SUMMARY OF DOCTORATE THESIS RESEARCH ON OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR SURFACE COAL MINE RECLAMATION IN HON GAI CAM PHA REGION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY






DANG THI HAI YEN



“RESEARCH ON OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL
SOLUTIONS FOR SURFACE COAL MINE RECLAMATION IN
HON GAI - CAM PHA REGION”



SUMMARY OF DOCTORATE THESIS








HA NOI – 2014

The research was completed at Department of Surface Mining,
Faculty of Mining, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology


Doctoral supervisors:
1. A/Prof. Dr. Bui Xuan Nam, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology
2. A/Prof. Dr. Ho Si Giao, Vietnam Mining Science and Technology Association



Reviewers 1: Prof. Dr. Nhu Van Bach
Vietnam Association of Mining Science and Technology

Reviewers 2: Prof. Dr. Nguyen Cao Huan
College of Natural Science, Hanoi National University

Reviewers 3: Dr. Lai Hong Thanh
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment



The thesis will be defended at the council of doctorate thesis examiners held at: Hanoi
University of Mining and Geology, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Ha Noi
Time:………date……….month………year 2014

More detail about thesis can be found at Ha Noi National Library,
or Library of Hanoi University of Mining and Geology


1

INTRODUCTION

1. The necessity of the thesis:
Open-pit coal mining’s activities in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region
(HG-CP) have been distributed in low hilly terrain (100 ÷ 300 m) areas,
within the scope of critical water catchments; in the vicinity of urban and
populated areas, estuarine and coastal ecosystems of Ha Long and Cam
Pha city, Quang Ninh province, which have been developing dynamically
with GDP growth is greater than 10%.
Currently, the whole Hon Gai region has basically finished open-
pit coal mining (OPCM), dramatically transferring to underground
mining.
The long history of OPCM has been remaining the long-term and
comprehensive environment consequences, even if they end-up the
exploitation, the mining and landfill sites continue to be the potential
sources of environmental pollution and environmental hazards, such as:
the risk of soil erosion, landslides, rock-mud flood and sedimentation,
ambient air pollution; soil and water environment continue to be polluted.
While surface coal mine reclamation (SCMR) activities have not been
being effectively, efficiently and sustainably maintained, will create
significant impact to the people’s living, water quality, ecosystem of Ha
Long bay – heritage, the new seven wonders of the world… and the
development of other economic sectors from generation to generation.
Otherwise, the management and implementation of SCMR have

only been established 5 years ago. Thus, people were lack of experience
and especially inadequate with the mines which finished exploitation
before 2008.
Therefore, the thesis "Research on the overall management and
technical solutions for reclamation of open-pit coal mines in Hon Gai -
Cam Pha region" is a practical and urgent scientific problem.
2. Objectives:
2

- Bonding harmonically the reclamation management of OPCM
between each mine in the overall mines to gradually resolve the
environmental pollution and create the obvious conversion towards multi-
purposes to protect the environment and to facilitate the usage of land
resource, serving for socio-economic development in each development
period.
- Implementing the technical management for SCMR of the areas
which have contiguous mines and are adjacent to economic development
areas, to converge environmental protection fund (EPF) resources, to
invest for reclamation and transparency in evaluating the result of SCMR.
3. Subject and scope of the thesis:
- Subject and the scope of the study: open-pit coal mines (OPCM)
and reclamation activities in those mines in HG-CP region, in Quang
Ninh Province.
4. Scientific and practical significances: contributing to the
construction of the scientific basis for the formulation of management
tools of the OPCM and orientating sub-area for land use resources after
exploitation efficiently; contributing to improve the quality of SCMR and
the efficiency of land use at OPCM after exploitation.
5. Methodology: analyzing and synthesizing, collecting materials,
field surveys, mathematics, statistic and expert valuations.

6. Defended points of the thesis:
1) Reclamation for the OPCM in the HG-CP region plays an
important role in protecting and promoting the World Natural Heritage
site - Ha Long Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay, simultaneously being the
motivation for developing socio-economic of the region.
2) The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of SCMR will
ensure the objectivity and transparency for each OPCM in the region.
3) The technical SCMR activities integrated in the mining process
are the main factor to reduce environmental pollution and environmental
3

hazards and reclamation cost after the exploitation in OPCM in HG-CP
region.
7. Innovations of the thesis:
- Proposing the necessity to supplement the “Integrated
environmental Impact Assessment” (IEIA) in the legal framework of
environmental protection tools for the first time; and simultaneously
building orientation, content, tasks and implementation methods of IEIA
report aim to ensure sustainable development of key industrial areas.
- Proposing the specific quantitative criteria in the evaluation the
operation consequences of the reclamation for OPCM in HG-CP region
for the first time .
- Proposing reclamation management solution based on orientation
of functional sub-area of land use after OPCM to use land resources in the
study areas efficiently
- Proposing reasonable reclamation alternatives for each type of
OPCM
- Proposing technical solutions which integrate SCMR activities
into the mining process in OPCM in HG-CP region to ensure the SCMR
technical criteria , saving time and reducing operation costs.

8. Structure and contents of the thesis:
The thesis is organized into 4 chapters, excluding the introduction,
conclusion, references and appendices.
9. Literature review: Documents in SCMR work of mineral
exploitation of several open-pit mines in the world and in Vietnam; Coal
mining industry development plan of Vietnam; Environmental Protection
of Quang Ninh province and environment engineering document; mining
industry.
10. Host university: Department of Surface Mining, Faculty of
Mining, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology.
11. Acknowledgements:
4

During studying, researching and conducting the thesis, Instruction
board, all the lecturers, scientists and colleagues in Department of Surface
Mining, Faculty of Mining, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology
always give the responsible and wholehearted supports to the fellow. The
fellow also is highly supported by Local Authorities, especially Managers
of Department Natural Resources and Environment to complete this
thesis.
The fellow also obtained valuable comments from many scientists
of Mining Technology and Science Associates of Vietnam; Mine
explosion associate of Vietnam, Natural Science University – Hanoi
National University, and many other opinions of scientists, professors in
environment area in Quang Ninh.
On this occasion, the fellow would like to show full and deep
appreciation to organizations, scientists, colleagues, friends and family
help me during the time of studying and researching the thesis.

5

CHAPTER I
OVERVIEW OF SURFACE COAL MINING RECLAMATION
(SCMR) IN THE WORLD AND IN VIETNAM

1.1. SCMR activities in the world
Basically, analyzing and evaluating the results of SCMR activities
in developed countries (the Republic of France, Germany, Australia,
Indonesia, Malaysia) have achieved great results when reclamation and
the rehabilitation of the mining areas into the tourism, entertaining, sports
centers, on the basis of the following solutions:
- Having the right policies and goals for the reclamation:
reclamation is an essential part of the mining process; defining criteria to
evaluate the success of the SCMR; ensure adequate financial accounts
and use them in a reasonable manner; especially focus on researching the
conditions and preparing for rehabilitation right before the start of
exploitation and being continued after the end of the exploitation.
- Well-handling the relationship of interest related to land and
environment, between enterprises and communities, encourage and attract
the community to implementing SCMR jointly from the different
perspective of favorable characteristics; the community has the right to
supervise and complaint about the shortcomings in the reclamation
process .
1.2. SCMR in Vietnam
From the above researches and analyzing current status of the
reclamation in OPCM in Vietnam, the SCMR now include several
significant inadequacies as follows:
- Reclamation in mining in Vietnam is lack of technical standards,
professional regulations, to perform; financial resources for the SCMR
6

is not enough and not reasonable; SCMR was only implemented
passively in the final stages of mining without recognition and orientation
from the investment project.
- Reclamation is not oriented the land-use functions. Consequently,
when the region's socio-economic develops, to change the topography,
landscape and the purpose of using reclamation in a more positive way
than the current state of its reclamation , it takes a large financial resource
which was not adequate and continues taking a large financial resource
demolish and rehabilitate the areas which were implemented reclamation
already, causing waste of land and financial resources of the society [45].
- The SCMR operation following the exploitation is only cared by
the large companies and implemented in certain extent. Many areas after
mining are not restored and remain in barren state. In some place they
only implemented perfunctorily, low quality, without usage value,
therefore, the areas also become barren. The supervision, monitoring,
editing, and maintaining the SCMR data’s quality is not implemented.
- In general the awareness and responsibility in SCMR not high
enough. The consciousness and the role of the communities in
demanding, supervising and participating in SCMR are very limited.

7

CHAPTER II
CURRENT SITUATION OF SCMR
IN HON GAI - CAM PHA REGION

2.1. Coal mining activities overview:
Based on data of land inventory in 2010 of the administrative
territorial units belonging to the study area, the total area of coal mining

accounted for almost 20% areas of land use. According to statistical data,
the product of OPCM in HG-CP region in recent years accounted for
about 55 ÷ 65% of the total output product of the whole coal factor.
In coal mining areas, the environment in general, and land
environment in particular have been degraded seriously. Land
exploitation destroyed terrain and landscape, simultaneously causing
erosion and landslide with very high risk [26]. Therefore, the amount of
eroded soil in the area is quite big, up to 300 ÷ 500 tons / ha / year in
average [37].
Recently, HG-CP region has happened many dangerous landslides
and mudflows. During the rainy season of 2005, in Cao Son Coal Mine,
nearly half a million cubic meter of waste rock from the dumping site
landslide, caused serious loss. In rainy season in 2006, the water flow
filled with mud and rock from dumping site of Khe Re coal mine
generated large mud and rock flow which destroyed houses of the
residential area living below.
After the finish of exploitation, the environmental impact continues
causing environmental pollution and degradation in different places;
altering the topography and landscape, causing erosion, washout and soil
erosion; affect to the economic development of tourism and urban
development, consequently seriously affect people’s living.
8

2.2. Reclamation for OPCM in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region:
In recent years, QNPPC and Vietnam National Coal - Mineral
Industries Holding Corporation Limited (Vinacomin) have made great
efforts in the state management function of the environment (including
SCMR activities), solving urgent problems of the environment caused by
mining waste dump site of OPCM. However, the management, sanctions
and SCMR implementation still contain inadequacies, have not directed

toward multi-purposes (environmental protection and use land for
economy development) in the key zones.

9

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH ON THE OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR RECLAMATION OF OPEN-PIT
COAL MINES IN HON GAI - CAM PHA REGION

3.1. Administrative management solutions
Organization mechanisms and policies solutions, science and
technology solution, solutions for propagation and education, raising
awareness of the community.
3.2. Technical management solutions
Currently, most of OPCMs come into operation and plan to deploy
renovation, expansion projects, or mine capacity enhancement. Thus, it is
necessary to integrate reclamation tasks into the designing of renovation,
expansion, or mine capacity enhancement projects according to technical
management measures which are proposed in 5 main periods of
reclamation (right from the beginning of establishment of investment
project and primary design of CPCM enlargement and renovation).
3.3. Management solution to enhance land use efficiency in
areas of SCMR in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region
3.3.1. Applying adjustment coefficient of reclamation deposit cost
to improve reclamation in mining activities according to mining
location
Adjustment coefficient of SCMR cost accoding to regions (K
d
)is

proposed to be identified as following:
K
d
= 1 + (1 - K
v
) (3.1)
Where: K
v
- Regional coefficient (identified due to regional and
area coefficient K
v
which is regulated in accordance with Vietnamese
Standards QCVN 19, 21, 22, 23 : 2009/BTNMT) in table 3.1.
10

3.3.2. Reclamation Acceptance sollution according to criteria to
evaluate the results of SCMR
Fellow propose some criteria to assess results of Reclamation for
OPCMs in Hon Gai – Cam Pha, Quang Ninh as below:
(1). When SCMR belong to common reclamation areas (only
meeting environment protection requirement) need to satisfy following
criteria:
a. Criterion 1: Satisfy boundaries, area, terrain, scale of SCMR in
accordance with SCMR project.
b. Criterion 2: Satisfy index of environmental treatment efficiency
index
When assessing efficiency of environment treatment, it is necessary
to consider each environment criterion individually
Pollutant treatment efficiency index of (A, %) has to satisfy:
 

%,100%
o
so
A




> 0 (3.2)
Where: α
o
–concentration of environment criterion before
treatment; α
s
- concentration of environment criterion after treatment.
c. Criterion 3: Satisfy the efficiency index of anti-erosion and anti-
washout
Efficiency index of groove anti-erosion (F
x
, %):
 
%3100x
mi
li
nixdkr
%F
n
1i
x





(3.3)
Where: d
kr
- the average width of grooves on the slope of waste
layer i (m); n
i
- the number of grooves on the slope of waste layer i; l
i
-
the length of waste layer i (m); m
i
- the number of waste layers.
(2). When implementing SCM belonging to multi-purposes
functional orientation (protect environment and use land for economy
11

development), besides satisfying 3 criteria for normal SCMR, it is
necessary to satisfy some following criteria:
d. Criterion 4: satisfy consensus index N (%).
Consensus index denotes the conformity with the view of
developing local community through the results referred to opinions of
experts on economy, environment and adjacent units.
It is an important criterion, always presents in assessing multi-
purposes SCMR, and is identified due to the formula:

 
%50,100%

o
so







(3.4)
Where:
o

- the total amount of consultants as experts on economy
and environment or community (in conditions that the number of
consultants as a community has to be more than the number of
households of adjacent residential areas, bordering the area of SCMR);
s
- the number of consultants without consensus.
e.Criterion5: satisfy the stability of pit slope.
Slope angles of pits, mining rock dump have to always ensure to be
in stability limit. It is supervised during mining process, in order to ensure
the implementation of technical solutions of reclamation intergrated
during mining process (proposed in chapter 4).
f. Criterion 6: satisfy economic efficiency index of multi-purposes
reclamation.
Index to assess economic efficiency of multi-purposes SCMR (K
i
):
c

ipnpimnm
i
G
GGGG
K
)()(
)()()()(



(3.5)
Where: G
m(n)
- value of land after recovery, forecasted
according to market’s price at calculation time with the type of
land according to similar functional land use and adjacent to
Reclamation area; G
m(i)
- value of land after recovery according to
12

the method that coal mines implemented in accordance with
Decision no.18/2013/QD-TTg approved by competent authority,
forecasted according to market’s price at calculation time; G
p(n)
-
total expense to recover land in order to achieve functional use;
G
p(i)
- total expense to recover landaccording to the method that

coal mines implemented in accordance with Decision
No.18/2013/QD-TTg approved by competent authority (due to
State price).
Table 3.1: Value Convention of Ki coefficient
Ki
Efficiency level
Applied region*
K
i
> 1
High
Very sensitive
0≤ K
i
<1
Satisfactory
Sensitive
K
i
<0
Unsatisfactory
Insensitive

3.3.3. Management solutions by other neccessary regulations
involved in reclamation
Proposing to additionally complete regulations of institutions in
order to complete legal documents involved in guidance to implement
Decision No. 18/2013/QD-TTg of Prime Minister to support environment
improvement and recovery due to multi-objective orientation.
3.3.4. Rreclamation management measures for OPCM in key

areas
3.3.5. Management solutions for regional environment (including
SCMR) by ‘Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment‘ tool
Based on comparison of differences on objectives, work scope, etc.
of Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment with other environment
protection tools (Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental
Impact Assessment, Environmental Protection Commitment), Iwould like
to propose to continuously study, add promptly to policy framework and
13

establish technical guidance of Integrated Environmental Assessment to
bridge the policy gap that existing environmental protection tools cannot
satisfy, thus, we can ensure the stable development for the society in
general, for the future of mining industry in particular and for objects
mentioned above.
Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment of regions and areas
in order to create legal framework to set up the status of environmental
problems of economic development regions within limited space (as in a
development industry zone; development zones in important river basins
and so on) in order to have master solutions, have inter-disciplinary, inter-
regional cooperation among organizations to handle environmental
problems (including environment improvement and recovery) and
development conflicts among industries in the area, in the region and so
on; Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment is a supportive tool to
identify clearly responsibilities of each investor, each level, each field,
each locality when there is any serious environmental problem arising in
the area; identify problems of environment improvement and recovery
needed handling in areas with key environmental problems or areas with
multi-objective environment improvement and recovery (multi-objective
orientation: areas with the function of continuously developing economy;

Reclamation area; areas of protecting environment of water resources,
heritages and areas of natural environment improvement and recovery;
master management among concerned economic sectors; responsibilities
of mine owners, localities, managers and sanctions of funding
management of focused environment improvement and recovery
The implementation of Integrated Environmental Impact
Assessment for key areas; river basins of provinces, cities would be legal
specialized tools to help policy makers give measures on master
management in order to solve conflicts among economic sectors, mitigate
14

pressures on ecological environment and systems of biological resources;
contribute to ensure the harmonious and stable development of economic
activities in the area, ensure social welfare and anti-degrade environment,
etc. in key areas.
2. Main contents of Integrated Environmental Impact
Assessment: establish the scope of areas of Integrated Environmental
Impact Assessment; establish relative laws of changes, upheavals of
natural conditions in the area; take inventory, count natural and
artificial polluted resources; identify stakeholders:economic
development units; management organizations; population
communities; non-governmental organizations; assess cumulative
impacts of environmental impacts; Assessment of cumulative impacts is
to review and quantify the sediment, deposition and accumulation of
emissions of a certain development activity occuring from the past to
the present and may continue in the future; assess load capacity of
receiving sources; identify main points resulting in the exceed of
regional environmental criteria so as to identify key places of
emissions, which creates “the straw that broke the camel's back”
effect; study and propose individual and integrated measures in order

to step by step improve environmental quality:assess integrated
environment that can support socio-economic development; organize
management and monitoring of regional environment.
Coal mining in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region has occurred for ages in
the past, at present and maybe in the future. Therefore, it is urgent to
consider cumulative impacts of single, repeated and linked impacts in a
long period of activities(coal mining, coal processing, and auxiliary
services, etc.) on environment, especially on areas with high population
density and a lot of industrial facilities such as Ha Tu, Ha Lam, Cua Ong
15

and so forth. Dust from waste mining dump is even higher than natural
mountains, which diffuses dust into the air, and resonate with the sources
of dust emissions from transportation activities, industrial development
(thermal power, cement, etc.), severely pollute the atmosphere of towns,
townships, and residential areas;occlude headwater streams of Cua Luc
Bay basins; affect to accumulate heavy metals, rock, etc. in hundreds
years, which results from consequences of the washout from quarries,
landfills and coal dumps in association with activities to develop urban
areas and industry. All issues above make Cua Luc Bay’s and Ha Long
Bay (indirectly)’s ecosystem increasingly exhausted.
Urgent conduction of Integrated Environmental Assessment for
these areas has a practical meaning: to keep the balance between
development activities in a narrow geographical area(mineral mining,ports,
waterway transport, trade, tourism, etc.); enhance the efficiency of
economic activities in the region and the province, protect the landscape,
facilitate tourism to develop in general and orient priority areas (areas need
multi-objective environment improvement and recovery); the level of
environment improvement and recovery which has to be implemented to
meet criteria of multi-functional environment improvement and recovery

in mineral activities and opencast coal mining in large mines, headwater of
rivers, streams and adjacent places of urban areas and tourism areas [51].
3.3.6. Measures on functional sub-area of land use for
reclamation management
Due to practical basis for orienting land use function of
Reclamation area, I proposed the method of identifying directions to zone
multi-functional environment improvement and recovery using land after
opencast mining based on quantifying for 06 criteria of zoning
environment improvement and recovery due to 06 basic steps.
16

3.3.7. Expected results of oriented model of functional
reclamation area for reclamation management in some opencast coal
mines in Hon Gai
Based on analysis and selection of oriented forecast of Reclamation
area for opencast coal mines in Hon Gai as below:
a) Reclamation land for the area of developing forestry landscape
in order to protect Cua Luc Bay environment; protect farmlands of
downstream area of Nam Lo Phong rock dump and Khe Ca lake; protect
environment of adjacent neighborhoods (referred to HG1 area): including
the majority of mining site, dumpsite of North and Southeast of Ha Tu
mine; +110 Tan Lap seam.
b) Reclamation area for neighborhoods; industrial tourism;
development of recreations (golf yard) to serve industrial tourism;
landscape of tree corridor to isolate pit mining with neighborhoods
(referred to HG2 area): including mining sites, the landfill of Nui Beo
coal mine and a part of mining site and landfill of Southwest of Ha Tu
coal mine
c) Reclamation area for developing forestry and protect
environment of Dien Vong river basin - Cua Luc Bay; landscape of tree

corridor to isolate pit mining with neighborhoods and protect landscape
environment viewed from Bai Chay Bridge (referred to HG3 area):
including seam mining areas of Thanh Cong Coal Factory and Cao Thang
Coal Factory(stopped mining); opencast mining 917 – 917 Coal Factory;
seam mining of Ha Lam Coal Mine.
17


Figure 3.1: Map of functional sub-area of land use after reclamation for
some opencast coal mines in Hon Gai


Figure 3.2: Perspective map of reclamation results for some opencast
coal mines in Hon Gai
18

CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH ON RECLAMATION TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
FOR OPEN PIT COAL MINE IN HON GAI - CAM PHA AREA

4.1. Proposal for reclamation plans
Based on orientation of reclamation techniques, doctoral researcher
has synthesized, generalized types of change in mining landform, (large
scale change, medium change); types of mining waste dump (mountain
dump, low hilly dump) and propose reclamation plans corresponding to
the above changes in landform.
4.2. Proposal for specific technical reclamation solutions on
individual surface coal mine integrated in mining process
Doctoral researcher has proposed dumping measures on some
typical landforms (enclosed converged cavity shape dumping; opened

converged cavity shape dumping; plain surface dumping or hillside
dumping); technical solutions for reclamation of mining landform (design
solutions for adjacent and nearby mining sites in a overall linkage;
solution for adjusting design and implementing at the mine site designed
with inappropriate shape in the overall linkage of adjacent and adjacent
quarries; exploiting solutions for nearby connecting quarries, design the
overall landform in a whole region); technical solutions for bench surface
reclamation (implementing during extraction process, and after mining
operation finished); technical solutions for reclamation of working bench
face (implementing during extraction process, and after mining operation
finished; technical solutions for waste rock dump reclamation (high dump
rehabilitation, valley dump reclamation, rock dump landform design,
rehabilitation of finished rock dump surface ensuring water retention
19

conditions by creating low-lying areas on the surface to retain moisture
for plant growth).
4.3. Solutions for minimizing the risk of landslide disaster and
risk of mudslides at open pit coal mines in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region
4.3.1. Technical solutions for pit slope stabilization during ending
phase of exploitation in areas with high potential of landslides and high
waste rock dump
When mining operation finished, to maintain the pit slope stability
and ensuring the effectiveness of reclamation work, some prevention
measures are required to apply simultaneously. Especially in open pit coal
mines with complicated geological and hydrogeological conditions, for
instance, Hon Gai - Cam Pha region (Ha Tu, Coc Sau and Deo Nai coal
mine, etc.), preventing and drainage steps are extremely importance, then
determining reclamation method with reasonable angle to maintain
stability for finished pit slope.

4.3.2. Technical solutions for pit slope stabilization by boundary-
making blasting to reduce the risk of erosion in closed stage of mining
operation
When proceeding rock fragmentation by blasting work at the
section adjacent to mine boundary, it is necessary to apply boundary-
making method to facilitate unloading work at bench face (landscaping)
and reduce vibration effects on pit slope therefore pit limit is not
destroyed, to ensure stability of pit slope when open cast mine closed
[03], [27].
4.3.3. Technical solutions for rock dump slope stabilization -
layered dumping method to minimize erosion potential on waste rock
dumps
20

With the waste rock volume growing, waste dump areas are
increasingly expanding and occupy more space, waste dumps reach
higher level, hance subsidence and unsafe phenomenon appears more and
more, etc.
Performing layered dumping with the primary focus is new method
of constructing a waste dump to improve rock material characteristics and
stability of waste dump in various aspects, aimed at usage of a multi-
purpose recmation plan.
21

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Conclusions
In recent years, the Hon Gai - Cam Pha region is a main provider
of hard fossil energy resource for the demand for domestic use and
export, but it is also hotspot, containing many severe footprints caused by

negative impact of mining operations, which is mainly open pit mining,
on environment, even when closed, mine site will remain a lava landform
area with large and small craters (old quarry) of 350÷500m width, soil
mountains (waste dump) of 250÷350m heigh, potential risk of dust,
erosion, debris flood, those are threats to human and animal life and
destroy regional landscape, etc.
Actually, after 5 years of implementation, reclamation regulations
still revealed some inadequacies when applying for open cast mining sites
of Hon Gai - Cam Pha region, which is adjacent and contiguous to key
economic development, strict protected area of watershed Ha Long Bay
and Bai Tu Long.
To solve the above mentioned problems, this thesis studies a
overall management - technician solution for rehabilitation task of open
pit coal mines in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region, with the following contents:
a. The management solutions:
- Proposed administrative management solutions; technical
management solutions; solutions for enhancing efficiency of landuses
after reclamation: built adjusted coefficient for reclamation deposit fund
according to mining operation location; has developed criteria for
evaluating reclamation result; proposed reclamation management
measures according to functional sub-area landuses; proposed overall
22

environment impact assessment tool (EIA); proposed orientation of
functional sub-area landuses to perform reclamation plan integrated in the
mining process and after mining in Hon Gai area.
b. The technical solutions:
The folowing measures was proposed: Reclamation plan for
mining site; Reclamation plan for waste rock dump; flora recultivation
plan; technical solution for individual surface coal mine: dumping on

some typical landforms; technical solutions implemented in the finished
stage of mining operation to minimize the risk of landslide and mudflow
in open pit coal mining area; technical solutions for mining landform
design in closure stage of overall adjacent mines.
In the context of economic development at coastal narrow scope
area of Hon Gai - Cam Pha region, nearby Halong Bay - World Natural
Heritage; Bai Tu Long National Park in Bai Tu Long Bay, the technical
management of multi-objective oriented reclamation (in accordance with
area's advantage) with orientation of functional sub-area landuse based on
of overall environment assessment and integrated technical solutions in
mining process, is expectedly an effective tool supporting reclamation
activities for surface coal mines at the Hon Gai - Cam Pha region to
achieve the same objective like advanced countries in the region – which
is the vicinity, buffer zone, mining quarantined zone for protecting and
promoting the value of the natural landscape of the country and the world.
2. Recommendations:
From the above conclusions, doctoral researcher proposes further
research: Study on the establishment of functional reclamation area for
later reclamation work of coal mines in the area of Uong Bi – Dong
Trieu, Quang Ninh.
23

PUBLISHED WORKS BY AUTHOR
1. Dang Thi Hai Yen (2008), Environmental impact of waste rock
dumping in mining activities, Quang Ninh, Journal of Mining and
Industry, No. 2/2008, p. 24-26.
2. Dang Thi Hai Yen (2008), The State management of mineral activities
in Quang Ninh province, Journal of Natural Resources and Environment,
No. 7, p. 39-41.
3. Dang Thi Hai Yen (2010), Opportunity approach to cleaner

production in the mining activities in Vietnam, Journal of Mining and
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