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Minsky on the reregulation and restructuring of the financial system

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MINSKY!ON!THE !REREGULATION!AND!RESTRUCTURING!OF!THE!FINANCIAL!SYSTEM!
Will!Dodd‐Frank!Prevent!“It”!from!Happening!Again?
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CONTENTS!
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Preface! ! ! !!;&
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Introduction! ! ! !!H&
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Chapter!1.!Will!Dodd‐Frank!Prevent!“It”!fr om!Happening!Again?! ! ! !!I&
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Chapter!2.!Minsky!on!What!B anks!Sho uld!Do! ! ! ;'&
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Chapter!3.!A!Minsky!Index!Measuring!Financial!Fragility! ! ! J'&
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Appendix.!Indexes!with!Equal!Weight !for!All!Variables! ! ! HK&
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References! ! ! H9&


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Rel ated!Levy!Ins titute!Publications& & & K'
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PREFACE!
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Two!Approache s!to!Financial!Regulation!
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