Textbook of cardiovascular medicine 6edition

Braunwald: Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 6th ed.,
Copyright © 2001 W. B. Saunders Company
Part I - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

1 - Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease
2 - Economics and Cardiovascular Disease
Part II - EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT
3 - The History
4 - Physical Examination of the Heart and Circulation
5 - Electrocardiography
6 - Exercise Stress Testing
7 - Echocardiography
8 - Radiology of the Heart and Great Vessels
9 - Nuclear Cardiology
10 - Newer Cardiac Imaging Modalities: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and
Computed Tomography
11 - Cardiac Catheterization
12 - Coronary Angiography and Intravascular Ultrasonography
13 - Relative Merits of Cardiovascular Diagnostic Techniques
Part III - NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CARDIAC FUNCTION

14 - Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation
15 - Assessment of Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Function
16 - Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
17 - Clinical Aspects of Heart Failure: High-Output Failure; Pulmonary Edema
18 - Treatment of Heart Failure: Pharmacological Methods
19 - Treatment of Heart Failure: Assisted Circulation
20 - Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
21 - Management of Heart Failure
22 - Genesis of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Electrophysiological Considerations
23 - Management of the Patient with Cardiac Arrhythmias

24 - Cardiac Pacemakers and Cardioverter-Defibrillators
25 - Specific Arrhythmias: Diagnosis and Treatment
26 - Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death
27 - Hypotension and Syncope
Part IV - HYPERTENSIVE AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
28 - Systemic Hypertension: Mechanisms and Diagnosis
28 - Systemic Hypertension: Mechanisms and Diagnosis
29 - Systemic Hypertension: Therapy
30 - The Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis
31 - Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Disease
32 - Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
33 - Lipid-Lowering Trials
34 - Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia
35 - Acute Myocardial Infarction
36 - Unstable Angina
37 - Chronic Coronary Artery Disease
38 - Percutaneous Coronary and Valvular Intervention
39 - Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
40 - Diseases of the Aorta
41 - Peripheral Arterial Diseases
42 - Extracardiac Vascular Interventions
Part V - DISEASES OF THE HEART, PERICARDIUM, AND PULMONARY
VASCULAR BED
43 - Congenital Heart Disease in Infancy and Childhood
44 - Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
45 - Acquired Heart Disease in Children
46 - Valvular Heart Disease
47 - Infective Endocarditis
48 - The Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditides

49 - Primary Tumors of the Heart
50 - Pericardial Diseases
51 - Traumatic Heart Disease
52 - Pulmonary Embolism
53 - Pulmonary Hypertension
54 - Cor Pulmonale
Part VI - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
55 - Principles of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Genetics
56 - Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease
Part VII - CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
57 - Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly
58 - Coronary Artery Disease in Women
59 - Cardiovascular Disease in Athletes
60 - Medical Management of the Patient Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
61 - General Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart Disease
Part VIII - CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DISORDERS OF OTHER ORGAN
SYSTEMS
62 - Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular Disease
63 - Diabetes Mellitus and the Cardiovascular System
64 - The Heart in Endocrine Disorders
65 - Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Disease
66 - Rheumatic Fever
67 - Rheumatic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System
68 - Cardiovascular Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Individuals
69 - Hematological-Oncological Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
70 - Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease
71 - Neurological Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
72 - Renal Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
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Braunwald: Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 6th ed., Copyright © 2001 W. B.
Saunders Company
Heart Disease
A TEXTBOOK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
6th EDITION
Edited by
EUGENE BRAUNWALD M.D., M.D. (hon), Sc.D. (hon), F.R.C.P.
Vice President for Academic Programs, Partners HealthCare System
Distinguished Hersey Professor of Medicine
Faculty Dean for Academic Programs at Brigham and Women;cqs Hospital and
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
DOUGLAS P. ZIPES M.D.
Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Toxicology
Director, Krannert Institute of Cardiology
Director, Division of Cardiology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Attending Physician
University Hospital, Wishard Memorial Hospital, and Roudebush Veterans
Affairs Hospital
Indianapolis, Indiana
PETER LIBBY M.D.
Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Chief, Cardiovascular Medicine
Brigham and Women;cqs Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
W.B. SAUNDERS COMPANY

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Braunwald: Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 6th ed., Copyright © 2001 W. B.
Saunders Company
W.B. SAUNDERS COMPANY
A Harcourt Health Sciences Company
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine[edited by] Eugene
Braunwald, Douglas P. Zipes, Peter Libby 6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7216-8561-7
1. Heart Diseases. 2. Cardiovascular system Diseases. I. Braunwald, Eugene. II.
Zipes, Douglas P. III. Libby, Peter. [DNLM: 1. Heart Diseases. 2. Cardiovascular
Diseases. WG 210 H43445 2001]
RC681. H36 2001 616.1'2 dc21 00-025391
Editor-in-Chief: Richard Zorab
Developmental Editor: Lynne Gery
Manuscript Editors: Sue Reilly, Anne Ostroff
Production Manager: Frank Polizzano
Illustration Specialist: Rita Martello
Book Designer: Karen O'Keefe Owens

Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
0-7216-8549-8 (Single Volume)
0-7216-8561-7 (2-Volume Set)
0-7216-8562-5 (Volume 1)
0-7216-8563-3 (Volume 2)
0-8089-2258-0 (International Edition)
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Saunders Company
Contributors
DAVID H. ADAMS M.D.
Associate Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Associate Chief, Division of
Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Medical Management of the Patient Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
JOSHUA ADLER M.D.
Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco;
Director, Ambulatory Practices, University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center,
San Francisco, California
General Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart Disease
NADIR M. ALI M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Interventional
Cardiologist, Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas
Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular Disease
ELLIOTT M. ANTMAN M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Samuel A. Levine
Cardiac Unit, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
Acute Myocardial Infarction; Medical Management of the Patient Undergoing Cardiac
Surgery
WILLIAM F. ARMSTRONG M.D.
Professor of Internal Medicine and Director, Echocardiography Laboratory, University of
Michigan Health System; Associate Clinical Chief, Division of Cardiology, and Associate
Chair for Network Development, Department of Internal Medicine, University of
Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Echocardiography
ARTHUR J. BARSKY M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Director of Psychosomatic Research,
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease
GEORGE A. BELLER M.D.
Ruth C. Heede Professor of Cardiology and Professor of Internal Medicine, University of
Virginia School of Medicine; Chief, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
Relative Merits of Cardiovascular Diagnostic Techniques
JOHN BITTL M.D.
Interventional Cardiologist, Ocala Heart Institute, Ocala, Florida
Coronary Angiography and Intravascular Ultrasonography
ROBERT O. BONOW M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School; Chief, Division of
Cardiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
Cardiac Catheterization; Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease
HARISIOS BOUDOULAS M.D.
Director, Overstreet Teaching and Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, The
Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health; Staff Cardiologist, The
Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
Renal Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
EUGENE BRAUNWALD M.D., M.D.(hon), Sc.D. (hon), F.R.C.P.
Vice President for Academic Programs, Partners HealthCare System; Distinguished
Hersey Professor of Medicine and Faculty Dean for Academic Programs at Brigham and
Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
The History; Physical Examination of the Heart and Circulation;
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure;
Clinical Aspects of Heart Failure: High-Output Heart Failure: Pulmonary Edema;
Acute Myocardial Infarction;
Unstable Angina;
Chronic Coronary Artery Disease;
Valvular Heart Disease;

The Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditides
KENNETH R. BRIDGES M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Joint Center for
Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
Hematological-Oncological Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
MICHAEL R. BRISTOW M.D., Ph.D.
Professor of Medicine and Head, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Health
Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
Treatment of Heart Failure: Pharmacological Methods;
Management of Heart Failure
HUGH CALKINS M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University; Director of the Arrhythmia Service and
Clinical Electrophysiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
Hypotension and Syncope
CHRISTOPHER P. CANNON M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Cardiovascular Division,
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Unstable Angina
AGUSTIN CASTELLANOS M.D.
Professor of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine; Director, Clinical
Electrophysiology, University of Miami School of Medicine and Jackson Memorial
Medical Center, Miami, Florida
Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death
BERNARD R. CHAITMAN M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Cardiology Division, St. Louis University School of Medicine;
Chief of Cardiology, St. Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
Exercise Stress Testing
MELVIN D. CHEITLIN M.D., M.A.C.C.
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Former Chief of

Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly
STEVEN D. COLAN M.D.
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of
Noninvasive Cardiology, and Senior Associate in Cardiology, Children's Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
Acquired Heart Disease in Children
WILSON S. COLUCCI M.D.
Professor of Medicine and Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine; Chief,
Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure; Clinical Aspects of Heart Failure; Primary Tumors of
the Heart
MARK A. CREAGER M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Vascular Center,
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
ADNAN S. DAJANI M.D.
Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Director, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
Rheumatic Fever
MICHAEL D. DAKE M.D.
Associate Professor of Radiology and Medicine (Pulmonary), Stanford University; Chief,
Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford,
California
Extracardiac Vascular Interventions
CHARLES J. DAVIDSON M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School; Chief,
Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
Cardiac Catheterization
PAMELA S. DOUGLAS M.D.

Dr. Herman and Aileen Tuchman Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine and Head,
Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School,
Madison, Wisconsin
Coronary Artery Disease in Women
URI ELKAYAM M.D.
Professor of Medicine and Director, Heart Failure Program, University of Southern
California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Disease
ANTHONY L. ESTRERA M.D.
Chief Resident, Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Traumatic Heart Disease
JOHN A. FARMER M.D.
Associate Professor, Section of Cardiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of
Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief of Cardiology, Ben Taub General Hospital,
Houston, Texas
Lipid-Lowering Trials
HARVEY FEIGENBAUM M.D.
Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Director, Echocardiography Laboratories,
Indiana University School of Medicine and Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis,
Indiana
Echocardiography
STACY D. FISHER M.D.
Instructor in Medicine/Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and
Dentistry; Attending Physician and Fellow in Adult Congenital Heart Disease, University
of Rochester Medical Center and Children's Hospital at Strong, Rochester, New York
Cardiovascular Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Individuals
GERALD F. FLETCHER M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Mayo Medical School; Cardiovascular Disease, Prevention and
Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

WILLIAM F. FRIEDMAN M.D.
J. H. Nicholson Professor of Pediatrics (Cardiology) and Senior Dean for Academic
Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), School of Medicine, Los Angeles,
California
Congenital Heart Disease in Infancy and Childhood
PETER GANZ M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Cardiovascular
Research, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia
WILLIAM GANZ M.D.
Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), School of
Medicine; Senior Research Scientist, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles,
California
Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia
J. MICHAEL GAZIANO M.D., M.P.H.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Co-Director, Cardiovascular
Epidemiology, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital;
Director, Massachusetts Veterans' Epidemiology and Research Center, Boston VA
Healthcare Systems, Boston, Massachusetts
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease;
Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
JACQUES GENEST M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, McGill University; Director, Division of Cardiology,
McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Disease
BERNARD J. GERSH M.D., M.B., Ch.B., D.Phil.
Professor of Medicine, Mayo Medical Center; Consultant in Cardiovascular Diseases,
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease

MICHAEL M. GIVERTZ M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Clinical Director,
Cardiomyopathy Program, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Clinical Aspects of Heart Failure
ARY L. GOLDBERGER M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Margret and H.A.
Rey Laboratory for Nonlinear Dynamics in Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Electrocardiography
SAMUEL Z. GOLDHABER M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Staff Cardiologist, Director of
Cardiac Center's Anticoagulation Service, and Director of Venous Thromboembolism
Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Pulmonary Embolism
LEE GOLDMAN M.D., M.P.H.
Julius R. Krevans Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Medicine and
Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, School of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco; Attending Physician, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco,
California
General Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart Disease
ANTONIO M. GOTTO JR. M.D., D.Phil.
The Stephen and Suzanne Weiss Dean and Professor of Medicine, Weill Medical
College of Cornell University, New York, New York
Lipid-Lowering Trials
WILLIAM J. GROH M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,
Indiana
Neurological Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
DAVID L. HAYES M.D.
Consultant, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and

Mayo Foundation, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota
Cardiac Pacemakers and Cardioverter-Defibrillators
CHARLES B. HIGGINS M.D.
Professor of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California
Newer Cardiac Imaging Modalities: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed
Tomography
MARK A. HLATKY M.D.
Professor of Health Research and Policy and of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine),
and Chair, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California
Economics and Cardiovascular Disease
GARY S. HOFFMAN M.D.
Harold C. Schott Chair for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases and Professor of
Medicine, Cleveland Clinic/Ohio State University; Chairman, Rheumatic and
Immunologic Diseases, and Director, Center for Vasculitis Care and Research,
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Rheumatic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System
ERIC M. ISSELBACHER M.D.
Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director, Thoracic Aortic
Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Diseases of the Aorta
NORMAN M. KAPLAN M.D.
Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center,
Dallas, Texas
Systemic Hypertension: Mechanisms and Diagnosis;
Systemic Hypertension: Therapy
ADOLF W. KARCHMER M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Infective Endocarditis

RALPH A. KELLY M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard University; Associate Physician, Division of
Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Treatment of Heart Failure: Pharmacological Methods
RICHARD E. KUNTZ M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Percutaneous Coronary and Valvular Intervention
THOMAS H. LEE M.D., S.M.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director, Partners
Community HealthCare, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
Guidelines: Electrocardiography;
Guidelines: Use of Exercise Tolerance Testing;
Guidelines: Use of Echocardiography;
Guidelines: Management of Heart Failure;
Guidelines: Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging;
Guidelines: Ambulatory Monitoring and Electrophysiological Testing;
Guidelines: Use of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices; Guidelines:
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction;
Guidelines: Management of Unstable Angina/Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial
Infarction;
Guidelines: Management of Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease;
Guidelines: Management of Valvular Heart Disease;
Guidelines: Prevention, Evaluation, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis;
Guidelines: Summary of Guidelines for Reducing Cardiac Risk With Noncardiac
Surgery;
Guidelines: Management of Valvular Disease in Pregnancy
JEFFREY M. LEIDEN M.D., Ph.D.
Adjunct Professor of Biological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health; Executive
Vice President, Pharmaceuticals, and Chief Scientific Officer, Abbott Laboratories,

Abbott Park, Illinois
Principles of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Genetics
CARL V. LEIER M.D.
Overstreet Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, The Ohio
State University College of Medicine and Public Health; Staff Cardiologist, The Ohio
State University Hospitals, Columbus, Ohio
Renal Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
GLENN N. LEVINE M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Director, Cardiac
Catheterization Laboratory, Houston VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular Disease
PETER LIBBY M.D.
Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Cardiovascular
Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis;
Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Disease;
Peripheral Vascular Disease;
Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease;
Hematological-Oncological Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
STEVEN E. LIPSHULTZ M.D.
Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Oncology, University of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry; Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Rochester Medical
Center and Children's Hospital at Strong, Rochester, New York
Cardiovascular Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Individuals
WILLIAM C. LITTLE M.D.
Chief of Cardiology and Professor of Medicine, Wake Forest University School of
Medicine, Bowman Gray Campus; Associate Chief of Professional Services, North
Carolina Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Assessment of Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Function
BRIAN F. MANDELL M.D., Ph.D.

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey,
Pennsylvania; Associate Professor of Medicine, Ohio State University School of
Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Education Program Director, Rheumatic and Immunologic
Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
Rheumatic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System
JOANN E. MANSON M.D., Dr.P.H.
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Preventive Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
DANIEL B. MARK M.D., M.P.H.
Professor of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Director, Outcomes Research
and Assessment Group, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
Economics and Cardiovascular Disease
BARRY J. MARON M.D.
Director, Cardiovascular Research Division, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Cardiovascular Disease in Athletes
KENNETH L. MATTOX M.D.
Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine;
Chief of Staff and Chief of Surgery, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas
Traumatic Heart Disease
VALLERIE V. McLAUGHLIN M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Rush Medical College; Associate Director, Rush Heart
Institute, Center for Pulmonary Heart Disease, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical
Center, Chicago, Illinois
Cor Pulmonale
JOHN M. MILLER M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine; Director, Clinical Cardiac
Electrophysiology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
Management of the Patient with Cardiac Arrhythmias

DOUGLAS N. MINIATI M.D.
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
DAVID M. MIRVIS M.D.
Professor of Preventive Medicine and Medicine, University of Tennessee; Director, The
Center for Health Services Research, Memphis, Tennessee
Electrocardiography
ROBERT J. MYERBURG M.D.
Professor of Medicine and Physiology, University of Miami School of Medicine; Director,
Division of Cardiology, University of Miami School of Medicine and Jackson Memorial
Medical Center, Miami, Florida
Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death
RICHARD W. NESTO M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Chairman,
Cardiovascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts
Diabetes Mellitus and the Cardiovascular System
JANE W. NEWBURGER M.D., M.P.H.
Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Associate Cardiologist-in-Chief,
Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Acquired Heart Disease in Children
KEITH R. OKEN M.D.
Senior Associate Consultant, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of
Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
JEFFREY E. OLGIN M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis,
Indiana
Specific Arrhythmias: Diagnosis and Treatment
LIONEL H. OPIE M.D., D.Phil., D.Sc., F.R.C.P.

Professor of Medicine, University of Cape Town; Director, Cape Heart Centre,
University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, South Africa
Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation
JOSEPH K. PERLOFF M.D.
Streisand/American Heart Association Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, University
of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Departments of
Medicine and Pediatrics, UCLA Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California
Physical Examination of the Heart and Circulation
WILLIAM S. PIERCE M.D.
Evan Pugh Professor of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of
Medicine; The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Section of
Artificial Organs, Hershey, Pennsylvania
Treatment of Heart Failure: Assisted Circulation
JEFFREY J. POPMA M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Interventional
Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Coronary Arteriography;
Percutaneous Coronary and Valvular Intervention
J. DAVID PORT Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine/Cardiology and Pharmacology, University of Colorado
Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
Treatment of Heart Failure: Pharmacological Methods
REED E. PYERITZ M.D., Ph.D.
Professor of Human Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics and Chair, Department of
Human Genetics, MCP Hahnemann School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease
BRUCE A. REITZ M.D.
Professor and Chairman, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation

STUART RICH M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Rush Medical College; Director, Rush Heart Institute Center for
Pulmonary Heart Disease, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago,
Illinois
Pulmonary Hypertension;
Cor Pulmonale
WAYNE E. RICHENBACHER M.D.
Professor of Surgery and Anatomy and Cell Biology and Professor, Division of
Cardiothoracic Surgery, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
Treatment of Heart Failure: Assisted Circulation
PAUL M RIDKER M.D., M.P.H.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Cardiovascular
Research, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Disease; Primary and Secondary Prevention of
Coronary Heart Disease
ROBERT C. ROBBINS M.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School
of Medicine; Director of Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Stanford University
Medical Center, Stanford, California
Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
MICHAEL RUBART M.D.
Assistant Scientist, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, Indiana
Genesis of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Electrophysiological Considerations
ROBERT E. SAFFORD M.D., Ph.D.
Barbara Woodward Lips Professor of Medicine, Mayo Medical School, Rochester,
Minnesota; Consultant in Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
SHAUN L. W. SAMUELS M.D.

Clinical Assistant Professor, Division of Cardiovascular/Interventional Radiology,
Stanford University Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford; Staff Physician, Department
of Radiology, Palo Alto VA Medical Center, Palo Alto VA Health Care System, Palo Alto,
California
Extracardiac Vascular Interventions
ANDREW I. SCHAFER M.D.
The Bob and Vivian Smith Chair in Medicine and Chairman, Department of Medicine,
Baylor College of Medicine; Chief, Internal Medicine Service, The Methodist Hospital,
Houston, Texas
Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular Disease
FREDERICK J. SCHOEN M.D., Ph.D.
Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School; Vice-Chairman, Department of
Pathology, and Director, Cardiac Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
Primary Tumors of the Heart
ELLEN W. SEELY M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Clinical Research,
Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
The Heart in Endocrine Disorders
NORMAN SILVERMAN M.D., D.Sc. (Med)
Professor of Pediatrics and Radiology (Cardiology) and Director of Pediatric and Fetal
Echocardiography, University of California, San Francisco, California
Congenital Heart Disease in Infancy and Childhood
ROBERT SOUFER M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Attending
Physician and Chief, Cardiology, Yale-New Haven Hospital; VA New England Health
Care Systems, West Haven, Connecticut
Nuclear Cardiology
DAVID H. SPODICK M.D.

D.Sc.
Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Director of Clinical
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Fellowship Training, Worcester Medical Center/St.
Vincent's Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts
Pericardial Diseases
ROBERT M. STEINER M.D.
Professor of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Attending
Radiologist, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
Radiology of the Heart and Great Vessels
RICHARD M. STONE M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Clinical Director, Adult
Leukemia Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
Hematological-Oncological Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
JUDITH THERRIEN M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine, McGill University; Co-Director of Adult Congenital
Heart Disease Clinical, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
FRANS J. TH. WACKERS M.D.
Professor of Diagnostic Radiology and Medicine and Director, Cardiovascular Nuclear
Imaging and Stress Laboratories, Yale University School of Medicine; Attending
Physician, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
Nuclear Cardiology
MATTHEW J. WALL JR. M.D.
Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas
Traumatic Heart Disease
GARY D. WEBB M.D.
Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto; Director, University of Toronto Congenital

Cardiac Center for Adults, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
GORDON H. WILLIAMS M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Clinical Research Center, and
Chief, Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
The Heart in Endocrine Disorders
JOSHUA WYNNE M.D., M.B.A.
Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University; Attending Physician, Detroit Medical
Center, Detroit, Michigan
Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditides
BARRY L. ZARET M.D.
Chief, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Associate Chair for Clinical Affairs, Department of
Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Heart Center,
Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
Nuclear Cardiology
DOUGLAS P. ZIPES M.D.
Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Toxicology; Director, Krannert
Institute of Cardiology; and Director, Division of Cardiology, Indiana University School of
Medicine; Attending Physician, University Hospital, Wishard Memorial Hospital, and