RESEARCH ON BREED DETERMINATION AND JAPONICA VARIETIES DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN VIETNAM

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING MINISTRY OF AGRICUTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
ACADEMY OF VIETNAM AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES



NGUYEN TUAN PHONG


RESEARCH ON BREED DETERMINATION AND
JAPONICA VARIETIES DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN
VIETNAM
Specialty : Crop Science
Code : 62 62 01 10



SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS
ON
CROP SCIENCE


HA NOI - 2014
This work has been completed at Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences


Scientific instructor: 1. Do Nang Vinh Prof.Dr.
2. Le Quoc Thanh Dr.


Judge1: Nguyen Thanh Tuyen Asso.Prof. Dr.

Judge 2: Nguyen Nhu Hai Dr.


Judge 3: Pham Van Cuong Asso.Prof. Dr.


The Thesis shall be defended before the State level Thesis Assessment Council held at:
Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences
At……hours, on…………


The Thesis can be studied at libraries:
- National Library of Vietnam
- Library of Academy of Vietnam Agricultural Sciences




WORK BY AUTHOR RELATING TO THE THESIS SUBJECT THAT
HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED

1. Le Quoc Thanh, Pham Van Dan, Nguyen Huu Hieu, Nguyen Viet Ha, Do Nang Vinh, Ha Thi
Thuy, Nguyen Tuan Phong, Evaluation of some introduced Japonica varieties in Yen Bai
Province, 1st National Conference on Crop Science in2013 , page 315 - 320.
2. Nguyen Tuan Phong, Le Quoc Thanh, Pham Van Dan, Do Nang Vinh, Ha Thi Thuy, Research on
determination of appropriate crop of Japonica rice variety J01 in Yen Bai Province, Journal
of Science and Technology of Vietnam Agriculture N
0
4 in 2013, page 110 - 115.

3. Nguyen Tuan Phong, Đo Nang Vinh, Le Quoc Thanh, Ha Thi Thuy, Pham Van Dan, Research on
appropriate technical measures of intensive farming for Japonica rice variety J01 in Yen Bai
Province, Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development N
0
20 in 2013, page 42 - 48.


















PREFACE
1. Introduction and rationales
It is widely recognized that rice plays an important role in providing food for
half of world population as well as nutrition for human beings.
In spite of being a country which was lack of food, Vietnam recently has made
a great effort to be ranked as world’s top rice exporter. In addition to these
achievements, it cannot be denied that Vietnamese agriculture is facing with many

difficulties. Vietnam exports yearly 6-7 million tons of rice which accounts for 30% of
total amount of rice all over the world. However, the price of Vietnamese rice is 50 -
100 USD/ton cheaper compared with that of Thailand, India, etc with the same quality.
The main reason is that rice varieties with high rice quality only account for small
percentages of agricultural production and also are low competitive. It leads to the fact
that Vietnam is a rice exporting country but import rice with high quality.
One of the practical significance is that in addition to applying advanced
science and technology to increase rice yield and cut down producing costs, it is
essential for farmers to come with more choices in terms of producing rice. Moreover,
new rice varieties with high rice quality, high commercial value need to be created and
produced in specialized areas in order to diversify the range of rice productions for
exporting.
In recent years, thanks to introduced resource and hybrid varieties of many
domestic authors, some of potential, high productive and quality sub - varieties
japonica have been created. Japonica is a variety which is highly adaptable to
temperate and sub - tropical climate and can be grown in the places which are over
1000 meters above sea level. This variety characterizes with short to medium growth
period, high propping ability, and resistance to pesticide, cold tolerance, and high
adaption to intensive conditions as well as good fertilizer which then produces
products with high rice yield, high quality and commercial value in accordance with
ecological condition of Northern Vietnam. It can be said that growing japonica variety
is a new direction in developing rice growing in Northern areas.
For these reasons, the study “Research on breed determination and japonica
varieties development in Northern Vietnam” was selected with an aim of taking the
advantages of products.
2. Objectives of the research
This study mainly aims at
 Evaluating the natural condition, ecological condition, reality (including
advantages and disadvantages) in producing in order to develop japonica variety in
Northern provinces.

 Identifying 1 - 2 japonica rice varieties which are suitable, stable, highly
adaptable, and potential with high yield rice and quality so that farmers can use them
to replace other old varieties in Northern provinces.
 Developing procedures of farming techniques appropriate with japonica
variety through experiments on crops, density, and fertilizer level in Yen Bai province.
 Developing demonstration of japonica rice variety applied farming techniques
with high yield rice and quality in Yen Bai province.
3. Scientific and practical significance
3.1. Scientific significance
This is a synchronous scientific research on determining suitable ecological
areas, evaluating adaptability, stability, tolerance, rice yield and quality of new
japonica rice varieties in Northern provinces.
Results of the research are scientific data related to technical methods such as
rice seed, crop, density, fertilizer and harvesting. As a result, these results will
contribute to orientation of producing japonica rice varieties with high rice yield to
ensure food security, economic development in Northern part of Vietnam.
3.2. Practical significance
The research plays an important role in determining potential japonica rice
varieties which are appropriate to ecological areas in the Northern provinces.
It also support local areas in choosing rice varieties with high quality, investing
effectively in special varieties rather than normal ones which contribute to the increase
in farmers’ income as well as development of social economy of areas.
The results of researching technology in intensive farming of japonica J01 in
Yen Bai Province can be applied in other areas which have similar natural conditions.
3.3. Scope of the research
Research’s specialty is in the field of Crop Science with code 62.62.01.10. The
research focuses on evaluating natural conditions, ecological conditions and
investigating into the reality of using fertilizer in order to develop the production of
japonica rice variety in Northern of Vietnam. It also focuses on
4. New scientific contribution of thesis

First, in terms of theory,
- Pointing out japonica rice varieties J01 and J02 have high yield rice, stability,
resistance to pesticides.
- Proposing technical methods in intensive farming in order to improve yield
rice of japonica J01 and assure economical effect
- Setting up scientific database contributing to the development of japonica rice
variety in Northern areas.
Secondly, in terms of practice,
- Pointing out that Northern provinces are highly potential to develop japonica
rice variety.
5. Thesis composition
The thesis includes 144 pages. The structure of thesis consists of:
Introduction: 04 pages
Chapter 1: Overview: 45 pages
Chapter 2: Content and methodology: 15 pages
Chapter 3: Results and discussion: 77 pages
Chapter 4: Conclusion and recommendations: 3 pages
There are 42 tables, 05 maps and charts, 12 pictures, 131 reference material.
The appendix includes tables about climate of areas, experiments, surveys, data
analysis. It also includes Decision which recognizes new rice variety related to the
traditional one as well as published newspaper related to the research.
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
1.1. Origin, classification of rice in the world
1.2. The ecological response of japonica rice variety
1.3. Technical methods applied to rice
1.4. The criteria of rice quality
1.5. Reality of producing and researching japonica rice variety in the world and
Vietnam
1.6. Solutions to develop japonica rice variety in Vietnam
CHAPTER 2: CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY

2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Rice varieties
Materials for experiments are introduced or hybrid rice varieties which were
published in former studies. These varieties are high yield and stable in the North.
They are:
+ Short term: Koshi Hikari, Goropikari;
+ Medium term: ĐS1, J01, J02, P10, PC26, TBJ1, TBJ2, TBJ3.
2.2.2. Other materials
- Fertilizer: Gianh River compost microorganisms, Urea (46%N), Lam Thao
Superphosphate (Single super 16% P
2
0
5
), Potassium chloride (60% K
2
0)
2.2. Content of research
2.2.1. Evaluating natural conditions, ecological conditions aiming at developing
japonica in Northern Vietnam.
2.2.2. Researching to find out sub - variety japonica with high yield and grain quality
in Northern Vietnam
2.2.3. Researching technical methods (crops, density, fertilizer, harvesting) to build
procedure of intensive farming for japonica rice variety in two districts Tram Tau and
Van Chan in Yen Bai Province
2.2.4. Applying results of researching procedure of intensive farming japonica rice
variety into producing model in Yen Bai Province; proposing solutions to expand the
area of growing japonica rice variety in Yen Bai Province as well as other Northern
provinces in Viet Nam.
2.3. Research methodology
2.3.1. Experimental arrangement methodology

2.3.1.1. Collecting primary data
- Meteorological data, reality of using land in studied areas
- Data of reality of producing rice, level of using fertilizer
2.3.1.2. Experimental arrangement on the fields
- Japonica is determined a rice variety with high yield, grain quality and
stability in Northern Vietnam. The experiments aiming at comparing different rice
varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCB) with 3
replications. The area of each experimental case is 10 meter squares; the distance
between each case is 10 centimeters; the distance between times repeated is 30
centimeters. At least 3 rows of rice protect around the experimental areas.
- Researching methods of intensive farming for rice variety J01 in two districts
Tram Tau and Van Chan in Yen Bai Province:
+ Experiments on growing crop which were arranged in randomized complete
block design (RCB) with 3 replications, the area of each experimental case is 10 meter
squares (5m x 2m)
+ Experiments on density and level of fertilizer are two factors experiments
which were arranged in split - plot design. The experiments include 3 times of
replications (4 level of fertilizing x 3 transplanting density = 36 formulas), the area of
each experimental case is 10 meter squares.
- Researching technical methods for harvesting of rice variety J01 in two
districts Tram Tau and Chan Van in Yen Bai province.
2.3.2. Data analysis
- Comparing areas for growing
- Analyzing grain quality
- Calculating experimental errors
- Evaluating adaptability and stability of yield rice
- Evaluating economical effect


CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Evaluation of natural conditions, ecological conditions and investigation into
the reality of using fertilizer in order to develop japonica rice variety in Northern
Vietnam
In terms of natural conditions, Northern Vietnam is divided into two main
areas: the Red river delta and the midland and Northern mountainous area (including
the Northwest and Northeast)
i) The Red River delta includes 10 provinces which are Vinh Phuc, Ha Noi,
Bac Ninh, Ha Nam, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh
Binh. These areas have favorable natural conditions to develop production of Japonica
rice varieties originating from temperate and sub – tropical areas.
Table 3.3. Results of yield rice and level of inorganic fertilizer in some Red River
delta provinces
Places
Crop
Level of inorganic fertilizer (kg/ha)
Average rice
yield
(quintal/ha)
N/
Urea
Nitrogen
P
2
0
5
/
Superphosph
ate
K
2

0/
Potassium
chloride
Hung Yen
Winter-Spring
110/239
90/563
80/133
66
Summer
88/191
90/563
80/133
60
Hai Duong
Winter- Spring
120/261
89/556
85/142
67
Summer
96/209
89/556
85/142
58
Thai Binh
Winter- Spring
118/257
87/544
83/138

68
Summer
95/207
87/544
83/138
62
Ninh Binh
Winter- Spring
115/250
90/563
78/130
62
Summer
92/200
90/563
78/130
55
The Red River delta has favorable natural conditions which are suitable for
developing production of japonica rice variety. In addition, farmer in these areas have
experiences in intensive farming which is an advantage in developing the production
of japonica rice variety. In fact, the area for growing rice is being narrowed, it is
necessary to develop rice varieties with high yield, grain quality and high economical
effect. Moreover, farmers should pay attention to disadvantages of climate in summer
crop during production of japonica rice variety.
ii) Northern midlands and mountainous includes 15 provinces which have
advantages of growing plants originated from temperate and sub - tropical climate.
Northern midlands and mountainous have natural conditions which are suitable
for developing japonica rice varieties. In addition, the area for growing rice is
increasing which leads to demand of new rice varieties with high yield, grain quality
and cold tolerance. Besides, it is essential to give instructions, process of intensive

farming which is consistent with natural condition and intellectual of people.
Table 3.3. Results of yield rice and level of using inorganic fertilizer in Northern
midlands and mountainous in 2009
Places
Crop
Level of fertilizer (kg/ha)
Average yield
rice
(quintal/ha)
N/
Urea
Nitrogen
P
2
0
5
/
Superphosphate
K
2
0/
Potassium
chloride
Yen Bai
Winter-Spring
91/198
66/413
74/123
52
Summer

73/159
66/413
74/123
47
Son La
Winter-Spring
85/174
76/475
73/122
51
Summer
68/148
76/475
73/122
46
Phu Tho
Winter-Spring
99/215
89/556
83/138
55
Summer
79/172
89/556
83/138
48
Thai
Nguyen
Winter-Spring
100/217

85/531
82/137
56
Summer
80/174
85/531
82/137
50
Cao Bang
Winter-Spring
80/174
75/469
71/118
50
Summer
64/139
75/469
71/118
45
Unlike the Red River delta, Northern midlands and mountainous is sub - divided
into two ecological zones: Northwest and Northeast. Northwest includes Dien Bien, Lai
Chau, Son La, Hoa Binh, Lao Cai, Yen Bai. Northeast includes Phu Tho, Ha Giang,
Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Bac Giang and Quang Ninh.
Northeast characterizes with exploitation, mineral processing, and development of
industrial crops, medicine plants and tourism. In terms of Northwest, its strengths are
exploitation of potential hydropower, development of industrial crops, fruit trees. In
particular, many Northwest’s areas are famous for growing rice with high quality. Due to
the sloping terrain, dissected, farming practices are limited which affect land quality,
erosion, runoff, inadequate nutrition. Consequently, yield rice is not high. Therefore, in
order to develop japonica, it is necessary to provide plants nutrition to grow effectively.

In conclusion, natural conditions of Northern areas are suitable for developing
japonica rice variety.
3.2. Result of evaluating growth period, yield components, yield of japonica rice
varieties in some provinces representing ecological areas in Northern Vietnam
Table 3.6.Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in
provinces in the Red River delta in Spring crop 2010 and Spring crop 2011
Varieties
TGST
(day)
Ear/
cluster
(ear)
∑
grain
/cluster
(grain)
Rate of
firm
grain
(%)
P1000
grain
(g)
Theoretical
yield
(quintal/ha)
Actual
yield
(quintal/ha)
Hung Yen

KD18 (Đ/c)
131
6,3
147
92,5
20,4
78,4
62,3
BT7(Đ/c)
133
5,7
155
93,6
18,5
68,7
54,7
ĐS1
141
6,4
136
91,9
23,7
85,3
67,8
J01
133
6,2
142
92,3
23,7

86,2
68,5
J02
137
6,1
133
90,8
23,4
77,8
62,0
P10
136
5,0
144
92,5
23,6
70,0
55,6
PC26
135
4,9
150
90,0
24,2
72,2
57,6
TBJ1
135
4,6
149

88,9
25,4
69,8
55,6
TBJ2
137
4,4
148
88,3
24,2
62,5
49,6
TBJ3
136
4,8
150
89,8
24,3
70,6
56,2
CV (%)

4,2
3,9
1,6


4,6
LSD
0,05

0,38
9,6
2,4


4,7
Hai Duong
KD18 (Đ/c)
139
6,5
147
93,5
20,3
81,4
64,3
BT7 (Đ/c)
135
5,6
156
92,8
18,3
66,9
53,6
ĐS1
143
6,4
134
93,5

23,7
85,6
68,6
J01
135
6,2
141
92,9
23,6
86,1
69,2
J02
138
6,5
131
91,4
23,4
82,0
65,2
CV (%)

4,0
4,6
1,5


5,8
LSD
0,05

0,47
12,18
2,67


6,9
Thai Binh
KD18 (Đ/c)
135
6,6
148
93,3
20,4
83,2
65,3
BT7 (Đ/c)
134
5,7
154
93,9
18,3
67,9
53,7
ĐS1
145
6,7
135
94,1
23,7

91,0
72,6
J01
139
6,6
139
93,8
23,7
91,8
73,3
J02
142
6,7
132
92,7
23,4
86,4
68,0
CV (%)

5,8
3,7
1,7


5,4
LSD
0,05

0,7
9,8
2,9


6,7
Ninh Binh
KD18 (Đ/c)
142
6,1
145
92,7
20,5
75,5
60,3
BT7 (Đ/c)
138
5,4
155
93,9
18,4
65,1
51,7
ĐS1
142
6,6
137
93,7
23,7
90,3

71,1
J01
135
6,4
145
93,4
23,6
91,9
72,0
J02
139
6,4
137
93,2
23,5
85,7
68,0
CV (%)

6,4
3,9
1,2


4,8
LSD
0,05


0,74

10,56
2,08


5,8

Table 3.7. Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in
provinces in the Northern mountainous in Spring crop 2010 and Spring crop 2011
Varieties
TGST
(day)
Ear/
cluster
(ear)
∑grain
/ear
(grain)
Rate of
firm
grain (%)
P1000
grain
(g)
Theoretical
yield
(quintal/ha)
Actual
yield
(quintal/ha)
Yen Bai

HT1 (Control variety)
136
5,4
150
86,0
21,5
67,4
55,8
Nhi uu 838 (Control
variety)
140
5,1
170
80,1
26
81,3
68,2
Goropikari
132
5,3
116
89,1
23,8
58,7
50,1
Koshihikari
133
5,4
120
87,0

23,6
60,0
50,3
ĐS1
152
5,6
151
84,3
23,5
75,3
62,3
J01
141
5,7
145
85,5
23,6
75,1
62,1
J02
150
5,0
146
84,7
23,9
66,4
56,1
P10
142
5,1

145
87,1
23,7
68,8
56,3
PC26
146
4,8
149
85,1
24,5
67,3
56,5
CV (%)

5,4
5,3
3,5


5,2
LSD
0,05


0,5
13,2
5,2

5,3
Son La
Glutinous 97 (Control
variety)
135
4,2
157
88,0
25,8
67,3
51,4
ĐS1
142
5,4
145
91,8
23,3
75,2
60,0
J01
138
5,5
137
91,7
23,4
73,0
57,8
J02
140
5,1

135
90,2
23,4
65,6
51,9
P10
136
5,4
143
92,5
23,5
75,7
59,2
PC26
136
5,0
150
90,9
24,0
73,6
58,4
CV (%)

6,8
6,2
2,4


6,6
LSD

0,05


0,63
16,3
3,9


6,7
Thai Nguyen
Glutinous 87 (Control
variety)
136
6,0
144
94,8
20,1
74,0
58,9
ĐS1
142
6,0
131
94,4
23,6
78,7
62,7
J01
140
5,5

142
92,9
23,6
76,5
60,6
J02
148
5,7
135
92,9
23,2
74,0
58,5
CV (%)

7,0
7,1
1,9


4,5
LSD
0,05


0,8
19,6
3,6

3,5
Phu Tho
KD18 (Control variety)
135
6,2
144
94,2
20,2
76,2
60,9
ĐS1
143
6,3
131
93,6
23,6
82,1
64,5
J01
137
6,2
135
93,4
23,6
82,9
64,1
J02
141
6,7
135

92,0
23,2
86,5
68,0
CV (%)

6,7
7,6
1,8


5,6
LSD
0,05


0,84
20,57
3,39


6,7
Cao Bang
NƯ838 (Control variety)
132
5,03
151
87,8
26,1
78,0

62,4
KD18 (Control variety)
140
4,90
145
93,1
20,1
59,8
48,2
ĐS1
143
5,70
135
93,3
23,6
76,2
60,2
J01
136
5,60
133
92,1
23,4
71,9
57,3
J02
140
5,2
135
91,7

23,2
67,1
53,1
CV (%)

7,3
4,6
3,2


6,2
LSD
0,05


0,73
12,04
5,5


6,3
Table 3.8. Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties
in provinces in the Red River delta in Summer crop 2010 and Summer crop 2011
Varieties
TGST
(day)
Ear/
cluster
(ear)
∑ grain

/ear
(grain)
Rate of
firm grain
(%)
P1000
grain
(g)
Theoretical
yield
(quintal/ha)
Actual
yield
(quintal/ha)
Hung Yen
KD18 (Control
variety)
108
5,6
146
89,3
20,6
67,6
53,9
BT7(Control
variety)
105
5,3
158
89,5

18,5
62,6
49,8
ĐS1
121
5,4
141
87,2
23,6
70,5
56,1
J01
116
5,2
144
87,9
23,5
69,2
55,1
J02
117
5,5
130
86,4
23,4
64,9
51,7
P10
114
4,7

142
85,5
23,4
60,4
48,1
PC26
115
4,4
151
85,6
24,3
62,0
49,3
TBJ1
108
4,0
148
85,6
25,3
57,8
46,1
TBJ2
110
4,0
149
86,6
24,4
56,9
45,3
TBJ3

110
4,2
150
86,7
24,4
59,9
47,8
CV (%)

5,7
4,2
3,3


5,3
LSD
0,05


0,4
10,3
4,8


4,5
Hai Duong
KD18 (Control
variety)
109
6,0

144
89,9
20,4
71,2
56,9
BT7 (Control
variety)
106
5,2
158
89,9
18,4
61,1
48,8
ĐS1
118
5,6
139
89,5
23,6
73,7
58,6
J01
115
5,5
140
89,5
23,4
72,6
57,8

J02
116
5,6
129
89,4
23,3
67,6
53,6
CV (%)

4,8
3,6
2,0


5,4
LSD
0,05


0,4
9,5
3,3


5,6
Thai Binh
KD18 (Control
variety)
108

5,8
146
89,3
20,4
69,2
54,9
BT7 (Control
variety)
107
5,3
157
90,5
18,5
62,9
49,8
ĐS1
120
6,0
140
90,9
23,6
80,9
64,5
J01
115
5,8
141
89,6
23,4
77,0

61,0
J02
118
6,0
134
90,3
23,3
75,6
60,2
CV (%)

3,8
3,4
2,9


5,6
LSD
0,05


0,4
9,0
4,8


6,0
Ninh Binh
KD18 (Control
variety)

110
5,4
144
89,4
20,5
64,3
50,9
BT7 (Control
variety)
107
5,1
156
89,1
18,4
58,8
46,8
ĐS 1
118
6,0
138
90,9
23,6
80,1
63,8
J01
112
5,7
145
89,5
23,4

78,1
62,1
J02
117
5,8
138
89,4
23,6
76,1
60,7
CV (%)

6,3
5,4
1,2


5,0
LSD
0,05


0,6
14,6
2,0


5,3

Table 3.9. Growth period, yield components, yield of experimental rice varieties in

provinces in the Northern mountainous in Summer crop 2010 and Summer crop 2011
Varieties
Growth
period
(day)
Ear/
cluster
(ear)
∑grain
/ear
(grain)
Rate of
firm
grain
(%)
P1000
grain
(g)
Theoretical
yield
(quintal/ha)
Actual
yield
(quintal/ha)
Yen Bai
HT1 (Control variety)
106
4,7
145
86,2

22,1
58,4
48,9
Nhị ưu 838 (Control variety)
107
4,8
150
84,7
26,0
71,4
61,3
Goropikari
102
4,5
118
87,9
23,3
48,9
41,2
Koshihikari
103
4,5
124
86,2
23,0
49,9
41,1
ĐS1
122
4,6

149
89,3
23,5
64,7
54,8
J01
117
4,9
145
88,3
23,6
66,6
55,1
J02
119
4,3
146
89,0
23,7
59,6
49,3
P10
112
4,5
139
87,0
23,4
57,3
49,1
PC26

113
4,4
144
89,6
23,1
59
49
CV (%)

5,3
4,1
5,4


6,4
LSD
0,05


0,4
9,9
8,2


5,5
Son La
Glutinous 97 (Control variety)
110
3,7
155

80,7
25,7
53,4
42,4
ĐS1
115
4,7
146
87,1
23,3
62,4
49,8
J01
113
4,8
138
87,7
23,4
61,2
48,7
J02
116
4,4
133
85,2
23,2
52,0
41,4
P10
112

4,8
142
87,0
23,4
62,0
49,4
PC26
110
4,4
143
86,5
23,9
58,7
46,3
CV (%)

6,6
5,6
3,5


6,3
LSD
0,05


0,5
14,4
5,5

5,3
Thai Nguyen
KD18 (Control variety)
109
5,4
140
92,9
20,2
63,7
51,3
ĐS1
115
5,2
132
90,1
23,4
64,8
51,2
J01
112
4,9
128
87,3
23,4
57,9
45,9
J02
118
4,8

130
86,9
23,3
56,3
45,0
CV (%)

5,6
4,4
2,2


5,5
LSD
0,05


0,56
11,7
3,5


5,2
Phu Tho
KD18 (Control variety)
109
5,3
141
90,9
20,4

62,7
49,8
ĐS1
116
5,5
133
89,8
23,5
69,1
55,2
J01
112
5,5
135
90,4
23,4
70,6
56,1
J02
115
5,7
129
88,9
23,3
68,4
54,4
CV (%)

6,1
6,5

3,5


6,0
LSD
0,05


0,7
17,3
6,3


6,4
Cao Bang
Bao Thai (Control variety)
160
4,4
129
85,7
24,5
53,5
43,0
Đại Dương 6 (Control variety)
120
5,1
140
91,7
27,1
79,8

64,1
ĐS1
118
5,1
133
90,5
23,5
64,5
52,4
J01
110
5
126
87,8
23,4
58,3
46,6
J02
113
4,7
129
86,8
23,3
54,9
44,3
CV (%)

6,8
4,6
1,5

5,3
LSD
0,05


0,6
11,6
2,4


4,9
The results point out that: there are no differences in the growth period of
japonica rice varieties grown in ecological area. However, the growth period of rice
varieties grown in Northern mountainous areas is longer than those grown in the Red
River delta. The growth period of japonica rice varieties (around 130 -155 days in
Spring crop and 110 -122 days in Summer crop) is equivalent and longer than control
varieties in local areas where experiments were implemented. Tillering ability varies
from different religions due to the difference of climate, land, intensive farming level.
The tillering of japonica rice varieties grown in the Red River delta (average of 6-
7ears/cluster) is higher than those grown in Northern mountainous areas (average of 5-
7 ears/cluster). Among the experimental japonica rice varieties, DS1 and J01 are the
two varieties which have no differences between theoretical and practical yield rice,
higher than other japonica rice varieties.
3.2.4. Evaluation of cold tolerance in seeding stage of studied varieties in Spring
Crop 2011 in Yen Bai province
Table 3.11. Evaluation of cold tolerance of studied varieties in the stage after
transplanting to returning green in Spring crop 2011 in Yen Bai province
Variety

Van Chan
District
Tram Tau
District
Mu Cang Chai
District
Average
(%)
Plant
dead
Plant
dead
rates
(%)
Plant
dead
Plant
dead
rates
(%)
Plant
dead
Plant dead
rates
(%)
HT1(Control variety)
29
5,8
31
6,2

35
7
6,33
Nhi uu 838 (Control
variety)
22
4,4
23
4,6
26
5,2
4,73
Goropikari
1
0,2
1
0,2
2
0,4
0,27
Koshihikari
2
0,4
2
0,4
3
0,6
0,47
ĐS1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0,00
J01
0
0
0
0
1
0,2
0,07
J02
0
0
1
0,2
2
0,4
0,20
P10
1
0,2
1
0,2
2
0,4
0,27

PC26
1
0,2
1
0,2
3
0,6
0,33
In terms of Spring crop conditions, in some mountainous districts in Yen Bai
province, the temperature is sometimes under 13
0
C (lasting more than one week)
which leads to the death of some control varieties such as HT1, Nhi Uu 83. The rate of
dead varieties are about 4, 73% - 6, 33%. After returning green, this phenomena still
happens with control varieties. However, other japonica rice varieties are still dark
green. This is the most outstanding feature to recognize japonica rice varieties with
low rate of death (0 - 0.47%)
3.2.5. Evaluation of the adaptability and stability in yield rice of japonica rice
varieties in two years (2011 - 2012)
3.2.5.1. Evaluation of stability of rice varieties in the Red River delta
As can be seen from the table, in terms of conditions in Spring crop and
Summer crop in the Red River delta, the three varieties DS1, J01, J02 have stable yield
rice due to the fact that deviation regression is small, P is not significant, regression
coefficient equivalents 1 (Ttn <T (without *) so the assumption that deviation
regression (bi) = 1 is accepted.
Table 3.12. Stability of yield rice varieties in the Red River delta in Spring crop in
two years (2011-2012)
Variety
Average yield
rice

Regression
coefficient
(bi)
Ttn
Deviation
regression(S
2
di)
Ftn
P
ĐS1
7.002
0,912
0,808
-0,006
0,246
0,213
J01
7.075
0,936
0,596
-0,006
0,237
0,206
J02
6.580
1,152
0,711
-0,000
0,943

0,588
Table 3.13. Stability of yield rice varieties in the Red River delta in Summer crop
in two years (2011-2012)
Variety
Average yield
rice
Regression
coefficient
(bi)
Ttn
Deviation
regression
(S
2
di)
Ftn
P
ĐS1
6,075
1,034
0,449
-0,015
0,146
0,135
J01
5,900
0,802
2,243
-0,014
0,205

0,182
J02
5,655
1,165
2,495
-0,015
0,115
0,108
3.2.5.2. Evaluation of stability of rice varieties in Northern mountainous areas
Table 3.14. Stability of yield rice varieties in the Northern mountainous areas in
Spring crop in two years (2011-2012)
Variety
Average yield
rice (ton/ha)
Regression
coefficient
(bi)
Ttn
Deviation
regression
(S
2
di)
Ftn
P
ĐS1
6,19
0,511
9,607*
-0,011

0,108
0,047
J01
6,04
0,751
1,734
-0,002
0,853
0,516
J02
5,75
1,738
4,313*
0,003
1,224
0,673
Table 3.15. Stability of yield rice varieties in the Northern mountainous areas in
Summer crop in two years (2011-2012)
Variety
Average yield
rice (ton/ha)
Regression
coefficient
(bi)
Ttn
Deviation
regression
(S
2
di)

Ftn
P
ĐS1
5,27
0,563
3,930*
-0,006
0,561
0,350
J01
5,05
1,173
0,735
0,020
2,509
0,913
J02
4,69
1,246
1,361
0,009
1,708
0,803
The tables show that: in the Red River delta in the Spring crop and Summer
crop, DS1, J01, J02 have stable yield rice due to small deviation regression, P is not
significant, regression coefficient equivalents 1 (Ttn <T (without *) so the assumption
that deviation regression(bi) = 1 is accepted. Therefore, they are considered as stable
varieties.
In Northern mountainous region, in Spring crop, J01 has stable yield rice due to
small deviation regression, P is not significant, regression coefficient equivalents 1

(Ttn <T (without *) so the assumption that deviation regression(bi) = 1 is accepted.
DS1 also has smell deviation regression and P is not significant. It is considered as
stable variety. However its regression coefficient is 0.511 <1 (Ttn >T, with *), it can
be concluded that this variety is not suitable with environment. Under hard condition,
it still provides high yield. J02 also has smell deviation regression and P is not
significant. It is considered as stable variety. Meanwhile its regression coefficient is
more than 1 (Ttn >T, with *), it can be concluded that this variety is suitable with
favorable environment
In Summer crop in Northern mountainous regions, J01 and J01 provide stable
yield rice due to small deviation regression, P is not significant, regression coefficient
equivalents 1 (Ttn <T (without *) so the assumption that deviation regression (bi) = 1
is accepted. DS1 also has smell deviation regression and P is not significant. It is
considered as stable variety. However its regression coefficient is 0.563 <1 (Ttn >T,
with *), it can be concluded that this variety is not suitable with environment. Under
hard condition, it still provides average yield.
After evaluating stability of yield rice of three varieties DS1, J01, J02, it can be
said that all the varieties are highly adaptive and have stable yield rice. They are
consistent with unfavorable environment and easy to adapt in Northern Vietnam.
3.2.6. Evaluation of grain quality of japonica rice varieties in some basic
experiments in Spring crop 2011
Table 3.16. Analytical result of indicators of nutritious rice quality of
experimental rice varieties in Spring crop in 2011
Variety
Rate
of
brown
rice
(%)
Rate
of

milled
rice(%
)
Rate of
whole
grain rice
(%)
Color of
brown rice
Gel
strength
Gelatinization
temperature
Amylose
content
(% CK)
Rate of
R/D
grain
Protein
content
(%)
Tram Tau District – Yen Bai Province
ĐS1
79,50
66,00
79,76
Ivory white
Soft
Average

17,58
1,54
7,79
J01
80,25
67,50
82,00
Light brown
Soft
Average
18,83
1,63
6,72
J02
79,50
67,25
80,40
Light brown
Soft
Average
17,92
1,73
6,43
ĐS1
81,25
67,50
86,86
Ivory white
Soft
Average

16,83
1,57
6,55
J01
82,00
69,00
80,03
Ivory white
Soft
Average
16,52
1,67
6,43
J02
80,25
67,75
79,08
Ivory white
Soft
Average
17,17
1,77
6,31
Tien Lu District – Hung Yen Province
ĐS1
80,75
70,75
83,43
Ivory white
Soft

Average
17,82
1,58
6,01
J01
81,50
68,00
79,65
Ivory white à
Soft
Average
18,25
1,67
5,83
J02
81,00
71,00
78,74
Ivory white
Soft
Average
16,67
1,85
6,25
(Data were analysed in Division of Cultivated product testing and Certification
- National Center for Plant Testing in 2011)
After assaying japonica rice varieties in provinces representing ecological areas,
some indicators of grain quality between the Red River delta with Hung Yen as
representative and high mountainous area with Yen Bai as representative are analyzed. The
results show that the grain quality of japonica rice varieties grown in Northern mountainous

area have higher sub-indices rather than those grown in the Red River delta.
In conclusion, after comparing 10 sub varieties japonica, J01 and J02 are
considered as the two varieties which are consistent with ecological condition, crop
structure in some provinces representing ecological areas in Northern Vietnam. J01
and J02 have middle growth period, highly resistant to pesticides and disadvantageous
environmental condition. In addition they have good cold tolerance which is suitable
with natural condition in Northern mountainous regions). They are similar with DS1 in
terms of high and stable yield rice, even higher than control varieties in assayed
provinces. After analyzing grain quality, J01 and J02 grown in Northern mountainous
regions have better quality than those grown in the Red River Delta. However, J02 is
seemed to be lower purity compared with J01. In order to maximize the potential yield
rice of J01 which can serve the aim of exporting rice with high quality, it is essential to
conduct researches on technical methods to improve yield rice of J01 in the Northern
mountainous regions. According to the result of evaluating natural condition,
ecological condition, level of using fertilizer above, the Northwest mountainous
regions have appropriate natural and ecological condition for developing production of
japonica varieties. In particular, Yen Bai is the province where japonica rice varieties
provided higher yield than those grown in other provinces in the region.
3.3. Results of researching technical methods in intensive farming to increase
yield rice of J01 in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan - Yen Bai province
3.3.1. Evaluation of natural condition, rice production in Yen Bai province
Yen Bai is a mountainous area which is characterized with high terrain
gradually from Southeast to Northwest. Topography can be divided into two main
regions which are: region with average height of 600m and over and region with
average height of under 600m.
After researching climate condition, hydrology and reality of using land, it
comes to the conclusion that Yen Bai Province is suitable for developing japonica rice
varieties. In order to find out the reasons leading to low yield rice of japonica varieties
grown in Yen Bai Province compared with potential yield of the region, researchers
conducted research on natural condition, reality of producing rice in two districts Van

Chan and Tram Tau.
Two districts Van Chan (low region) and Tram Tau (high region) have natural
condition which is suitable for developing japonica rice varieties with high yield and
quality. However, there are still some difficulties in the development of japonica rice
varieties. In fact, agricultural land is mainly upland fields; few dispersed paddy fields,
complex terrain with low intellectual level that leads to the prevention of production’s
direction and application of advanced technology into production. As a result, it is
essential to find out technical methods which are suitable with natural condition to
develop japonica rice varieties.
3.3.2. Results of researching technical methods in intensive farming of rice variety
J01 in the two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan, Yen Bai province
3.3.2.1. Research on determining suitable crop for rice variety J01 in the two
districts Tram Tau and Van Chan - Yen Bai province
iiii) Influence of crop on yield rice and other yield rice components of variety J01 in
Spring crop and Summer crop in 2011 - 2012
Table 3.26. Influence of crop on yield rice components and yield rice of variety J01
(Spring crop and Summer crop 2011-2012 in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan)
(The average data in two years 2011 and 2012)
Crop
Season
Crop
Ear/m
2
Grain /ear
Rate of
firm grain
P1000
grain
(g)
Theoreti

cayield
(quintal/
ha)
Actual
yield
(quintal/h
a)
Spring
SC1
265
120,7
87,1
23,6
65,7
54,0
SC2
280
123,0
89,1
23,7
71,7
59,0
SC3
310
122,3
92,4
23,8
83,3
66,5
SC4

310
119,7
85,8
23,6
75,2
60,5
Summer
SC1
225
119,0
84,9
23,6
53,4
43,3
SC2
235
122,0
87,2
23,8
59,3
49,1
SC3
275
123,3
90,3
23,6
72,1
58,2
SC4
260

125,7
84,7
23,6
65,3
52,9
CV(%)(Spring)
4,4
3,2
2,9


5,8
LSD
0,05
(Spring)
25,6
7,6
5,2


6,9
CV(%) (Summer)
7,6
4,9
2,2


4,4
LSD
0,05

(Summer)
37,6
11,9
3,7


4,4
Actual yield: is the most important factor reflecting the effectiveness of planting
complied from reality during production. Results of experiments show that in spite of the
same technical methods, there are still differences in actual yield of experimental crop
seasons. This difference is significant at 95% of probability level. It also illustrates that the
actual yield of J01 in crop 3 of Spring crop season is 66,5 quintal/ha, which is 6-12.5
quintal/ha higher than other crops. In Summer crop, the actual yield ranges from 43.8 to
58.2 quintal/ha, reaching a peak of 58.2 quintal/ha in season crop 3.
3.3.2.2. Research on influence of level of potassium and density on growth period,
development, yield rice components and yield of variety J01
iiiii) Influence of level of potassium and density on yield rice and yield rice
components of variety J01 in Spring crop in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan -
Yen Bai province
Table 3.33. Influence of level of potassium and density on yield rice and yield rice
components of variety J01 in Spring crop
(Spring crop and Summer crop 2011- 2012 in the two district Tram Tau and Van Chan)
(The average data in two years)
Density
Fertilizer
combination
Yield rice components
Theoretical
yield
(quintal/ha)

Actual
yield
(quintal/ha)
Ear
/cluster
Ear/m
2

Grain
/ear
Rate of
firm
grain (%)
P1000
grain
(g)
M1

K0
3,8
171,0
e

116,3
82,8
23,1
38,0
29,8
e

K1
5,6
252,0
d

121,7
87,6
23,5
62,8
49,5
d

K2
5,8
261,0
cd

123,0
93,2
23,7
70,9
56,6
b

K3
5,7
256,5
d

123,0

92,8
23,5
68,8
54,9
cd

M2
K0
3,7
185,0
e

114,7
82,9
23,2
40,7
32,3
e

K1
5,7
285,0
bc

121,0
87,6
23,4
70,8
56,3
b

K2
6,3
315,0
a

122,0
93,2
23,8
85,1
67,1
a

K3
5,9
295,0
ab

123,0
91,0
23,7
77,7
61,0
abc

M3
K0
3,5
192,5
e

113,0
82,3
23,2
41,4
32,7
e

K1
5,5
302,5
ab

117,3
85,1
23,3
70,4
55,7
cd

K2
5,7
313,5
a

122,0
92,1
23,7
83,3
66,3

ab

K3
5,3
291,5
ab

123,3
90,0
23,6
76,2
60,1
bc

CV %

5,5
6,7
3,4

6,8
7,1
LSD
0,05


24,3
13,6
7,5

7,5
6,3
Notes: Values which have one different letter in the same column express
difference level of 0.05/
Values which have no different letter in the same column express difference
level which is not 0.05.
iiiiii)Influence of level of potassium and density on yield rice and yield rice
components of variety J01 in Summer crop in two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan
- Yen Bai province
Table 3.36. Influence of level of potassium and density on yield rice and yield rice
components of variety J01 in Summer crop
(Spring crop and Summer crop 2011- 2012 in the two district Tram Tau and Van Chan)
(The average date in two years)
Density
Fertilizer
combination
Yield rice components
Theoretical
yield
(quintal/ha)
Actual
yield
(quintal/ha)
Ear
/cluster
Ear/m
2

Grain
/ear

Rate
of firm
grain
(%)
P1000
grain(g)
M1
K0
3,5
157,5
f

113,3
81,1
23,03
33,25
26,27
f

K1
4,8
216,0
e

117,3
86,5
23,27
50,89
40,57
e

K2
5,5
247,5
cd

123,3
90,8
23,50
65,15
52,10
bc

K3
5,4
243,0
d

122,3
90,0
23,37
62,48
49,70
cd

M2
K0
3,4
170,0
f

113,0
81,1
23,10
36,02
28,40
f

K1
5,0
250,0
bcd

116,3
86,1
23,23
58,11
46,43
d

K2
5,7
285,0
a

123,0
91,6
23,63
75,67
60,43

a

K3
5,5
275,0
ab

121,7
90,4
23,47
70,81
56,33
ab

M3
K0
3,2
176,0
f

113,3
80,6
23,10
37,13
29,40
f

K1
4,9
269,5

abc

115,3
84,4
23,27
60,86
48,33
cd

K2
5,0
275,0
ab

121,3
89,5
23,53
70,14
55,90
ab

K3
4,8
264,0
abcd

120,7
89,4
23,37
66,42

52,90
bc

CV %

6,2
3,9
3,5


6,5
LSD
0,05


25,2
27,9
5,2


5,04
- Actual yield: In the Spring crop, the average yield rice ranges from 29,8 - 67,1
ta/ha in which the formula providing the highest actual yield is M2K2(67,1 ta/ha) and
the formula providing the lowest one is M1K0 (29,8 quintal/ha). In the Summer crop,
the average yield rice ranges from 26,27 - 60,43 quintal/ha in which the formula
providing the highest actual yield is M2K2 (60,43 quintal/ha) and the formula
providing the lowest one is M1N0 (26,27 quintal/ha). Different formulas lead to
different actual yield with difference level of α = 0,05.
As can be seen, the changes in density, using Kali level lead to the difference in
theoretical and actual yield rice as well as elements constituting yield rice. Different

formulas lead to different actual yield.
iiiiiii) Economic efficiency of variety J01 at different level of potassium and
the implementation of different methods in Spring crop and Summer crop
Table 3.37. Economic efficiency of variety J01 at different level of using Kali and
transplanting density (average data over 2011-2012)
(Spring crop and Summer crop 2011-2012 in the two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan)
Unit measured: dong/ha

Spring crop
Summer crop
* Fertilizer combination 1: 100 N: 110 P
2
O
5
: 0 K
2
O (217 kg Urea: 688 kg Superphosphate: 0
kg Potassium Chloride)
Content
Transplanting density
Transplanting density
M1
M2
M3
M1
M2
M3
1. Total Cost
26,365,495
28,754,384

31,643,273
26,365,495
28,754,384
31,643,273
2.Total revenue
35,760,000
38,760,000
39,240,000
31,524,000
34,080,000
35,280,000
3. Net interest
9,394,505
10,005,616
7,596,727
5,158,505
5,325,616
3,636,727
* Fertilizer combination 2: 100 N: 110 P
2
O
5
: 80 K
2
O (217 kg Urea: 688 kg Superphosphate:
133kg Potassium Chloride)
1. Total cost
27,965,495
30,354,384
33,243,273

27,965,495
30,354,384
33,243,273
2.Total revenue
59,400,000
67,560,000
66,840,000
48,684,000
55,716,000
57,996,000
3. Net interest
31,434,505
37,205,616
33,596,727
20,718,505
25,361,616
24,752,727
* Fertilizer combination 3: 100 N: 110 P
2
O
5
: 100 K
2
O (217 kg Urea: 688 kg Superphosphate:
167 kg Potassium Chloride)
1. Total cost
28,365,495
30,754,384
33,643,273
28,365,495

30,754,384
33,643,273
2.Total revenue
67,920,000
80,520,000
79,560,000
62,520,000
72,516,000
67,080,000
3. Net interest
39,554,505
49,765,616
45,916,727
34,154,505
41,761,616
33,436,727
* Fertilizer combination 4: 100 N: 110 P
2
O
5
: 120 K
2
O (217 kg Urea: 688 kg Superphosphate:
200 kg Potassium Chloride)
1. Total cost
28,765,495
31,154,384
34,043,273
28,765,495
31,154,384

34,043,273
2. Total revenue
65,880,000
73,200,000
72,120,000
59,640,000
67,596,000
63,480,000
3. Net interest
37,114,505
42,045,616
38,076,727
30,874,505
36,441,616
29,436,727
The results show that all the formulas using fertilizer provide higher interest
than those without using fertilizer. Transplanting variety J01 at density M2
(50khom/m2) with fertilizer combination 100N: 110 P
2
O
5
: 100K
2
O (217 kg Urea: 668
kg Superphosphate: 167kg Potassium Chloride per 1 ha) provides the highest
economic efficiency. The ….rate of producing variety J01 is 49, 67 million dong/ha in
Spring crop and 41, 67 million dong inn Summer crop.
3.3.2.3. Influence of harvesting time and harvesting methods into cultivation quality
of variety J01 in Yen Bai province
i) Influence of harvesting time into moisture, weight of 1000 grains

Table 3.38. Influence of harvesting time into moisture and weight of 1000 grains
of variety J01 in Spring crop 2011 - 2012
Harvesting time
(day after earing)
Grain moisture
(%)
P1000
(gam)
29
28,5
22,1
31
26,8
22,5
33
24,6
22,8
35
22,7
23,7
37
20,5
23,9
39
17,9
23,2
Results show that the time of harvest significantly affects the weight and
moisture of 1000 seeds. The time from flowering to ripening of variety J01 lasts from
35 - 37 days depending on temperature, humidity as well as temperature differences
between day and night, flowering and ripening period. It is essential to examine before

harvesting to assure that the rice is ripened completely.
ii). Influence of breaking sleep mode method on germination of variety J01
Table 3.39. Influence of breaking sleep mode method on germination of variety J01
Method
Germination rate after
harvesting 2 weeks (%)
Germination rate after
harvesting 6 months
(%)
Formula 1: 2 boiled + 3 cold (54
o
C)
79,0
83,7
Formula 2: Using phosphate
82,7
87,0
Formula 3: Using Lufain
85,0
92,7
Formula 4: Using HNO
3
3
0
/
00

85,7
94,0
CV(%)

1,3
1,7
LSD
0,05

2,6
2,24
3.3.3. Suggestions of technical process of intensive farming method variety J01 in
the two districts Tram Tau and Van Chan - Yen Bai Province
Technical procedure of intensive farming method is suggested:
a)Crop season: J01 has the average growth period which is 135 - 140 days in
Spring crop and 110 - 115 days in Summer crop. It can be structured in early Spring
tea or in the main Spring. Early crop, middle crop and late crop. In the Spring crop, it
can be cultivated on 25/01 and in the Summer crop, it can be cultivated on 04/07.
b) Technical process of nurturing and transplanting rice seedlings
+ Soaking seeds: with the aim of breaking sleep mode of seeds and encourage
sprouting when changing crop, farmers can use phosphate fertilizer (by intermingling
0,5kg single Lam Thao phosphate fertilizer in 10 l water); or use HNO
3
3
0
/
00
(by
intermingling 46 ml HNO
3
65% in 10 l water) or use Lufain (by soaking 1 pack of
Lufain in 10 l water). Soaking seeds in liquid of breaking sleep mode in 24 hours. The
amount of water and liquid of breaking sleep mode should be appropriated to the
amount of seeds. After soaking, it is necessary to wash out the mixture of water and

liquid and continue soaking as usual. During the process of soaking, farmers should
check and adjust regularly temperature, moisture in order to create the best condition
for seeds to sprout and to be cultivated when it is possible.
+ Nurturing rice seedlings: Variety J01 characterizes with high resistance to
climate condition in Spring crop, It is possible to sow by following methods: sowing in
nursery garden, in trays or in ground (hard soil ground) or directly sow on the field,
these methods are obtained high yield.
+ Age of rice seedlings: for sowing in nursery garden (seedlings are planting
when having 5 - 6 leaves in Spring crop; and seedlings are 20 days in Summer crop).
For sowing in ground: planting when seedlings are 3.0 – 3.5 leaves (about 12 -15 days
after sowing).
+ Transplanting methods: transplanting density: 50 clusters/m
2
, transplanting 2
- 3/clusters, pungent hand and in a straight line in order to caring and liquidating
easily.
c) Fertilizer:
- Methods of fertilizing:
+ Basal fertilizing 100% compost microbiology and superphosphate before last
harrowing, fertilizing 50% urea and 30% potassium chloride before transplanting
+ Top dressing twice combined with reducing sludge.
The first time: when rice roots, returning in green: fertilizing 30% protein +
40% potassium chloride
Pre-earing dressing (when rice finishes tillering): 20% protein + 30% potassium
chloride.
d) Irrigating: irrigating under method of alternate wet dry: After transplanting,
keeping the surface water level from 3 - 5 cm for rice returning in green and then
keeping water level at 2 - 3 cm. When rice finishes tillering, drying drained field from
5 - 7 days and then irrigating and holding enough water when the rice in ear, earing
and firming. Before harvest time 7 - 10 days, depleting all water.

e) Pesticide prevention: Regularly monitoring and treating epidemic under the
guidance. Applying integrated pest control methods, only using chemicals for plant
protection in case of necessity, using plant protection products on the principles of 4
rights: right drug, right dose, right time, right place.
f) Harvesting: The best time for harvesting is the 35
th
- 37
th
day after earing.
After harvesting, rice is threshed immediately (possibly by hand or by machine). It
also needs exposing immediately twice or three times to ensure the preservation
standards when humidity drops to 13%.
This proposed technical process has been used for training farmers in the fields
(Farmer Field School - FFS) in order to build models in other districts in Yen Bai
province.
3.4. Results of building models in intensive farming of variety J01 in the two
districts Tram Tau and Van Chan - Yen Bai province in two years 2011 - 2012
i) Agricultural and biological characteristics of variety J01 in production testing
Table 3.40. Results of building testing model of production variety J01
in Spring crop 2012
Variety


Criteria
Gia Hoi Commune
Van Chan District
Hat Luu Commune
Tram Tau District
HT1
(V/C)

Nhi uu 838
(V/C)
J01
HT1
(V/C)
Nhi uu
838 (V/C)
J01
Area (ha)
2
3
15
2
3
5
Height (cm)
105,8
112,3
103,6
104,2
111,5
104
Growth period(day)
135
138
139
133
138
138
Ear/cluster

(Ear)
5,4
5,2
6,2
5,3
5,1
6,1
Ear/m
2
(Ear)
270
260
310
265
255
305
Grain/Ear
147
160
130
148
158
129
Rate of firm grain
84,4
80,6
92,3
82,4
82,3

93,8
P1000 grain(gr)
21,7
26,1
23,6
21,8
26,1
23,6
Transplanting
density(cluster/m
2
)
50
50
50
50
50
50
Theoretical yield (quintal/ha)
72,69
87,51
87,79
70,45
86,54
87,10
Actual yield (quintal/ha)
58
69
69,8
56,8

67,9
69,5
Compared with HT1 (%)


120,3


122,4
Compared with NƯ 838 (%)


101,2


102,4
In two years 2011 and 2012, with the participation of 100 households, the areas
of 10ha/variety, the model of producing variety J01 applied technical process provides
higher grain yield compared with assaying production as well as higher economic
efficiency compared with control varieties HT1 and Nhi uu 83 in the two places
building models.
+ In Gia Hoi Commune, Van Chan district, the actual yield of variety J01 is
69.8 quintal/ha,1.2% higher than control variety Nhi uu 838 (actual yield
69quintal/ha), 20.3% higher than variety HT1 (actual yield 58quintal/ha)
+ In Hat Luu Commune, Tram Tau district, the actual yield of variety J01 is
69.5 quintal/ha,2.4% higher than control variety Nhi uu 838 (actual yield 67.9
quintal/ha), 22.4% higher than variety HT1 (actual yield 56.8 quintal/ha)
ii) Analysis of economic efficiency of production model of variety J01
Through detailed balance calculations of demonstration of variety J01 in Spring
crop 2012 in Gia Hoi Commune, Van Chan district, Yen Bai province, the result show

that grain yield and economic value of variety J01 are higher than control varieties
HT1 and Nhi uu 838. In spite of the same development, producing variety J01 brings
higher net interest which is 105% than HT1 and 131% than Nhi uu 838.
Table 3.42. Comparison of economic efficiency between variety J01 and other
control varieties in Spring crop 2012

J01
HT1
Nhị ưu 838
Quantity
Unit price
(thousand
dong)
Total price
(thousand
dong)
Quantity
Unit price
(thousand
dong)
Total price
(thousand
dong)
Quantity
Unit price
(thousand
dong)
Total price
(thousand
dong)

Expense









Variety
70
30
2.100
60
20
1.200
60
60
3.600
Labour cost
83
200
16.600
83
200
16.600
83
200
16.600

Fertilizer


6.000


6.000


6.000
Plant
protection
drug


260


400


360
Other
expense


2.000


2.000

2.000
Total cost


26.960


26.200


28.560
Total
revenue









Yield rice
(quintal/ha)


69.8

58.0


69.0
Unit price
(/kg rice)


12


9.3


7.7
Total
revenue


83.760


53.940


53.130
Net interest

56.800


27.740


24.570
Value
comparison


105


100