Sự cố nguy cơ tiếp xúc với chất thải nguy hại


A. PHẦN MỞ ĐẦU
 !"#$#%&'#(#%) *+
, *#-#.##,/*&0123 45#6&')7#89&"
 !:
;<#=$5>?7+@( A#-#'#27/*&0$#.B
5#6:#-#'#27( AC/D#&25#6?7EFG07%12%%$
/*HH'##%#):.'#"#$I# J#6(.K+5#
5#.+#L.'#"#$#M# F+K++#7<+)K+#686
/ ;#2#2$#N+O$#N+.;14"#$+B7#H"+&'#)/'19
P7)"#$+)9071QFR#%#)./(+# <&= 19P7)5#"#B
#67 A;)719P7)5#F#HC'#:#S#?7.T#'K@
/'191#.#)#97K#(:'GK#S#/'&)09'
$#9EI+/'<#-&)0#!128,PUHP@#<+H.#'?79/V+
19P7)&' !7FW
78T#X'K+YZ6$#=5#9[\\)#)#97K#(
]^:7K#+"17)PQ/V/(#)#9'K#>(_\`: =KG7#aI5#E
/ A#)#95#"PQ/V#6 Ab4G7c #!?7+&de(T#(/fb
#)#9" !:#07 !#A$@8g/2/ A9#1.Z" !Y$#.
#&'PQ/V:7K#+T#('K5#%5#h$#RFY#67#'i7 PQ/V
H/*B6$#=&'PQ/V/(#)#9'K&*.#'##A$:T&=KFd6
#)#95#" APQ/V6;6#E#I#"&"<&(+jFC#C"
 !1E
klk7Km.+ 4n##C"#&'79/V" !
YZ+#o&#"/)$#'E#)#97K#(/'25p7K#(#"
 !:q#-#)#97K#(+I8/'5/(I&'#HKG8%r+
8g#"/)$1s$#..GK"#t7e *: !FG7E$#97e *"
#t'K1s)Fth8#7# &'.8##B#r5#.:T#6$#9##
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj{

#%'#-E#)#97K#('K/ PQ/V#I/ 7#,'|lkl

k7Km.#)(#:0&E#)#9/<#+klk7Km.}#86
/'#61,7K#B&T5#S#9H#U)<#(:
#S#&T#=#, A&)09+#%#U"@#C0'~•k2
E7K;6$PU&*#)#97K#(••#o8b17#56#,&012#=86
.#)#97K#(&'.<+#=7?79B/(H%E&* !&'#1##.:
7%#U%#BF2.&'#(#6 A6,E.12E%7K;P9K
:
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj_

B. NỘI DUNG
CHƯƠNG I. TÁC HẠI CỦA CHẤT THẢI NGUY HẠI (CTNH)
1. Tác động đến môi trường
#-&)0.<" !;89/?76&#"/)$.#)#9
7K#(5#"U?7.#+%/?76.<k2$#.#9.#'#$#i#)
#97K#(" !8'%#B#"?7.?7.T#8K#;+/7K0
#jF€ *+#): *I8g"#t5f#j12"#tH)&'5#"5#S:
 A#"/)$4#-8@.5#"#A$&1#€>GK"#t)+ *I
&' *i:%#B9## 426$?7 !#"?7.7K6#"
#)$+7#%#K?7F+h:
 Z<1E'#"#$#S#$#.1##)#97K#(J
#%"#$1AlFl#7<J#7E#7<26$+#7E#7<$#G.+
#7E#7<17•7+#7E#7<#'7K+#7E#7<#(S#+<1E#%#)
1QFR.;#7<# /+_k‚ƒ+kF/jYlNKFi7+/nu+
kj7+  &/+  &F+  .  #)  NK  h  # J  m/$#+  Z5j$#+
$/+„#jP…#U%#B#7KB#%-.F(e(5#.#7"
 !&'GK9## 461,5#ajH !5#6$PU$#9:
'#"#$#%#)J/'#%'##9#07#)<#(F12FR
.#%#)?7T#"#+GK"#t" !.5B:v%/'.#%
#)€F #†.?7.T#/hl/C+I8@#%#)+#/C&‡+8WI+8
8T…

'#"#$QJ#9" !.#)<#(# .#)
F7Fg#(+.#)8.Fd&'#07#A$55#.:
"#$19P7)'KFJ#)7K#(#9" !#HK67/'.#%
#)1QFR?7.T#PQ/VF# / 7#7p#+ˆ‰:
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj[

"#$19P7)1;J#)#9h<#(#HK67191#?7.T#
1719P7)# .#)h4 !E:
"#$#2$#N+e#<$+#7E/.J#%'#'K%.'#"
#$#HK6717GKJ
 "#$19P7)8
 k9P7)&'#686e#<$
 k9P7)8.#5M
 k9P7)&'#686#7E/.
.#97K#('#"#$'K#9" !#HK67/'j+
8@+#)#-7;+&91A#7E/.…5#$#G#HK/'" !7K08## !
#)/'#-'K#!6%N+#UNK$#.1#./C8#&0 !7<
&'35#93/GK#t&'/7K0#U:
"#$19P7)&3#%$#NJe.#'.K+;1419P7)&3$#€
$#N+O$#N+.#@&';14.$#9#…#)#9h<#(1#†
7e'K#HK67/'.$##2.#a+./()K9#W&* *#9#,
<>/ ;E/*.#)<#(# #KF?7K/+.#7E9#&'#7E'7
5#. A/d&'$#h:
"#$/7K5J'#"#$/7K5+"#$(%
5#93GK"#t" ! *84.#%#)&'.5/(I ;E
/*+†%#U.<6.#)/;/QE@#&'#)#9h<#(
# !$#.1#?7.T#&1#" !5#7&2#'.K]%E
@#^:
1.1 Thải vào môi trường đất
K+&)0?79/VI$5#"S5#%5#3+ */'12&"V

#,H<1E.#G+F##$:vb.#9<.#8†8@/'## 4*
O?7" !:n##926$&'" !)+&"T#/'#HK#
1##.H5#7&2#9.:
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yjƒ

1.2 Chôn lấp tại chỗ - Lưu giữ lâu dài
#"/)$+/ 7-/'<&/'i#6(.#'.K?79/V
#K"5#(;$#.1##)#97K#(:?7.T#/ 7-+.&)0
i?7G/'$#G5#7/ 7-&'.075#S##A$/?765#/ 7-:
#-&)0.<" !;89/?76&#"/)$.#)#97K
#(5#"U?7.#+%/?76.<0'E&* *I&' *
i:Š#-7e'K# ! AFW/'7e *7E+1##(
T#+$#R&R"#$&'7"e#7‹19:m),12"#t'E&*.
7e'K07%#BGK0'&01,5#ŒE&*#GFGg$# ;#KGK
..<" !#C:
Š<1E"K A#?7?7.T#5#91.+.#)#98g#"/)$
#IFeE(#b#I45#7)8(#84&T5#"%<9$#.$'$#W#A$
&*.#)#9'K+#I/' AS#/7O *5# A#7KB:<1E !
#A$+#)#9'K A/ 7-#j5B7# &=K%#B(H6" !&'
1,5#Œ#5#7&2P7?7#:/ 7-#)#9&'&1#"#$5f+&'
/ A€>/*H.7K/7<+8e9I#2S#P&'Fi7#9+4
<1EgB:k2/ 7-/G7F'<1E#)#95#"#B.1QFR/(FGK
#7K0+&SFR# #-Œ1;e5#.$#b86+# %#7#-;#,#)
#95#" A#j+=K5D&'#)K•123€&=/788T@P9K:n#93€>
&'/*$)iF *&'GK#t8N *i%#B APj# <7K;/G7
F':
1.3 Nhiễm bẩn nguồn nước mặt
n#93"#t *IF&#9.#)/a<#(5#" APQ/V
iKH+#I/'F#=7?79H&/'&1#"#$5f+#KF&#9&'5#S
?7KB#-#.#)<#(†?7.T##.K+E.&=/77K#(:vg#T#H

 AI 84eU#j$#H#i7#6$#Smh+GK+&'07H
:uS#€/(/'e8o†)8e&'/ 7&2&*<(/ *5#.F'K
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
I.1"€: *I8e1"+#e#,+5#+#e A1QFR)#074
# /'<7e *37E+"#$+7"e#7‹19&'"
#$:#U} A1QFR# /'7e#= *#9"#$&'1##(+
I8/'45#7&2"#g+;# %H##EPQ/V *#9"#g:
 *#9†5#7&2"#$49'<&'#'#$#Ee#SZ# A
#9#i7# 5#"#0 APQ/V&')#075#(#1"€/'#-##E
#. *#7H#'#$#E:)9#-7e *'KF%@8g#tF *
#9"#$+}# #)/a##9†1##(:•'<## %##EPQ
/V#)#9/a"#$&'1##(+5#%#'#$#E%#-;14"
#$/*+#)#9"#$#S#/'7e"#t.5B:R" !@
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/ 7/ AF€#9K.1"&'%%$#HK67/'†"#$##6+#.
#)&'#686#2$#N:
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1.4 Nhiễm bẩn nước ngầm
’#t *i#I/'F&/G7F'5#" A5B1.+#"/)$(#X+
#"/)$4;#".5#"%5D#7=R#B+#IFWB/)$.8@)}:
%#7#)/ A *i4&dE†<1E;8g#t1h&'
+&'#t *8B9## 44<1E&W&j8B:K+#>%
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1“&'Œ:7K#+#7i73/4#-;#677e *I# ve
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#9#K *I8g"#t:
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##E#. *"#g5#"H&')$ *#)/ A5f:n#9[\`#7i7

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Y#€:#t8N *i45#7"#g+I8/''<'K'#C+
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1.5 Ô nhiễm bẩn không khí
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#(5f:u7"+%#7+ A#98o.##8K#;:Z<;1419P7))
/A$P334ve@#9<)8WK;14&€<'K
'5#"%<8$#.$5B1.':'')8W@ Ab#'.K
#j5B7# &=K1s(7K;E&*1,5#ŒH"#G#'.K:#-
&SFR# &=K1s%#BI$#07;4 *:
vB#T## #'.K/7Ke']#7<b"K#&'n#.
19^:#'.K#'#/=$†3_\\”+&*'##05#F##S#/'/7K
&'#6865/(e+&'+8(+_k‚ƒ…*FGK#7K0 A#=$&0†7
7E+?7.T#1'/CB/)K.5/(%.g'K+78T#<#.+
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj•

"K#9#;{‘)P>]8ePS+1j+5/(I5#.&'<#'/ A
e]†{l_`^lC#7/'#)#97K#(:
2.Tác động đến sức khỏe
.#)7K#(GK.<6 !F%126$PU#)#9&*"
 !&' !:%#.#6$PUJ
l6$PUEVH#)7K#(&* !?75#"5#S+ *7E+#,3
 !#A$2Q#Ki7<:
l6$PU5#"EV:
– #)7K#( A$#.#9&'" !&' !#(<"
 !%8g6$PU&*#)7K#(:SFR+ !1QFR88T#t8N
#)7K#(.RS#1##(:
– #)7K#(PG#=$&'8;#B# ?7 !#"#)$+?7F#K
7#.:#)<#(PG#=$&';#B?7 !7#.F7#R#2
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj”


$#N8g#t8N#KF1QFR#-FRR#'86$5#"1(#:K#t
8N%#BU$#)$#R#)<?7&/'86$/'#t8N#,3+?7<
.37E#K#U#7E…
Chất thải nguy hại có tác động đến an toàn và sức khoẻ con người.
 )0'JFS##)Ft#.K+b+#(S##.#C+GK3€+.
#)7K#(%9## 426$6S#(H !:ve#!5#
Ft?7.T##.Kb€$#.1###07#)<#(#,)$5#.+GK
(F)PK%#BFd6Q&:'+#)#97K#(€$#.#HK
&=/7###%:u%#U.6$%9## 4612'&'1,
5#ŒH !:
 )01,5#Œ !J#)7K#(GKb# ;#.;?7;
#B+5S##S#+Fg,+GK<)$S#&'(S#%#BGK<86j+/GK
#t+E/(#,368'…Fd6..<#C#
 !&'<&=# GK7# +9## 4612F7K0
2.1 Các triệu chứng lâm sàng và rối loạn chức năng
 !5#6$PU&*#)7K#(%#B8B7##t<?7.7
#,/G1'&'E/(#,3# 17J
 mB7#4 !7#.J36 *8C+5S##S# !7#.+
"+7#9K+#9K.7 !7#.+&'F:
 mB7#4 !#"#)$JS.+#4"+†#4+$#W$#b::
 mB7#E/((#J(##=+(###+RK(#+†
:
 .E/(#i5#+9.&'07#J#"+5S##S#&'&=&@+
#,i7I+#%I+6+#h+@eQ+39#G
#:
 E/(8'6J&"7:::
#% #% 7K#(E&* 7K#(E&*
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj—


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#.K
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8a
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#t  "
 !)+ *+
5#"5#S:
ƒ #)#9FtPK#% GK#.Kb5#

P9K$#9,
#%#C
#  # 4  6
F+1,5#aj
GK  "  #t
 *+)
Ž+‘ #)< 9#  # 4  @
S#  &'  )$ S#
61,5#aj
GK  "  #t
 *+)
• #)/GK#t 7K08# Z<&'#=7?79
&0" !
Sơ đồ các tuyến xâm nhập chất thải nguy hại vào cơ thể con người
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj{\

2.2 Một số chất độc
Dung môi
– .F7"#-7;%#B" !‡}#  *:
– .F7"#G‡5#" !1sS#R‡8e9#
#i5#:
– ;HF7")Ft A#)$#7?7$#b:
– %#07/(F7"#-7;GK<S#)$&'@S## !&'<
&=5#6$PU:
– Z<  1E  F7  "  #-7  ;  # !  I$  /'  8j™j+  /7j+  PK/j+  jK/8j™j+
PK/#jP:
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj{{

– .F7"'K%#B#)$#R?7$#b&'?7F:
– n#6$PU4/07GK<S#)$17K9#i5#7 ;+GK#%

I+#,i7+<$#4Fd6E/(7#%:
– mj™jS#/}K."‡&'HKP ;GK8#8(#i7+P.<šuF
7K0:
– 07#)$#R8j™j†{\l{Ž%#BQ&:
Các hydrocacbon
– .#)#/j#%#HK67/'#%/#-7;+#U07/'.#.Ft8K#;
&')<+I8#UFtGK+GK(+9## 46##i5#+
#=# 
– /j+j/8+/jK/j….#A$#)$#,($€%5#7K#
# *S#R;#B<#2&=5##)$#7#U# Ym1+uu:::
Các Kim loại nặng
– .5/(IGK#(.5B#" !:*#'/ A#UGK
E/(+,#6#(<H1#&=:
– .<7K#(.?7GH#U/'/1,5#aj !:k2PG
#=$H#U&';#BFt#!F'5#%%#B$#.#&'
3†:
– Z<1E5/(I78B7/']^++š1+F…
Các chất có độc tính cao
– #)/aJ#HKG+F7Fg#.#)h4+#A$#)&€#;…
– #)hJ+F+#T+8jK+1j+1j/j+7EK7&'.#A$#)H
#U
uJ#:kvwxmyz Yj{_

– #)5#SJ#KFK7+$#j+5#S#/j+FdP7)H#/j…
– #)GK<86Jj1+18j1:Ym1…
CHƯƠNG II. SỰ LAN TRUYỀN, TÍCH LŨY VÀ PHÂN HỦY CỦA CTNH
TRONG MÔI TRƯỜNG
%#B#=#)Ko12/7K0+S#/}K&'$#G#HKH#)" !
###K#=$#R#7<)/*&'89#)H#)#9+.##,PG#=$&'"
 !+89#)H" !6$#=+075"†…T&=KB#B7•.&)

0iPjPf6.K67E/?7:
1. Các dạng phát tán
vB%#B#=F(<.#•'. !Fd612/7K0H#)
#97K#(]^+.F($#..&'" !$#9 A#=F(<.#•
':#T#7&'" !48F(Jh+/a+5#S ;,&*8$#
h+/a+5#S:
 Y#..4F(5#SJ#9&'" !$#5#S%#B8eJ#)8K
#;†#e+#W#,#I5#S#9†.E5#%#'.K+†/€E+†#(
<#"…WK#j,<$#..+$#(&9## 4+<Eg##KF
<B$#G8 A !%#B$#G# 17J
 7eBJE5#%†/€E+5#S8@#/)$…]5#E/ A›#!^
 v !J8R† !$#E+5#%Pj]5#E/ A›#!:#07F'^
 W]FS#^J#)8K#;†#e+i#,]5#E/ A›#!:FS#^
 #BS#J. !#A$H."#']5#E/ A›#!:#BS#^
 #)#!]5#"# !P7K^F.12E&0'+;&@H#)#9]5#E
/ AHb#9^
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