
composition of crops varieties on 4 main types of agricultural land in
Thanh Hoa City;
5.3. Having selected short-duration HT6 varieties of high yield,
quality to arrange in 2 rice crop pattern and a soybean variety -
DT26 of high yield, short duration suitable for Winter crop serving
the crop plant restructure of 3 crops/year pattern on the dry soil out
side river dykes of Thanh Hoa City;
5.4. Having proposed new plant structure towards commodity
production of Thanh Hoa City in the stage 2015-2020 period and
orientations for 2025 on 4 main land types for high economic
efficiency, profit reached 398,018.0 millions VND/ year, which was

106,037.0 millions VND / year higher profits than from the former
plant structure. Social and environmental Effectiveness are stable;
contributing to developing an efficient and sustainable commodity
agriculture.
6. The structure of the thesis
The thesis consists of 149 pages, which include: Introduction: 4
pages; Chapters 1 (Overview and the scientific basis of the research

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subject): 44 pages; Chapter 2 (Research materials, content and
methodology): 13 pages; Chapter 3: (Research result and discussion):
76 pages, Conclusions and Recommendations: 3 pages, 104 reference
documents in Vietnamese and foreign languages; 03 published works
related to the thesis; The thesis inludes 66 tables, 07 illustrations and
appendices.
CHAPTER I
OVERVIEW AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE THEME
1.1. Theoritical basis of the theme
1.1.1. Some common perceptions and concepts
Plant structure can be understood as "a body" formed in a certain
environmental condition (broader definition). In which, its parts are
assembled in collaboration with regular structure and systems of the
same size and relevant ratio; position and role of each part and their
mutual interaction within general structure.
Plant structure under the orientation of commodity production
should reach 2 requirements: first, the plant structure must achieve
high economic efficiency and second the plant structure must be
reasonable, stable and ecologically sustainable.
Logical plant structure is the determined formation of field

crops in quantity, rate, type, location, time, to create the resonance of
the organic relationship between crops in order to exploit and use
genetic resources most economically, reasonably for the objectives of
social-economic development.
Thus, appropriate plant structure is the organizational shape
of field crops include plants, plant location and the percentage area of
each crop with organic relationship between different crops, which
are mutually confirmed of each other within the structure to form the
group of plants in the same systems.
Improvements of rational crop structure has an important role to
promote the restructuring of agricultural production development,
increasing total product value, increase the value of goods, increase
income and improve the lives of people.
1.1.2. The factors governing the formation of plant structure
Plant structure depends on many factors: climate, soil, irrigation,
crop varieties and cultivation techniques, the soil improvement

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capacity These factors do not impact separately and singly, but they
are always in an interwoven complex with plants, discovering the
obstacle problem so that to have appropriate measures to forecast the
development direction as the scientific basis of the theme.
1.1.3. Commodity agricultural production orientation
Commodity agricultural production is an agriculture of high
economical efficiency with more cargo volume of high quality and a
wide range of variety; linking with the formation of intensive
centralized production, intensive farming; linking agriculture
production with processing industry through the redistribution of
labor, production socialization and application of new technologies

to production.
1.1.4. Sustainable Agricultural Development (PTNNBV)
The development of sustainable agriculture includes the long
term sustainability of food security on the basis of suitable the
agrarian system (HTNN) consistent with ecological conditions and
without harm to the environment; Sustainability on organizational
management, consistent agricultural system with human
relationships, including consistancy with future generations and
demonstration of community sustainability in an agrarian system.
Sustainable agriculture is achieved through: sustainable land
management, technology improvement, improved environmental
resources, improved and stabilized economic efficiency.
1.1.5. Research Approach
1.2.1. Systematic approach
1.2.2. Agricultural development in view of the agrarian system.
1.2. Practical basis of the research topic
1.2.1. The research situation on crop plant structures abroad
Agricultural system in the tropical and subtropical countries
were studied. Experience leart from these countries are valuable
lessons for us to consult and use in the process of improving the plant
structure of the research theme.
1.2.2. The situation of in - country research on crop plant structures
The research on the lay out of logical crop plant structure,
development of agricultural production, ecological zoning were
carried out.

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Conducting research on the crop plant structure in mainly -
rainfed farmland, Bui Huy Dap (1985) recommended the pattern of 2

secondary crops (Winter and Spring cash –crops) then main summer
rice crop, using either long or short growth duration varieties for
Spring crop accordingly to the planting season of early Summer rice
crop or main rice crop. This is the mode of cultivation which can
fully exploit the potential of dry soils for one rice crop in rainfed
condition.
Many authors have also studied to develop appropriate cropping
systems to control erosion, moisture, keep fertility for slopes lands,
reasonable rotation with the introduction of new varieties of high
yield and short growth duration for selection which had resulted
recruited work to change the plant structure on a national scale.
Spring rice crop has completely replaced Lua Chiem service, winter
crop has been grown on a large scale with the model 3 crops / year.
1. 3. Agriculture in Thanh Hoa City and the existing problems:
1.3.1. General context
1.3.1.1. Effects of climate change to the system and structure of crop
plants
1.3.1.2. New Rural Construction in Vietnam and structure of crop
plants
1.3.1.3. Restructuring agricultural production and structure of crop
plants
1.3.2. Agriculture in Thanh Hoa City: advantages and challenges
The set of crop varieties in Thanh Hoa city is very various,
farming techniques are quite diverse (especially fertilizers); crop
yields are fairly well, but the quality is not consistent, not suitable to
agricultural commodity production.
In order to study the transformation of crop plant structure
towards commodity production in Thanh Hoa city, it is necessary to
review the land use structure, eliminates the cropping / farming
patterns with low added value, unsustainable and to expand high

value added and suitable planting / cultivation patterns. For each
selected crop varieties, it is necessary to select good crop cultivars
(high yield, good quality, high commodity value) and determine
suitable system of farming practices towards organic agriculture to

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assure safe food quality. On that basis, the determination of the
appropriate plant structure towards sustainable commodity
production on different soil types /groups of soils for the city land is
undertaken. This is the basis and also the tasks set out for the study
the conversion of crop plant structure towards sustainable commodity
production in Thanh Hoa City.
1.4. The comments drawn from the overview
Changing crop plant structure towards commodity production in
nature of the issue is the changing from production of low-value
crops to grow other crops of higher economic efficiency in 1 unit of
area.
To set up crop plant structure, it is necessary to conduct research
on restructuring the cropping systems suitable to soil conditions and
different water regimes, to adopt general technical measures to
exploit fruitfully the natural resources and labor. Diversification of
crop varieties and types of crops is the measures to enhance the
stability of the system.

CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH MATERIALS, CONTENTS AND METHODS
2.1. Research Materials
2.1.1. The data, statistical documents: Rgarding natural, social -
economical conditions of Thanh Hoa City,

2.1.2. Documents and the overall planning map: The socio-
economical development of Thanh Hoa province and Thanh Hoa City
2.1.3. The varieties used are:
- The set of rice varieties includes 8 quality, short growth duration
cultivars bred and selected by the Vietnam Agricultural Sciences
Institute and other research institutions in the country. These include
HT9, HT6, LTH31, LTH134, RVT, SH8, SH2 and BT7 (the control).
Apart from these, there are also some other varieties such as Xi23,
ZZD001, GS9, Thai Xuyen 111,
- The soybean varieties: materials consists of 8 soybean cultivars:
DT22, DT25, DT26, DVN14, D912, DT99, D9804, DT84
- Maize: CP999, CP919, NK66, NK6654

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- Peanuts: L12, L14, L18, L116 and TB25
- Sweet potatoes: Huanglong.
- Flowers: roses, lilies, daisies,
- Vegetables: Tomatoes, lettuce, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage,
- Tobaco
- The types of fertilizer: manure, urea, compound fertilizers N, P, K.
- The commonly used pesticides, fungicides.
2.2. Research Contents
2.2.1. Assessment of natural and socio-economical conditions of
Thanh Hoa City in relation with the plant structure in the orientation
of commodity production;
2.2.2. Studies assessing the current status of agricultural production
and short growth duration of crop plant structure of Thanh Hoa city
serving plant restructuring in the orientation of commodity
production;

2.2.3. Research and propose the crop plant restructure towards
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City.
2.3. Research Methodology
2.3.1. Continual method: The documents on natural social -economic
conditions, research area will be inherited.
2.3.2. Rapid assessment methods of participatory rural appraisal
(PRA);
2.3.3. Investigation on various patterns of crop cultivation / farming
on different soil types;
2.3.4. Gathering data and information from KIP group;
2.3.5. Method of comparison and testing the crop varieties under
Vietnam Regulation;
2.3.6. Field experiments layout method and other analysis methods;
2.3.7. Assessing and analysis of economic efficiency of the treatments
of crop / rotation / farming patterns by the formula:
RAVC = GR-TC , in which:
RAVC: The profit (RAVC - Return Above Variable Cost)
GR: Total net income (GR - Gross Return)
TC: Total variable cost (TC - Total Variable Cost)
And overall profit ratio = (GR - TC) / TC


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The calculation of the profit of marginal cost is followed by
CIMMYT’s following formula (1988):

)(
)(
DCTN

DCTN
CPCP
TGTG
MBCR



of which:
MBCR- marginal benefit cost ratio;
TG
TN
- total output value of the treatment;
TG
DC
- total output value of the control;
CP
TN
- total cost of treatment;
CP
DC
- the total cost of control.
Evaluation criteria: MBCR <1.5: low profits, not recommended to
develop; MBCR from 1.5 to 2.0: average return, acceptable; MBCR>
2.0: profit, approved for development. The unity determination of the
price is undertaken by the average price in 2012, 2013 and 2014 in
Thanh Hoa City.
The data were statistically processed by computer software MS.
Excel 2003 and Statistix version 8.2.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Natural, social- economical conditions of Thanh Hoa city in
relation with the plant structure towards commodity production
3.1.1. Geographical position and the ability to develop a commodity
agriculture
Geographical position of Thanh Hoa city is in favor of many
advantages for Thanh Hoa to develop an agriculture towards
orientation of sustainable commodity production. These advantages
are:
3.1.1.1. The advantage of social - economic development – a broader
space with convenient interflow to exchange to various regions and
abroad.
3.1.1.2. The advantage of interactive exchanges with the major
metropolitan areas in the North, Northern Central, Northwest of
Vietnam and the Northeast of Laos People’s Democratic Republic.
3.1.1.3. The advantage isof being the focal pint to connect multiple
national transportation ways by road, rail, sea and air for the
domestic and international exchanges;

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3.1.1.4. The advantage of being the central city of the province,
Thanh Hoa City owns abundant natural and manpower resources,
favorable for the social- economic development and urbanization;
3.1.1.5. The advantage of interactive exchanges to promote mutual
development with the large urban areas in the province
3.1.1.6. The advantage of having location conditions for development
of urban space, building eco-city, landscape, cultural and historical
attractions of national colour richness.
3.1.2. Climate characteristics and formation of planting season
Due to climatic characteristics of the Thanh Hoa city the crop

season, presented in Table 3.2. has been formed.
3.1.3. Land resources of Thanh Hoa City
Currently, in Thanh Hoa, land for agricultural production
consists of 4 groups, with a total area of 6617.0 hectares. Most soils
have appropriate thick layer; containing organic matter of surface
layer with average fluctuation from 1.5% (neutral Alluvial soil less
acidic) to 2.6% (Alluvial soil with shallow layer of rusty spotting
Gley), belonging from average to fairly soil types and rapid reduction
in depth. Mechanical composition of soil ranges from clay soil, sandy
soil and from medium to heavy clay soil. In general, the chemical and
mechanical compositions of the soils are favorable to produce annual
key crops of the City.
Table 3.2. Crop seasons and crop types in Thanh Hoa City
Crop type Spring crop Summer crop Winter crop
Rice
December-
May
30
th

May – Oct,10
th

Maiz Feb – Oct 6
th

05/6 - 25/9
(riverside soil)
05/9 - 30/1
Peanut Feb – Oct 6

th
05/6- 10/10
Sweet potato Feb – Oct 6
th

Vegetabble,
beans
January - May

May – Oct,10th
15/8 (successive
crop) - 20/1
Flowers
December -
April
August - Nov
Oct (successive
crop) - Dec
Other crops
December -
April
Sept - D e c
Sesame
June 10th – Sept
15th


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3.1.4. Features of hydrology and water resources in Thanh Hoa

City
Situated in the basins of Ma River and partly of Chu river
basin, City region is the home to many small lakes and tributaries
flowing through. The flow of Ma river formed an arc flowingin the
midle of the city and hugging the City in the south side from the
northwest to southeast, acting as a water source for production and
daily life, at the same time, it is also a water transport line upstream
domain the mountains and down to the sea.
3.1.5. Economic conditions - related to social transformation in
plant structure Thanh Hoa city
The city is densely populated in the province as it is the location
where people from inside and outside of the province to come to live
and do business. The population (2012) of the City was 333.9
thousand people, with the average population density of 2,275 people
/ km2, which is 7.3 times higher than that of the whole province (312
people / km2) and 2.5 times higher than the population density of
Thanh Hoa coastal plain.
Before expanding the administrative boundaries, most city
dwellers live concentratedly in the urban wards with non-agricultural
occupations. After the expansion, the average inside urban population
in 2012 was 161,662 people, accounting for 48.4% of the City
population. Including provisional residents, the average population in
the urban City was equivalent to about 210,000 people/ km
2
.
Of the whole City, there are 24,545 agricultural householders,
the number of people in rural areas are 61,156 people; the number of
employees actually involved in agriculture was 30,274 people.
The characteristics of demography, labors, employment
opportunity and economic development of Thanh Hoa city; The

infrastructure of traffic system; irrigation, electricity supply, new
rural construction program and of the State policies related to
agriculture are the predisposing factors for the development of
agriculture in the orientation of commodity production.
3.2. Assessment on the situation of agricultural production and
the current state of short growth duration plant structure in
Thanh Hoa City

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3.2.1. Current situation of agricultural production in Thanh Hoa
City
Agricultural production in the suburbs is gradually developing
into deep specialization, providing all kinds of food and agricultural
products with high-quality for the urban and outside areas. In 2 years
of 2011- 2012, the value of agricultural production (production
value) increased by an average of 3.7% / year. In 2012, agricultural
production value (market price) reached 3,596 billion VND.
3.2.2. Evaluation on structure of current short growth duration
crops of Thanh Hoa City
The current structure of short growth duration crops of Thanh
Hoa is formed from an agriculture of small commodity production.
Farmer households are the basic unit of production.
3.2.2.1. Plant structures of each crop season and capabilities of
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City
Data in the tables 3.6; 3.7 and 3.8 show that: - Rice is a major
crop in Thanh Hoa city, planted area reached 10.214,6 ha, making
total paddy output of 62,462 tons of paddy grain; 75% of rice is used
for family as food and 21,875 tonnes of grain is sold.
- The second staple food crop is corn with planted area of 1,634

hectares, total productivity of 7,851 tonnes of maize used for
livestock and 2,747 tons sold out.
- The cultivated area of vegetables in Thanh Hoa city reached 1,165
ha, the total output is 26,974 tons of vegetables a year, in which the
vegetables sold to markets was 24,277 tonnes mostly for inner-city
residents, the vicinity, the mountainous districts of Thanh Hoa
province and to Laos.
- The area for flowers planting in Thanh Hoa city reached 408
hectares, the goods plant for sale in the province and to Laos by small
quota.
Apart from the above statistically mentioned crops, in the
suburbs of Thanh Hoa City, there are some other crops such as
soybeans, sweet potatoes but the area is little.
Research on crop plant structure in the outskirts of Thanh Hoa
City also shows that the fallow land in Winter season was very broad,
untapped, crop systems that provide high efficiency has not been
extended such as using farmland for aquaculture, rice - fish pattern
are also of much untapped potential.

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Table 3.6. Crop plant structure in Spring crop and the ability of
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City
Crop
Area
(ha)
Crop
Structur
e
(%)

Yield
(tons/ha)
X
SX 

Produc
tivity
(tons)
Ratio
of
goods
(%)
1. Rice 5.306,6 81,3 6,50 ± 0,50 34.453,9

25,0
2. Maize 72,1 1,1 4,81± 0,49 346,8 35,0
3. Peanut 608,6 9,3 3,88 ± 0,52 2.361,6 80,0
4. Vegetable 318,1 4,9
23,00± 2,05
7.316,3 90,0
5. Herbal 50,2 0,8 - - 100,0
6. Flowers 130,0 2,0 - - 100,0
7. Tabaco 33,3 0,5 - - 80,0
8.Other crops 6,1 0,1 - - -
Total 6.519,0 100 - - -
Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hóa City in 2012
Table 3.7. Crop plant structure in Summer crop and the ability of
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City
Crop Area (ha)
Structure

(%)
Yield
(tons/ha)
X
SX 

Productivit
y (tons)
Ratio of
goods
(%)
1. Rice 4,914.0 83.0 5.70± 0.63 28,009 25.0
2. Maize 452.6 7.6 4.82± 0.52 2,149 35.0
3. Herbs 83.5 1.4 20.00± 2,08 6.108 100.
0
4.Vegetable

305.4 5.1 - - 90.0
5. Flowers 130.0 2.0 - - 100.
0
6.Other
crops
6.0 0.3 - -
Total 5,819.0 100.0 - -
Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hoa City in 2012
The study results showed that in the city of Thanh Hoa growing
of vegetables and flowers in all 3 crop seasons are more profitable,
highest in Winter, followed by Spring and lowest in the Summer

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season. Paddy is the main crop with the biggest planted area, but
brings low profit, only from 5.0 to 10.0 million VND/ ha; Spring rice
crop is more profitable than Summer crop.
Table 3.8. Winter crop structure in Thanh Hoa and the ability of
commodity production
Crop Area (ha)
Structure
(%)
Yield
(tons/ha)
X
SX 

Productivity
(tons)
Ratio of
goods
(%)
1. Maize 1.106,6 59,2 4,74± 0,28 5.356 35,0
2.Vegetable 542,2 29,0 25,00± 0,51 13.550 90,0
3. Herb 83,5 4,5 - - 100,0
4. Flowers 130,1 7,0 - - 100,0
5.Other
crops
6,0 0,3 - - -
Total 1.868,4 100,0 - - -
Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hóa City in 2012
Sweet potatoes, peanuts and corn is less profitable crop after
rice, but they are difficult to be replaced because it is difficult to

grow rice on riverside soils.
On riverside soil in Thanh Hoa city, there is about 20.0 ha of
high relief, which are not flooded in rainy season, here urban
plantation areas has begun forming, according to the survey results it
is shown that there are 5 types of crop plans seemed to be suitable to
the riverside soils. Depending on plant types, the total annual revenue
is from 500.0 million to 800.0 million VND/ ha and an annual net
profit of about 250.0 millions VND/ ha.
From the survey of the current status of crop plant structure,
some general remarks have been drawn as the following:
Paddy is the main crop, the set of rice varieties is also quite varied,
but varieties with high yield, good quality are still less, only 1 rice
cultivar of BT7 belonging to group of quality rice grown in the
Summer season. In Spring crop season, there is no high-yield, good
quality rice.

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Maize, peanuts and sweet potatoes are also important crops on
riverside soils and on soil of 2 rice crops; but the set of high-yielding,
good quality varieties are not yet cultivated here.
3.2.3. Rating the crop cultivation, crop rotation patterns on the
present main soil types / soil groups of Thanh Hoa City serving
restructuring of crop pattern towards commodity production
orientation
The sythesized data from the results of the survey on the crop
cultivation / rotation / farming technique patterns on main soil types /
soil group in the suburbs of Thanh Hoa city regarding to area, profits,
and land use structure, interest structure are presented in table 3:35.
Results presented in Table 3:35 shows that: The total area of

annual agricultural land fund in the city of Thanh Hoa is 6,623
hectares, divided into 4 main soil typs / soil groups. The riverside soil
consists of 240.8 ha, which accounts for 3.6%; high land outer river
dyke is 982.6 hectares, accounted for 14.8%; Riverside soil behind
the dykes is 4,784.4 hectares, accounted for 72.2% and 616.0
hectares of bottomlands outside the dyke, accounted for 9.4%. Total
funds of lands for short-term agricultural crops has created profit of
200,015 million VND annually of which riverside soils made a profit
of 5,314 million accounted for 2.6%.
If comparing the percentage of land use with the rate of
return, the profit from riverside soil types / groups of riverside soils is
of low efficiency; dry soil types / groups of dry soils created a profit
of 88,972.9 million VND, representing 30.5% of total gross return. If
comparing with the rate of land use, land-use efficiency on high
groundsoil outside the dike the profitable, 2 times higher as
compared to the structure of the land fund.
Annually, dry soil outside the dike creates a profit of
169,775.0 millions VND, accounting for 58.1% of overall profits.
Compared with the structure of land use, the production on dry soil
outside the dike creates lower profits than in bottom soils outside the
dike, but higher than that of riverside soils inter the dike. Annually,
the bottom lands outside the dike generates a profit of 27,980.0
million VND accounting for 9.6% of total profits. If compared with
the rate of land use, the group of low-lying lands creates rather good
profit, after that of the dry soils out side the dike.

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Table 3.35. Profit of present crop structures on soil types/ group of
soils in Thanh Hoa City

Comparison
(%) Patterns of crop
cultivation /
rotation/farming
techniques
Area
(ha)
Profit
(millionsVND
)
Land use

structure

Ratio of
interest
1. Riverside soils: total 240.0 5,314.0 3,.6 1.8
1
. Spring maize – fallow –
Winter maize
48.0 1,226.4 20.0 23.0
2
. Spring peanut – fallow –
Winter maize
156.0 1,341.6 65.0 25.0
3
. Spring maize – fallow –
Winter vegetables
24.1 1,387.2 10.0 26.0
4 .Spring vegetable –

fallow
– Winter vegetables
12.7 1,358.9 5.0 26.0
2. Dry soils outer dike:
total
982,0 88,972.9 14.8 30.5
5. Flower Intensification 136.1 16,876.4 13.8 19.0
6. Vegetables
intensification
305.4 40,618.2 31.0 45.7
7. Herbs intensification 50.2 11,797.0 5.1 13.2
8. Peanut – 1 crop 5.0 13.0 0.5 -
9. Spring peanut – Maize -
Maize

452.6 6,381.6 46.0 7.2
10. Tobacco – Herbs 33.3 13,286.7 3.6 14.9
3.
Dry soils in outer dike:
total
4,784.0 169,775.0 72.2 58.1
11.
Spring rice – Summer
rice – Winter vegetables
200.0 29,201.3 4.2 17.2
12. Spring rice –
Summer rice

450.0 5,942.1 9.4 3.5
13.

Spring rice – Summer
rice
4,134.0 134,631.6 86.4 79.3
4.
Low soil in outer dike 611.0 27,980.0 9.4 9.6
14.
Spring rice – Summer
rice
130.0 1,950.0 21.1 6.9
15. Spring rice – Fish 386.0 21,230.0 62.7 75.9

20

Comparison
(%) Patterns of crop
cultivation /
rotation/farming
techniques
Area
(ha)
Profit
(millionsVND
)
Land use

structure

Ratio of
interest
16. Fish- aquaculture 100.0 4,800.0 16.2 17.2

Total 6,617.0 291,981.0 100.0 100.0
3.3. Study and propose new crop plant structure towards
orientation of efficient and sustainable commodity production in
the outskirts of Thanh Hoa City
3.3.1.Forecasting the situation of agricultural Products
consumption in Thanh Hoa City, period 2015 - 2020 and
orientation toward 2025
The survey data showed that the production capabilities of Thanh
Hoa City can only meet about 60% the volume of quality rice and
over 50% of medium quality rice for consumption in the city. For
vegetables, flowers of all kinds, the response rate is much lower; not
to mention the need for other markets.
3.3.2. The patterns of crop cultivation / rotations on the main soils
types/ soil groups, selected crop varieties for conversion of crop
plant structures towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City
Based on the criteria of economic efficiency, social efficiency
and environmental efficiency, the patterns of crop cultivation /
rotations on the main soils types/ soils groups for conversion of crop
plant structures towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City, have been selected. From
the research results on the pattern of crop cultivation/ rotations in the
suburb of Thanh Hoa city and based on the forecast demand of
agricultural products in periods 2015 - 2020 and orientation towards
2025, the pattern of crop cultivation/ rotations in Thanh Hoa City
towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble commodity
production and crop cultivars were selected. These include:
(1) On soils types/ soil groups, the pattern of Spring maize – Winter
maize is selected: Maize is a staple food crop suitable to alluvial soils
which are annually compensated with the cultivation measure mainly

based on rainfed condition; However, it is necessary to select high-
yielding maize varieties and suitable to cultivation techniques.

21

(2) On soils types/ groups of dry soils in the dike outer, the
cultivation pattern of herbal vegetables - tobacco - herbal vegetables
is highly profitable, but can not be expanded because of limited
market demand. The pattern of planting vegetables and flowers all
year round offers high profit, the consumption markets could be
expanded. It is necessary to set up production models of safe
vegetables and vegetable production throughout the year, with
particular emphasis on the Summer vegetables to serve large number
of travelers for sight - seeing the landscapes of the province;
modeling flower production for domestic consumption in the
province and its vicinity as well as the neighboring country of Laos.
(3) On soils types/ groups of dry soils in the outer dike, the pattern of
2 rice crops is recommended, but it is necessary to select short
growth duration varieties of high yield, good quality to increase the
selling price as well as selection of suitable cultivars for Winter crop
(soybean, vegetables), in order to enhance economic efficiency and
environmental effectiveness, to improve the fertility of the soils,
contributing to developing efficient and sustainable production.
(4) On soils types/ groups of low soils in the outer dike, the patterns
of rice cultivation - fish raising and intensive fish raising should be
expanded.
(5) Regarding rice varieties: The cultivation of 2 rice varieties of GS9
and Thai Xuyen 111 should be maitained in late Spring crop season
and Xi23 variety in main Spring crop season. For the early Spring
season, rice variety BT7 should be kept for cultivation and replace

mid season rice variety by the pattern of rice (variety Xi23 Spring
crop) - fish.
(6) Using the CP999 maize variety for all 3 crop seasons and
maintains L14 peanut varieties for 2 crop seasons of Spring and
Autunm – Winter crop.
(7) Conducting research to add rice varieties of good quality, short-
growth duration, high yield and soybean varieties suitable for 3-crops
structure: 2 rice crops plus one crop of Winter soybean or vegetables,
flowers on the group of dry soils out side the dike.
3.3.3. The results on testing of varietal breeding and setting up
model to convert crop plant structure commodity production in
Thanh Hoa City (Research to develop new techniques)

22

3.3.3.1. Testing on the selection of short growth duration, quality rice
variety, quality and building demonstration model of HT6 variety in
Spring and Summer crop seasons in Thanh Hoa City
The evaluation results of actual yield of the experimental varieties
in Spring and Summer crop seasons in 2012 and 2013 are presented
in Table 3.40.
Table 3:40. Net yield of the experimental varieties in Spring and
Summer crops in 2012 - 2013, in Quang Thang, Thanh Hoa City
Spring crop Summer crop
2012 2013 2012 2013


Variety
Yield
(qutl/h

a)
compare
d with
control
(%)
Yield
(qtl/ha
)
compar
ed with
control
(%)
Yield
(qtl/ha
)
compa
red
with
contro
l (%)
Yield
(qtl/ha
)
compa
red
with
contro
l (%)
HT6
64.17a 113.23 63.33a 113.15 60.17a 115.15 59.83a

114.13
HT9
62.50a 110.28
61.67a 110.18
59.33a 113.54
59.17a
b
112.87
LTH31
59.17b 104.41 60.83a 108.68 56.67b 104.84 57.33b
109.36
LTh134
52.50d 92.64 53.33c 95.28 50.00d 95.68 50.77d
96.85
RVT
55.20c
97.40
55.00b
c
98.27 53.10c
101.62
54.37c
103.72
SH2
55.50c
97.93
55.30b
c
98.80 52.50c
100.47

53.30c
101.67
SH8
56.90c 100.40 57.50b 102.73 54.17c 103.66 54.70c
104.34
BT7
(contrl)
56.67c 100.00 55.97b 100.00 52.25c 100.00
52.42c
d
100.00
CV%
4.77 - 5.14 - 4.19 - 4.32 -
LSD
0,05

1.79 - 2.80 - 2.11 - 2.26 -
The results showed that in all four basic tests (2 Spring crop
and one Summer crop) high yield belong to variety HT6, then
followed by variety LTH31 and HT9. These varieties gave higher
yields than the control variety BT7 in a significant difference (P>
95%). Variety HT6 gave stable, high yield, with high field uniform,
good resistance to falling. It can be used in the crop plant structure on

23

2 rice crops land in both Spring and the Summer seasons to build a
field of one variety production towards commodity orientation.
* Results on setting up trial production model of HT6 rice variety
The results of the trial production model of HT6 show that in

the Summer season, average yield of HT6 in 2 years (2012-2013)
reached 61.3 quintals / ha, which is 8.25 quintals / ha higher than the
control BT7, exceeding 15, 55%. In Spring crops, the average yield
for 2 years (2013-2014) of HT6 reached 64.3 quintals/ ha, which is
8.1 quintals higher than the control BT7, up to 14.41%.
The results of comparing the economic efficiencies of rice
varieties quality cultivar HT6 and the control BT7 are presented in
Table 3:44. The data in Table 3:44 shows that: HT6 variety gave
higher economic efficiency than the control variety BT7 in both 2
crop seasons; net interest in Spring crop was 5.85 million VND / ha
higher and in Summer crop, it was 5.25 million VND / ha.
Table 3:44. Economic efficiency of HT6 in Spring and Summer
crops of 2013 and 2014 in Quang Thang Commune, Thanh Hoa
City
(Unit: million dong / ha)
Gross
income

Total
output
Profit Gross
income

Total
output
Profit
Variety
Spring crop 2013 Summer crop 2013
HT6 40.6 19.4 21.2 38.9 20.4 18.5
BT7

(ctrl)
34.1 19.4 14.7 33.5 20.4 13.1
Spring crop 2014 Summer crop 2014
HT6 43.6 20.4 23.2 39.5 20.4 19.1
BT7
(ctrl)
38.4 20.4 18.0 34.4 20.4 14.0
Average yield of Spring
crops in 2 years
Average yield of Summer
crops in 2 years
HT6 42.1 19.9 22.2 39.2 20.4 18.8
BT7
(ctrl)
36.25 19.9 16.35 33.95 20.4 13.55
Interest - - 5.85 - - 5.25

24

3.3.3.2. Results of selecting soybean varieties for Winter crop and
setting up of models soybean DT26 in Winter on 2 rice crops land
The results of testing 8 soybean varieties in 2 Winter crops in
2012 and 2013 showed that three varieties DT26, D9804 and DVN14
are of relatively short growth duration, adoptable to the pattern
structure of Spring rice - Summer rice crop – Winter soybean. These
varieties are of good growth and development, higher yielding than
the control of a significant difference (P> 95%), mild infected to
some main pests; Good resistance to falling and its fruits are less split
off. These varieties can be arranged in the structure of Spring rice –
Summer rice - Winter soybean on dry land in the outer dike, serving

the convergence of crop structure towards goods production and
sustainable farming environment.
The production models of Winter soybean with 3 promising
soybean varieties have been set up. The economic efficiency of
soybean varieties participating in the demonstration model is
presented in Table 3:52.
Table 3:52. Economic efficiency on the test of soybean trial
production on 2 rice crops land, Quang Thang Commune, Thanh
Hoa City in Winter crop 2013 (Unit: million VND/ ha)
Variety
Gross
income
Total
output
Profit
Increase in
comparison
with cntrl (%)
ĐT26 22.6 8.1 14.5
18.13
ĐVN14 19.4 8.1 11.3
14.12
Đ9804 20.8 8.1 12.7
15.87
DT84(cntrl) 15.8 7.8 8.0
-
The data in Table 3:52: shows that of all 3 promising
soybean varieties, good prospects, suitable for planting in winter crop
on 2 rice crop land of Thanh Hoa City, just DT26 gives highest
economic efficiency, profitability is almost 2 times higher (181.3%)

as compared with DT84. The profitability of the two remaining
varieties increased from 158.7% 141,2 as compared with the controls.
3.3.3.3. Economic efficiency of CCCTr Spring rice - Summer Rice –
Winter Soybean on dry soils in the outer dike

25

The economic efficiency of the crop plant structure model of 3
crops seasons: Spring rice- Winter Rice - Winter soybean with rice
variety HT6 and soybean DT26 is presented in Table 3:54.
The data table shows that the new crop structure (Spring rice:
HT6- Summer rice: HT6 - Winter Soybean: DT26) gave a total profit
of 50.68 million VND/ ha, which was 22.86 million VND/ ha higher
than the pattern Spring rice – Summer rice (variety BT7); cost ratio
of net marginal profit (MBCR) reached 2.57; the grade of economic
efficiency increased from low to medium; This fairly stable structure
can be applied to mass production on soil types / soil groups on the
dry soil in the outer dike of Thanh Hoa city.
Table 3:54. Economic efficiency of crop pattern Spring rice –
Summer rice – Winter soybeans on dry land in the outer dike of
Thanh Hoa City, 2013
Gross
income
Total
output
Profit

Crop pattern
Million dong/ha/year
Grade

1, Spring rice (BT7) –
Summer
rice (BT7) (cntrl)
67.6 39,8 27,8 Low
2. Spring rice (HT6)–
Summer
rice (HT6) – Winter soybean

(ĐT26)
97.5 46,8 50,66

Averag
e
MBCR 2.57 High
3.3.3.4. Test results on Lily cultivation trial model in Quang Tam dry
land under cropping rotation patterns: Late Spring rice – Early
Summer rice – Lilies
Results of model planting Winter Lilies on land of 2 rice crops in
Quang Tam commune, Thanh Hoa City showed that: Each ha for
Lily production under orientation of high-technology will give
products value from 700 million to 1.5 billion VND; profits earned
from 250-800 million, on averaging of about 294.2 million VND / ha.
Economic efficiency of crop pattern of Spring rice - Summer rice –
Winter Lilies on the dry soils in the outer dike of Thanh Hoa City is
presented in Table 3.55b

26

Table 3.55b. Economic efficiency of crop pattern Spring rice –
Summer rice – Winter Lilies on dry soil in the outer dike of

Thanh Hoa City, 2013
Gross
income
Total
output
Profit
Crop pattern
Millions dong/ha/year
Grade
1. Spring rice (BT7) –

Summer rice (BT7) (cntrl)
67.6 39,8 27,8 Low
2. Spring rice (HT6)–

Summer rice (HT6) –

Winter Lilies
849.5 515,6 333,9
Very
high
MBCR 1.64 Average

The data in Table 3.55b shows that new crop pattern (Spring
rice: HT6- Summer rice: HT6 – Winter Lilies) gave a total profit of
333.9 million VND / ha, which is of 306.1 million VND / ha higher
than the pattern of 2 rice crops: Spring rice – Summer rice (variety
BT7); cost ratio of net profit margin (MBCR) gained 1.64; the grade
of economic efficiency increases from low to very high. However,
this structure is difficult to apply to mass production on dry lands in

the outer dike because if more Lilies are planted, consumer market
will be limited and the initial investment is high; cost ratio of net
profit margin (MBCR) gained 1.64, lower than the MBCR structure
of the pattern Spring rice – Summer rice – Winter soyabean (MBCR
reached 2.57). Therefore, on the type of dry soil in the outer dike, it is
best to develop thecrop structrure of Spring rice (rice cultivar HT6) -
Summer rice (like HT6) – Winter Soybean (cultivar DT26).
3.3.3.5. Experimental models for growing flowers and vegetables on
dry soils in the outer dike
In 2 years of 2012 and 2013 three models of vegetable and
flower pattern were built: Model 1: roses; Model 2: tomatoes (Jan-
April) + salad (May-June) + celery (June - Jully) + broccoli (Aug -
Oct) + mustard green (Nov-Dec) and Model 3: Spring onion (Jan-
Feb) + bean (Feb - May) + celery (May – June) + bitter gourd (June-
Oct) + tomato (Oct-Dec). The study results showed that: the profit of
flower cultivation model reached 122.8 million / ha. Model 2 and

27

model 3: intensification of vegetables production on dry soil makes
profit from 130.0 to 140.0 million VND / ha.
3.3.3.6. Building a model of safe vegetable production
Vegetable yield reached 16 tonnes / ha (average turnaround
coefficient / year: 3.5 crops) productivity reached 55 tonnes / ha /
year. After deducting expenses and amortization of equipment, profit
gained from 152.7 to 268.1 million VND/ ha / year.
3.3.3.7. Research to complete farming system on the lowland
The assessment of economic efficiency of farming systems in
lowland showed that the farming of rice - fish gave a total profit of
331.1 million VND/ ha, while the pattern of 2 rice crops (Spring rice

– Summer rice) (Control) total return was only 20.2 million / ha. Cost
Ratio of net marginal profit (MBCR) of rice - fish was 1.97; these are
acceptable for expansion.
3.3.3.8. The proposal of new plant structure in the orientation of
sustainable commodity production for period 2015-2020 and towards
2025 in Thanh Hoa City
Specific proposals for new plant structure towards sustainable
goods production are presented in Table 3.61. The data in Table 3.61
shows that: With a total area of 6617.0 hectares of arable land, new
plant structures has generated profits of 398,018.0 million VND/
year, which is of 106, 037. 0 million / year higher than the profit
from the former plant structure.
Table 3.61. Proposal of plant structure towards the commodity
production on the soil types / soil groups in Thanh Hoa City in the
stage of 2015- 2020 and the orientation towards 2025
New profit
Old
profit
Increase
Crop pattern
Area
(ha)
(million VND/year)
River side soil: Total 240.0 6,258.0 5,314.0 944.0
1.Spring maize- Winter
maize
204.0 3,512.0
2. Veget – Winter maize 25.0 1,387.0
3. Maize – Winter
flowers

11.0 1,359.0
Dry soil outer dike: 982.0 110,231.0 88,912.0 21,319.0

28

total
1. Flower intensification

236.0 29,980.0
2Vegetables of all kinds 455.0 61,425.0
3. Tobacco + veget 33.0 12,266.0
4. Grass + shaddow
trees
278.0 5,560.0
Dry soil inner dike:
total
4,784.0 247,924.0 169,775.0 78,149.0
1.(Spring rice –
Summer rice – Winter
soybean, Winter
vegetable or flowers)
4,784.4 247,924.0 169,775.0 78,149.0
Lowland outer dike:
total
611.0 33,605.0 27,980.0 5,625.0
1. Rice - Fish 611.0 33,605.0 27,980.0 5,625.0
Total 6,617.0 398,018.0 291,981.0 106,037.0
New plant structure towards commodity production proposed
for Thanh Hoa is an advanced one, which combines the old with the
new ones to improve the efficiency of land use and development of

sustainable production. New crop plant structure is beneficial in
many aspects: economic, social and environmental.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Conclusion
1.1. The basic conditions of Thanh Hoa city with the advantages of
natural, socio-economic conditions, technical infrastructure, the
connecting points or the interflow of multiple important links to
national and international transpot system; the richness in land and
water resources, the climate has helped to form three distinct main
crop seasons as Spring, Summer and Winter crop seasons with
abundant crops types and crop varieties as rice, maize, potatoes,
peanuts to beans and vegetables, flowers and other crops; eligible of
crops diversity for selection of crop varieties to serve the
development of commodity agriculture; abundant resources, very
favorable for social - economic development - and urbanization All

29

of these are the basic prerequisites for the transformation of plant
structures towards efficient and sustainable commodity production;
1.2. Regarding the current status of agricultural production and the
structure of short growth duration crop plants in the outskirts of
Thanh Hoa city through the survey revealed that agricultural
production is highly being developed in order to improve the quality
of agricultural and food products for consumers; the current annual
plant structures of Thanh Hoa City has been formed from small scale
agriculture commodities production; farmers households are the basic
production unit with 3 main cropping structure: Spring, Summer and
Winter crops. The crop types and crop varieties are rich, with diverse
productivities and commodity ratio.

The groups of specialized crops for intensification of vegetables,
flowers, herbs, tobacco on dry soils in the outer dike with high profit
from 124,0- 399.0 million VND / ha have been formed; the patterns
of Spring vegetables – Winter vegetbles on riverside soils Xuan gives
profit to 107.0 million VND/ ha; the pattern Spring rice – Summer
rice – Winter vegetable in the outer dike gives the profit of 67.0
million VND / ha and the pattern of rice - fish on wetlands offers
profit of 55.0 million VND / ha.
However, there are still some short comings: the dry soil inthe
outer dykes eligible for 2 rice cops and 1 Winter crop is quite
available. The set of crop cultivars is rather diverse, especially, for
rice varieties, though these are of high yield but low-quality, so it
leads to low profit; besides, some crops, crop varieties and cropping
patterns bring low economic efficiency as Spring rice – Summer rice,
Spring rice – Summer rice – Winter maize paddy rice Xuan Dong
Their profit is only from 15.0- 21.0 million / ha.
1.3. The evaluation of the pattern: crop cultivation/ rotation /
farming technique on 4 major soil types / soil groups in Thanh Hoa
city revealed that the patterns that can be used in the crop pattern for
conversion towards goods production include: on riverside soils, the

30

pattern of Spring maize – Winter maize; Spring vegetable – Winter
vegetables. On the dry soil in the outer dike, the recommended
patterns include: Herbal vegetable - tobacco – herbal vegetables is
highly profitable, but can not be expanded because the market
demand is limited. The pattern of planting vegetables and flowers
year round gives high profits, markets could be expanded. On the
groups of dry soil inthe outer dike, the main pattern recommended is

to plant 2 rice crops, but it is necessary to select short growth
duration, high yield, good quality varieties in order to increase the
price and also pay attention to select suitable crop cultivars for
Winter seasons (e.g soybean), to enhance economic efficiency and
environmental effectiveness, productivity improvement and for soil,s
fertility, contributing to the development of sustainable production
and on low-lying soil in the outer dikes, the pattern of rice - fish
should be expanded.
1.4. The results on testing and selection of new crop varieties and
setting up model of crop cultivation, farming pattern towards goods
production in Thanh Hoa city are shown as follows:
- Selection of HT6 rice variety of high yielding, short growth
duration (Spring crop: 64.3 quintals / ha; Summer crop: 61.3 quintals
/ ha, an increase of 15.55% and 14.41% respectively as compared to
the control (BT7). This variety is stable, of high field uniform, good
resistance to falling, good tolerance to a number of major pests,
quality equal to variety BT7; profit rose to 11.1 million VND/ ha /
year higher than BT7 and the soybean variety DT26 is of short
growth duration, high yield, with 22.5 tons / ha; 36.4% higher than
the variety DT84 (the control); it is used in the crop structure of
Spring rice – Summer rice – Winter soybean on main dry soil types /
dry soil groups in the outer dike. Total net profit reached 50.66
million VND / ha / year; marginal profit cost ratio reached 2.57; it
can be extended to mass production.

31

- Successfully completed the trial models to grow Lilies on dry land
in the outer dike in rotation pattern of Spring rice – early Summer
rice - Lilies with economic efficiency of 294.2 million VND / ha;

The total net profit was 333.9 million VND / ha, the cost ratio of net
marginal profit reached 1.64.
- Develop a vegetable and flower pattern on group of dry soil in the
outer dike profit of 140 million 122,8 / ha;
- Successfully tested models for safe vegetable production for profit
from 152.7- 268.1 million VND/ ha.
- Identification of pattern rice (variety Xi23) – fish on low lying land,
achieving high economic efficiency, net profit reached 331.1 million
VND / ha / year, 16 times higher than the pattern of 2 rice crops (net
interest of 20.2 million / ha / year); cost ratio of marginal profit
reached 1.97; this pattern may be extended to mass production.
1.5. New plant structure towards commodity production of Thanh
Hoa City in period 2015-2020 toward 2025 on 4 main soil types / soil
groups has been proposed; with an area of 6617.0 hectares of arable
land, it is divided into the following patterns: Riverside soil: 240.0
ha, includes 3 patterns: Spring maize – Winter maize (204.0 ha);
Vegetables – Winter maize (25.0 hectares) and Maize - Winter
flowers (11.0 ha). Dry soil in the outer dike: 982.0 ha, includes 4
pattern: Flowers intensification: 236.0 ha; vegetables of all kinds:
455.0 ha; Tobacco + vegetables: 33.0 hectares and green grass +
shading trees: 278.0 ha. Dry soil in the outer Dyke is 4,784.4 ha with
the pattern of Spring rice - Summer rice - Winter soybean or
vegetable, flower. Lowlands in the outer dike: 611.0 ha, the pattern of
rice - fish should be included. The structure of the new plant has
created profit of 398,018.0 million VND / year, which is 106,037.0
million VND / year higher than the profit from the old plant
structure. Social and environmental effectiveness are stable,
contributing to develop an efficient and sustainable commodity
agriculture.
2. Recommendations

32

2.1. It is recommended that the new plant structure proposed in the
orientation of commodity production on the soil types / soil group of
Thanh Hoa city should be applied to production, in order to increase
income for producers and for social development.
2.2. It is necessary to continue to deploy some new research to
continue forming new plant structure for development of commercial
agriculture for Thanh Hoa City in the coming years.

33



PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS


1. Vu Duc Kinh, Nguyen Huy Hoang (2014), Research on selecting
quality rice varieties serving plant restructuring in the orientation of
commodity production in Thanh Hoa City, Thanh Hoa province,
Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and and Technology, No. 6,
pages. 96- 104.
2. Vu Duc Kinh, Nguyen Huy Hoang, Trinh Khac Quang (2015),
Restructuring cropping systems serving program of new rural
construction in the suburbs of Thanh Hoa city, Journal of Vietnam
Agricultural Science and Technology and now, No. 1, pages. 107-
113.