The state with promotion of internal and external forces in international integration in vietnam currently

HO CHI MINH NATIONAL POLITICAL ACADEMY
NGUYEN KIM PHUONG
THE STATE WITH PROMOTION OF INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL
INTEGRATION IN VIETNAM CURRENTLY
Major: Dialectical materialism & Historical materialism
Code: 62 22 80 05
SUMMARY PHD THESIS IN PHILOSOPHY
Scientific instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tran Thanh
HA NOI - 2014
The work was completed at Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
Supervisor: A.Prof.Dr. Tran Thanh
Reviewer 1:………………………………………………………………………….
Reviewer 2:………………………………………………………………………….
Reviewer 3:………………………………………………………………………….
The PhD thesis will be defensed in front of a jury and marked by at
Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
At…: On 2014
The PhD thesis is available in National Library and the
Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
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FOREWORD
1. Necessity of the subject
Stepping into the 21
st
century, the world has had rapid, profound and complex
changes with great opportunities and challenges towards each country, especially
poor and underdeveloped countries. Although the world may have many
complicated changes with intermingled cooperation and struggle, the trend of peace,
stability and cooperation for continuous development is the main trend in the world
governing international relationships as well as development strategy of each

country. International integration to expand international cooperative activity in all
fields of life has been being the prominent trend of the age. Any nation wanting to
build its country and develop its socio-economy must essentially participate in that
trend. In that context, Vietnam must integrate internationally and take advantage of
every opportunity to develop.
To actively integrate into the world, assure rapid and sustainable
development, Vietnam must actively and positively promote and use all resources
efficiently including both internal and external forces to develop the socio-
economy, help the country to advance firmly on the way of socialism. Promoting
internal forces and external forces helps us expand international exchange and
cooperation, acquiring human civilized achievements, promoting all comparative
advantages of the nation, shortening the process of industrialization and
modernization to develop. Promoting internal forces and external forces becomes
the essential requirement and urgent demand for Vietnam in the trend of
integration for development of the country currently. Instrument of the 11
th
National Delegate Congress of the Party specified: “Promoting internal forces and
national strength is the decisive factor and taking advantage of external forces and
strength of the age is the important factor for rapid and sustainable development
and construction of an independent and self-control economy”.
Under leadership of the Party, in recent years, the State has been
continuously perfecting policies, laws, creating favourable environment to
promote internal forces, preserve political - social stability, national security,
develop the economy, and also actively attract many external forces and exploit
and use resources more effectively in development taking the country step by step
integrate deeply and widely into the world. That achievement shows the great role
of the state towards promoting internal forces and external forces for socio-
economic development in our country.
However, in managing and operating to promote internal and external forces,
roles of the State sometimes are not expressed properly and sufficiently due to

diversified and complicated governance of international integration, especially
limitations of the State itself such as: unwieldy apparatus, slow adaptation to
variations of the world; macro-regulatory and managerial qualification of the
State not meeting the requirements of promoting internal and external forces;
incomprehensive system of laws and policies; slow innovation in activity of
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officials; confusion and lack of activeness in organizing and implementing to
promote internal forces and external forces, etc.
Those limitations of the State place the promotion of internal and external forces
in front of many difficulties and challenges without expected efficiency. Particularly:
The promotion of internal forces is still under the development ability of the
country. The attraction of external forces is more positive but not really active.
The exploitation and use of both internal and external forces for socio-economic
development of the country is not reasonable and corresponding to potentials and
does not promote completely its roles in fostering active international integration
in our country.
Besides, the promotion of internal and external forces has not really brought
about sustainable development for the country. Vietnam economy develops
dynamically with good growth rate but the economic efficiency lacks of
sustainability, “competitive quality, efficiency and strength is low; structural
transition in direction of industrialization and modernization is slow; macro-
balance is not firm; distribution regime remains much unreasonableness”. The
unreasonable exploitation and use of internal and external forces leads to
exhaustion of many natural resources, damage of ecological environment, change
of disease model, influence on quality of human resources, etc.
On the other hand, the promotion of internal and external forces in the
context of international integration with many complicated variations currently
places many difficulties and challenges towards the development of the country.
The strong impact of external forces from many sides may narrow impact scope
of the State causing insecurity to the national economic, financial and security

system; making social unfairness become serious; increasing the gap between the
rich and the poor among countries in the world; many sources of aid and
technological transfer cooperation with political motivation may lead to the risk
of incorrect direction; etc. The global economic crisis places all countries with
medium and underdeveloped economy in front of the risk of having damage and
crisis in resources for development due to the loss and reduction of aid sources
and foreign loan, etc. That situation affects greatly the managerial and operational
roles of the State towards development resources of the country, places the
country in front of new requirements and tasks.
These above limitations and challenges are urgent issues which have been
becoming a preventive force for the sustainable development of the country
requiring to strengthen macro balancing, regulatory and managerial activities in
exploiting and using both internal and external forces reasonably. That real state
gives out an urgent requirement to renovate, complete, strengthen roles of the State
for maximizing positive impacts and minimizing negative impacts in promoting
internal and external forces in order to achieve the target of rapid and sustainable
development, assure social fairness and also avoid the reduction of the State’s roles
and the risk of incorrect direction in the international integration currently.
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With desire of contributing to clarify some theoretical and practical issues
regarding roles of the State for promoting internal forces and external forces in
international integration for the rapid and sustainable development, I select the
subject: “The State with promotion of internal forces and external forces in
international integration in Vietnam currently” as the subject for my Doctoral
dissertation of Philosophy.
2. Research purposes and tasks of the dissertation
2.1. Purposes
On the basis of clarifying roles of the State, real situation and given issues
towards roles of the State in promoting internal and external forces in internal
integration, the dissertation proposes some viewpoints and solutions in order to

enhance roles of the State for promotion of internal and external forces assuring
sustainable national development in the current context of international integration
in our country.
2.2. Tasks
The dissertation focuses on solving main tasks below:
- Clarifying the necessity of promoting internal and external forces in
international integration and roles of the State for that promotion in Vietnam
currently.
- Evaluating real situation, analyzing some given issues towards roles of the
State in promoting internal and external forces in international integration in
Vietnam currently.
- Proposing some basic viewpoints and solutions for enhancing roles of the
State for promotion of internal and external forces assuring sustainable national
development in the context of international integration in Vietnam currently.
3. Research object and scope of the dissertation
Research object: Roles of the State in promoting internal and external forces
in international integration in Vietnam currently.
Research scope: The dissertation focuses on researching roles of the State in
promoting internal and external forces in the context of international integration.
4. Research methodology
The dissertation bases on principles of methodology in dialectical
materialism and historical materialism such as objective, comprehensive,
developed, historical - particular, practical, logical - historical principles, etc.
The dissertation also combines different methods such as analysis and
synthesis, inductive method and deductive method, statistics, description,
comparativeness, etc.
5. New contributions of the dissertation
- The dissertation clarifies under philosophical viewpoint roles of the State in
promoting internal and external forces in international integration in Vietnam currently.
- Evaluating the real situation and proposing some viewpoints and solutions

in order to enhance roles of the State towards the promotion of internal and
external forces in the context of international integration in our country currently.
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6. Theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation
6.1. Theoretical significance
The dissertation at the first step clarifies theoretically roles of the State
towards the promotion of internal and external forces in international integration
in our country currently.
The dissertation contributes to practical summary through clarifying the real
situation and given issues towards roles of the State in promoting internal and
external forces in international integration in our country currently.
From that point, this work proposes basic and practical viewpoints and
solutions in order to enhance roles of the State towards the promotion of internal
and external forces in international integration in our country currently.
6.2. Practical significance
Research results of the dissertation may be used as reference for study,
theoretical research, teaching activities at universities, academies, etc.
7. Structure of the dissertation
In addition to the foreword, Conclusion, list of references, the dissertation is
presented in 4 chapters, 10 sections.
Chapter 1
OVERALL SITUATION OF RESEARCHES RELATED
TO THE SUBJECT
1.1. Research works related to internal forces, external forces and their
roles in the country’s development
In the world, long time ago, many scholars did thorough research in internal
and external forces and overall resources for development of countries.
Adam Smith points that main resources of the society in his living period are
capital, manpower and land. David Ricardo considers comparative advantage as
prosperous origin of foreign trade and the reason promoting economic growth and

social development.
Karl Marx points out resources for development of the capitalism such as
value of commodity, manpower, capital, technical science, etc. In which, he
emphasizes and affirms the value of human resources; human is the subject
creating development history of humankind.
Nowadays, modern economists analyze resources based on their
contributions to the economic development including input material factors
(capital, machine, equipment, materials, natural resources, manpower, etc.) and
some other factors (organization, policy, administration, technology,
technological know-how),etc.
In Vietnam, there are many research works related to resources such as:
Ministry of Science and Technology, subject KX.04.08/06-10, Resources and
motivation for rapid and sustainable development of Vietnam economy in period
2011 - 2020; Prof. PhS. Le Du Phong, editor (2006), Resources and motivation of
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development in socialism-oriented market economy in Vietnam, Political Theory
Publishing House; Ho Ba Tham (2004), Motivation and creation of motivation
for social development, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi; Hoang Ngoc
Hoa (2005), “Our Party’s awareness of promoting internal forces, taking
advantage of external forces, developing a self-control economy and actively
integrating into international economy”, Looking back to the renovation of the
Party’s theoretical thinking in period 1986 - 2005, Political Theory Publishing
House, etc.
These above mentioned research works provided some basic theories and
scientific backgrounds drawn from the reality about the necessity of promoting
internal forces and external forces towards the socio-economic development of
the country through periods. That is the suggestion for the author of this
dissertation to research and study deeply.
1.2. Research works related to roles of the State and solutions for
enhancing roles of the State in promoting internal and external forces in

international integration in our country currently
In ideological history of humankind, there are many scholars and researchers
focusing on natures, functions and roles of the State towards development such
as: A. Smith, J.M Keynes, Samuelson, Karl Marx, Engels, Lenin, etc.
Nowadays, under the impact of globalization and international integration, all
resources move freely in global scope out of control of a State, a nation. Scientists
continue mention many different viewpoints about roles of the State towards
development.
Regarding to this subject, there are some typical research works such as:
article “Economic globalization and functions of the State” by Professor Lei Da,
Magazine for Social and Political Issues, Ho Chi Minh National Political
Academy; article “Process of globalization and the State: the new in economic
adjustment in developed countries” by Osadchaja I, Magazine for Social Issues,
Ho Chi Minh National Political Academy; the book “Market regime and roles of
the State in Vietnam economy” by Prof. Dr. Luong Xuan Quy, Statistics
Publishing House, Hanoi, 1994, etc.
Besides, authors also research deeply solutions for enhancing roles of the State
in promoting internal and external forces in the context of international integration
currently which are presented in each field of the social life. Typical works are:
Article “Promoting internal forces, building an independent and self-control
Vietnam economy and expanding international cooperation” by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vu
Van Phuc, Economy and Forecast Magazine, issue no. 9 in 2005; the book “Impact
of the State in order to transit economic structure in the direction of
industrialization, modernization in our country currently” by Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Nguyen Cuc - editor, National Political Publishing House, 1997; Doctoral
dissertation of Philosophy “Role in socialism-orientation of the State towards the
development of Vietnam economy currently” by Le Thi Hong, Hanoi, 2001;
Doctoral dissertation of Philosophy “Roles of the State in building an independent
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and self-control Vietnam economy in the current international integration” by Tran

Thi Thu Huong, Hanoi, 2011, etc.
From research works in the country and in the world, it can be realized that the
number of research works regarding “roles of the State” is rich and plentiful. Those
research works are valuable materials and scientific background for this
postgraduate to acquire and research, develop in the research scope of this
dissertation.
1.3. Values of researched works and some orientations to be carried out
by the dissertation
From overall situation of research, it can be seen that these above mentioned
research works have scientific contributions with both theoretical and practical
value in researching the promotion of internal and external forces for the
development and the enhancement of roles of the State in promoting internal and
external forces to build and develop the country in international integration
currently. Those contributions are expressed on some following basic aspects:
Firstly, it clarifies basic theories about globalization and international
integration, impacts of this process on roles of the State in particular and
development of each country including Vietnam. Secondly, it step by step
clarifies concept of resources, internal forces, external forces and their roles in
construction and development of each country. Thirdly, it clarifies the
necessity of promoting internal and external forces for development in
international integration in Vietnam and also evaluates the real situation of
exploiting and using those resources and proposes orientations, solutions for
using resources efficiently. Fourthly, it clarifies roles of the State, evaluates
the real situation and proposes solutions for enhancing roles of the State in
socio-economic development and points out impacts of the State on each
resource, each aspect, each field of the life. Almost research works point out
limitations of the State such as: quality of legal documents, inefficient
apparatus, insufficient and poor personnel, etc.; from that point, it proposes
solutions to overcome in many aspects from different research viewpoints.
With those contributions, research works mentioned above provided basic

theoretical foundations and scientific evidences from the reality regarding
promotion of internal and external forces, enhancement of roles of the State in
promoting resources for development. However, it can be realized that up to now,
there has not been any work researching roles of the State in promoting internal
and external forces in current international integration in Vietnam systematically
under philosophical viewpoint. That urges the author of the dissertation to study
and research deeply this matter. On the basis of selective inheritance and addition
of research results mentioned above, the dissertation will clarify some more
contents:
- Clarifying opinion on internal forces, external forces, resources for
development of the country in integration period and scientific grounds regarding
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roles of the State in promoting internal and external forces in international
integration in Vietnam currently.
- Analyzing the real situation and given issues towards the State in promoting
internal and external forces in international integration currently.
- Proposing some viewpoints and solutions in order to foster roles of the
State for promotion of internal and external forces in current international
integration.
Chapter 2
NECESSITY AND ROLES OF THE STATE IN PROMOTING INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION IN
VIETNAM CURRENTLY
2.1. Internal forces, external forces and dialectical relationship between
internal forces and external forces in international integration in Vietnam
2.1.1. Opinion on internal forces and external forces
Based on opinions of some researchers in the past, the dissertation gives out
the concept of internal forces and external forces as follows:
* Internal forces:
Internal forces of our country are the entire internal material and spiritual

strength of the nation including core contents such as: strength of the economy,
politics, culture - society; strength of manpower in Vietnam; science and
technology, natural resources, leadership of the Party and management of the
State, etc.
To aware properly internal forces, it is needed to agree on some viewpoints
below:
Firstly, internal force is a wide concept with continuous movement and
variation. In fact, many factors have ever been defined as national internal forces,
evenly important internal forces but undergoing development, they no longer keep
that role and vice versa. Many factors are defined as internal forces in this condition
but environment, factor affecting the promotion and internal and external forces in
other conditions. Political, economic, cultural and social factors are both considered
as national internal forces and environment, condition to promote other internal
forces such as technological science and human resources, etc.
Secondly, internal forces depend on awareness level of human, especially
technological and scientific development level. With increasingly enhanced
awareness level, especially technological science level, people have researched and
discovered new natural resources to use and also create new materials, new energy to
substitute exhaust natural resources. That is the background, condition for each
country to research and make the national internal forces become richer and richer.
Thirdly, internal forces depend on development requirements of each
country. Each country has different development conditions and orientations,
accordingly, concept of internal forces is defined with different contents.
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Therefore, “internal force” is a wide concept which always moves and
changes depending on awareness level and development requirements of each
country so it is impossible to have a common concept of internal forces for all
countries in all circumstances.
In the scope of this work, the dissertation has no condition to research and
evaluate the entire national internal forces but focuses on clarifying roles of the

State in creating conditions, regime, policies, environment for promotion of
internal forces through surveying, analysing some internal forces mainly
constituting production force in which the first and most important forces are
manpower, science - technology resource and capital that we have. These are the
most important factors of internal forces currently so that we can develop the
country in depth. Political, economic, cultural, social factors, etc. are considered
by the dissertation as environment, condition to promote resources.
* External forces:
External forces are overall external material and spiritual strength of the
nation including factors such as capital, technical science, technology, managerial
level and skills, etc.
Similar to concept of internal forces, concept of external forces is a wide
concept which always moves and changes following awareness level, opinion,
development requirement and orientation of each country. Under different
research viewpoints, in different historical - particular contexts, each scientist
may mention different concepts of external forces. Therefore, we cannot have a
common concept of external forces for all circumstances, all countries but we
must be aware of external forces in movement, development, particular
circumstance, and in the relationship with internal forces and other resources.
Within scope of the dissertation, this work has no condition to research,
evaluate roles and impacts of each external force on development of the country
but focuses on clarifying roles of the State in promoting, exploiting, using
external forces to build and develop our country currently.
* Promotion of internal and external forces
With opinion on internal forces and external forces as mentioned above, it is
possible to generalize the opinion on “promotion of internal forces”, “promotion
of external forces”, “promotion of internal and external forces” as follows:
Promotion of internal forces is creating favourable conditions to mobilize,
exploit, use and develop resources inside the country in order to build and develop
the country.

Promotion of external forces is creating favourable conditions to attract, exploit,
use and develop external resources of the country to support the construction and
development of the country.
Promotion of internal and external forces is creating favourable conditions to
exploit efficiently material and spiritual values of countries all over the world in
connection with strength of material and spiritual conditions inside the country to
create a general strength for development.
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The given issue is that promoting internal forces and external forces must
assure rapid growth in parallel with sustainable development; this means that
rapid growth must connect to maintenance and creation of prerequisites and
resources for long-term development of the country. This depends much on roles
of the State in regulating, exploiting and using reasonably internal and external
forces for development. Therefore, the dissertation will focus on researching roles
of the State in creating environment, condition, regime, policy so that internal and
external forces can be promoted in the most efficient way assuring rapid and
sustainable development.
2.1.2. Dialectical relationship between internal forces and external forces
Everything, every phenomenon is governed by internal and external
relationships of that thing or phenomenon. Internal relationships play a decisive
role in the development of the phenomenon while external relationships play a
role of impact which is either promoting or limiting the development of the
phenomenon.
The development in our country currently is profoundly impacted by internal
forces - internal resources of the nation and external forces - external resources
of the nation. Internal forces and external forces have a profound dialectical
relationship in which internal force is the decisive factor towards external
forces and development of the country, while external force plays an important
role impacting internal forces; external forces are only efficient through
internal forces; it may promote or limit internal forces. Considering roles of

internal forces and external forces in development, our Party specifies:
“Promoting internal forces and national strength is the decisive factor and
taking advantage of external forces and strength of the age is the important
factor for rapid and sustainable development and construction of an
independent and self-control economy”.
In the relationship between internal forces and external forces, internal force
is always the decisive factor towards external forces and development of the
nation. The movement and development of components constituting internal
forces and their mutual impact bring about the movement and development of
overall internal forces, promote and decide on the development of the country.
Internal forces are decisive towards external forces at the point that the movement
and development of internal forces place an objective requirement on attracting
external forces at different levels: which main external forces to attract, how the
scale and speed of attraction is, etc. In fact, each country bases on its own internal
forces and development level of internal forces to establish plan, strategy of
attracting necessary external forces for development.
In the relationship with internal forces, external forces play an important role
in contributing to the development of each country. External forces may impact,
assist, supplement and develop internal forces but it may also limit, hold back
internal forces and negatively impact the development of the country.
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External forces are valuable resources; if they are exploited and used
reasonably, they will support internal forces creating conditions to mobilize and
use domestic resources efficiently and promote the formation of reasonable
economic structure in the direction of industrialization and modernization;
complete economic growth targets, develop comprehensively cultural and social
aspects, orient to the target of rapid and sustainable development.
External forces with the nature of resources outside the nation can only
uphold their roles towards development of that nation through internal forces.
External forces cannot be promoted without using internal forces, external forces

cannot promote development of the country if they are not turned into internal
forces. Abundant capital sources of powerful countries have no significance
towards development of the country if we do not know how to mobilize, exploit
and use reasonably. Notwithstanding how advanced the world science and
technology are, if we do not have sufficient qualified human resources to acquire
and apply, it cannot contribute to the development of the country, etc.
However, not all external forces enrich internal forces; there are external
forces having potential of weakening internal forces; external forces with
conspiracy of opposing, destroying our country, governing the economy,
exploiting natural resources exhaustedly, destroying the environment, etc.
Currently, the context of international integration creates conditions so that
countries have more and more profound mutual influence and dependence. That
is an objective prerequisite for the closer and closer dialectical relationship between
internal forces and external forces. In international integration, each change of
external forces may affect internal forces and vice versa; each development step of
internal forces will increase the capacity of exploiting and using external forces
efficiently. The strong transition in capital, science and technology, human resource,
natural resources, etc. among countries in integration condition makes internal forces
and external forces penetrate and transform each other easily that may promote or
limit the development. That places a requirement of having policies and measures to
promote internal and external forces and limit negative impacts of the integration
process towards the development.
2.2. Necessity of promoting internal forces and external forces in
international integration in Vietnam currently
Promoting internal forces and external forces is one of the important lessons
in the development which is summarized and affirmed by our Party many times.
That is an objective requirement, decisive factor wards the success of Vietnam in
building the country and in active and positive international integration currently.
Firstly, promoting internal forces and external forces in international
integration is to inherit the lesson of “combining strength of the nation and

strength of the age”
Secondly, promoting internal forces and external forces is the essential
requirement of international integration
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Thirdly, promoting internal forces and external forces helps Vietnam take
advantage of opportunity, overcome challenges in integration period to develop
2.3. Main expressions of roles of the State in promoting internal forces
and external forces in international integration in Vietnam currently
2.3.1. The State creates environment and condition to promote internal and
external forces
A stable and developed economic, political, cultural - social environment is
the prerequisite for all resources inside the country to be promoted and also
creates attraction of domestic environment for international investment and
cooperation to lure external forces. Therefore, building a stable and developed
economic, political, cultural - social environment becomes requirement, content,
task of the state in promoting internal and external forces.
Firstly, the State keeps politics and national security stable to create
prerequisite for all resources of the country to develop.
Secondly, the State promotes domestic economic strength in conformity with
development trend of the international economy.
Thirdly, the State develops culture, society creating healthy and advanced
environment to promote internal forces.
Fourthly, the State establishes legal corridor, renovates administration
creating clear and transparent environment to promote all resources.
2.3.2. The State establishes and expands international relationship to
actively attract external forces
Beside promotion of internal forces, creation of attractive investment
environment, the State also plays an important role in establishing and expanding
international relationship to actively attract external forces by many policies and
measures such as: positively popularizing national internal forces, actively

negotiating, signing bilateral and multilateral agreements, implementing
international commitments, forming prestige and position of Vietnam in
international scope. That role is particularly expressed as follows:
Firstly, the State carries out the task of information - foreign affairs to
positively informing, popularizing the attractive environment created from
internal forces.
Secondly, the State carries out international commitments, positively attracts
external forces
Thirdly, the State gives out policies, measures to promote Vietnamese human
resources in foreign countries under many forms and measures such as: raising
development funds, appealing, mobilizing compatriots in foreign countries to invest
in construction of the home country, etc.
2.3.3. The State exploits and uses the internal and external forces for
building and developing the country
The exploitation and use of the internal and external forces are significantly
meaningful for the country development, it does help us not only to get rapid
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growth, but only to preserve resources for sustainable development. The State's
roles in exploiting and using the internal and external forces are shown that the
State promulgates mechanisms, policies, laws and regulations for exploiting and
using which internal force or external force; investing such force for which field,
giving priority for which field (production, business, capital construction of
infrastructure or social issues); allocating resources to each economic zone, each
industry and each region and so on.
The State's roles in promoting the internal and external forces for the country
development are shown at all aspects of the socio-economic life. It is not
conditional for this dissertation to review and evaluation the exploitation and use
of the internal and external forces in all fields, but to focus on analyzing and
evaluating the State's role in using some important resources for development,
that are manpower, capital, science and technology in the status of a force of

production, which decide the current development of our society and economy
and are decisive factors for the country development in depth at present.
2.3.4. The State orients sustainable promotion of the internal and external
forces to ensure targets of the country development
The State on one hand creates environment and conditions for promoting the
internal force, enhancing its attractiveness, strengthening international
cooperation to attract the external force; exploiting and using the internal and
external forces; on other hand apply orientation measures so that promoting the
internal and external forces is maintained and gains sustainable output in the next
stage, assures to reach targets and strategies for the country development. In order
to carry out this role, the State applies effective tools as follows:
Firstly, the State orients the promotion of the internal and external forces by
strategies, schedules and plans.
Secondly, the state orients the promotion of the internal force with macro
regulating tools.
Sub-conclusion of chapter 2
Promoting the internal and external forces and resources for development is
the content that many scientists have researched and discussed at different
approach aspects. During the course of the international integration, promotion of
the internal and external forces is requirement for development at our country.
Thus, in the Chapter 2 of this Dissertation, the author present his perspective on
the internal and external forces and their promotion; the necessity of promoting
the internal and external forces in the international integration.
The international integration is a very complicated course with great
opportunities and challenges that influence the promotion of the internal and
external forces. In order to develop benefits and diminish negative impacts of the
external force toward the internal forces of the nation in the current trends of
globalization and the international integration, it is necessary to enhance the
State's roles of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in promoting the internal and
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external forces. This is why in this chapter, the author has focused on learning
manifestation of the State's roles in promoting the internal and external forces,
that are: the State creates environment and conditions for promoting the internal
and external forces; the State establishes and expands the international relation to
proactively attract the external force; the State combines the internal force and the
external force on the basis of promoting the internal force, and making the
external force be the internal force; the state orients sustainable development of
the internal and external forces to assure the development targets of our country.
Such above mentioned contents are basis for the author to study in depth and
to assess the status of the State's roles for the development of the internal and
external forces of Vietnam in the international integration at the next chapter.
Chapter 3
ROLES OF THE STATE FOR PROMOTING THE INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION IN
VIETNAM: REALITY AND SOME PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED
3.1. Status of the State's roles for promoting the internal and external
forces in international integration
3.1.1. Status of the State's roles in creating environment and conditions for
promoting the internal and external forces
In this respect, this dissertation focuses on clarifying status of the State's
roles in creating environment and condition for promoting the internal and
external forces by surveying and assessing status of the State's role on four basic
scales, which are:
- Status of the State's role in maintaining political stability and national
security for promoting all resources of the country.
- Status of the State's role in promoting national economic power properly
with the trend of international economic development.
- Status of the State's role in cultural and social development, creating
internal spirit force of the nation.
- Status of the State's role in completing legal framework, administration

reform, creating transparent and clear environment.
From the assessment of the status of the State's roles in this respect, it can
make general assessment on the State's roles in creating environment and
conditions for promoting the internal and external forces. In details:
After nearly 30 years of renovation, open-door policy and international
cooperation, under the Party's leadership, the State shows its great role in creating
environment and conditions for promoting internal force of the nation,
stimulating development of all potential and strong points at home. With active
role of the State, progression has been made in political, economic, cultural,
social and legal environments and national administration: politics and national
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security are ensured; independence, sovereignty, unity and unity and territorial
integrity are maintained. Culture and society make progression in various aspects.
Economy takes continuous growth in active direction; Institution of socialism-
oriented market economy is established. Thanks to these, position and strength of
the nation are more powerful, the national position is more and more affirmed in
the international arena. Vietnam is becoming an attractive destination, safe and
effective environment for investment for many countries worldwide.
However, such status also shows that the State's roles in creating
environment for promotion of the internal and external forces are exposed to certain
restrictions and weakness in term of managerial qualification and competence,
structural organization and personnel, which form barriers regarding environment
and conditions for internal force promotion, reduce attractiveness of domestic
environment toward sources of the external force, international investors and
friends, influence the existing promotion of the internal and external forces.
3.1.2. Status of the State's roles in developing and expanding
international relationship for actively attracting external force.
Firstly, in the current background of international integration, in order to
expand international relationship, to boost up international cooperation, external
activities in general and external information in particular are taken attention by

the State for the purpose of information, promotion, introduction with images and
attractive environment for investment of the nation to international friends.
The State unceasingly perfects policies, laws and external information
mechanism; it is constantly proactive to promote the national image in many
forms and manners.
With performance of external information, proactive promotion on internal
force of the country by the State, majority of international friends have known
about a dynamic Vietnam who is rising powerfully, is peaceful, sustainable and
developing, a responsible member of the international community, safe and
effective environment for investment, attractive destination of partners
worldwide. From being besieged and embargoed so far, now Vietnam has
diplomatic relations with 180/193 member states of the United Nations; has trade
relations with nearly 230 countries and territories; is an active member of more
than 70 regional and international organizations. We have 98 representative
agencies in countries and territories across five continents in the world.
Beside such achievements, there are still some restrictions in external work
in general and external information work in particular that are necessary for
remedy: delay in thinking renovation on some international issues; not actually
proactive and keen in information treatment and promotion; poor form of
promotion, not available methodical projects for information communication;
restricted forecast of situation of the world, the region and strategies of big
countries; unclose coordination mechanisms among public agencies and press
agencies. Such reality makes information of promoting the national internal force
15
not actually proactive. Some countries in the world even misunderstand and know
insufficiently about Vietnam, about politics, society, religion and human right,
etc. This is why some investors are still hesitant to invest in our country. It
reduces efficiency of external work in general and external information in
particular in our country.
Secondly, to proactively attract external force, the State have implemented

international commitments to create the national prestige and legal conditions to
attract attention and investment from international partners. In the past years, the
State has performed various commitments, agreements with international and
regional countries and organizations, which focus on trade, taxation, grants for
development and banking. Vietnam do not only sign commitments and treaties
with socialist countries and those who have traditional relation, but also
increasingly expand her relations in the world; commit not only with nations but
also with regions, international organizations; commit not only with aspects of the
national development but also with addressing global problems.
In addition, the State also has various active policies for overseas-
Vietnamese people to promote such precious resources for the national
development, for instance: caring and protecting Vietnamese communities in
foreign countries; motivating overseas compatriots to return to homeland for
investing to build the homeland, fundraising for the poor, Orange Agent victims,
and support of socio-economic development of the nation
Nevertheless, the State's roles in implementing international commitments,
manners for promoting resources of overseas-Vietnamese people still show certain
restrictions that are barrier against attractive and opening feature of our environment
for investment, make attraction of external force not proactive. In term of awareness,
not less public agencies and enterprises lack understanding about content of
commitments, steps, roadmaps for commitment performance and international
integration. Actually, developing an overall strategy, preparing conditions for all
aspects such as law, economy, manpower training, etc. to take the initiative and to be
ready for adapting with international commitments are still delay as compared with
requirements. The State lacks complete legal mechanism and policies for fostering
enterprises and other components to enhance competence to meet requirements for
performing international commitments. In addition, fostering works to be done under
roadmap of bilateral or multilateral commitments by majority of agencies and
enterprises is still delayed and not reliable, and so on. Foreign investment attraction
gains good results but it is not sustainable, stable because of impacts of economic

situation in each stage in the world. Without consistent strategies, policies and long-
term vision, investment and development will be passive, influencing assurance of the
independent and self-controlled economy.
3.1.3. Status of the State's roles in exploiting and using the internal and
external forces
From analysis and assessment of status of the State's roles in exploiting and
using manpower, capital, sciences and technologies, that are the most important
16
resources for the national in-deep development, it can generalize and evaluate the
State's role in exploiting and using the internal and external forces as below:
Generally, the State have had many active mechanisms, policies and manners
for exploiting and using the internal and external forces, for better results of
socio-economic development. Resources for developments are mobilized more
and more increasingly to meet better requirements of development. Many
resources have been exploited and used more latterly than other countries in the
world, but have made longer advance as compared to various countries (in the
field of technology, information, telecommunication, etc.) which actively
contribute to the national development.
However, certain restrictions and weakness in term of managerial
qualification and competence, structural organization of the State make the
exploitation and use of the internal and external forces not corresponding with
potentials and opportunities; many resources are lost and wasted; requirements
for promoting the internal and external forces for active and proactive integration
to the world have not been met to assure that rapid development pertains to
sustainable one.
3.1.4. Status of the State's roles in orienting sustainable development of the
internal and external forces to assure development objective of the nation.
To manage, orient and stimulate promotion of resources for development at next
stages, the State applies basic management tools like plans, strategies, macro policies
and economic leverage.

Through assessment on status of the State's role in orienting the promotion of
the internal and external forces with plans, strategies, macro policies and economic
leverage, it can be commented as follows:
By applying legal tools, planning, macro regulation policies, the State has
managed better and better resources for development, also oriented for promotion
of the internal and external forces appropriately with the national strategy for
socio-economic development; stimulated combination of the internal and external
forces in harmonization, effectiveness and solidity and continuous development
in the next stages.
However, on one hand, the State's restrictions in using such tools also limit
scientific and logic nature in exploiting and allocating resources: weak control
that causes waste in budget expenditure and social consumption; non-reasonable
mechanism for development as compared to actual requirements of each region as
well as the national great balance for short-term, middle and long-term visions.
On other hand, lack of an overall and permanent plan also reduces the State's role
in orienting and stimulating promotion of the internal and external forces.
3.2. Some problems to be addressed by the State in promoting the
internal and external forces in the current stage of integration
From such above mentioned status, with achievements and on-going restrictions
and weakness, the State's roles in promoting the internal and external forces in the
17
condition of integration confront with very critical matters, that are the very
contradictions resulted from the course of the internal and external force promotion,
international integration, direction to sustainable development of the country.
Firstly, contradictions among the socialism-oriented roles of the State with
spontaneous trends of capitalism result from the promotion of the internal and
external forces in the market economy and international integration.
The Party's guideline on developing the socialism-oriented market economy,
that was formed at the VI National Delegate Conference in 1986, is the
throughout perspective affirmed by the Party so far. It is orientation and

requirement for the country's development.
Nevertheless, the course of promotion of the internal and external forces in
international integration has created objective premises for formation of capitalist
trends spontaneously. This is the contradiction influencing orientation of
development for a nation, the State is required to enhance the role of management
and regulation upon the promotion of the internal and external forces for
addressing it.
Secondly, contradictions among national and international institutions
when the State is promoting the internal and external force, actively
integrating in the world.
The promotion of the internal and external forces requires that, on one hand,
we have to focus on promoting all potentials and strong points at home, build and
develop the country on the basis of national institutions in an effort to assure
national interests, maintain independence and self-control in the economic
development; maintain national characters in the cultural development; solve
security matters, political and social issues; protect legitimate interests and rights
of every Vietnamese citizen through legislations and legal norms of the nation.
On the other hand, the promotion of the internal and external forces must also
comply with international institutions, contribute to solve global issues,
harmonize the national benefits and international issues. Thus, during the course
of promoting the internal and external forces in the international integration, the
State must often pay attention to addressing contradictions among the national
institutions and international ones.
Thirdly, contradictions between requirements of enhancing the State’s roles
toward the promotion of the internal and external forces in the international
integration and the existing restrictions of the State.
From such above mentioned contradictions, it shows that the course of
promotion of the internal and external forces in the past years result in potential
risks that threaten and influence directly the role and range of impact of the State,
hence the State is required to renovate itself, to enhance its competence for

addressing such contradictions. Alternatively, the promotion of the internal and
external forces confronts with various difficulties and it is required to enhance the
State’s roles to effectively perform such important task.
18
Sub-conclusion of Chapter 3
After nearly 30 years of renovation performance, under the Party’s
leadership, our State has gained many achievements in promoting the internal and
external forces, been active and proactive in international integration. The State
unceasingly realize the Party’s guidelines on promoting the internal and external
forces, proactive in international integration by various policies and manners,
increasingly developing strength of the internal force; proactively attracting many
sources of the external forces; exploiting and using more and more effectively
sources of the external forces, also orienting and stimulating combination of the
internal and external forces to become expanded and sustainable.
Beside gained achievements, the State’s roles in promoting the internal and
external forces also expose many restrictions like: cumbersome apparatus, slow
adaption with variations in the world; unsatisfactory macro management and
regulation levels of the State toward requirements of the promotion of the internal
and external forces; inconsistent legislation and policies; less renovated personnel
works; confused and less proactive organization and performance of promoting
the internal and external forces; corruption and wasting, which are barriers toward
the promotion of the internal and external forces.
The State’s restrictions result in unsatisfactory output of the promotion of the
internal and external forces. In detail:
There are still many limits and shortcomings in creating environment for
promoting the internal and external forces, which make the national internal force
has not developed sufficiently and correspondingly with potentials and strong
points of the nation, not met requirements of integration practice. Some internal
forces are exposed and promoted but not powerfully and have not created solid
basis for sustainable development. As evaluated by the Party, the promotion of

the internal and external forces is “still under development capability of the
country, meanwhile socio-economic activities are still shortcoming”.
Attracting the external force has not been actually active, but passive and
confused toward situations and contingency in relation with international law,
practice and problems to be addressed in relation and cooperation with other
countries. We have not established actually stable, permanent and solid relations
with big countries; have not developed relations with intertwined, interdependent
interests with such countries. We have not properly respected and actively
attracted indirect foreign investments. International opinions have not taken into
account when solving some domestic issues; slow performance of commitments
and trade agreement; limited perfection of legal framework and administrative
reform, etc. less or more diminish attractiveness of the investment environment,
reduce effectiveness, activeness and proactive of policies and methods of
attracting the external force of the State.
19
The exploitation and use of the internal and external forces have not been
actually effective, but caused significant loss and waste, have not met requirements
of sustainable development of resources. Allocation, exploitation and use of the
internal and external forces have not been scientific and reasonable, but scattered
and less focused for industries, regions and some field of the life. Many external
forces suffer from delayed disbursement, lack of efficiency and transparency which
diminish faith of investors. In some specific cases, the combination of the internal
and external forces has been established but not sustainably or gone into tailspin due
to violation of relevant individuals and organizations. We lack actually proactive
roadmaps for orienting promotion and combination of the internal and external
forces; strategies of foreign loans and return have not been well prepared and so on.
These are obstacles and challenges for developing all resources for construction and
sustainable development of the country in the future.
Chapter 4
SOME MAIN VIEWPOINTS AND MEASURES FOR ENHANCING

ROLE OF THE STATE IN PROMOTING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION IN VIETNAM
CURRENTLY
4.1. Some principled viewpoints for the State in promoting internal and
external force in international integration in Vietnam currently
4.1.1. The State performs the promotion of internal and external force for
rapid and sustainable development
Rapid development must go together with enhancing sustainability, which is
the compulsory requirement for socioeconomic development of Vietnam in the
current trend of integration. Therefore, ensuring rapid and sustainable
development for the country is the principled requirement, point of view for the
State in promoting internal and external force to build the country.
The State’s promotion of internal and external forces must ensure rapid and
sustainable development requirements. That means the State must ensure
effectiveness of promoting internal and external force in both micro and macro
level, in both long term and short term, including impacts of promoting internal
and external force in overall and in each field of the life.
The State must care about economic growth associated with enhancing
quality, effectiveness and competitiveness of the economy; specially appreciate
development elements by the depth while exploiting development elements by the
width; attach economic growth to cultural development, comprehensive
development for human beings, perform democracy, social equality and progress,
narrow step by step the development distance between regions; appreciate,
protect and improve natural resources and environment in each step of
development; go together with ensuring political and social stability on
developing economy, consider it as condition, prerequisite for rapid and
sustainable development.
20
Besides, promotion of internal and external force to ensure rapid and
sustainable development can be only obtained when the State knows how to make

use of all opportunities created by objective conditions, take advantage of all
external forces on the basis of promoting internal forces at first; considers
promotion of internal force as the decisive factor and external force as the
promoting one for socio-economic development of the country, external forces
only display effectiveness through internal forces.
4.1.2. The State performs promotion of internal and external force to
ensure development of market economy oriented to socialism
In the process of promoting internal and external force, the State must ensure
building and development of market economy oriented to socialism. To gain such
things, the State needs to pay attention to some points:
Firstly, promotion of internal and external force must be performed on the
basis of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Ideology, under leadership of
Communist Party of Vietnam.
Secondly, the State promoting internal and external force must create
conditions to build up rapidly and synchronously elements of the market
economy and institution system of market economy oriented to socialism,
perform principles of the market, promote production capacity in the country, and
serve socioeconomic development. Simultaneously, the more market economy is
applied, the more welfare, employment, poverty-alleviation, development of
education, culture, health care for people are needed.
Thirdly, the State promoting internal and external force must ensure
independence, self-control, initiative of international integration of the economy.
4.1.3. The State promoting internal and external force must ensure
harmonious combination between national and international benefit
To promote internal force, take advantage of external force, the State must
ensure principle of promotion of internal and external force on the basis of
ensuring harmonious combination between national and international benefit.
While solving national problems on the basis of national institution and law, the
State must simultaneously ensure basic national rights, equality, friendship,
mutual benefit to solve international and global matters for the purpose of

national peace, independence, democracy and social progress. This principle lays
the foundation for the guideline of multi-lateralization, diversification of foreign
relationship, international cooperation of the Party and State.
4.2. Some groups of basic measures to enhance the role of the State for
promoting internal and external force in the international integration in
current Vietnam
4.
2
.1.
Groups of measures on learning international experience in
promoting internal and external force
Firstly, learn experience to enhance the role of the State in concentrating in
building up the country, promoting internal force, create the firm basis for the
development.
21
Secondly, learn experience to enlarge international relationship, take advantage
of all external forces for the development
Thirdly, learn experience to build up the strategy of using, distribute internal
and external force scientifically and effectively
4.2.2. Groups of measures to enhance State management capacity for
promoting internal and external force
Firstly, innovate, strengthen State apparatus organization obviously,
powerfully, simply, orderly, neatly, operate effectively and efficiently to meet
complicated requirements of combining internal and external force.
Secondly, build up, complete law, policy, macro management instruments of
the State in accordance with the reality of the country and law, international
practice.
Thirdly, enhance capacity, qualification, quality, innovate style of work of
State officers, civil servants
Fourthly, enhance capacity and effectiveness of performance organization of

the State for promoting internal and external force
4.2.3. Groups of solutions to promote roles of the State in attracting external force
Firstly, the State needs to perform well foreign affairs, enlarge foreign
relationship, combine firmly foreign politics and foreign economy, and perform
well foreign information affairs.
Secondly, the State must perform actively international commitments
between Vietnam and countries in the world and in are, ensure national prestige
to the world.
Thirdly, the State continues to reform administration, complete legal corridor
in accordance with international practice. This is the effective measure to create a
clear, convenient environment for promoting internal and external force
effectively.
4.2.4. Groups of solutions to promote roles of the State in exploiting, using
effectively resources on the basis of promoting internal force and internalizing
external forces
Firstly, the State promotes all potentials, national advantages, creates a
convenient environment for internal and external force to be promoted.
Secondly, the State promotes democracy and power of national solidarity
block in the promoting internal and external force
Thirdly, the State innovates and enhances effectiveness of management
instruments, macroeconomic policy to exploit, use internal and external forces
effectively
Sub-conclusion of chapter 4
From the reality and matters for the State in promoting internal and external
force, from international experience to apply to the Vietnamese reality, Chapter 4
focuses on analyzing, showing principled viewpoints and proposes main
22
measures to stimulate role of the State in promoting internal and external force to
build up the country in the current context of integration.
To promote internal and external force for meeting objective requirements

of the reality, the State must perform principled viewpoints as follows: The State
promoting internal and external force must ensure rapid and sustainable
development of market economy oriented to socialism; the State promotes
internal and external force on the basis of equality, friendship, cooperation for
mutual benefit for the purpose of peace, national independence, democracy and
social progress.
To enhance effectiveness in promoting internal and external force, Chapter 4
proposes 04 groups of measures to promote the role of the State, that is: Groups of
measures on learning international experience in promoting internal and external
force; groups of measures to enhance State management capacity for promoting
internal and external force; groups of measures to promote the role of the State in
attracting external force; groups of measures to promote the role of the State in
exploiting using effectively sources on the basis of promoting internal force and
internalizing external force.
Complying with principles and perform synchronously the above measures
will permit the State to complete well the role of the State in promoting internal
and external force to ensure sustainable development and in accordance to
orientation in the country in the current integration context.
CONCLUSION
In the current context of the international integration, the promotion of the
internal and external forces is an objective necessity for socio-economic
development of Vietnam. The promotion of the internal and external forces
creates an overall power so that our country rapidly gains targets and strategies
for the country development, of which, the internal force takes a decisive role,
meanwhile the external force does a role of supporting and supplementing the
internal force, facilitating more effective mobilization and use of the internal
force. However, the promotion of the internal and external forces confronts with
various challenges and potential risks that can affect our country's development.
Thus, to promote effectively the internal and external forces, the roles of
management, orientation and regulation of our State are very important.

Reality of nearly 30 years of renovation shows the State's achievements in
promoting the internal and external forces. With laws, policies, macro regulatory
tools; by promoting power of the ethnic united bloc, power of the politic system,
under the Party's leadership in the orientation of socialism, the State has gained
many achievements in promoting the internal force, developing comparative
advantages of the nation; creating attractive environment with the external forces;
proactively performing measures and manners of attracting the external force;
23
simultaneously regulating, allocating and using properly resources as per
specified orientations and targets for development; continuously stimulating the
promotion of the internal force more actively, more deeply and more effectively.
To obtain such targets, the State has unceasingly self-renovated and self-
cultivated to rise and to meet more and more difficult and complicated
requirements of the promotion of the internal and external forces in the current
conditions of integration. The cumbersome apparatus, slow adaption with
requirements and demands of the reality; limited qualification and competence of
officials and employees, unsatisfactory management levels of the state to meet
requirements of promoting the internal and external forces; inconsistent and lack
legislation and policies; limited enforcement of laws. The status of corruption and
wasting that becomes complicated both in scale, number of case and nature of
each case is barrier toward the promotion of the internal and external forces.
Though the State has exerted itself to promote the internal and external
forces, obtained results have not been actually effective and sustainable; the
promotion of the internal and external forces has been more active but not
proactive, vulnerable for being influenced by the world and the region. Our Party
assumes that: "mobilization and use of resources, both internal and external ones
which are done for the career of socio-economic development are less effective
and not corresponding with our potential, but limit development".
The promotion of the internal force has not been corresponding with our
nation's potential and strength, has not met requirements of reality in the course

of integration. The Party identifies that the promotion of the internal force is “still
under development capability of the country, meanwhile socio-economic
activities are still shortcoming”.
Though attention has been given to attracting the external force, it has not
been active, but passive and confused before situations and contingencies related
to international laws and practices and also problems set forth in relation and
cooperation with other countries. We have not established actually sustainable,
permanent and solid relations with big countries; have not developed relations
with intertwined, interdependent interests with such countries. We have not
properly respected and actively attracted indirect foreign investments. That
international opinions have not taken into account when solving some domestic
issues; slow performance of commitments and trade agreement; limited
perfection of legal framework and administrative reform, etc. less or more
diminish attractiveness of the investment environment, reduce effectiveness,
activeness and proactive of policies and methods of attracting the external force
of the State.
The exploitation and use of the internal and external forces have not been
actually effective, but caused significant loss and waste, have not met
requirements of sustainable development of resources. Allocation, exploitation
and use of the internal and external forces have not been scientific and