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SỬ KÍ TƯ MÃ THIÊN
 
 
 
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+(,-!./
 (,-01*234
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+;<!(,-
='!>!#$!?
@AB7
C DEF
Tài liệu tham khảo:
Cảm ơn Cô và các bạn đã theo dõi. Việc thực hiện bài thuyết trình có được
từ nguồn tư liệu có sẵn và qua phiên dịch nên có nhiều thiếu sót mong cô và
các bạn đóng góp thêm để hoàn thiện hơn.
A. LỜI GIỚI THIỆU
G8)H$G8)!(,-01*D34I7JDK
#L!#$!(,-HM$N%O8L2)P!7(-Q2R!6:%&#B
8SI7"%T#$H$-#'I7!Q!!?-$!?
U-#$5!(,-1*D3
VT#M#WG7!)MXYN/1*23I7)--;!8Z7#Z
8[.'!GH$J!6\%*:HM !I76]T#$H$-;!!65^
YN/%*G!) !I7!)M-;!8L_H$-P!7S
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#W:!PI7"H5S96]Tbc-GH$!(,-HM !#L#W
bJ!65L#W:d6]TXH$!(,-d8/7$#M!`I7
VefI1*23H$-;!!)MGH$-!g7-! !-:99
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8S !I7!9d8Si9.\!9!\-! N#J%T^\!h8/


\X^"N' (<jX^598kN%K%T-H'!:! N
Y2K%THSl$2J(mG!)X9K#W:_!\-! N
?8 N-;!!(,-#W:--!`!6n%&%TX:! N?8 N-;!!"-
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B. NỘI DUNG
I. Tác giả Tư Mã Thiên
1. Xuất thân và sự nghiệp viết sử
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2. Tác phẩm tiêu biểu
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II. Tác phẩm “Sử Ký”
1. Hoàn cảnh ra đời và tên gọi
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2. Nội dung tác phẩm
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