Đo lường ứng suất bề mặt trụ của thép cán dùng nhiễu xạ tia x



ngăsutălƠămộtănhơnătăquanătrngănhăhởngăđnăđộăbn,ătuiăthă
caăchiătită máy.ăCóănhiuăphngăphápăxácăđnhăngăsută nhngăphngă
phápănhiuăxăXậquangăcóă nhiuăuăđimăhnăsoăviănhữngăphngăphápă
khácănh:ăkhôngăpháăhyămuăđo,ăchoăktăquăchínhăxác,ăd dƠngătựăđộngă
hóaầtuyănhiên,ăsựăhpăthuătiaăXălƠmăchoăktăquăđoăngăsutăchaăthtăsựă
chínhăxác.ăHƠmă hpăthuăđiăviăvtăliệuăđẳngăhngăđợcănghiênăcuăbởiă
Cullity,ăLêăChíăCngă,ăCh.Genzel ăNhngăđiăviăvtăliệuăthépăC4ηăvƠăbă
mặtătrụ.ăVìăvy,ătácăgiăchnăđătƠi:ă
“
TrongănghiênăcuănƠyătácăgiăsửădụngăphngăphápăđoăkiuăΩăvƠă
khoăsátătrongăphnămmămatlab,ăktăquăchoăthy:
 TrngăhợpăcăđnhăgócăăbánăkínhăRăcƠngălnăthìăngăsutăătĕng.
 Trngăhợp soăsánhăngăsut,ăkhiăbánăkínhăRănhăthìăđộăsaiălệchă
ngăsutăcao,ăbánăkínhăRătĕngăthìăđộăsaiălệchăgim.












ABSTRACT


There are various methods for determination of the residual stress, such as
the hole ậ drilling method, ultrasonic method and X ậ ray diffraction method.
However, the X ậ ray diffraction method is more advantageous than the others
because it can nondestructively and accurately determine residual stress and it is
easy to be automated. Nevertheless, the results of measuring residual stresses using
x-ray diffraction is not accurate because of its absorption. Absorption function for
isotropic materials was studied by: Cullity, Koistinen, Ch.Genzel But the function
of the absorbed x-ray for anisotropic materials hasn’t been studied. Therefore, the
subject of this thesis will be:
-ray
diffraction”
In this reseach, reseacher ues Side ậ inclination method and investigate by
Matlab software, give the results:
 Theălargerăfixedăangleăăis,ătheămoreătheăradius R increases stress.
 In the case comparing stress, the smaller the radius R is,the higher
error of stress, but the radius R increases so this is reduced.











 Trang
QuytăđnhăgiaoăđătƠi

Lýălchăcáănhơn i
Liăcamăđoan ii
Liăcámăn iii
Tómătắt iv
Mụcălục v
Danhăsáchăcácăkýăhiệu vi
Danhăsáchăcácăbng vii
Danh sách các hình viii
 1
1.1. Đặtăvnăđ 1
1.2. Nộiădungănghiênăcu 2
1.3. NhiệmăvụănghiênăcuăvƠăgiiăhnăđătƠi 2
1.4. Phngăphápănghiênăcu 2
1.5. Đimămiăcaălunăvĕn 2
1.6. Giáătrăthựcătinăcaălunăvĕn 3
 4
2.1.ăGiiăthiệuăvătiaăX 4
2.1.1.ăLchăsửătiaăX 4
2.1.2.ăLchăsửăphátătrinăătiaăX 5
2.1.3.ăngădụngătiaăX 6
2.1.4.ăToătiaăXă[2] 6
2.1.η.ăĐặcăđimăcaăđngăbcăxă[3] 7
2.1.6.ăNhiuăxătiaăX 10
a.ăHiệnătợngănhiuăxăTiaăXă[4] 10
b.ăĐnhălutăψragg 11


2.1.7.ăGiiăhnăbcăsóngăvƠăhiệnătợngăquangăph 13
2.2.ăNguyênălýăcuătoăthităbă[1] 15
2.2.1.ăPhngăphápăchụpănh 15

a.ăCuăto 15
b.ăNguyênălýăcaăphngăpháp 15
2.2.2. Phngăphápănhiuăxăkă(diffractometer) 16
a.ăCuăto 16
b.ăNguyênălýăcaăphngăpháp 16
2.2.3.ăChiuăsơuăthmăcaătiaăX 19
2.2.4. Tính ng sut 19
2.2.η.ăXácăđnh bin dng 19
2.2.θ.ăXácăđnh mi quan hệ ng sut - bin dng 22
2.2.7.ăuăđimăcaăphngăphápăđoănhiuăxăkăsoăviăphngăphápăchụp
nh 25
  26
3.1.ăCácăphngăphápăđoătrênămáyănhiuăxăđnătinhăth 26
3.1.1.ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă 27
a.ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhă 28
b.ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnh 
o
29
3.1.2.ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă 30
a.ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhă 30
b.ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhă
O
31
3.2. Hệăsăhpăthụănhăhởngătiăcngăđộănhiuăxătrênămặtăphẳng 31
3.3.ăHệăsăhpăthụăkhôngăgiiăhnăvùngănhiuăxăvƠăgiiăhnăvùngănhiu
xă[7] 33
3.4.ăHƠmăsăhpăthụătrênăbămặtătrụăbằngăphngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnh

o
[11] 35

3.η.ăHƠmăsăhpăthuătrênăbămặtătrụăbằngăphngăphápăđoăkiuă că
đnhă và 
o
[4]: (LêăMinhăTnă200η) 37
3.θ.ăKhoăsátăhƠmăhpăthuătrênăbămặtăellipsoidătrongăphngăphápăđoăkiuă,
căđnhăgócă và 
0
[5]: (NguynăThăHngă2009) 40

 42
4.1.ăThităbănhiuăxătiaăXăX’PertăPro 42
4.2.ăChuẩnăbămu,ăđoăđcămu 44
4.3.ăĐoămuătrênăhệămáyănhiuăxăX’PertăPro 45
4.4.ăTínhătoánăngăsut 46
4.4.1.ăTínhătoánăngăsutătrênăhƠmăhpăthuăχăphẳng 46
4.4.2.ăTínhătoánăngăsutăchoăcácămuăcònăli 50
4.η.ăngăsutădùngăhƠmăhpăthụătrênăbămĕtătrụ 54
4.η.1.ăTínhătoánăngăsutătrênăhƠmăhpăthuăχătrụăvƠăχăphẳng 54
4.θ.ăNguyênănhơnăcaăcácăsaiăs 57
.  59
η.1.ăTómătắtăktăquăđătƠi 59
η.2.ăĐánhăgiáăktăquăđătƠi 61
η.3.ăHngăphátătrinăđătƠi 61

DAN
 : b

căso

ng

SWL
: gi

iăha
̣
năb

căso

ngăngĕn
2

: gócănhiuăxă
d : khongăcáchăgiữaăcácămặtăphẳngăphơnătửă( hkl )
n : phnăxăbcăcao
h : hĕngăsôăPlank
V : hiê
̣
uăđiê
̣
năthêăcu
̉

aăđố
̃
a
(P) : mĕ
̣
tăphĕ
̉
ngăch

aăôngăpha

tăva

ăôngăthuătiaăXă( mĕ
̣
tăphĕ
̉
ngănghiêngă)
(Q) : mĕ
̣
tăphĕ
̉
ngăvuôngăgo

căv

iătru
̣
căhố


nhătru
̣
ăch

aăh

ngăđoă

ngăsuơt
Ψă: gócătoăbởiăphngăphápătuynăcaămuăđoăviăphngăphápătuynăcaăhămặtă
phĕ
̉
ngănguyênăt
̉
ănhiê
̃
uăxa
̣

Ψ
o
: gócătoăb
̉
iăphngăpha

pătuyênăcu
̉
aămơ
̃
uăđoăva


ătiaăt

iăX
 : lƠăgócăphơnăgiácăcaătiaătiăvƠătiaănhiuăxăX

o
: lƠăgócătoăbởiăphngăphápătuynăcaăhămặtăphẳngănhiuăxăvƠătiaătiăX

: gócătoăbởiătiaătiăXăvƠăphngăngang

: gócătoăbởiătiaănhiuăxăvƠăphngăngang
 : gócătoăbởiăphngăphápătuynăcaămuăđoăviămặtăphẳngănghiêng
 : gócătoăbởiătrụcăđ

ngămơ
̃
uăđoăhố

nhătru
̣
ăv

iă(P)
a : hê
̣
ăsôătố

nhăchơtăcu
̉

aăvơ
̣
tăliê
̣
uă(phụăthuộcăloiăvtăliệu)
b : thê
̉
ătố

chăphơnănĕngăl
̣
ngătiaăt

iătrênămô
̣
tăđnăvi
̣
ăthê
̉
ătố

chă (phụăthuộcăvƠoăđặcătínhă
caătiaăXănhăCr-K, Cr-K, Cu-K, Co-K . . .)

: hĕngăsôăhơpăthụă(phụăthuộcăvƠoăđặcătínhăcaătiaăXăvƠăloiăvtăliệuămuăđo)
AB : chiêuăda

iătiaăt

iăthơ

̉
măthơuăđênăphơnătôăbi
̣
ănhiê
̃
uăxa
̣

BC : chiêuăda

iănhiê
̃
uăxa
̣
ăt

ăphơnătôăbi
̣
ănhiê
̃
uăxa
̣
ăđênăraăngoa

iămơ
̃
uăđo
 : chiêuăsơuăthơ
̉
măthơ

̉
măthơuăta
̣
iă = 0
o

R
a
: bánăkínhăthănhtăcaămuăđoăhìnhăelip
R
b
: bánăkínhăthăhaiăcaămuăđoăhố

nhăelip


r : bánăkínhătiăphơnătăbănhiuăx
dr : chiêuăda

yăphơnătôăbi
̣
ănhiê
̃
uăxa
̣


: gócăgiiăhnăvùngănhiuăx
d


: bêărô
̣
ngăphơnătôăbi
̣
ănhiê
̃
uăxa
̣

L : chiêuăda

iăphơnătôăbi
̣
ănhiê
̃
uăxa
̣

Lc : chiêuăda

iăthơ
̉
măthơuăcu
̉
aătiaăt

iăva

ănhiê
̃

uăxa
̣
ăđiăraăngoa

iămơ
̃
uăđo.
dV = r.drdzd

: thê
̉
ătố

chăphơnătôăbi
̣
ănhiê
̃
uăxa
̣

B x H : tiêtădiê
̣
năcu
̉
aătiaăX
A
P
:ăhƠmăhpăthuătrênăbămặtăphẳng
A
T

:ăhƠmăhpăthuătrênăbămặt trụ
σ
T
:ăngăsutătrênăbămặtătrụ
σ
P
:ăngăsutătrênăbămặt phẳng
:ătăsătngăquan
r
a
:ăsaiăsătngăquan










 Trang
1 Hằngăsăhpăthuă phụăthuộcăvƠoăkimăloiăvƠăđặcătínhătiaăX.[η] 33
2 Hệăsăhpăthuăhaiăphngăphápăđo 34
1. ThƠnhăphnăhoáăhcăcaăthépăCácăbonăchtălợngăC45 45
 Các góc  vƠăđngăkínhăcaătrụăthépăC4ηătrongăquáătrìnhăđo 60
 ngăsutătrênăhƠmăhpăthuăχăphẳng 60
 ngăsutătrênăhƠmăhpăthuăχătrụ 60

DANH SÁCH CÁC HÌNH

HÌNH Trang
Hình 2.1ăSăđăgiiăthiệuăcácăthƠnhăphnăchính caăngăphátătiaăxăhiệnăđi 6
Hình 2.2ăSăđăphătiaăXăcaăMolipđenăviăthătĕngătcăkhácănhau 7
Hình 2.3ăMinhăhoăquáătrìnhăionăhóaălpătrongăvƠăphátăxătiaăXăđặcătrng 8
Hình 2.4ăSựădiăchuynăđiệnătửătrongănguyênătửătoăthƠnhătiaăXăđặcătrngăK, K
và L 9
Hình 2.ηăMôătăđnhălut 11
Hình 2.θăNguyênălýănhiuăx 12
Hình 2.7 ψcăsóng 14
Hình 2.8ăSăđăcuătoăcaănhiuăxăk 16
Hìnhă2.9ăCngăđộănhiuăxăđợcăđoăbằngăngăđm 18
Hình 2.10 Cácămặtăphẳngătrênămu 20
Hình 2.11 Dngătuynătínhăcaă
2
,
sind



21
Hình 2.12 Dngătáchăđôiăgócă

21
Hình 2.13 Dngăădaoăăđộngăăcaă
2
,
sind




22
Hình 2.14 Trụcătinhăthă(C
i
) vƠăhngăcaănóăđăvi hệătrụcătaăđộămuăvíădụă(S
i
)
cùngăhệătrụcăđoă(Li ) 22
Hình 3.1ăMáyăđoănhiuăxăđnătinhăthăX’PertăPro 26
Hìnhă3.2ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă 27
Hình 3.3 Phngăăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhă 28
Hìnhă3.4ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhă
o
29
Hìnhă3.ηăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă 30
Hìnhă3.θăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhă 30
Hình 3.7ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhă
o
31
Hình 3.8ăCngăđộănhiuăxătrênămặtăphẳng 32


Hình 3.9ăThăhiệnăhngăđoăngăsutătheoăphngă 33
Hìnhă3.10ăPhngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhăgócă
o
vƠăkhngăchătitădiệnătiaăX 35
Hìnhă3.11ăDùngăphngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhăgócă
o

36
Hìnhă3.12ăGócănhiuăxă2 =152
0
÷160
0
37
Hình 3.13 Phngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhăgócă trênăbămặtătrụ 38
Hình 3.14 Phngăphápăđoăkiuă căđnhăgócă
0
trênăbămặtătrụ 39
Hình 3.15 Gócătrongăphngăphápăđoăkiuă,ăcăđnhăgócă 40
Hình 3.16 Gócătrongăphngăphápăđoăkiuă,ăcăđnhăgócă
0
41
Hình 4.1 ngăphátătiaăX 42
Hìnhă4.2:ăHệăgiácăkăcaămáyănhiuăxătiaăXăX’PertăPro 43
Hình 4.3 Hệăthngăthuănhn 44
Hình 4.4 mu 44
Hìnhă4.ηăĐăgáăđăxoayăcácăgócă 45
Hình 4.6 Đngănhiuăxăngăviăgócă2 47
Hình 4.7 Nộiăsuyăbcăhai 47
Hình 4.8 Đăthăthăhiệnămiăquanăhệăd-Sin
2
 caămu 49
Hình 4.9 Đăthăthăhiệnămiăquanăhệăd-Sin
2
 caămu 50
Hình 4.10 Đăthăthăhiệnămiăquanăhệăd-Sin
2
 caămuăØ1θmm 51

Hình 4.11 Đăthăthăhiệnămiăquanăhệăd-Sin
2
 ca muăØ18mm 52
Hình 4.12 Đăthăthăhiệnămiăquanăhệăd-Sin
2
 caămuăØ20mm 53
Hình 4.13 ĐăthăthăhiệnădăvƠăSin
2
 caăcácămu 54
Hình 4.14 ĐăthăquanăhệăngăsutăvƠăRătrênăχătrụăvƠăphẳng 55
Hình 4.15 ĐăthăsoăsánhăngăsutătrênăχătrụăvƠăχăphẳng 56






Trang 1




1.1. t 





, 
  

Neutron, 
 

 

LT.    Tp.
HCM  8, 

Nguyn .  
2009  x
.
Tuy nhiên, 

  
tài:


Trang 2
1.2. 




1.3
 

 











Tính toán 




 


Trang 3




cá







Trang 4





:
2.1.1. 
              
              
             
tinh chân không có hai
(trong


 






         






t lý

Trang 5





khôn 


Tia XÁnh sáng nhìn




 



2.1.2tia X:





               

 

      


Trang 6
2.1.3


li





 

2.1.

Hình 2.1: 
.
T


 

  


Trang 7
     


khôn2.1



         

 

2.1.


Hình 2.2: 

dò
2.2.
2.2
- t


Trang 8

 


            
SWL
 
trong hình 2.2 

Hình 2.3: 
a. 
b. 
c. 




 ,  2.3         

 


 sóng dài rõ
[2]

Trang 9


               
 [3]

=C.(Z - )
  
            
 

I
Ch.Rad
= B.i.( V- V
Char
)
n

V
char




 


1
và K
2



.


Hình 2.4: , K
và L.

Trang 10
 
 . 



 không



2.1.








                 



 










Trang 11







o




                
(

 

      

 










Hình 2.5: 
Khi chi


Trang 12

 

[1]

- chúng

- 

g song A  A và B  

hkl




Hình 2.6: 
 

 
2.6.  -P--
Q- [2]
là:
n=SQ+QT (1.1)
n=2d
hkl
sin (1.2)


Trang 13

 

hkl


 


=2d
hkl
sin (1.3)
 

=2(d
hkl
/n)sin (1.4)

hkl




 (1.5)
 =2dsin (1.6)
2.1.:


[1].

 








Trang 14



[6] :
2
1
mv
2
=eV (1.7)





eV=hc (1.8)

tia X  



SWL
.

 
min
=
SWL
=
V

4000.2


Hình 2.7 





Trang 15
2.2. 




 Bvôn và

 
 
 

2.2.1. 


Tia X tá
X 
 
 





-
và Ag
+
trong các






hiên